2027届高考英语一轮复习之六选四15篇（上海专用）

**基本信息** 聚焦高考英语六选四题型，15篇多样化语篇覆盖文化、生活、科学等主题，强化语篇逻辑与衔接能力，提升语言理解与思维分析素养。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |六选四专项|15篇|补全短文，考查段落主旨、过渡衔接与逻辑连贯|涵盖说明文、记叙文、议论文等语篇类型，通过文化习俗、科学研究、社会现象等主题构建语篇结构认知，训练上下文信息匹配与逻辑关系推断能力|

2027届高考英语一轮复习（上海专用） 六选四15篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 对比瑞士、美国、中国的用餐习俗：瑞士餐后即刻离场、客人不帮忙；介绍美国百乐餐（自带菜品聚餐）的规则；讲述中国朋友逐步适应这种聚餐形式，同时对比三地餐后停留习惯的不同。 2 针对徒步新手给出五条建议：循序渐进增加里程、练习负重背包出行、备好应急物资、合理预估行程时长、不必远赴郊外，城市周边绿地也可开展短途徒步。 3 介绍国内外流行的 “色彩漫步” 活动，解释活动形式；列举深圳、宜昌等城市的特色观景地点；说明该活动能让人们换视角观察环境，为日常散步增添乐趣与新鲜感。 4 阐释深度练习的概念、具体步骤与价值：先确定学习目标、模仿范例并复盘失误；列举各界名人坚持深度练习的案例；强调练习时放慢节奏的作用，以及长期练习对思维与能力的提升。 5 论述体育和艺术存在诸多共性：体育培养的自控力、拼搏热情、抗压韧性、团队协作能力，都能迁移到艺术创作中，助力艺术家全面成长。 6 给家长提出四点建议：摆正心态并引导孩子、主动学习相关知识并成为孩子的专属专家、积极为孩子争取帮助、以身作则并多关注孩子的优点与特长。 7 讲述数字化浪潮下，图书管理员不再只是整理书籍，还承担数字素养教学、科技设备指导、社区活动组织等新工作，同时管理员也需要坚持终身学习适配新岗位。 8 探讨人类看颜色是否存在差异：语言会影响色彩辨识与记忆；辨析男女辨色能力的差异成因；介绍色盲的表现；最终总结人类色彩感知仅有细微差别，整体视觉体验相通。 9 记叙文：机场跑道灯突发故障，医疗救援直升机无法正常降落。村民纷纷开车赶到机场，用车灯照亮跑道，最终直升机顺利降落、完成病患转运，彰显邻里互助的温情。 10 介绍打造优质晨间日常的五大要点：目标务实、简化晨间流程减少决策消耗、结合个人目标定制习惯、前一晚提前做好准备、坚持为主同时灵活变通，不必追求完美。 11 指出全球珊瑚礁因污染、气候问题不断衰退；介绍公益组织 Coral Gardeners 的珊瑚培育、移植修复模式；结合科技监测与社区力量，打造可推广的海洋生态保护方案。 12 作者使用扫地机器人的生活趣事：因传统吸尘器使用不便入手智能扫地机器人；机器工作时常出现小故障，却成为全家的乐趣；感慨好物不仅便利生活，也能带来幸福感。 13 解释批判性思维的含义，它并非刻意抬杠；结合社交信息辨别、团队讨论、学习认知等场景，举例说明如何运用批判性思维；呼吁人们拒绝盲从，学会独立思考。 14 提出自我提升常是爱好带来的附加效果，从四个方面说明爱好培养自律的作用：取代不良习惯、养成规律作息、提升身体耐受力、重塑自我认知。 15 讲述 59 岁清洁工王丽云的经历：坚持边做保洁工作，边利用闲暇时间读书、绘画、写作；走红后依旧保持本心，兼顾谋生与艺术追求，在平凡生活中活出精彩。 Passage 1 Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. 1 Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. 2 Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower. As long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. 3 Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests. 4 While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.” A．The capacity to hold and manipulate information in the short-term declines. B．Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. C．In reality, education does an aging brain good. D．By sustained learning, late-in-life learners can experience improvements in memory recall and attention span. E．A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. F．Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume. Passage 2 Quiet Quitting Are you feeling burnt out and overwhelmed at work? You’re not alone. In fact, research shows that burnout is becoming increasingly common among young professionals, with many people silently struggling to keep up with the demands of their jobs. 1 This emerging trend has potentially widespread implications for the future of work, how people interact with their jobs, and what we see as an acceptable balance between work and home life. So how do you know if someone is quietly quitting? There are a few tell-tale signs to look out for in the workplace. You might notice that an employee who used to be highly engaged and motivated in their job suddenly becomes less interested in what they are doing. They might seem less enthusiastic about their work or less willing to take on new challenges or projects. They complete their core tasks but nothing more. 2 Another key sign of quiet quitting is a decline in the quality of work. Someone who is quietly quitting might start to produce below-standard work in comparison to what they have historically produced, or they might be less willing to put in the extra effort needed to meet the high standards of their job. 3 They’re turning up to work, but the effort that they are expending is minimal. 4 You might notice them withdrawing from social situations. Where they once attended social gatherings and seasonal parties, they now avoid these. You may see them less in the break room and find that they are increasingly quiet in meetings. A．A quiet quitter might also become more disengaged from their colleagues and less willing to collaborate. B．Even here, though, you might notice they start to miss deadlines or make mistakes they wouldn’t normally make. C．Each of these behaviors indicates a lack of investment, especially when compared to how engaged they were earlier. D．If people are quietly quitting all around you, maintaining your usual level of output will make you a stand-out member of your team. E．This has led to a new phenomenon known as “quiet quitting,” which refers to the subtle ways in which people disengage from their work. F．They may also start to arrive late or leave early, though this is usually paired with open complaints about their workload or manager. Passage 3 “There’s no denying crows are smart. They can remember where food has been hidden, recognize faces and craft tools.” And, according to a new paper in Scientific Reports, some crows can even make those tools from memory. This skill may point to these clever corvids having a sort of culture of their own. Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, worked specifically with New Caledonian crows. 1 But experts haven’t been able to make sure where the crows pick up their skills. A bird in one area can construct the same tool as another bird miles away — but there’s no evidence bird one watched bird two build the gadget in order to copy it. And New Caledonian crows don’t really have a language, either. 2 Jelbert and her team had a hunch (预感) that it was because the birds were building based on the memory of tools they’d seen. To test this, the group trained eight crows to place pieces of paper into a pseudo-vending machine (really just a wooden box) to get a treat. 3 Once they learned which sizes were rewarded, Jelbert and her team then gave the feathered participants large cards; the birds could fashion these into the coin sizes they’d picked up on earlier. Importantly, the crows didn’t get any sort of template when they were working with the big cards. And the birds snipped them into pieces that were similar in size to the coins they’d learned would get them treats. Given the lack of a template to copy, it seems the crows were able to construct mental images of the coins and use it to replicate a tool. 4 These birds can see something and not just build it from memory, but potentially make improvements in their designs. “Most importantly,” the authors say in the study, “an improvement made by a crow during its lifetime could become part of the template learnt by subsequent generations, leading to an increase in tool complexity over time.” And this progression is a key component of cultural progression. A．So if they’re not building by imitation or carrying out instructions, how is this knowledge getting passed around? B．Crafting tool is a kind of culture, which can be passed down from generation to generation by crows. C．However, the crows only got treats when they popped in a paper “coin” of a certain size. D．These birds, native to the islands of New Caledonia east of Australia, are known for their ability to craft tools. E．Seeing this in action is important because it supports the idea that New Caledonian crows are capable of building — at least when it comes to crafting tools. F．Jelbert and her team then gave the crows paper to let them cut into proper size. Passage 4 Its ice cream and drinks are under $1 during China’s economic slump. Its mascot looks like the love child of Frosty the Snowman and the Michelin Man. And its stores relentlessly blare a jingle set to the tune of “Oh! Susanna.” 1 Pronounced ME-schway, the Chinese company is found across Asia and Australia. It ended last year with 45,000 stores, according to research firm Technomic, after more than doubling its locations in three years.The company raised more than $400 million in an initial public offering of its shares in Hong Kong on Monday. The stock closed at 43% above its IPO price, giving Mixue a valuation of more than $10 billion. It isn’t done expanding. 2 The menu is short and very sweet. It includes the signature ice-cream cone, variations on bubble tea and a lemonade that made Mixue China’s biggest purchaser of lemons. It helps that Mixue charges below-average franchising (特许经营) fees. 3 Credit the Snow King — and the jingle. A roly-poly mascot, Snow King has become a national icon on par with Ronald McDonald and Colonel Sanders. Just as ubiquitous is Mixue’s theme song, which plays in stores. The lyrics to the English version: “I love you. You love me. Mixue Ice Cream and Tea.” On a recent afternoon in Singapore, a Mixue store drew in Julian Eymann, an American who visits the country often. He skipped the rival shop across the street. “This ice cream is better than McDonald’s,” Eymann said. But he had one complaint: “ 4 ”. A．Mixue was founded in 1997 by Zhang Hongchao, who opened a store selling shaved ice in Henan, a Chinese heartland province. B．The song’s gotta go, because it’s got to torture the employees. C．Mixue said in its IPO filing that it planned to keep growing — while acknowledging the risk that its existing stores could be consumed by new ones. D．It intended to become more global, but didn’t mention plans to enter the U.S. E．Low prices alone don’t explain how Mixue integrated itself in Chinese pop culture. F．This recipe helped Mixue Ice Cream and Tea become the world’s biggest food-and-beverage chain by number of locations, topping McDonald’s and Starbucks. Passage 5 How Mud Boosts Your Immune System Children love getting dirty. They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing. 1 . “Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family refrain, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles (蝌蚪), it was inevitable that children's whites would turn brown before the day was over. Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. 2 For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in children's wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is packed with friendly microorganisms that can train the immune system and build resilience (恢复力) to a range of illnesses, including allergies and even depression. 3 Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractable. Besides the restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of molding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact. When it comes to the child's physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise. 4 The latest findings suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments and the secret may be alive and twisting around in the mud itself. A．But getting dirty could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing. B．With the rise of urbanism, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. C．Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. D．However, these behaviors allow children to gradually understand their bodily signals. E．A child may find it easier to build up strength and energy in a large open space, resulting in a reduced risk of obesity. F．Those who grow up on farms are less likely to develop auto-immune disorders thanks, apparently, to their childhood exposure to a more diverse range of organisms. Passage 6 The Global Plushie Craze Millennials and Gen Z are falling hard for soft toys. It looked like a typical fish-and-chip shop. But the catch of the day came with a catch of its own: customers were buying toys. Fish was served with fuzzy lemons and plushy peas. The cheapest item cost $25, twice the cost of an actual meal. Jellycat, the British brand behind the pop-up shops, invited everyone to play with their food. 1 . Melissa Symonds of Circana, a consumer-insights firm, says that soft toys are the second-largest category in the British toy market; sales have soared by around 58% since 2021. The global market was worth almost $12 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8% until 2030.   This shift in consumer demographics marks a significant cultural trend. 2 . Kidults now account for over a quarter of sales and, in 2023, surpassed preschoolers for the first time as the biggest age range for toys overall. The craze began during the pandemic, as teenagers and young adults, stuck at home amid a global disruption, sought comfort in cute playthings. Lucy Dray, the owner of a soft-toy shop, says that soft toys “bring people happiness and comfort” — two things that “can be quite hard to find in the world we live in”. Pop psychologists on social media have also talked the benefits of reconnecting with your younger self. 3 It cannot be denied that as many postpone having children until their late 20s or early 30s, kidults have more money to splash out on themselves. You can spend anywhere between $10 and $250 on a Squishmallow. Otherwise, if you want a limited-edition black cat, you can buy one on eBay for more than $1,500. The financial appeal of soft toys extends beyond casual purchases. Collectors are not put off by such high prices. 