2027届高考英语一轮复习之阅读理解（说明文）10篇（上海专用）

**基本信息** 聚焦社会科学与自然科学前沿议题，通过10篇说明文系统训练细节理解、推理判断等核心题型，强化语言能力与逻辑思维。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |主题类型|10篇（含社交媒体影响、基因研究等）|以细节理解（占比约40%）、推理判断（30%）为主，兼顾词义猜测与主旨大意|遵循“现象-分析-结论”说明文结构，覆盖科技发展、社会问题等高频考点，通过跨主题文本构建逻辑分析能力|

2027届高考英语一轮复习（上海专用） 阅读理解说明文10篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 一项长期追踪研究表明青少年时期良好的家庭关系，能够对成年后的社交能力产生积极长远影响 2 剖析塑料回收骗局，指出塑料回收无法根治塑料污染，需要依靠政策管控减少塑料生产 3 介绍渔业副渔获（误捕海洋动物）带来的危害，对比多种减误捕方案的优缺点，呼吁让渔民参与解决方案制定 4 兰州大学科研团队研发 eLUE 模型，实现陆地生态系统总初级生产力的精准遥感估算，助力全球碳循环研究 5 新的基因研究颠覆人类单一起源观点，指出现代人类由两支远古族群分化再融合演化而来 6 实验发现推理能力越强的人工智能，在人机协作中越容易出现利己自私倾向，给出 AI 训练与监管的改进方案 7 科研人员利用葡萄藤中的纤维素研发出可快速降解、透明安全的环保包装薄膜，作为一次性塑料替代品 8 中国研究发现使用塑料外卖容器盛放高温食物，析出的化学物质会改变肠道菌群，最终损伤心肌，增加心衰风险 9 一项少年实验证明，蝴蝶幼虫阶段习得的记忆可历经变态发育保留下来，并且还能够遗传给下一代 10 论述第一印象往往短暂易逝；若初次印象不佳，可通过真诚交流打造更好的第二印象，改善人际关系 Passage 1 How Social Media Is Rewiring Our Reading Habits A decade ago, the typical person’s daily reading consisted of a morning newspaper, perhaps a chapter of a novel before bed, and various work-related documents in between. Today, that same person likely consumes tens of thousands of words per day — but in radically different forms: tweets, captions, notifications, headlines, and endless scrolls of short-form content. We are, by some measures, reading more than ever. But the question increasingly being asked by educators, psychologists, and neuroscientists is whether we are reading differently — and whether that difference matters. The evidence suggests it does. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles have used brain imaging to compare the neural activity of people reading a novel versus those scrolling through social media feeds. Deep reading of narrative text activated brain regions associated with language processing, empathy, and complex reasoning. In contrast, skimming through social media primarily engaged areas linked to visual processing and rapid decision-making — the brain’s “scan and switch” mode. Maryanne Wolf, a cognitive neuroscientist at UCLA and author of “Reader, Come Home,” argues that the brain’s reading circuits are not fixed but plastic, shaped by the type of reading we practice. “We are training our brains to skim, to bounce from one piece of information to the next without ever diving deep,” she warns. “And the neural pathways for deep reading, if not regularly exercised, begin to weaken — just like an underused muscle.” The consequences extend beyond individual cognition. Long-form reading cultivates patience, the ability to follow complex arguments, and the capacity to inhabit perspectives different from one’s own — all qualities essential to a functioning democratic society. When citizens lose the habit of sustained, critical engagement with text, they may become more susceptible to misinformation and less capable of nuanced political reasoning. The solution, most experts agree, is not to abandon digital media but to cultivate a balanced reading diet. Just as nutritionists recommend a variety of foods for physical health, cognitive scientists increasingly advocate for a mix of reading modes: fast and slow, digital and print, skimming and deep diving. “The goal,” Wolf says, “is to develop a biliterate brain — one that can adapt its reading style to the demands of the task, moving fluidly between the rapid scanning suited to a news feed and the deep immersion required by a complex novel.” Whether our education systems and cultural habits can support this dual literacy remains an open and urgent question. 1．According to the UCLA brain imaging research, deep reading of narrative text primarily activates brain regions associated with ________. A．visual processing and rapid decision-making B．language processing, empathy, and complex reasoning C．motor coordination and physical movement D．short-term memory and pattern recognition 2．Maryanne Wolf compares the neural pathways for deep reading to ________. A．a computer processor that can be upgraded B．a muscle that weakens if not exercised C．a river that changes course over time D．a library that expands with each new book 3．What societal concern does the author raise about declining deep reading habits? A．People may spend more money on digital devices. B．Bookstores and libraries may eventually close down. C．Citizens may become more vulnerable to misinformation. D．Social media companies may gain too much political influence. 4．What does Wolf mean by a “biliterate brain”? A．A brain that can read in two different languages equally well. B．A brain capable of switching between skimming and deep reading as needed. C．A brain that prefers digital text over printed materials. D．A brain that can process information faster than the average reader. Passage 2 Museums in the Digital Age: Transformation or Survival? When the Louvre launched its first online virtual tour in 2020, more than ten million people visited the digital galleries within the first month — nearly twice the number of physical visitors the museum receives in an entire year. This staggering figure highlights a fundamental shift in how cultural institutions are reimagining their relationship with the public in the digital age. The transformation goes far beyond simply uploading photographs of artworks. Advanced museums are now deploying augmented reality that allows visitors to see ancient artifacts restored to their original colors, artificial intelligence that creates personalized tour routes based on individual interests, and immersive virtual reality experiences that transport users to historical moments. The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s “Met Unframed” initiative, for instance, enables smartphone users to place digital replicas of famous paintings in their own living rooms, effectively turning every home into a private gallery. Advocates of digital transformation argue that these innovations democratize access to culture. A student in rural India can now examine the brushstrokes of a Van Gogh painting in greater detail than a visitor standing behind a barrier in the physical museum. Digital archives also serve as a crucial safeguard against disaster: when the National Museum of Brazil was devastated by fire in 2018, digital records of many destroyed artifacts became the only surviving documentation of priceless cultural heritage. However, critics raise important concerns. Some worry that the convenience of digital access may reduce the motivation for physical museum visits, potentially undermining the financial model that sustains these institutions. Others argue that no digital reproduction can replicate the emotional impact of standing before an authentic artwork — the sense of awe that comes from proximity to something created by human hands centuries ago. The texture of a painting, the scale of a sculpture, the atmosphere of a historic building: these are dimensions that screens cannot convey. Perhaps the most productive approach is not to see digital and physical experiences as competitors but as complementary dimensions of a modern museum’s mission. As one museum director put it, “The digital experience should be a gateway, not a replacement. Its purpose is to spark curiosity that ultimately leads people through our physical doors.” In this vision, museums of the future will be hybrid institutions, using technology to extend their reach while preserving the irreplaceable power of authentic encounter. 1．What does the example of the Louvre’s virtual tour illustrate? A．Digital museums have completely replaced physical visits. B．Online museum experiences can attract enormous audiences. C．The Louvre is more popular online than any other museum. D．Physical museum attendance has been declining for years. 2．According to the passage, the “Met Unframed” initiative allows users to ________. A．create their own artworks using AI technology B．view digital replicas of paintings in their personal space C．take guided virtual tours led by museum curators D．purchase high-quality reproductions of famous artworks 3．The word “safeguard” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．replacement B．protection C．improvement D．exhibition 4．What is the author’s conclusion about the relationship between digital and physical museum experiences? A．Digital experiences will eventually replace physical visits entirely. B．Physical museums should resist digital transformation to preserve authenticity. C．Digital and physical experiences should complement each other. D．The financial model of museums must be completely restructured. Passage 3 The Quiet Disappearance of the World’s Dialects Every two weeks, the last speaker of a language dies, taking with them a unique way of understanding the world. While global attention often focuses on the extinction of plant and animal species, the parallel loss of linguistic diversity receives comparatively little notice. Yet by UNESCO’s count, more than 40% of the world’s approximately 7,000 languages are currently at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. The primary driver of this linguistic erosion is urbanization. As rural populations migrate to cities in search of economic opportunity, they often abandon regional dialects in favor of dominant urban languages. A farmer who moves from a village in Yunnan province to Kunming, for example, may switch from speaking a local Yi dialect to standard Mandarin within a single generation. Their children, born in the city, may never learn the ancestral language at all. The loss is not merely linguistic but cultural and scientific. Each language encodes specialized knowledge about local ecosystems, medicinal plants, and sustainable resource management that has been accumulated over thousands of years. When the last speaker of the Kallawaya language in Bolivia dies, for instance, centuries of knowledge about Andean medicinal plants — knowledge used by healer-priests for generations — will vanish with them. However, some communities are fighting back with remarkable creativity. In New Zealand, the Maori language was once predicted to disappear, but a comprehensive revitalization effort involving “language nests” — preschools where elders speak exclusively Maori to children — has brought the language back from the brink. In Hawaii, similar immersion programs have increased the number of fluent Hawaiian speakers from fewer than 50 in the 1980s to over 18,000 today. Digital technology is also playing a role: smartphone apps now allow speakers of endangered languages to record vocabulary and grammar, creating living digital archives that can be passed to future generations. Dr. K. David Harrison, a linguist who has spent decades documenting endangered languages, remains cautiously optimistic. “Language loss is not inevitable,” he observes. “We have seen that when communities decide their language matters and are given the resources to preserve it, reversal is possible. The question is whether we as a global society value linguistic diversity enough to invest in its survival.” 1．