4 . Like obtaining a concert ticket or a sports trading card, getting your hands on a rare soft toy gives you bragging rights. Celebrity supports have intensified their desirability further — Kim Kardashian and Lady Gaga are declared fans. For the time being, plushies are staying put in bedrooms everywhere. When Paco the Salamander, a toy influencer, joked on TikTok that she was “ready to grow up” and get rid of her considerable plushie collection, her followers insisted that “you’re never too old” to own them. For toymakers, it is all about the soft sell. A．It is not young kids driving the demand but kidults aged 12 and above. B．The pandemic accelerated this trend by fostering a desire for emotional support. C．On the contrary, they only add to the appeal as soft toys are an everyday indulgence. D．These numbers reflect a broader shift in how people view childhood nostalgia. E．One influencer suggested that collecting luxury teddy bears was healing her inner child. F．The surge in popularity is mirrored by surprising market growth. Passage 7 Nurturing empathy with a sense of balance As the year’s end approaches, many Americans get bombarded (大量提问) by requests for donations to all manner of charities. I’m an easy target, a softy readily tricked by impassioned requests to help improve the well-being of people, animals and the environment, and I often respond to more appeals than my earnings. This year will be different, thanks to advice from one of the leading experts on empathy, Dr. Helen Riess, associate professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at Harvard Medical School and author of a new book, The Empathy Effect, that explores the neuroscience behind concern for others and offers advice on how to nurture and implement it most effectively. Instead of a scattershot of small gifts to a dozen or more charities, Dr. Riess suggested in an interview that I “pick one or two where a more substantial contribution can really make a difference.” Empathy doesn’t mean saying “yes” to every request, she emphasized. “ 1 .” Let something from your own life experience determine which issues are closest to your heart and most deserve your money, she suggests in her book. For me, that would be education and food security; I’ll leave it to others to save abandoned pets and the planet this year. Perhaps no one knows the importance of balancing feelings with thoughts better than Dr. Judith Orloff, a Los Angeles-based psychiatrist and the author of The Empath’s Survival Guide. Her book can help highly sensitive people avoid taking on everyone else’s needs and problems, which Dr. Riess says can lead to “compassion fatigue” and burnout. “ 2 ” Dr. Orloff said in an interview. “It’s important to be empathetic but also to set healthy limits and boundaries rather than being a doormat (受气包). If you’re a highly sensitive person, you have to learn how to channel your energy. Healthy empathy is when you give from your heart, but not martyr yourself.” Research by Dr. Riess and her collaborators has shown that we are each born with a given number of neurons that participate in an empathetic response. But whether this potential to care appropriately for one’s fellow beings is realized or undermined is largely molded by early life experiences, starting at birth and continuing throughout childhood. How, then, can a healthy degree of empathy be instilled in a child? “ 3 ” Dr. Riess told me. “We’re all born with a certain talent, but it can be dramatically up-regulated or down-regulated depending upon environmental factors” — especially, she said, by the examples set by a child’s caregivers. Dr. Riess urges parents to be role models who show respect and caring for others. Dr. Riess has vivid memories of how her parents demonstrated empathy, by taking turkeys before Thanksgiving to the homes of people who had almost nothing. “Kids tend to focus on what they don’t have — this exposes them to people who have so much less and gives them the gift of being a giver.” With older children, parents might take them to help out in a soup kitchen or visit a nursing home, Dr. Riess suggested. “ 4 ” she wrote. A．There is healthy giving and there is unhealthy, codependent giving that can ultimately make you feel worse. B．As a more rational, less emotional approach, “cognitive empathy” is an ideal approach. C．It’s never too late to guide a child toward greater appreciation of others' feelings. D．Recognize that you can’t save the world, and give to organizations that are most important to you. E．Empathy is a changeable quality; it can be taught. F．Caregivers can cultivate empathy by acknowledging rather than dismissing a child’s distress. Passage 8 Twilight of the Brands It’s a truism of business-book thinking that a company’s brand is its “most important asset,” more valuable than technology or patents or manufacturing prowess. But brands have never been more fragile. The reason is simple: consumers are supremely well informed and far more likely to investigate the real value of products than to rely on logos. Absolute Value, a new book by Itamar Simonson and Emanuel Rosen shows that, historically, the rise of brands was a response to an information-poor environment. 1 If a car was made by G. M., or a ketchup by Heinz, you assumed that it was pretty good. It was hard to figure out if a new product from an unfamiliar company was reliable or not, so brand loyalty was a way of reducing risk. Today, consumers can read much research about whatever they want to buy. This started back with Consumer Reports, which did objective studies of products. 2 It has given ordinary consumers easy access to expert reviews, user reviews, and detailed product data, in an array of categories. A recent study found that eighty per cent of consumers look at online reviews before making major purchases, and a host of studies have logged the strong influence those reviews have on the decisions people make. 3 An undesirable product can become a laughingstock (笑柄) in a matter of hours. In the old days, you might buy a Sony television set because you’d owned one before, or because you trusted the brand. Today, such considerations matter much less than reviews on Amazon and Engadget and CNET. As Simonson said, “each product now has to prove itself on its own.” It’s been argued that in a world where consumers are overwhelmed with information, the information will actually make brands more valuable. Indeed, the role a brand plays in people’s lives has become all the more important. But information overload is largely a myth. 4 And this has made customer loyalty pretty much a thing of the past. Only twenty-five per cent of American respondents in a recent study said that brand loyalty affected how they shopped. A．But what’s really weakened the power of brands is the Internet. B．For consumers this is ideal: heightened competition has raised quality and held down prices. C．When consumers had to rely on advertisements and their past experience with a company, brands served as a guarantee for quality. D．A large quantity of consumers fail to get a great deal of information efficiently and effectively. E．The rise of social media has sped up the trend to an astonishing degree. F．Most consumers figure out how to find what they’re looking for without spending huge amounts of time online. Passage 9 Swimming Is Not Just a Sport. It’s a Survival Tool In December 2024, the World Health Organization released its first-ever report on drowning prevention, noting more than 7.2 million people, many children, could die by drowning by the year 2050 if current trends continue. If we look further, there are shocking divides when it comes to children from underserved communities with 64% of Black children and 45% of Latino children having few to no swimming skills. In many mostly Black communities, swimming is often seen as an unnecessary skill — something reserved for the wealthy, white elite, those who have a pool or live by the ocean. 1 Research indicates that Black children and their parents are three times more fearful of drowning than white children and their parents. This fear is not unfounded. Many of these families, for generations, have been excluded from learning the life-saving skill of swimming due to systemic barriers — whether that’s a lack of access to pools, inadequate swim programs, or simply not knowing where to start. 2 78% of Black children and 62% of Latino children lack adequate swimming skills when their parents have no or low swimming competency. But the thing is: swimming is not just a sport — it’s a survival tool. Swim lessons and water safety education can dramatically change the path of children’s lives. Studies show that formal swim lessons reduce the risk of drowning by 88%. This is why we must invest in community driven efforts to make swimming accessible to all children. 3 Such organizations provide swim scholarships and build partnerships with swim lesson providers to provide low and no-cost swim lesson access to families in need. 4 We need action. Schools, cities, community organizations, and more must prioritize water safety education in diverse neighborhoods. For too long, the lack of swimming ability in underserved communities has been overlooked. We can no longer afford to ignore this issue when children’s lives are at risk. A．This means funding local swim programs and the work of organizations. B．We must break this misconception. C．This ongoing cycle of fear and inadequate training is passed through generations. D．This misunderstanding has potentially put Black children and their parents in danger. E．This fear is infectious, leading to widespread reluctance to invest in swim programs. F．It’s not enough to just talk about the problem. Passage 10 From classrooms to care homes Less than three years ago Ms Jiang was tidying away toys and singing rhymes as a teacher at a nursery in Beijing. She remembers parents knocking on the door in an effort to sign their children up. That gradually became rarer, until last year Ms Jiang found herself distributing promotional leaflets for the nursery in her lunchbreaks. 1 Last May Ms Jiang moved into a sector with better growth prospects: care homes and her abilities to teach handicrafts and play games come in useful. Between 2017 and 2022 China’s total fertility (生育) rate crashed from 1.8 to 1. Between 2021 and 2024 pupil numbers in pre-schools fell from 48m to 36m. Some 42,000 of 295,000 pre-schools have closed, and 360,000 of 3.2m pre-school teachers have quit. 2 Whereas China’s nursery-going group will fall by 14m in the next five years, the number of people aged 65 and over will rise from 211m to 256m. China badly needs more staff to care for them. In 2021 it had just half a million certified care workers. That made for just 0.27 care workers per 100 people aged 65 and above, a shockingly low number. Universities have launched degrees in elderly care. The first batch of students graduated last year, to hot demand. All this motivated one Ms Wu in 2023 to open her own care home in Jiangxi after years in nurseries. She has nine residents paying 2,600 yuan a month to be there. The outlook is bright, she says: right now those in care homes have multiple children on average. Those born in the 1970s and 1980s mostly have only one child, which means fewer people to look after them when they eventually get old. 3 She has also had a few from nursery teachers looking to make the switch she did. The government likes “mixed-use” facilities where both young and old are looked after. 4 It had facilities for table-tennis and space for calligraphy, and when the nursery teachers were free, they taught the elderly. The old certainly enjoy seeing the young; some grandparents even drop off tiny relatives at the nursery before heading to their own floor. A．A newspaper has called for local governments to provide funds for such projects. B．A silver lining exists for those sharp-witted enough to adapt. C．Caring for the elderly is easier than caring for young children. D．Last year in Chongqing, for example, an empty floor of a nursery was turned into an “elderly-care station”. E．Ms Wu gets enquiries almost every day from prospective customers. F．She realised the writing was on the wall. Passage 11 In uncertain times, certainty is over-rated and over-rewarded Type the words “kind of”, “probably” or “perhaps” into an email in Microsoft Outlook and the program might well tell you to think again. If the artificial intelligence-powered “Microsoft Editor” decides you’re not sounding decisive enough, it will warn you: “ 1 ” To me, this suggestion encapsulates something we’ve got wrong in society: we live in a world that rewards those who speak with a strong opinion — even when that is misplaced — and gives very little airtime to those who acknowledge doubt. “ 2 Why? Because that’s psychologically satisfying,” says Dan Gardner, author of Future Babble. “That’s saying ‘let me sweep away the uncertainty for you’.” Research shows that the human brain is hard-wired to hate uncertainty: a 2016 study published in Nature Communications found that when volunteers were given electric shocks, their stress levels were highest when they had no idea whether they were going to be given a shock or not — higher even than subjects who were told they definitely would get one. While confident-sounding pundits might be giving us what our brains desire, the relief they are providing is probably not real. 3 In fact, Psychology professor Philip Tetlock found that there was an inverse (相反的) correlation between the fame of forecasters and their ability to predict the outcomes of events. Prof Tetlock divided up forecasters into “foxes” and “hedgehogs”. Foxes consider all sorts of different approaches and perspectives, and synthesize those into various “small” conclusions. Hedgehogs tend to view the world through the lens of one single defining idea. That makes the hedgehogs worse forecasters but more likely to get attention. 4 Mr Gardner suggests one way to do this would be to tag speakers with some kind of record of previous predictions, much as we are given performance statistics for racehorses or baseball players. A．Yet overconfident “thought leaders” and other public figures are usually the ones who get the most newspaper headlines and biggest social media followings. B．Highly confident statements also promote polarization, encouraging others to respond in the same kind of language when they disagree. C．We are drawn to, and more inclined to listen to, those pundits (权威/专家) who tell us a simple, clear, confident story. D．But wouldn’t it be better if we held “experts” and leaders to account? E．And it makes sense that when we’re all feeling anxious, we would want to feel that some adults somewhere know what they’re doing. F．Words expressing uncertainty lessen your impact. Passage 12 Global business:China’s new brand ambassadors Ask a westerner for an example of a successful Chinese consumer goods brand, and until recently most would have struggled. Although China is the world’s premier manufacturing power, it has long lagged behind when it comes to imaginative home-grown retail brands and products. This is now changing. 1 From Stockholm to Sydney, the electric car gliding silently by is increasingly likely to be Chinese. Mixue, a retailer of ice-cream and cold drinks, has dethroned McDonald’s as the world’s largest fast-food chain by number of outlets. Chagee, a chain of tea shops, is on track to have at least 1,300 stores outside China by the end of 2027. And Pop Mart, a Chinese toymaker, has created a buzz worthy of Disney around its strange grinning nine-toothed dolls, called Labubus. Fans include Rihanna, a pop star, and Sir David Beckham, a footballer. Western shoppers have bought goods made in China for decades. But these were largely made for, and designed by, foreign firms. More recently, internet retailers such as Shein and Temu have won over customers with cheap, cheerful clothes and consumer goods, while downplaying their Chinese origins. 2 Scandals around food safety and labour standards did not help. New firms are now overturning those old assumptions. Many happily advertise their roots. The logo of Chagee shows a Peking Opera singer in full headdress. “Black Myth: Wukong”, one of the most successful video games ever, features the Monkey King from “Journey to the West”, a 16th century novel. Many brands now compete on quality as well as price. Chagee’s drinks can be as costly as Starbucks. 3 In the past, Chinese firms typically succeeded by learning to replicate Western products cheaply. Now they are accumulating valuable intellectual property of their own. 4 Within China, the premium that foreign brands command simply for being foreign is eroding. In the future they will need to try harder to understand Chinese customers’ particular tastes and do deals with inventive Chinese partners, to gain insight and inspiration. Competition from China may eventually push Disney, Mattel and other Western mega-brands to new heights of creativity. Chinese brands’ westward journey, like the Monkey King’s, could bring significant rewards. A．Chinese brands were long seen as poor-quality, unimaginative and unfairly subsidised. B．Western firms have to wake up and smell the bubble tea. C．Pop Mart toys, once dismissed as cheap trinkets, now command premium prices among global collectors. D．Innovative Chinese brands are popping up everywhere. E．Chinese EVs offer dazzling entertainment systems as well as low prices. F．Western companies may try to imitate Chinese brands’ approaches to innovation. Passage 13 According to UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024, 1.05 billion tons of food were wasted globally in 2024, with 28% coming from food service. 1 “Wasted food means wasted resources like land, water, energy and labour, and once in landfill (垃圾填埋坑), it releases greenhouse gases that harm the planet and biodiversity,” says Jocelyn Doyle, head of marketing &communications, The Sustainable Hotel Association. “Cutting food waste is a powerful way to make a difference—and breakfast is a smart place to start.” 2 Scandic Hotels in Northern Europe are downsizing their cakes, pastries and muffins, with the option to come back for more; while Hilton Frankfurt serves pre-portioned items like yogurt and fruit cups. Novotel Bangkok Sukhumvit posts polite reminders near buffet stations: “Take only what you can eat.” This shift works well for the modern traveller for whom  sustainability is no longer a  side note. 3 Striking the right balance between sustainability and service is no small act, especially at breakfast. Many hotels now track how much food is thrown away to determine the buffet’s baseline needs. Doyle also suggests that hotels reconsider under-consumed items, install cook-to-order stations, reduce the selection of items on offer, reduce volumes towards the end of shift and actively guide guest behaviour. “Involve and educate your staff so they understand the changes and can confidently engage guests,” he says. “ 4 ”. A．Hotels across the world are adopting delicate design choices to meet this goal. B．Travel settings activate a vacation mindset where immoderation feels just right. C．Buffets often lead to overeating due to the “variety effect”—more choice encourages greater consumption. D．Buffet breakfasts are among the worst wrongdoers, generating more than twice as much waste as plated breakfasts. E．Share your efforts through website and social media updates, and use buffet signs to make guests feel part of the solution. F．While many travellers are leaning towards more intentional, low-waste dining, hotels still face the complex task of meeting diverse guest expectations. Passage 14 From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — somehow manage to avoid the problem of stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a persistent wave of congestion (拥堵). “ 1 ” says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. Nishinari’s previous research had shown that foraging (觅食) ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. In a recent study published in Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, researchers recorded Oche tell us ants on searching trails. 2 They found that the ants don’t jam at rush hour because they travel in groups of three to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others. 3 But self-driving cars, if they one day become widespread, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision  of this future, autonomous vehicles would  share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow-perhaps, the researchers suggest, by prioritizing constant speeds and head ways or by not passing others on the road. This vehicle network would be similar to ants on a trail, which use scent to coordinate behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader but this organization emerges anyway,” says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist currently studying ants at the University of California, Los Angeles. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be“very, very strong and resilient”, Nishinari says. Today’s drivers can learn from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, Nishinari says: “don’t tailgate (尾随).” By leaving room between their car and the one ahead, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in heavy traffic. 4 “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. A．It’s a kind of phase transition, like water turning from liquid to solid. B．They then used traffic-engineering models to analyze how the ants moved. C．Drivers often follow ants’ behavior when the highway is busy. D．However, human drivers at rush hour are unlikely to follow such rules. E．Ants communicate through a centralized leader that directs the group. F．Without this space, the wave would grow into a full “fake” traffic jam. Passage 15 How DeepSeek’s Lower-Power, Less-Data Model Stacks up Chinese company DeepSeek sent shock waves through Wall Street last month after unveiling a new AI model that was competitive against rival U. S. systems despite using less sophisticated chips and a tiny proportion of the processing power. 1 Its latest R1 model relies more heavily on a process known as reinforcement learning (增强学习), in which model gets feedback from its actions using a reward system it creates and adapts for itself, according to a paper published by the company. How does exactly this model work? First, it starts with an existing valuable collection of text broken into unique words, word pieces and punctuation. 2 Such variety increases the language volume. This “large language model” has more than 671 billion adjustable settings known as “parameters” (参数) that can be adjusted to determine how the model responds to prompts. A model’s parameter count is one way to measure its size. There’s another. 3 The reduction in active parameters drastically cuts down on the power and compute needed for processing, and allows the model to run on cheaper and less-sophisticated chips. Besides the effective use of its language base, DeepSeek’s R1 model works by splitting into multiple networks that have different specialties, a method known as “the mixture of experts” approach. Certain prompts will call for different specialties, and to answer the prompt the model will only process the networks that it has taught itself are the most relevant. 4 The preprocessing is done by humans and is expensive and time-consuming. A．Unlike traditional AI models, only a small part of R1’s adjustable settings are active during any single operation. B．They’re the key to DeepSeek’s success. C．DeepSeek is able to get more out of Less. D．In comparison, traditional AI models rely on enormous strips of prelabeled data sets in a process known as supervised training. E．DeepSeek’s models have run trial tests in multiple real-world settings, including natural language processing. F．They can be strung back together in different ways. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027届高考英语一轮复习（上海专用） 六选四15篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 对比瑞士、美国、中国的用餐习俗：瑞士餐后即刻离场、客人不帮忙；介绍美国百乐餐（自带菜品聚餐）的规则；讲述中国朋友逐步适应这种聚餐形式，同时对比三地餐后停留习惯的不同。 2 针对徒步新手给出五条建议：循序渐进增加里程、练习负重背包出行、备好应急物资、合理预估行程时长、不必远赴郊外，城市周边绿地也可开展短途徒步。 3 介绍国内外流行的 “色彩漫步” 活动，解释活动形式；列举深圳、宜昌等城市的特色观景地点；说明该活动能让人们换视角观察环境，为日常散步增添乐趣与新鲜感。 4 阐释深度练习的概念、具体步骤与价值：先确定学习目标、模仿范例并复盘失误；列举各界名人坚持深度练习的案例；强调练习时放慢节奏的作用，以及长期练习对思维与能力的提升。 5 论述体育和艺术存在诸多共性：体育培养的自控力、拼搏热情、抗压韧性、团队协作能力，都能迁移到艺术创作中，助力艺术家全面成长。 6 给家长提出四点建议：摆正心态并引导孩子、主动学习相关知识并成为孩子的专属专家、积极为孩子争取帮助、以身作则并多关注孩子的优点与特长。 7 讲述数字化浪潮下，图书管理员不再只是整理书籍，还承担数字素养教学、科技设备指导、社区活动组织等新工作，同时管理员也需要坚持终身学习适配新岗位。 8 探讨人类看颜色是否存在差异：语言会影响色彩辨识与记忆；辨析男女辨色能力的差异成因；介绍色盲的表现；最终总结人类色彩感知仅有细微差别，整体视觉体验相通。 9 记叙文：机场跑道灯突发故障，医疗救援直升机无法正常降落。村民纷纷开车赶到机场，用车灯照亮跑道，最终直升机顺利降落、完成病患转运，彰显邻里互助的温情。 10 介绍打造优质晨间日常的五大要点：目标务实、简化晨间流程减少决策消耗、结合个人目标定制习惯、前一晚提前做好准备、坚持为主同时灵活变通，不必追求完美。 11 指出全球珊瑚礁因污染、气候问题不断衰退；介绍公益组织 Coral Gardeners 的珊瑚培育、移植修复模式；结合科技监测与社区力量，打造可推广的海洋生态保护方案。 12 作者使用扫地机器人的生活趣事：因传统吸尘器使用不便入手智能扫地机器人；机器工作时常出现小故障，却成为全家的乐趣；感慨好物不仅便利生活，也能带来幸福感。 13 解释批判性思维的含义，它并非刻意抬杠；结合社交信息辨别、团队讨论、学习认知等场景，举例说明如何运用批判性思维；呼吁人们拒绝盲从，学会独立思考。 14 提出自我提升常是爱好带来的附加效果，从四个方面说明爱好培养自律的作用：取代不良习惯、养成规律作息、提升身体耐受力、重塑自我认知。 15 讲述 59 岁清洁工王丽云的经历：坚持边做保洁工作，边利用闲暇时间读书、绘画、写作；走红后依旧保持本心，兼顾谋生与艺术追求，在平凡生活中活出精彩。 Passage 1 Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. 1 Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. 2 Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower. As long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. 3 Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests. 4 While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.” A．The capacity to hold and manipulate information in the short-term declines. B．Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. C．In reality, education does an aging brain good. D．By sustained learning, late-in-life learners can experience improvements in memory recall and attention span. E．