According to the passage, what is the main cause of dialect disappearance? A．The rise of digital communication and social media. B．Urbanization and migration to cities. C．Government policies that ban regional languages. D．The natural evolution of all human languages over time. 2．Why does the author mention the Kallawaya language in paragraph 3? A．To illustrate that language loss also means the loss of specialized cultural knowledge. B．To argue that Bolivia has the highest rate of language extinction. C．To demonstrate that ancient languages are more complex than modern ones. D．To suggest that only South American languages are truly endangered. 3．What can be inferred about the Maori and Hawaiian language revitalization efforts? A．They have been largely unsuccessful despite significant funding. B．They rely primarily on government legislation rather than community action. C．They demonstrate that language loss can be reversed with sustained effort. D．They prove that digital technology is the only effective preservation method. 4．What is Dr. Harrison’s attitude toward the future of endangered languages? A．Deeply pessimistic and resigned to widespread language loss. B．Cautiously hopeful if communities and society invest in preservation. C．Completely confident that all endangered languages can be saved. D．Indifferent, viewing language loss as a natural historical process. Passage 4 A few years ago I went shopping with Alex for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular model in mind. His only two criteria? A big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa. Giggle-inducing power, comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were within his budget, especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $ 2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became fixated on a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”. When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products or possibly buying nothing, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. However, decisions about free (zero price) products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely — even irrationally — inviting. After all, the math didn’t work. We eventually negotiated $ 3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa, a price so good that I was tempted to buy it. The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed? As the researchers write: A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs — it is possible that options that have only benefits create more positive effects compared with options that involve both benefits and costs. In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free? Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R. The previous-year Hayabusa was long gone. But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. See “free” as a reason to go one step further in evaluating costs and benefits. 1．Why did Alex buy a ZX-6R KRT? A．Because he didn’t excel at math, calculation in particular. B．Because its price was brought down so he could afford it. C．Because he did some research before making the decision. D．Because he thought the motorbike with a giveaway was a good bargain. 2．How does zero-price effect cause smart people to make bad decisions? A．People choose the option with the greatest difference between benefit and cost. B．“Free” is so tempting that we stop being logical and thus end up with a bad deal. C．“Free” means there is no need to negotiate for a big discount on a product or service. D．If a product or service is priced zero, we don’t have to worry about its value. 3．What is NOT a typical example of giving in to this zero-price effect? A．Alice ended up buying a book she didn’t plan to read just to avail the free shipping offer. B．Johnson bought socks of unknown quality because they had a “buy one get one free” offer. C．Joe’s cost / benefit analysis didn’t cloud his judgement or blind him to price calculation faults. D．Teddy appreciated the shop assistant’s generosity and settled for anything but a best deal. 4．What might be the best title of the passage? A．The Worst Deal Ever Made B．When “Free” is Actually the Best Deal C．Paying Too Much When Paying Nothing D．Forget Doing the Math When Shopping Passage 5 Keytruda, a cancer-immunotherapy medicine, ranks among the most profitable drugs ever sold. Since its launch in 2014 it has generated over $130bn in sales for Merck, its American maker. In September last year an experimental drug did what none had done before. In late-stage trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, it nearly doubled the time patients lived without the disease worsening—to 11.1 months, compared with 5.8 months for Keytruda. The results were stunning. So too was the nationality of the company behind them. Akeso, a biotech firm, is Chinese. In recent months China’s progress in artificial intelligence has stunned the world. A quieter, yet equally significant shift is under way in biotech. China has long been known for mass-producing generic drugs, supplying raw ingredients and running clinical trials for the pharmaceutical(制药的) world. But its drugmakers are now also at the cutting edge, producing innovative medicines that are cheaper than the ones they compete with.    