A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. F．Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume. 【答案】1．C 2．F 3．E 4．B 【导语】文章主要讲述了研究表明大脑终身具有可塑性，晚年持续学习与接受新挑战有助于保持大脑活力与认知功能。 1．由上文“However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible.(然而，越来越多的研究表明晚年学习是可能的。)”及下文“Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves.(人的一生中，大脑会不断地自我更新。)”可知，上文提出晚年学习是可能的这一观点，下文具体解释大脑如何实现这一点，本空应进一步强调晚年学习的积极效果。C选项“事实上，教育对衰老的大脑有益。”能承上启下，引出下文对大脑自我更新能力的阐述，符合语境。 2．由上文“Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time.(当然，这并不意味着大脑不受时间的影响。)”及下文“Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s.(人类从40多岁开始，每十年失去约4%。)”可知，上文提到大脑也会受到时间影响，下文具体说明大脑体积的减少，本空应引出大脑随时间发生的具体变化。F选项“就像身高通常会随着年龄增长而下降一样，大脑体积也是如此。”中的“brain volume”与下文“lose about 4 percent”相呼应，能承上启下，符合语境。 3．由下文“Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease.(关于接受新挑战的老年人的研究表明，他们的功能和记忆力得到改善，患精神疾病的风险也降低了。)”可知，下文说明接受新挑战的益处，本空应总起说明新体验对脑力的促进作用。E选项“对新生活挑战的渴望可以进一步增强脑力。”能引出下文，符合语境。 4．由上文“Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests.(开放性——一种以好奇心和求知欲为特征的特质——也可能帮助人们通过大脑测试。)”及下文“While genes can encourage an  interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology  and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games  can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn,  refresh the brain.(虽然基因会让人对尝试新事物产生兴趣，但《Psychology and Aging》期刊 2012 年的一项研究发现，完成解谜、数字游戏等推理类任务，能够增强人们对新奇体验的渴望，进而活化大脑。)”可知，上文提到开放性特质的作用，下文说明即使基因不占优势也可以通过训练提升这种渴望，本空应说明基因并非决定性因素。B选项“有些人天生就有这种接纳世界的态度，而那些基因天赋没那么好的人也未必运气不佳。”能承上启下，符合语境。 Passage 2 Quiet Quitting Are you feeling burnt out and overwhelmed at work? You’re not alone. In fact, research shows that burnout is becoming increasingly common among young professionals, with many people silently struggling to keep up with the demands of their jobs. 1 This emerging trend has potentially widespread implications for the future of work, how people interact with their jobs, and what we see as an acceptable balance between work and home life. So how do you know if someone is quietly quitting? There are a few tell-tale signs to look out for in the workplace. You might notice that an employee who used to be highly engaged and motivated in their job suddenly becomes less interested in what they are doing. They might seem less enthusiastic about their work or less willing to take on new challenges or projects. They complete their core tasks but nothing more. 2 Another key sign of quiet quitting is a decline in the quality of work. Someone who is quietly quitting might start to produce below-standard work in comparison to what they have historically produced, or they might be less willing to put in the extra effort needed to meet the high standards of their job. 3 They’re turning up to work, but the effort that they are expending is minimal. 4 You might notice them withdrawing from social situations. Where they once attended social gatherings and seasonal parties, they now avoid these. You may see them less in the break room and find that they are increasingly quiet in meetings. A．A quiet quitter might also become more disengaged from their colleagues and less willing to collaborate. B．Even here, though, you might notice they start to miss deadlines or make mistakes they wouldn’t normally make. C．Each of these behaviors indicates a lack of investment, especially when compared to how engaged they were earlier. D．If people are quietly quitting all around you, maintaining your usual level of output will make you a stand-out member of your team. E．This has led to a new phenomenon known as “quiet quitting,” which refers to the subtle ways in which people disengage from their work. F．They may also start to arrive late or leave early, though this is usually paired with open complaints about their workload or manager. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了职场“静默离职”这一新兴现象，讲解其具体定义、各类职场表现及行为特征，帮助读者识别这一职场状态。 1．上文“In fact, research shows that burnout is becoming increasingly common among young professionals, with many people silently struggling to keep up with the demands of their jobs.(事实上，研究表明，职业倦怠在年轻职场人中愈发普遍，许多人默默挣扎着应对工作需求)”点明职场倦怠的普遍现状，E选项“This has led to a new phenomenon known as “quiet quitting,” which refers to the subtle ways in which people disengage from their work.(这催生了一种名为“静默离职”的新现象，指人们以隐晦的方式脱离工作状态)”承接上文现状，引出文章核心话题“静默离职”，逻辑通顺。 2．上文“They might seem less enthusiastic about their work or less willing to take on new challenges or projects. They complete their core tasks but nothing more.(他们对待工作似乎热情减退，也不愿接手新挑战或新项目。他们只完成本职核心工作，其余一概不做)”列举了静默离职的典型表现——只完成本职工作，B选项“Even here, though, you might notice they start to miss deadlines or make mistakes they wouldn’t normally make.(即便如此，你可能会发现他们开始延误工期、犯下以往不会出现的错误)”指出即使他们在完成本职工作，但也会出现延误工期、犯异常错误的情况，上下文语意连贯。 3．上文“Someone who is quietly quitting might start to produce below-standard work in comparison to what they have historically produced, or they might be less willing to put in the extra effort needed to meet the high standards of their job.(陷入静默离职状态的人，工作成果会相较以往不达标，也不愿再付出额外努力达到工作高标准)”介绍了静默离职者工作质量下降的特点，C选项“Each of these behaviors indicates a lack of investment, especially when compared to how engaged they were earlier.(这些行为都体现出工作投入度的降低，尤其相较于他们此前积极投入的工作状态)”总结前文所有行为可能导致的结果，且引出下文“They’re turning up to work, but the effort that they are expending is minimal.(他们人虽然到岗，但付出的努力少之又少)”不积极的工作态度。 4．设空处为本段总起句，下文“You might notice them withdrawing from social situations. Where they once attended social gatherings and seasonal parties, they now avoid these. You may see them less in the break room and find that they are increasingly quiet in meetings.(你可能会发现他们回避各类社交场合。从前他们会参加社交聚会和季节性派对，如今却刻意避开这些活动。你在休息室很少能见到他们，还会发现他们在会议上愈发沉默)”阐述员工回避职场社交、缺席聚会、避开休息室、会议沉默等社交疏离行为。A选项“A quiet quitter might also become more disengaged from their colleagues and less willing to collaborate.(陷入静默离职的人也会与同事愈发疏离，不愿合作)”总领本段内容，点明静默离职的另一核心特征 —— 职场社交脱节。 Passage 3 “There’s no denying crows are smart. They can remember where food has been hidden, recognize faces and craft tools.” And, according to a new paper in Scientific Reports, some crows can even make those tools from memory. This skill may point to these clever corvids having a sort of culture of their own. Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, worked specifically with New Caledonian crows. 1 But experts haven’t been able to make sure where the crows pick up their skills. A bird in one area can construct the same tool as another bird miles away — but there’s no evidence bird one watched bird two build the gadget in order to copy it. And New Caledonian crows don’t really have a language, either. 2 Jelbert and her team had a hunch (预感) that it was because the birds were building based on the memory of tools they’d seen. To test this, the group trained eight crows to place pieces of paper into a pseudo-vending machine (really just a wooden box) to get a treat. 3 Once they learned which sizes were rewarded, Jelbert and her team then gave the feathered participants large cards; the birds could fashion these into the coin sizes they’d picked up on earlier. Importantly, the crows didn’t get any sort of template when they were working with the big cards. And the birds snipped them into pieces that were similar in size to the coins they’d learned would get them treats. Given the lack of a template to copy, it seems the crows were able to construct mental images of the coins and use it to replicate a tool. 4 These birds can see something and not just build it from memory, but potentially make improvements in their designs. “Most importantly,” the authors say in the study, “an improvement made by a crow during its lifetime could become part of the template learnt by subsequent generations, leading to an increase in tool complexity over time.” And this progression is a key component of cultural progression. A．So if they’re not building by imitation or carrying out instructions, how is this knowledge getting passed around? B．Crafting tool is a kind of culture, which can be passed down from generation to generation by crows. C．However, the crows only got treats when they popped in a paper “coin” of a certain size. D．These birds, native to the islands of New Caledonia east of Australia, are known for their ability to craft tools. E．Seeing this in action is important because it supports the idea that New Caledonian crows are capable of building — at least when it comes to crafting tools. F．Jelbert and her team then gave the crows paper to let them cut into proper size. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．E 【导语】本文主要通过实验证明新喀里多尼亚乌鸦能够凭记忆构建心理图像来制作工具，并可能在此基础上改进设计，从而说明它们可能具备文化传承的能力。 1．根据上文“Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, worked specifically with New Caledonian crows.(由剑桥大学Sarah Jelbert领导的研究人员专门研究了新喀里多尼亚乌鸦。)”以及下文“But experts haven’t been able to make sure where the crows pick up their skills.(但专家们一直无法确定乌鸦是从哪里学到这些技能的。)”可知，上文点明研究对象为新喀里多尼亚乌鸦，下文指出专家不确定它们如何获得技能，选项D“These birds, native to the islands of New Caledonia east of Australia, are known for their ability to craft tools.(这些鸟类原产于澳大利亚以东的新喀里多尼亚群岛，以制作工具的能力而闻名。)”承接上文对研究对象的介绍，并具体说明其特点，同时为下文的疑问提供背景。 2．上文“A bird in one area can construct the same tool as another bird miles away — but there’s no evidence bird one watched bird two build the gadget in order to copy it. And New Caledonian crows don’t really have a language, either.(一个地区的鸟可以制造出和几英里外的另一只鸟一样的工具，但没有证据表明一只鸟看着另一只鸟为了复制它而制造了这个工具。新喀里多尼亚乌鸦也没有真正的语言。)”指出没有证明表明乌鸦具有模仿学习、语言传递技能的能力；选项A“So if they’re not building by imitation or carrying out instructions, how is this knowledge getting passed around?(那么，如果它们不是通过模仿或执行指令来制作工具的，这些知识是如何传播的呢？)”承接上文关于“如何习得技能”的疑问，引出后文研究人员的猜想“Jelbert and her team had a hunch (预感) that it was because the birds were building based on the memory of tools they’d seen.(Jelbert和她的团队预感这是因为乌鸦是根据它们所见过工具的记忆来制作的。)”。 3．根据上文“To test this, the group trained eight crows to place pieces of paper into a pseudo-vending machine (really just a wooden box) to get a treat.(为了验证这一点，该团队训练了八只乌鸦将纸片放入一个伪自动售货机（实际上只是一个木箱）中以获得食物奖励。)”以及下文“Once they learned which sizes were rewarded, Jelbert and her team then gave the feathered participants large cards; the birds could fashion these into the coin sizes they’d picked up on earlier.(一旦它们学会了哪些尺寸能得到奖励，Jelbert和她的团队就给这些羽毛参与者大卡片；乌鸦可以把它们做成之前学会的硬币尺寸。)”可知，上文描述训练乌鸦用纸片换取奖励，下文描述乌鸦学会尺寸后能用大卡片裁剪成对应尺寸；选项C“However, the crows only got treats when they popped in a paper ‘coin’ of a certain size.(然而，乌鸦只有放入特定尺寸的纸‘硬币’时才能得到食物奖励。)”解释了训练的具体规则——只有特定尺寸才有效，为下文乌鸦学会尺寸识别并裁剪大卡片做铺垫。 4．根据上文“Given the lack of a template to copy, it seems the crows were able to construct mental images of the coins and use it to replicate a tool.(鉴于缺乏可复制的模板，乌鸦似乎能够构建硬币的心理图像，并用它来复制工具。)”以及下文“These birds can see something and not just build it from memory, but potentially make improvements in their designs.(这些鸟类不仅能凭记忆建造东西，还能在设计中做出潜在的改进。)”可知，上文得出实验结论——乌鸦能凭记忆构建心理图像并复制工具，下文进一步指出它们还能改进设计，选项E“Seeing this in action is important because it supports the idea that New Caledonian crows are capable of building — at least when it comes to crafting tools.(看到这一点在实际中运作很重要，因为它支持了新喀里多尼亚乌鸦有能力建造——至少在制作工具方面——的观点。)”总结了上述实验观察的意义，并自然引出下文关于改进设计的论述。 Passage 4 Its ice cream and drinks are under $1 during China’s economic slump. Its mascot looks like the love child of Frosty the Snowman and the Michelin Man. And its stores relentlessly blare a jingle set to the tune of “Oh! Susanna.” 1 Pronounced ME-schway, the Chinese company is found across Asia and Australia. It ended last year with 45,000 stores, according to research firm Technomic, after more than doubling its locations in three years.The company raised more than $400 million in an initial public offering of its shares in Hong Kong on Monday. The stock closed at 43% above its IPO price, giving Mixue a valuation of more than $10 billion. It isn’t done expanding. 2 The menu is short and very sweet. It includes the signature ice-cream cone, variations on bubble tea and a lemonade that made Mixue China’s biggest purchaser of lemons. It helps that Mixue charges below-average franchising (特许经营) fees. 3 Credit the Snow King — and the jingle. A roly-poly mascot, Snow King has become a national icon on par with Ronald McDonald and Colonel Sanders. Just as ubiquitous is Mixue’s theme song, which plays in stores. The lyrics to the English version: “I love you. You love me. Mixue Ice Cream and Tea.” On a recent afternoon in Singapore, a Mixue store drew in Julian Eymann, an American who visits the country often. He skipped the rival shop across the street. “This ice cream is better than McDonald’s,” Eymann said. But he had one complaint: “ 4 ”. A．Mixue was founded in 1997 by Zhang Hongchao, who opened a store selling shaved ice in Henan, a Chinese heartland province. B．The song’s gotta go, because it’s got to torture the employees. C．Mixue said in its IPO filing that it planned to keep growing — while acknowledging the risk that its existing stores could be consumed by new ones. D．