As a consequence, Western drugmakers are increasingly looking east for ideas. Because of expiring(将要到期的) drug patents, they stand to lose as much as $140bn a year in sales by the end of the decade. Last year nearly a third of their large licensing deals they struck—those worth $50m or more—were with Chinese firms, triple the share of 2020. In November Merck paid $588m to LaNova Medicines, another Chinese biotech firm, to secure rights to a therapy similar to that produced by Akeso. China’s government identified biotech as a strategic priority nearly two decades ago. But it was not until 2015 that things really took off, after the national drug regulator launched ambitious reforms. It took on more staff and cleared a backlog(积压) of 20,000 drug applications in just two years. Clinical trials were streamlined and brought into step with global standards. A study by Yimin Cui of Peking University and colleagues found that the time taken to approve the first round of human trials fell to 87 days, from 501 days before the reforms. The reforms coincided with a wave of returning “sea turtles”, the term for Chinese scientists who had studied or worked abroad. China’s vast domestic market added momentum, by drawing every major drugmaker to its shores, bringing know-how and talent. Easier listing rules gave biotech investors a clearer path to exit, making the sector more attractive. With more brains and money, Chinese firms moved beyond copying Western drugs. Instead of waiting for patents to expire and making identical non-branded drugs, they adopted a “fast-follower” strategy—taking known drugs and modifying them to improve safety, efficacy or delivery. Drug development typically starts by identifying a target, usually a protein or gene linked to a disease. Scientists then search for molecules that can either block or boost the target’s function. Since fast followers are not starting from scratch, they can run trials at a fraction of the cost and speed. Speed is another advantage, says Michelle Xia, founder of Akeso. “We can do things twice or even three times faster than anywhere else in the world,” she claims. Clinical trials—the longest and most expensive stage of drug development—are faster than in the West. A large patient population makes enrolment easier, and hospitals and doctors are motivated by the government to support research. Faster trials have made Chinese drugs even more attractive to global drugmakers. Though the clinical information is from mostly Chinese patients, rather than a wider sample, it helps investors and pharma firms spot promising treatments. 1．What makes Akeso’s experimental drug particularly noteworthy? A．It proved that Chinese biotech firms could outperform Western pharmaceutical companies in sales. B．It demonstrated significantly improved outcomes compared to Keytruda in treating non-small-cell lung cancer. C．It became the first drug to eliminate cancer in clinical trials. D．It introduced an entirely new class of cancer treatments that had never been explored before. 2．Based on the two charts, what can be inferred about China’s role in drug development and licensing? A．China’s contribution to global drug development has remained stable, but the value of drug licensing deals has grown significantly. B．The United States has maintained its dominance in drug development, while China’s licensed drug deals have declined. C．The global pharmaceutical industry has shifted away from China, as indicated by the declining percentage of active drugs developed there. D．While China’s share of active drug development has increased, the value of drugs licensed from China has also surged in recent years. 3．What is the most significant factor enabling China’s rapid rise in biotech? A．Its ability to completely avoid Western regulations and operate without restrictions B．The global decline in Western pharmaceutical research due to high costs C．The exclusive use of AI-driven drug discovery, eliminating traditional methods D．A combination of government support, returning talent, and a vast domestic market 4．Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Rise and Fall of Western Pharmaceutical Giants B．Keytruda’s Decline and the Future of Cancer Treatment C．China’s Biotech Revolution: A New Global Leader in Drug Innovation D．The End of Big Pharma: How China is Taking Over Drug Development Passage 6 A brain structure that seems to influence food consumption could one day be targeted to enhance interventions for weight loss or gain. Studies have shown that activating neurons in this structure, called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) — located around the center of the brain and about the size of a sunflower seed in people — increases food intake in mice. In these foundational studies, this was typically achieved through techniques such as optogenetics, which uses light to control neurons in the BNST region. But it was unknown whether taste influences its activity. To learn more about its function, Charles Zuker and his colleagues first imaged the brains of mice while they drank water flavored with one of the five basic tastes — sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami. The researchers previously linked enjoying sweet tastes to activity in a region called the amygdala, and have now pinpointed neurons there that only became activated in response to sweet water. These neurons then activated others in the BNST, sometimes called the “extended amygdala”. This is the first evidence that this structure receives taste signals, says Haijiang Cai at the University of Arizona. The researchers then wanted to understand whether these activated BNST neurons influence dietary consumption, so they genetically engineered the cells so that they didn’t activate when mice tasted sweet water. Over 10 minutes, these mice drank substantially less than normal ones, suggesting that activation of BNST neurons enhances consumption of sweet tastes. But the researchers also found that artificial activation prompted mice to consume more water of any taste, including whether it was unflavoured, salty or bitter, despite them usually avoiding the latter taste. In further experiments, the team found that substantially more BNST neurons were activated by sweet and salty signals in hungry or salt-low mice, respectively, compared with those that were fed until they were full or had normal salt levels. This suggests that the BNST integrates signals for hunger and nutrient deficiency, in addition to taste, to determine food intake, says Cai. The findings are highly relevant to people, as our BNST is very similar to that of mice, says Cai. They suggest that developing drugs that activate BNST neurons could potentially help to encourage eating in people with a severe loss of appetite, he says. However, more than a dozen brain pathways have been linked to food intake, says Cai, and some of these may compensate for any prolonged drug-related changes in BNST activity, so targeting multiple feeding circuits at the same time will probably be needed, he says. The study could also help us achieve better results with weight-loss treatments, such as the GLP-1 drug semaglutide. These can bind to neurons in the BNST, so a better understanding of how it alters food consumption could help us gain a clearer picture of how such drugs work, says Sarah Stern. 1．What was previously unknown about the BNST? A．Its location in the human brain B．Whether it receives taste signals C．Its function of increasing mice’s food intake D．The similarity of human BNST to the mouse BNST 2．What did the genetic engineering of mice’s BNST neurons reveal? A．Mice consume more of any water, regardless of the taste. B．Mice drank less sweet water when these neurons were not activated. C．The BNST has no connection to the amygdala’s taste-related neurons. D．Bitter taste became more appealing to mice even without neuron activation. 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the text? A．BNST mainly relies on taste preferences to regulate eating behavior. B．The study proves semaglutide works only by binding to BNST neurons. C．Using BNST-activating drugs needs to be combined with targeting other brain feeding circuits. D．Prolonged use of BNST-activating drugs will damage other brain pathways related to food intake. 4．Which title best fits the passage? A．Area of brain behind food urges identified B．New findings to improve weight-loss drugs C．How hunger changes the activity of brain neurons D．Mice experiments: unlocking secrets of bitter taste avoidance Passage 7 Are sugar substitutes healthier than the real thing? The promise of sugar substitutes is simple: found in everything from yogurts to toothpaste, they claim to let people gorge on sweet treats without piling on weight and the tooth decay caused by sugar-loving bacteria. Now a growing body of research is suggesting that these substances may have surprisingly bitter consequences. Sugar substitutes are a mixed sachet. They include synthetic concoctions (such as aspartame, saccharin and sucralose) and substances derived from plants, including a family of carbohydrates known as sugar alcohols (such as erythritol, maltitol, sorbitol and xylitol) and stevia. Some strike the human tongue as hundreds of times sweeter than sugar, so are added in tiny amounts to foods and drinks. These small quantities, combined with the observation that many are excreted largely unchanged, have led to the assumption that they pass through the human body without affecting metabolism. Things may not be so simple. In some randomised controlled trials (typically lasting 4-12 weeks) substituting other sweeteners for sugars did admittedly result in lower weight gain. But a number of large, long-term observational studies have found the opposite: people with higher consumption of sugar substitutes — some of whom may be using these to replace sugar in their diets — end up putting on more weight than those who consume the least. Other studies show that they also end up with higher rates of heart problems, diabetes and cancer than abstainers. Proving causality through such observational studies is difficult, as it would involve accounting for all the ways in which people who eat lots of sugar substitutes are different from those who do not. It could be, for example, that some consumers of these sweeteners are people who are already at high risk for diabetes or heart disease and looking to eat more healthily. Even without a smoking gun, however, the overall body of research was concerning enough to prompt the World Health Organisation to issue, in 2023, precautionary advice against the use of sugar substitutes as a means to control weight or prevent chronic diseases. (The advice does not apply to people with diabetes.) There are plenty of hypotheses concerning how sugar substitutes could be causing harm. Some of these substances have been found to activate the same harmful gut and metabolic signalling mechanisms as sugar, and some studies in mice suggest that they could be affecting the function of immune cells involved in preventing the growth of tumours. Emerging evidence also suggests that they can affect the relative abundance of various gut bacteria, potentially tipping the scales in favour of harmful species. There are lots of open questions to be answered regarding the safety of sugar substitutes, says Herbert Tilg from the Medical University of Innsbruck, in Austria, but these studies are raising the level of concern. 