It intended to become more global, but didn’t mention plans to enter the U.S. E．Low prices alone don’t explain how Mixue integrated itself in Chinese pop culture. F．This recipe helped Mixue Ice Cream and Tea become the world’s biggest food-and-beverage chain by number of locations, topping McDonald’s and Starbucks. 【答案】1．F 2．C 3．E 4．B 【导语】文章主要介绍了蜜雪冰城凭借低价策略、洗脑神曲及吉祥物，迅速扩张成为全球门店数量最多的餐饮连锁品牌。 1．上文“Its ice cream and drinks are under $1 during China’s economic slump. Its mascot looks like the love child of Frosty the Snowman and the Michelin Man. And its stores relentlessly blare a jingle set to the tune of “Oh! Susanna.”(在中国经济低迷期间，它的冰淇淋和饮料价格都低于1美元。它的吉祥物看起来像是雪人弗罗斯蒂和米其林人之间的结合体。而它的门店则不断播放着“Oh! Susanna”的旋律，伴随着响亮的广告铃声)”列举了蜜雪冰城的低价和营销特点。空后“Pronounced ME-schway, the Chinese company is found across Asia and Australia. It ended last year with 45,000 stores, according to research firm Technomic, after more than doubling its locations in three years.(这家中国公司发音为“ME-schway”，业务遍布亚洲和澳大利亚。据研究机构Technomic称，该公司去年拥有4.5万家门店，而在三年内门店数量翻了一番多)”介绍了其庞大的规模和快速的扩张。空处应起到承上启下的作用，总结前文特点带来的规模效应。选项F“This recipe helped Mixue Ice Cream and Tea become the world’s biggest food-and-beverage chain by number of locations, topping McDonald’s and Starbucks.(这一配方助力蜜雪冰城凭借门店数量成为世界上最大的餐饮连锁店，超越了麦当劳和星巴克)”中的“This recipe”指代前文提到的低价和营销手段，并引出了后文关于其规模的详细描述，符合语境。 2．上文“The company raised more than $400 million in an initial public offering of its shares in Hong Kong on Monday. The stock closed at 43% above its IPO price, giving Mixue a valuation of more than $10 billion. It isn’t done expanding.(该公司周一在香港通过首次公开募股（IPO）筹集了超过4亿美元的资金。股价收盘价比IPO价格高出43%，使Mixue的估值超过100亿美元。公司远未停止扩张)”表明公司仍有扩张计划。空处应承接这一话题，进一步说明其扩张的具体规划或考量。选项C“Mixue said in its IPO filing that it planned to keep growing — while acknowledging the risk that its existing stores could be consumed by new ones.(蜜雪冰城在其IPO文件中表示，计划继续保持增长——同时也承认了现有门店可能被新门店蚕食的风险)”直接回应了前文的“扩张”，并补充了招股书中的具体计划及潜在风险，逻辑连贯，符合语境。 3．上文“The menu is short and very sweet. It includes the signature ice-cream cone, variations on bubble tea and a lemonade that made Mixue China’s biggest purchaser of lemons. It helps that Mixue charges below-average franchising (特许经营) fees.(菜单简短而非常美味，包括招牌冰淇淋甜筒、奶茶的各种口味以及一款柠檬水，这使得Mixue中国成为购买柠檬最多的商家。此外，Mixue收取的特许经营费低于平均水平，也起到了帮助作用)”介绍了其产品策略和价格优势。空后“Credit the Snow King — and the jingle.(这要归功于“雪王”——以及那首广告歌)”转而强调品牌形象和营销歌曲的作用。空处应作为一个转折或过渡，指出仅靠低价不足以解释其成功。选项E“Low prices alone don’t explain how Mixue integrated itself in Chinese pop culture.(单靠低价并不能解释蜜雪冰城是如何融入中国流行文化的)”完美地承接了上文的低价策略，并引出了下文关于品牌文化（雪王和神曲）的讨论，符合语境。 4．上文“He skipped the rival shop across the street. “This ice cream is better than McDonald’s,” Eymann said.(他跳过了街对面的竞争对手的店。“这款冰淇淋比麦当劳的好吃，”Eymann说)“表达了顾客对产品的肯定。空前“But he had one complaint:(但他有一个抱怨：)”通过转折词But引出不足之处。空处应具体说明顾客的抱怨内容。选项B“The song’s gotta go, because it’s got to torture the employees.(这首歌必须消失，因为它简直是在折磨员工)”中的“The song”指代前文反复提到的广告歌（jingle），这种抱怨既符合情境，又带有幽默色彩，与前文描述的店铺不停播放神曲的背景相呼应，符合语境。 Passage 5 How Mud Boosts Your Immune System Children love getting dirty. They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing. 1 . “Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family refrain, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles (蝌蚪), it was inevitable that children's whites would turn brown before the day was over. Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. 2 For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in children's wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is packed with friendly microorganisms that can train the immune system and build resilience (恢复力) to a range of illnesses, including allergies and even depression. 3 Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractable. Besides the restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of molding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact. When it comes to the child's physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise. 4 The latest findings suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments and the secret may be alive and twisting around in the mud itself. A．But getting dirty could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing. B．With the rise of urbanism, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. C．Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. D．However, these behaviors allow children to gradually understand their bodily signals. E．A child may find it easier to build up strength and energy in a large open space, resulting in a reduced risk of obesity. F．Those who grow up on farms are less likely to develop auto-immune disorders thanks, apparently, to their childhood exposure to a more diverse range of organisms. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．E 【导语】文章指出接触泥土有益于儿童免疫系统，城市化减少了孩子亲近泥土的机会，并介绍户外活动对心理、感知、身体健康的多重益处。 1．由上文“Children love getting dirty. They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing.(孩子们喜欢弄得满身泥土，像磁铁一样被泥坑吸引，完全不在乎鞋子和衣服的颜色。)”可知，前文描述孩子爱玩泥巴的行为，后文转折介绍弄脏自己对健康有益。A项“But getting dirty could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing.(但满身泥土会对他们的身心健康大有好处。)”符合语境，其中getting dirty与上文对应，有承上作用。 2．由下文“For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy.(对很多孩子来说，他们根本没有机会接触泥土。)”可知，空格处解释缺少接触泥土机会的原因。B项“With the rise of urbanism, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past.(随着城市化发展，人们接触大自然的机会远少于从前。)”符合语境，有启下作用。 3．由下文“Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces.(人类大脑在自然环境中进化，感知系统格外适应野外环境。)”可知，本段介绍户外活动对心理的好处。C项“Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established.(户外活动带来的诸多心理益处已有充分依据支撑。)”符合语境，总领下文内容。 4．由上文“When it comes to the child's physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise.(说到孩子的身体健康，户外活动最直观的好处就是锻炼身体。)”以及下文“The latest findings suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments and the secret may be alive and twisting around in the mud itself.(最新研究结果表明，在自然环境中活动还有诸多其他益处，而其中的奥秘或许就藏在泥土里那些鲜活、四处蠕动的微生物之中。)”可知，空格处应具体说明运动带来的身体好处。E项“A child may find it easier to build up strength and energy in a large open space, resulting in a reduced risk of obesity.(孩子在开阔场地更容易增强体能，降低肥胖风险。)”符合语境，有承上启下作用。 Passage 6 The Global Plushie Craze Millennials and Gen Z are falling hard for soft toys. It looked like a typical fish-and-chip shop. But the catch of the day came with a catch of its own: customers were buying toys. Fish was served with fuzzy lemons and plushy peas. The cheapest item cost $25, twice the cost of an actual meal. Jellycat, the British brand behind the pop-up shops, invited everyone to play with their food. 1 . Melissa Symonds of Circana, a consumer-insights firm, says that soft toys are the second-largest category in the British toy market; sales have soared by around 58% since 2021. The global market was worth almost $12 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8% until 2030.   This shift in consumer demographics marks a significant cultural trend. 2 . Kidults now account for over a quarter of sales and, in 2023, surpassed preschoolers for the first time as the biggest age range for toys overall. The craze began during the pandemic, as teenagers and young adults, stuck at home amid a global disruption, sought comfort in cute playthings. Lucy Dray, the owner of a soft-toy shop, says that soft toys “bring people happiness and comfort” — two things that “can be quite hard to find in the world we live in”. Pop psychologists on social media have also talked the benefits of reconnecting with your younger self. 3 It cannot be denied that as many postpone having children until their late 20s or early 30s, kidults have more money to splash out on themselves. You can spend anywhere between $10 and $250 on a Squishmallow. Otherwise, if you want a limited-edition black cat, you can buy one on eBay for more than $1,500. The financial appeal of soft toys extends beyond casual purchases. Collectors are not put off by such high prices. 4 . Like obtaining a concert ticket or a sports trading card, getting your hands on a rare soft toy gives you bragging rights. Celebrity supports have intensified their desirability further — Kim Kardashian and Lady Gaga are declared fans. For the time being, plushies are staying put in bedrooms everywhere. When Paco the Salamander, a toy influencer, joked on TikTok that she was “ready to grow up” and get rid of her considerable plushie collection, her followers insisted that “you’re never too old” to own them. For toymakers, it is all about the soft sell. A．It is not young kids driving the demand but kidults aged 12 and above. B．The pandemic accelerated this trend by fostering a desire for emotional support. C．On the contrary, they only add to the appeal as soft toys are an everyday indulgence. D．These numbers reflect a broader shift in how people view childhood nostalgia. E．One influencer suggested that collecting luxury teddy bears was healing her inner child. F．The surge in popularity is mirrored by surprising market growth. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．E 4．C 【导语】本文聚焦全球毛绒玩具热潮这一文化与消费现象，深入剖析其背后的驱动因素、核心消费群体特征、市场增长态势及深层文化意义，展现软玩具从“儿童专属”向“全年龄段情感寄托与消费符号”的转变，揭示这一热潮如何成为当代社会情感需求、消费心理与文化趋势的集中体现。 1．根据空后“Melissa Symonds of Circana, a consumer-insights firm, says that soft toys are the second-largest category in the British toy market; sales have soared by around 58% since 2021. The global market was worth almost $12 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8% until 2030.(消费者洞察公司Circana的Melissa Symonds表示，软玩具已成为英国玩具市场的第二大品类；自2021年以来，其销售额飙升了约58%。2023年，全球软玩具市场规模接近120亿美元，预计到2030年将以每年8%的速度持续增长。)”可知，后文以具体的数据说明了软玩具的流行，故F项“受欢迎程度的飙升反映在令人惊讶的市场增长上。”符合，总结本段内容。 2．根据空后“Kidults now account for over a quarter of sales and, in 2023, surpassed preschoolers for the first time as the biggest age range for toys overall.(如今，“大孩子”群体的销售额占比超过四分之一，并且在2023年首次超越学龄前儿童，成为玩具消费中占比最大的年龄段。)”可知，空后提到玩具消费中占比最大的不再是儿童，而是“大孩子”，故此处A项“推动需求增长的不是年幼的孩童，而是12岁及以上的“大孩子”。”符合，说明了消费主体的转变。 3．根据空前“Pop psychologists on social media have also talked the benefits of reconnecting with your younger self.(社交媒体上的流行心理学家也纷纷谈论重拾童心的种种益处。)”可知，空前提到重拾童心，故此处E项“一位网红就曾表示，收藏奢侈泰迪熊治愈了她内心的小孩。”是空前的顺义承接，用一位网红的例子来说明软玩具给人们带来的心理上的慰藉。 4．根据空前“The financial appeal of soft toys extends beyond casual purchases. Collectors are not put off by such high prices.(软玩具的财务吸引力远不止于日常消费。收藏家们并不会被如此高昂的价格劝退。)”和空后“Like obtaining a concert ticket or a sports trading card, getting your hands on a rare soft toy gives you bragging rights.(像抢到一张演唱会门票或一张体育球星卡一样，入手一款稀有的软玩具能让你拥有值得炫耀的资本。)”可知，空前提到收藏家们不会因为高昂的价格被劝退，空后则用演唱会门票或体育球星卡举例，说明即使价额昂贵，但也会选择收藏，故C项“恰恰相反，这些价格只会增加其吸引力，因为软玩具是一种日常的享受。”符合，收藏家不会因为高昂的价格而劝退，相反，价格只会增加其吸引力。 Passage 7 Nurturing empathy with a sense of balance As the year’s end approaches, many Americans get bombarded (大量提问) by requests for donations to all manner of charities. I’m an easy target, a softy readily tricked by impassioned requests to help improve the well-being of people, animals and the environment, and I often respond to more appeals than my earnings. This year will be different, thanks to advice from one of the leading experts on empathy, Dr. Helen Riess, associate professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at Harvard Medical School and author of a new book, The Empathy Effect, that explores the neuroscience behind concern for others and offers advice on how to nurture and implement it most effectively. Instead of a scattershot of small gifts to a dozen or more charities, Dr. Riess suggested in an interview that I “pick one or two where a more substantial contribution can really make a difference.” Empathy doesn’t mean saying “yes” to every request, she emphasized. “ 1 .” Let something from your own life experience determine which issues are closest to your heart and most deserve your money, she suggests in her book. For me, that would be education and food security; I’ll leave it to others to save abandoned pets and the planet this year. Perhaps no one knows the importance of balancing feelings with thoughts better than Dr. Judith Orloff, a Los Angeles-based psychiatrist and the author of The Empath’s Survival Guide. Her book can help highly sensitive people avoid taking on everyone else’s needs and problems, which Dr. Riess says can lead to “compassion fatigue” and burnout. “ 2 ” Dr. Orloff said in an interview. “It’s important to be empathetic but also to set healthy limits and boundaries rather than being a doormat (受气包). If you’re a highly sensitive person, you have to learn how to channel your energy. Healthy empathy is when you give from your heart, but not martyr yourself.” Research by Dr. Riess and her collaborators has shown that we are each born with a given number of neurons that participate in an empathetic response. But whether this potential to care appropriately for one’s fellow beings is realized or undermined is largely molded by early life experiences, starting at birth and continuing throughout childhood. How, then, can a healthy degree of empathy be instilled in a child? “ 3 ” Dr. Riess told me. “We’re all born with a certain talent, but it can be dramatically up-regulated or down-regulated depending upon environmental factors” — especially, she said, by the examples set by a child’s caregivers. Dr. Riess urges parents to be role models who show respect and caring for others. Dr. Riess has vivid memories of how her parents demonstrated empathy, by taking turkeys before Thanksgiving to the homes of people who had almost nothing. “Kids tend to focus on what they don’t have — this exposes them to people who have so much less and gives them the gift of being a giver.” With older children, parents might take them to help out in a soup kitchen or visit a nursing home, Dr. Riess suggested. “ 4 ” she wrote. A．There is healthy giving and there is unhealthy, codependent giving that can ultimately make you feel worse. B．As a more rational, less emotional approach, “cognitive empathy” is an ideal approach. C．It’s never too late to guide a child toward greater appreciation of others' feelings. D．Recognize that you can’t save the world, and give to organizations that are most important to you. E．Empathy is a changeable quality; it can be taught. F．Caregivers can cultivate empathy by acknowledging rather than dismissing a child’s distress. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．E 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了如何平衡培养同理心，多位专家给出捐赠取舍、设立边界、从小引导孩子同理心的可行方法。 1．上文“Empathy doesn’t mean saying “yes” to every request, she emphasized. (她强调，同理心并不意味着对每一个请求都说“是”。)”指出不必答应所有捐赠请求，下文“Let something from your own life experience determine which issues are closest to your heart and most deserve your money, she suggests in her book. (她在书中建议，让你自己的生活经历决定哪些问题最贴近你的心，最值得你花钱。)”说明要选定心仪机构捐赠。D选项“Recognize that you can’t save the world, and give to organizations that are most important to you. (要认清你无法拯救全世界，只捐助对你最重要的机构。)”承接上文观点，引出下文挑选捐赠方向，符合语境。 2．下文“It’s important to be empathetic but also to set healthy limits and boundaries rather than being a doormat (受气包). (同理心很重要，但也要设定健康的限制和界限，而不是成为受气包。)”区分适度同理心与无底线付出，A选项“There is healthy giving and there is unhealthy, codependent giving that can ultimately make you feel worse. (付出分为健康型付出与不健康的依附式付出，后者最终会让你身心俱疲。)”总领本段，划分两种付出模式，与后文论述相呼应，符合语境。 3．上文“How, then, can a healthy degree of empathy be instilled in a child? (那么该如何培养孩子适度健康的同理心能力？)”提出如何培养孩子同理心的问题，下文“We’re all born with a certain talent, but it can be dramatically up-regulated or down-regulated depending upon environmental factors (我们天生具备同理心潜能，但环境会大幅增强或削弱这种能力)”说明同理心会受后天环境影响改变。E选项“Empathy is a changeable quality; it can be taught. (同理心是可改变的特质，能够后天培养。)”回答前文提问，衔接后文环境影响的内容，符合语境。 4．上文“With older children, parents might take them to help out in a soup kitchen or visit a nursing home, Dr. Riess suggested. (里斯博士建议，家长可以带年龄较大的孩子去救济食堂、养老院做志愿。)”介绍引导大龄孩子同理心的实践方式，前文也提到孩童时期同理心可塑造，C选项“It’s never too late to guide a child toward greater appreciation of others’ feelings. (引导孩子学会体谅他人感受，永远为时不晚。)”承接前文亲子培养同理心的话题，总结对年长孩子开展同理心教育的观点，符合语境。 Passage 8 Twilight of the Brands It’s a truism of business-book thinking that a company’s brand is its “most important asset,” more valuable than technology or patents or manufacturing prowess. But brands have never been more fragile. The reason is simple: consumers are supremely well informed and far more likely to investigate the real value of products than to rely on logos. Absolute Value, a new book by Itamar Simonson and Emanuel Rosen shows that, historically, the rise of brands was a response to an information-poor environment. 1 If a car was made by G. M., or a ketchup by Heinz, you assumed that it was pretty good. It was hard to figure out if a new product from an unfamiliar company was reliable or not, so brand loyalty was a way of reducing risk. Today, consumers can read much research about whatever they want to buy. This started back with Consumer Reports, which did objective studies of products. 2 It has given ordinary consumers easy access to expert reviews, user reviews, and detailed product data, in an array of categories. A recent study found that eighty per cent of consumers look at online reviews before making major purchases, and a host of studies have logged the strong influence those reviews have on the decisions people make. 3 An undesirable product can become a laughingstock (笑柄) in a matter of hours. In the old days, you might buy a Sony television set because you’d owned one before, or because you trusted the brand. Today, such considerations matter much less than reviews on Amazon and Engadget and CNET. As Simonson said, “each product now has to prove itself on its own.” It’s been argued that in a world where consumers are overwhelmed with information, the information will actually make brands more valuable. Indeed, the role a brand plays in people’s lives has become all the more important. But information overload is largely a myth. 4 And this has made customer loyalty pretty much a thing of the past. Only twenty-five per cent of American respondents in a recent study said that brand loyalty affected how they shopped. A．But what’s really weakened the power of brands is the Internet. B．For consumers this is ideal: heightened competition has raised quality and held down prices. C．When consumers had to rely on advertisements and their past experience with a company, brands served as a guarantee for quality. D．A large quantity of consumers fail to get a great deal of information efficiently and effectively. E．The rise of social media has sped up the trend to an astonishing degree. F．Most consumers figure out how to find what they’re looking for without spending huge amounts of time online. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．E 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章对品牌忠诚度进行了研究，发现由于互联网，品牌忠诚度已成为过去。 1．上文“Absolute Value, a new book by Itamar Simonson and Emanuel Rosen shows that, historically, the rise of brands was a response to an information-poor environment (Itamar Simonson和Emanuel Rosen合著的新书《绝对价值》表明，从历史上看，品牌的崛起是对信息匮乏环境的回应)”说明过去信息不足时消费者依赖品牌，下文“If a car was made by G. M., or a ketchup by Heinz, you assumed that it was pretty good. (通用的汽车、亨氏的番茄酱会被认为质量不错)”体现品牌是质量的保障。C选项“当消费者不得不依赖广告和他们过去对一家公司的经验时，品牌就成了质量的保证”衔接了上文的信息匮乏背景与下文的品牌作用，符合语境。故选C。 2．上文“Today, consumers can read much research about whatever they want to buy. (如今，消费者可以查阅很多关于他们想买的东西的研究报告)”说明信息获取方式改变，后文“It has given ordinary consumers easy access to expert reviews, user reviews, and detailed product data, in an array of categories. (它使普通消费者可以方便地访问一系列类别的专家评论、用户评论和详细的产品数据)”提到消费者能访问的各种数据。A选项“但真正削弱品牌影响力的是互联网”既承接了上文的信息获取变化，又引出了下文互联网的具体作用，符合语境。故选A。 3．上文“A recent study found that eighty per cent of consumers look at online reviews before making major purchases, and a host of studies have logged the strong influence those reviews have on the decisions people make. (最近的一项研究发现，80%的消费者在购买大宗商品之前会查看在线评论，大量研究记录了这些评论对人们做出决定的强烈影响)”说明消费者依赖网络评价，下文“An undesirable product can become a laughingstock (笑柄) in a matter of hours. (不受欢迎的产品几小时内会成笑柄)”体现信息传播的速度快。E选项“社交媒体的兴起将这一趋势加速到了惊人的程度”衔接了上文的评价影响与下文的快速传播，符合语境。故选E。 4．上文“But information overload is largely a myth. (信息过载很大程度上是个误区)”说明消费者并未被信息淹没，后文“And this has made customer loyalty pretty much a thing of the past. (这让品牌忠诚度几乎成为过去式)”指出品牌忠诚度不再那么重要了。F选项“大多数消费者都知道如何在不花费大量时间上网的情况下找到他们想要的东西”解释了信息过载是误区的原因，也引出了后文品牌忠诚度弱化的结果，符合语境。故选F。 Passage 9 Swimming Is Not Just a Sport. It’s a Survival Tool In December 2024, the World Health Organization released its first-ever report on drowning prevention, noting more than 7.2 million people, many children, could die by drowning by the year 2050 if current trends continue. If we look further, there are shocking divides when it comes to children from underserved communities with 64% of Black children and 45% of Latino children having few to no swimming skills. In many mostly Black communities, swimming is often seen as an unnecessary skill — something reserved for the wealthy, white elite, those who have a pool or live by the ocean. 1 Research indicates that Black children and their parents are three times more fearful of drowning than white children and their parents. This fear is not unfounded. Many of these families, for generations, have been excluded from learning the life-saving skill of swimming due to systemic barriers — whether that’s a lack of access to pools, inadequate swim programs, or simply not knowing where to start. 2 78% of Black children and 62% of Latino children lack adequate swimming skills when their parents have no or low swimming competency. But the thing is: swimming is not just a sport — it’s a survival tool. Swim lessons and water safety education can dramatically change the path of children’s lives. Studies show that formal swim lessons reduce the risk of drowning by 88%. This is why we must invest in community driven efforts to make swimming accessible to all children. 3 Such organizations provide swim scholarships and build partnerships with swim lesson providers to provide low and no-cost swim lesson access to families in need. 4 We need action. Schools, cities, community organizations, and more must prioritize water safety education in diverse neighborhoods. For too long, the lack of swimming ability in underserved communities has been overlooked. We can no longer afford to ignore this issue when children’s lives are at risk. A．This means funding local swim programs and the work of organizations. B．We must break this misconception. C．This ongoing cycle of fear and inadequate training is passed through generations. D．This misunderstanding has potentially put Black children and their parents in danger. E．This fear is infectious, leading to widespread reluctance to invest in swim programs. F．It’s not enough to just talk about the problem. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章基于世界卫生组织发布的溺水预防报告，指出溺水致死的严峻趋势，聚焦弱势群体儿童游泳技能匮乏的问题，揭示背后的社会偏见与系统性障碍，强调游泳是生存工具，并呼吁各方采取行动普及游泳课程与水上安全教育。 1．上文“In many mostly Black communities, swimming is often seen as an unnecessary skill — something reserved for the wealthy, white elite, those who have a pool or live by the ocean. (在许多以黑人为主的社区里，游泳常被视为一项非必要技能——是那些有泳池或住在海边的富裕白人精英才会接触的活动)”点明了部分群体对游泳的错误认知，即游泳是专属精英的技能、无需学习。这种错误认知是阻碍弱势群体儿童学习游泳的重要因素，而文章核心观点是强调游泳是生存工具，需让所有儿童都能学习，因此首先要打破这种错误观念。B项“我们必须打破这种错误观念”，承上启下，“this misconception”精准指代上文将游泳视为精英专属技能的错误认知，明确提出解决问题的首要步骤，同时为下文讲述该错误认知引发的恐惧、技能缺失等问题及后续解决措施做铺垫，逻辑连贯。故选B。 2．上文“Research indicates that Black children and their parents are three times more fearful of drowning than white children and their parents... due to systemic barriers — whether that’s a lack of access to pools, inadequate swim programs, or simply not knowing where to start. (研究表明，黑人儿童及其父母对溺水的恐惧程度是白人儿童及其父母的三倍……这种恐惧的产生源于系统性障碍——无论是缺乏泳池使用权、游泳课程不足，还是根本不知道如何开始学习游泳)”阐述了黑人家庭对溺水的恐惧及背后的客观障碍。下文“78% of Black children and 62% of Latino children lack adequate swimming skills when their parents have no or low swimming competency. (当父母完全不会游泳或游泳能力低下时，78%的黑人儿童和62%的拉丁裔儿童也缺乏足够的游泳技能)”体现出父母的游泳能力与孩子的游泳技能之间的关联。C项“这种恐惧与技能培训不足的恶性循环在代际间传递”，承接上文的恐惧与障碍，引出下文的代际影响，“ongoing cycle”精准概括“父母因恐惧和障碍不会游泳→孩子也缺乏游泳技能”的传递过程，符合段落逻辑。故选C。 3．上文“This is why we must invest in community driven efforts to make swimming accessible to all children. (这就是为什么我们必须投入资源，推动社区主导的行动，让所有儿童都能有机会学习游泳)”提出要通过社区行动普及游泳技能的观点。下文“Such organizations provide swim scholarships and build partnerships with swim lesson providers to provide low and no-cost swim lesson access to families in need. (这类组织会提供游泳奖学金，并与游泳课程提供商合作，为有需要的家庭提供低价或免费的游泳课程)”具体介绍了相关组织的行动举措。A项“这意味着要为当地的游泳项目和相关组织的工作提供资金支持”，承上启下，“funding local swim programs and the work of organizations”呼应上文的“invest in community driven efforts”，同时“organizations”直接衔接下文的内容，贴合语境。故选A。 4．下文“We need action. Schools, cities, community organizations, and more must prioritize water safety education in diverse neighborhoods. (我们需要采取行动。学校、城市、社区组织等都必须在各类社区中将水上安全教育列为优先事项)”强调要从言论转向实际行动。F项“仅仅谈论这个问题是远远不够的”，起到过渡作用，通过“not enough to just talk”引出下文的“need action”。故选F。 Passage 10 From classrooms to care homes Less than three years ago Ms Jiang was tidying away toys and singing rhymes as a teacher at a nursery in Beijing. She remembers parents knocking on the door in an effort to sign their children up. That gradually became rarer, until last year Ms Jiang found herself distributing promotional leaflets for the nursery in her lunchbreaks. 