1．What does the phrase “a mixed sachet” in paragraph 2 most likely mean? A．A small package containing different sweeteners. B．A mixture of both benefits and risks. C．A group of substances with various origins and properties. D．A collection of synthetic chemicals only. 2．Why does the author mention randomised controlled trials and long-term observational studies in paragraph 3? A．To prove that sugar substitutes are completely safe. B．To show the contradiction between short-term and long-term findings. C．To explain how sugar substitutes affect gut bacteria. D．To recommend sugar substitutes for weight loss. 3．What can be inferred about the World Health Organisation’s advice on sugar substitutes? A．It is based on solid proof of direct harm. B．It applies to all people, including diabetics. C．It is a caution based on concerning but not conclusive evidence. D．It strongly recommends using natural sweeteners instead. 4．According to the last two paragraphs, what is a possible mechanism by which sugar substitutes could cause harm? A．They directly kill immune cells in the gut. B．They change the balance of gut bacteria in favour of harmful ones. C．They are absorbed into the blood and damage the heart. D．They make people eat more sugar than before. Passage 8 At the end of the nineteenth century, there were basically two kinds of buildings in the United States. On one hand were the buildings produced for the wealthy or for civic purposes, which tended to echo the architecture of the past and to use traditional styles of ornamentation. On the other hand were purely utilitarian structures, such as factories and grain elevators, which employed modern materials such as steel girders and plate glass in an undisguised and unadorned manner. Such buildings, however, were viewed in a category separate from “fine” architecture, and in fact were often designed by engineers and builders rather than architects. The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application for daily use. Indeed, in this influential book Towards a New Architecture, the Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects. Nonetheless, modern architects did not simply employ these new materials in a strictly practical fashion — they consciously exploited their aesthetic possibilities. For example, glass could be used to open up walls and eliminate their stone and brick masonry because large spaces could now be spanned with steel beams. The fundamental premise of modern architecture was that the appearance of the building should exhibit the nature of its materials and forms of physical support. This often led to effects that looked odd from a traditional standpoint but that became hallmarks of modern architecture for precisely this reason. For example, in traditional architecture, stone or brick walls served a structural role, but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways. At the Fagus shoe factory in Germany, for example, German architect Walter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners, effectively breaking open the box of traditional architecture and creating a new sense of light and openness. Similarly, steel beams could be used to construct balconies that projected out from the building without any support beneath them. These dramatic balconies quickly became a signature of modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright’s most dramatic residence, Fallingwater, has balconies that thrust far out over a stream in a way that seems to defy gravity. The ways in which new technology transformed architectural design are dramatically illustrated through the evolution of the high-rise office building. After ten or twelve stories, masonry construction reaches a maximum possible height, since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear. Steel construction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty. Such buildings were so different from any previous form of architecture that they quickly acquired a new name — the skyscraper. From the standpoint of real estate developers, the purpose of skyscrapers was to increase rental space in valuable urban locations. But to create usable high-rise buildings, a number of technical challenges needed to be solved. One problem was getting people to the upper floors, since after five or six stories it becomes exhausting to climb stairs. Updated and electrified versions of the freight elevator that had been introduced by Elisha Graves Otis in 1853 (several decades before skyscraper construction) solved this problem. Another issue was fire safety. The metal supporting buildings became soft when exposed to fire and collapsed relatively quickly. (They could melt at 2700 Fahrenheit, whereas major fires achieve temperatures of 3000 degrees.) However, when the metal is encased in fire-retardant materials, its vulnerability to fire is much decreased. In Chicago, a system was developed for surrounding the metal components with hollow tiles made from brick-like terra-cotta. Such tiles are impervious to fire. The terra cotta tiles were used both to encase the supporting members and as flooring. A structure built with steel beams protected by terra-cotta tiles was still three times lighter than a comparably sized building that used masonry construction, so the weight of the tiles was not a problem. 1．Why does