1 Last May Ms Jiang moved into a sector with better growth prospects: care homes and her abilities to teach handicrafts and play games come in useful. Between 2017 and 2022 China’s total fertility (生育) rate crashed from 1.8 to 1. Between 2021 and 2024 pupil numbers in pre-schools fell from 48m to 36m. Some 42,000 of 295,000 pre-schools have closed, and 360,000 of 3.2m pre-school teachers have quit. 2 Whereas China’s nursery-going group will fall by 14m in the next five years, the number of people aged 65 and over will rise from 211m to 256m. China badly needs more staff to care for them. In 2021 it had just half a million certified care workers. That made for just 0.27 care workers per 100 people aged 65 and above, a shockingly low number. Universities have launched degrees in elderly care. The first batch of students graduated last year, to hot demand. All this motivated one Ms Wu in 2023 to open her own care home in Jiangxi after years in nurseries. She has nine residents paying 2,600 yuan a month to be there. The outlook is bright, she says: right now those in care homes have multiple children on average. Those born in the 1970s and 1980s mostly have only one child, which means fewer people to look after them when they eventually get old. 3 She has also had a few from nursery teachers looking to make the switch she did. The government likes “mixed-use” facilities where both young and old are looked after. 4 It had facilities for table-tennis and space for calligraphy, and when the nursery teachers were free, they taught the elderly. The old certainly enjoy seeing the young; some grandparents even drop off tiny relatives at the nursery before heading to their own floor. A．A newspaper has called for local governments to provide funds for such projects. B．A silver lining exists for those sharp-witted enough to adapt. C．Caring for the elderly is easier than caring for young children. D．Last year in Chongqing, for example, an empty floor of a nursery was turned into an “elderly-care station”. E．Ms Wu gets enquiries almost every day from prospective customers. F．She realised the writing was on the wall. 【答案】1．F 2．B 3．E 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国由于生育率下降，幼儿园数量减少、教师流失，而老龄化加剧，养老护理需求大增，一些人从幼儿园转行到养老行业，政府也支持“混合用途”设施。 1．由上文“Less than three years ago Ms Jiang was tidying away toys and singing rhymes as a teacher at a nursery in Beijing. She remembers parents knocking on the door in an effort to sign their children up. That gradually became rarer, until last year Ms Jiang found herself distributing promotional leaflets for the nursery in her lunchbreaks. (不到三年前，蒋女士还是北京一家幼儿园的老师，整理玩具，唱儿歌。她记得家长们敲门争着给孩子报名。这种情况逐渐变得少见，直到去年，蒋女士发现自己要在午休时间分发幼儿园的宣传单)”及下文“Last May Ms Jiang moved into a sector with better growth prospects: care homes and her abilities to teach handicrafts and play games come in useful. (去年5月，蒋女士进入了一个增长前景更好的行业：养老院，她教手工艺和玩游戏的能力派上了用场)”可知，上文说明了蒋女士所在幼儿园招生情况变差，下文引出蒋女士转行到养老院，本空应说明蒋女士意识到幼儿园的困境，意识到自己需要转行。F选项“She realised the writing was on the wall. (她意识到不祥之兆已现)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选F。 2．由上文“Between 2017 and 2022 China’s total fertility (生育) rate crashed from 1.8 to 1. Between 2021 and 2024 pupil numbers in pre-schools fell from 48m to 36m. Some 42,000 of 295,000 pre-schools have closed, and 360,000 of 3.2m pre-school teachers have quit. (2017年至2022年，中国总生育率从1.8骤降至1。2021年至2024年，学前教育在校生人数从4800万降至3600万。29.5万家幼儿园中有4.2万家关闭，320万名幼儿园教师中有36万人辞职)”及下文“Whereas China’s nursery-going group will fall by 14m in the next five years, the number of people aged 65 and over will rise from 211m to 256m. China badly needs more staff to care for them. (未来五年，中国上幼儿园的人数将减少1400万，而65岁及以上人口将从2.11亿增至2.56亿。中国急需更多人员来照顾他们)”可知，上文说明了中国幼儿园面临困境，下文引出中国养老行业前景好，本空应说明对于那些能够适应变化的人来说，还是有机会的。B选项“A silver lining exists for those sharp-witted enough to adapt. (对于那些足够聪明、能够适应的人来说，还有一线希望)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选B。 3．由上文“All this motivated one Ms Wu in 2023 to open her own care home in Jiangxi after years in nurseries. She has nine residents paying 2,600 yuan a month to be there. The outlook is bright, she says: right now those in care homes have multiple children on average. Those born in the 1970s and 1980s mostly have only one child, which means fewer people to look after them when they eventually get old. (所有这些促使吴女士在幼儿园工作多年后，于2023年在江西开设了自己的养老院。她有九位住户，每月支付2600元。她说，前景是光明的：现在养老院的人平均有多个孩子。70后和80后大多只有一个孩子，这意味着他们年老时照顾他们的人会更少)”可知，上文说明了吴女士认为养老院前景光明，本空应说明吴女士的养老院前景光明的体现。E选项“Ms Wu gets enquiries almost every day from prospective customers. (吴女士几乎每天都会收到潜在客户的咨询)”能承接上文的乐观前景，符合语境。故选E。 4．由上文“The government likes “mixed-use” facilities where both young and old are looked after.(政府喜欢“混合用途”设施，在这里年轻人和老年人都能得到照顾)”以及下文“It had facilities for table-tennis and space for calligraphy, and when the nursery teachers were free, they taught the elderly. The old certainly enjoy seeing the young; some grandparents even drop off tiny relatives at the nursery before heading to their own floor.(这里有乒乓球设施和书法空间，当幼儿园老师有空时，他们会教老年人。老人们当然喜欢看到年轻人；一些祖父母甚至在去自己楼层之前把年幼的亲戚送到幼儿园)”可知，上文说明了政府喜欢“混合用途”设施，下文具体说明了一个“混合用途”设施的例子，本空应举例说明一个“混合用途”设施。D选项“Last year in Chongqing, for example, an empty floor of a nursery was turned into an “elderly-care station”.(例如，去年在重庆，一所幼儿园的一层空楼层被改造成了一个“养老站”)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选D。 Passage 11 In uncertain times, certainty is over-rated and over-rewarded Type the words “kind of”, “probably” or “perhaps” into an email in Microsoft Outlook and the program might well tell you to think again. If the artificial intelligence-powered “Microsoft Editor” decides you’re not sounding decisive enough, it will warn you: “ 1 ” To me, this suggestion encapsulates something we’ve got wrong in society: we live in a world that rewards those who speak with a strong opinion — even when that is misplaced — and gives very little airtime to those who acknowledge doubt. “ 2 Why? Because that’s psychologically satisfying,” says Dan Gardner, author of Future Babble. “That’s saying ‘let me sweep away the uncertainty for you’.” Research shows that the human brain is hard-wired to hate uncertainty: a 2016 study published in Nature Communications found that when volunteers were given electric shocks, their stress levels were highest when they had no idea whether they were going to be given a shock or not — higher even than subjects who were told they definitely would get one. While confident-sounding pundits might be giving us what our brains desire, the relief they are providing is probably not real. 3 In fact, Psychology professor Philip Tetlock found that there was an inverse (相反的) correlation between the fame of forecasters and their ability to predict the outcomes of events. Prof Tetlock divided up forecasters into “foxes” and “hedgehogs”. Foxes consider all sorts of different approaches and perspectives, and synthesize those into various “small” conclusions. Hedgehogs tend to view the world through the lens of one single defining idea. That makes the hedgehogs worse forecasters but more likely to get attention. 4 Mr Gardner suggests one way to do this would be to tag speakers with some kind of record of previous predictions, much as we are given performance statistics for racehorses or baseball players. A．Yet overconfident “thought leaders” and other public figures are usually the ones who get the most newspaper headlines and biggest social media followings. B．Highly confident statements also promote polarization, encouraging others to respond in the same kind of language when they disagree. C．We are drawn to, and more inclined to listen to, those pundits (权威/专家) who tell us a simple, clear, confident story. D．But wouldn’t it be better if we held “experts” and leaders to account? E．And it makes sense that when we’re all feeling anxious, we would want to feel that some adults somewhere know what they’re doing. F．Words expressing uncertainty lessen your impact. 【答案】1．F 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要批判社会过度推崇确定性与果断表达，指出自信的专家未必可靠，并呼吁理性看待所谓权威观点。 1．根据前文“If the artificial intelligence-powered “Microsoft Editor” decides you’re not sounding decisive enough, it will warn you: (如果人工智能驱动的“微软编辑器”判定你听起来不够果断，它就会警告你：)”可知，前文提到软件会对不果断的表达发出警告，此空应是警告的具体内容，F选项“Words expressing uncertainty lessen your impact.(表达不确定性的词语会削弱你的影响力。)”与前文“不够果断”的语境完全对应，符合语境。故选F项。 2．根据后文“Why? Because that’s psychologically satisfying.(为什么？因为这在心理上令人满足。)”可知，前文应提出一种人们倾向于相信果断言论的现象，C选项“We are drawn to, and more inclined to listen to, those pundits (权威/专家) who tell us a simple, clear, confident story.(我们会被那些讲述简单、清晰、自信故事的权威所吸引，也更愿意听他们说话。)”引出后文对这一现象原因的解释，符合语境。故选C项。 3．根据前文“While confident-sounding pundits might be giving us what our brains desire, the relief they are providing is probably not real.(虽然听起来自信的权威可能给了我们大脑想要的东西，但他们提供的慰藉可能并不真实。)”以及后文“In fact, Psychology professor Philip Tetlock found that there was an inverse (相反的) correlation between the fame of forecasters and their ability to predict the outcomes of events.(事实上，心理学教授菲利普·泰特洛克发现，预测者的名气与其预测事件结果的能力呈负相关。)”可知，此空应说明过度自信的公众人物反而更受关注，A选项“Yet overconfident “thought leaders” and other public figures are usually the ones who get the most newspaper headlines and biggest social media followings. (然而，过度自信的“思想领袖”和其他公众人物通常占据报纸头条，拥有最多的社交媒体粉丝。)”承接前后文，符合语境。故选A项。 4．根据后文“Mr Gardner suggests one way to do this would be to tag speakers with some kind of record of previous predictions, much as we are given performance statistics for racehorses or baseball players.(加德纳先生提出一种方法：给发言者贴上过往预测记录的标签，就像我们查看赛马或棒球运动员的表现数据一样。)”可知，后文提出监督专家的具体方法，此空应提出是否应该问责这些专家的疑问，D选项“But wouldn’t it be better if we held “experts” and leaders to account? (但如果我们让“专家”和领导者承担责任，难道不是更好吗？)”引出后文的解决方案，符合语境。故选D项。 Passage 12 Global business:China’s new brand ambassadors Ask a westerner for an example of a successful Chinese consumer goods brand, and until recently most would have struggled. Although China is the world’s premier manufacturing power, it has long lagged behind when it comes to imaginative home-grown retail brands and products. This is now changing. 1 From Stockholm to Sydney, the electric car gliding silently by is increasingly likely to be Chinese. Mixue, a retailer of ice-cream and cold drinks, has dethroned McDonald’s as the world’s largest fast-food chain by number of outlets. Chagee, a chain of tea shops, is on track to have at least 1,300 stores outside China by the end of 2027. And Pop Mart, a Chinese toymaker, has created a buzz worthy of Disney around its strange grinning nine-toothed dolls, called Labubus. Fans include Rihanna, a pop star, and Sir David Beckham, a footballer. Western shoppers have bought goods made in China for decades. But these were largely made for, and designed by, foreign firms. More recently, internet retailers such as Shein and Temu have won over customers with cheap, cheerful clothes and consumer goods, while downplaying their Chinese origins. 2 Scandals around food safety and labour standards did not help. New firms are now overturning those old assumptions. Many happily advertise their roots. The logo of Chagee shows a Peking Opera singer in full headdress. “Black Myth: Wukong”, one of the most successful video games ever, features the Monkey King from “Journey to the West”, a 16th century novel. Many brands now compete on quality as well as price. Chagee’s drinks can be as costly as Starbucks. 3 In the past, Chinese firms typically succeeded by learning to replicate Western products cheaply. Now they are accumulating valuable intellectual property of their own. 4 Within China, the premium that foreign brands command simply for being foreign is eroding. In the future they will need to try harder to understand Chinese customers’ particular tastes and do deals with inventive Chinese partners, to gain insight and inspiration. Competition from China may eventually push Disney, Mattel and other Western mega-brands to new heights of creativity. Chinese brands’ westward journey, like the Monkey King’s, could bring significant rewards. A．Chinese brands were long seen as poor-quality, unimaginative and unfairly subsidised. B．Western firms have to wake up and smell the bubble tea. C．Pop Mart toys, once dismissed as cheap trinkets, now command premium prices among global collectors. D．Innovative Chinese brands are popping up everywhere. E．Chinese EVs offer dazzling entertainment systems as well as low prices. F．Western companies may try to imitate Chinese brands’ approaches to innovation. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．E 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国本土消费品牌正迎来全球化发展的新趋势，打破了西方对中国品牌的固有印象，在品质、创新和品牌文化上实现突破，同时也给西方品牌带来了竞争与发展的新挑战。 1．本题在第一段段中，根据它前面的句子“This is now changing.(情况如今正在发生改变)”以及后面的句子“From Stockholm to Sydney, the electric car gliding silently by is increasingly likely to be Chinese. Mixue, a retailer of ice-cream and cold drinks, has dethroned McDonald’s as the world’s largest fast-food chain by number of outlets. Chagee, a chain of tea shops, is on track to have at least 1,300 stores outside China by the end of 2027. And Pop Mart, a Chinese toymaker, has created a buzz worthy of Disney around its strange grinning nine-toothed dolls, called Labubus.(从斯德哥尔摩到悉尼，悄然驶过的电动轿车，越来越有可能是中国造。蜜雪冰城这家冰淇淋与冷饮零售品牌，已凭借门店数量超越麦当劳，成为全球最大的快餐连锁品牌。霸王茶姬这一茶饮连锁品牌，计划到2027年底在海外开设至少1300家门店。而中国玩具制造商泡泡玛特，凭借旗下咧嘴笑的九齿奇异玩偶拉布布，打造出了堪比迪士尼的超高人气)”可知，本空要表明中国创新品牌在全球范围内不断涌现才能承上启下，D项表示“富有创新力的中国品牌正在世界各地涌现”符合要求。故选D。 2．本题在第二段段中。根据它前面一句“More recently, internet retailers such as Shein and Temu have won over customers with cheap, cheerful clothes and consumer goods, while downplaying their Chinese origins.(近来，希音、特姆等电商平台凭借物美价廉的服饰和消费品赢得消费者青睐，却刻意淡化其中国背景)”和后面一句“Scandals around food safety and labour standards did not help.(食品安全和劳工标准方面的丑闻更是雪上加霜)”可知，本空要说西方消费者对中国品牌的固有负面印象，A项表示“长期以来，中国品牌被认为质量低劣、缺乏创意且受到不正当补贴”能承上启下，符合题意。故选A。 3．本题在第三段段末。根据它前面一句“Many brands now compete on quality as well as price. Chagee’s drinks can be as costly as Starbucks.(如今许多中国品牌既拼价格也拼品质，霸王茶姬的饮品定价堪比星巴克)”可知，本空需通过举例进一步佐证中国品牌兼具价格与品质的竞争优势，以此承接前文观点。E项表示“中国电动汽车不仅价格亲民，还配备了亮眼的娱乐系统” 能承接上文。故选E。 4．本题在末段段中。根据它前面一句“Now they are accumulating valuable intellectual property of their own.(如今中国企业正积累属于自己的宝贵知识产权)”和后面的句子“Within China, the premium that foreign brands command simply for being foreign is eroding. In the future they will need to try harder to understand Chinese customers’ particular tastes and do deals with inventive Chinese partners, to gain insight and inspiration. Competition from China may eventually push Disney, Mattel and other Western mega-brands to new heights of creativity.(在中国市场，外资品牌仅凭洋品牌的身份就能获得的溢价正不断缩水。未来，这些品牌需要更加用心地去理解中国消费者的独特喜好，与富有创新能力的中国合作伙伴开展合作，以此汲取洞见、获得灵感。来自中国品牌的竞争，或许最终会推动迪士尼、美泰等西方大型品牌在创意领域迈上全新的高度)”可知，本空要说西方品牌需要正视中国品牌的竞争优势，做出改变，B项表示“西方企业必须尽快警醒，闻闻珍珠奶茶的味道，正视中国品牌的崛起”能承上启下，符合题意。故选B。 Passage 13 According to UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024, 1.05 billion tons of food were wasted globally in 2024, with 28% coming from food service. 1 “Wasted food means wasted resources like land, water, energy and labour, and once in landfill (垃圾填埋坑), it releases greenhouse gases that harm the planet and biodiversity,” says Jocelyn Doyle, head of marketing &communications, The Sustainable Hotel Association. “Cutting food waste is a powerful way to make a difference—and breakfast is a smart place to start.” 2 Scandic Hotels in Northern Europe are downsizing their cakes, pastries and muffins, with the option to come back for more; while Hilton Frankfurt serves pre-portioned items like yogurt and fruit cups. Novotel Bangkok Sukhumvit posts polite reminders near buffet stations: “Take only what you can eat.” This shift works well for the modern traveller for whom  sustainability is no longer a  side note. 3 Striking the right balance between sustainability and service is no small act, especially at breakfast. Many hotels now track how much food is thrown away to determine the buffet’s baseline needs. Doyle also suggests that hotels reconsider under-consumed items, install cook-to-order stations, reduce the selection of items on offer, reduce volumes towards the end of shift and actively guide guest behaviour. “Involve and educate your staff so they understand the changes and can confidently engage guests,” he says. “ 4 ”. A．Hotels across the world are adopting delicate design choices to meet this goal. B．Travel settings activate a vacation mindset where immoderation feels just right. C．Buffets often lead to overeating due to the “variety effect”—more choice encourages greater consumption. D．Buffet breakfasts are among the worst wrongdoers, generating more than twice as much waste as plated breakfasts. E．Share your efforts through website and social media updates, and use buffet signs to make guests feel part of the solution. F．While many travellers are leaning towards more intentional, low-waste dining, hotels still face the complex task of meeting diverse guest expectations. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．F 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了全球食物浪费的严峻现状，尤其是餐饮服务行业（以酒店早餐为例）的食物浪费问题，同时介绍了酒店为减少食物浪费所采取的一系列措施。 1．空前“According to UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024, 1.05 billion tons of food were wasted globally in 2024, with 28% coming from food service.(根据联合国环境规划署（UNEP）2024年《食物浪费指数报告》，2024年全球共浪费了10.5亿吨食物，其中28%来自餐饮服务行业。)”提到餐饮服务行业的食物浪费很严重，空格处应该承接上文，和餐饮服务行业有关，D选项“Buffet breakfasts are among the worst wrongdoers, generating more than twice as much waste as plated breakfasts.(自助早餐是造成食物浪费的“罪魁祸首”之一，其产生的浪费量是套餐早餐的两倍多。)”说明的是自助早餐产生的浪费量是套餐早餐的两倍多，和前文所说餐饮行业食物浪费严重呼应，因此符合语境。故选D。 2．空后“Scandic Hotels in Northern Europe are downsizing their cakes, pastries and muffins, with the option to come back for more; while Hilton Frankfurt serves pre-portioned items like yogurt and fruit cups. Novotel Bangkok Sukhumvit posts polite reminders near buffet stations: “Take only what you can eat.”(北欧的斯堪迪克酒店（Scandic Hotels）正在缩小蛋糕、糕点和松饼的尺寸，顾客可以选择再次取用；而法兰克福希尔顿酒店则提供预先分装好的酸奶和水果杯等食物。曼谷素坤逸诺富特酒店（Novotel Bangkok Sukhumvit）在自助餐区附近张贴了礼貌提醒：“请只取用您能吃得完的食物。”)”提到几个酒店采取的一些减少食物浪费的做法，A选项“Hotels across the world are adopting delicate design choices to meet this goal.(世界各地的酒店都在采用巧妙的设计选择来实现这一目标。)”说明了世界各地的酒店在采取一些办法来减少食物浪费，引起下文的具体例子，符合语境。故选A。 3．空后“Striking the right balance between sustainability and service is no small act, especially at breakfast.(要在可持续发展和服务之间找到恰当的平衡并非易事，尤其是在早餐环节。)”说明了要在可持续发展和服务之间找到恰当的平衡是不容易的，F选项“While many travellers are leaning towards more intentional, low-waste dining, hotels still face the complex task of meeting diverse guest expectations.(尽管许多旅行者倾向于更有意识、低浪费的用餐方式，但酒店仍面临着满足不同顾客期望的复杂任务。)”说明了酒店仍然面临满足不同顾客期望的复杂任务，和后文“要在可持续发展和服务之间找到恰当的平衡并非易事”相一致，引起下文，符合语境。故选F。 4．空前“Involve and educate your staff so they understand the changes and can confidently engage guests(让员工参与进来并接受相关教育，使他们理解这些变化，并能够自信地与顾客沟通)”是Doyle的建议，空格处也是他的建议，应该用祈使句，E选项“Share your efforts through website and social media updates, and use buffet signs to make guests feel part of the solution.(通过网站更新和社交媒体动态分享酒店在减少浪费方面所做的努力，并使用自助餐标识让顾客感觉自己也是解决问题的一分子。)”是祈使句，是Doyle的建议，因此承接上文，符合语境。故选E。 Passage 14 From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — somehow manage to avoid the problem of stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a persistent wave of congestion (拥堵). “ 1 ” says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. Nishinari’s previous research had shown that foraging (觅食) ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. In a recent study published in Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, researchers recorded Oche tell us ants on searching trails. 2 They found that the ants don’t jam at rush hour because they travel in groups of three to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others. 3 But self-driving cars, if they one day become widespread, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision  of this future, autonomous vehicles would  share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow-perhaps, the researchers suggest, by prioritizing constant speeds and head ways or by not passing others on the road. This vehicle network would be similar to ants on a trail, which use scent to coordinate behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader but this organization emerges anyway,” says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist currently studying ants at the University of California, Los Angeles. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be“very, very strong and resilient”, Nishinari says. Today’s drivers can learn from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, Nishinari says: “don’t tailgate (尾随).” By leaving room between their car and the one ahead, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in heavy traffic. 4 “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. A．It’s a kind of phase transition, like water turning from liquid to solid. B．They then used traffic-engineering models to analyze how the ants moved. C．Drivers often follow ants’ behavior when the highway is busy. D．However, human drivers at rush hour are unlikely to follow such rules. E．Ants communicate through a centralized leader that directs the group. F．Without this space, the wave would grow into a full “fake” traffic jam. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了研究人员通过研究蚂蚁的协作策略，探索解决自动驾驶汽车拥堵问题的方法。 1．上文“The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a persistent wave of congestion (拥堵). (随着高速公路上车流量密度增加，交通的顺畅流动会变得不稳定。当每车道每英里有15辆车时，一名司机踩刹车就能引发持续的拥堵波)”描述了交通拥堵的形成过程，下文是东京大学数学物理学家Katsuhiro Nishinari对这种拥堵转变的解读。A选项“这是一种相变，就像水从液态变成固态”承接上文的“拥堵波”，用类比解释了这种交通状态的转变，符合语境。故选A。 2．上文“In a recent study published in Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, researchers recorded Oche tell us ants on searching trails. (在《交通研究跨学科视角》上发表的一项近期研究中，研究人员记录了觅食蚂蚁的行进轨迹)”介绍了研究中“记录蚂蚁轨迹”的步骤，下文“They found that the ants don’t jam at rush hour (他们发现蚂蚁在高峰时段不会拥堵)”是研究发现。B选项“然后他们用交通工程模型分析蚂蚁的移动方式”衔接上文的“记录轨迹”和下文的“得出结论”，补充了研究的中间步骤，符合语境。故选B。 3．下文“But self-driving cars, if they one day become widespread, could have more cooperative programming. (但如果自动驾驶汽车有朝一日普及，它们可以有协作性更强的程序设计)”通过but转折，引出自动驾驶汽车的优势。D选项“然而，高峰时段的人类司机不太可能遵守这样的规则”先说明人类司机的不足，与下文自动驾驶汽车的“协作性”形成对比，符合语境。故选D。 4．上文“By leaving room between their car and the one ahead, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in heavy traffic. (通过在车与前车之间留出空间，司机可以在拥堵交通中缓冲刹车波)”强调留空间的作用，下文““Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly. (他说：“保持距离”有助于交通顺畅)”进一步说明该做法的效果。F选项“没有这个空间，刹车波会演变成一场完全的“假性”拥堵)”从反面补充了“不留空间”的后果，呼应上文“留空间”的重要性，符合语境。故选F。 Passage 15 How DeepSeek’s Lower-Power, Less-Data Model Stacks up Chinese company DeepSeek sent shock waves through Wall Street last month after unveiling a new AI model that was competitive against rival U. S. systems despite using less sophisticated chips and a tiny proportion of the processing power. 1 Its latest R1 model relies more heavily on a process known as reinforcement learning (增强学习), in which model gets feedback from its actions using a reward system it creates and adapts for itself, according to a paper published by the company. How does exactly this model work? First, it starts with an existing valuable collection of text broken into unique words, word pieces and punctuation. 2 Such variety increases the language volume. This “large language model” has more than 671 billion adjustable settings known as “parameters” (参数) that can be adjusted to determine how the model responds to prompts. A model’s parameter count is one way to measure its size. There’s another. 3 The reduction in active parameters drastically cuts down on the power and compute needed for processing, and allows the model to run on cheaper and less-sophisticated chips. Besides the effective use of its language base, DeepSeek’s R1 model works by splitting into multiple networks that have different specialties, a method known as “the mixture of experts” approach. Certain prompts will call for different specialties, and to answer the prompt the model will only process the networks that it has taught itself are the most relevant. 4 The preprocessing is done by humans and is expensive and time-consuming. A．Unlike traditional AI models, only a small part of R1’s adjustable settings are active during any single operation. B．They’re the key to DeepSeek’s success. C．DeepSeek is able to get more out of Less. D．In comparison, traditional AI models rely on enormous strips of prelabeled data sets in a process known as supervised training. E．DeepSeek’s models have run trial tests in multiple real-world settings, including natural language processing. F．They can be strung back together in different ways. 【答案】1．C 2．F 3．A 4．D 【导语】这时一篇说明文。文章讲述中国公司DeepSeek的R1模型凭借增强学习、减少活跃参数等技术，用更低算力和数据实现与美国竞品相当的性能。 1．由上文“Chinese company DeepSeek sent shock waves through Wall Street last month after unveiling a new AI model that was competitive against rival U.S. systems despite using less sophisticated chips and a tiny proportion of the processing power.(中国公司深度求索上月发布了一款新 AI 模型，尽管使用了较不先进的芯片和极少的处理能力，却能与美国竞争对手的系统抗衡，这一消息震惊了华尔街)”可知，此处强调DeepSeek以更少资源实现强大性能。C项DeepSeek is able to get more out of Less.(深度求索能够用更少资源实现更多成果)符合语境，Less呼应less sophisticated chips and a tiny proportion of the processing power，总领后文对技术原理的介绍。故选C项。 2．由上文“it starts with an existing valuable collection of text broken into unique words, word pieces and punctuation.(它从现有的有价值文本集合开始，将其拆分为独特的单词、词块和标点)”可知，此处描述文本预处理步骤。F项They can be strung back together in different ways.(它们可以用不同方式重新组合在一起)中they指代前文words, word pieces and punctuation，strung back together衔接后文Such variety increases the language volume.(这种多样性增加了语言量)，解释了拆分后重组如何提升语言丰富度。故选F项。 3．由上文“A model’s parameter count is one way to measure its size. There’s another.(模型的参数数量是衡量其规模的一种方式。还有另一种方式)”可知，此处需引出另一种衡量标准。A项Unlike traditional AI models, only a small part of R1’s adjustable settings are active during any single operation.(与传统AI模型不同，R1的可调设置在任何单一操作中只有一小部分处于活跃状态) 通过对比传统模型，指出R1通过“活跃参数减少”降低算力需求，与下文“The reduction in active parameters drastically cuts down on the power and compute needed for processing, and allows the model to run on cheaper and less-sophisticated chips.(活跃参数的减少大大降低了处理所需的功率和计算能力，并允许模型在更便宜、更不复杂的芯片上运行)”形成因果关系。故选A项。 4．由下文“The preprocessing is done by humans and is expensive and time-consuming.(预处理由人类完成，既昂贵又耗时)”可知，此处讨论预处理方式的差异。D项In comparison, traditional AI models rely on enormous strips of prelabeled data sets in a process known as supervised training.(相比之下，传统AI模型在称为监督训练的过程中依赖大量预先标记的数据集)通过“in comparison”引出传统模型的预处理依赖人工标记数据，与DeepSeek的强化学习形成对比，解释了下文“预处理昂贵耗时”的原因。故选D项。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $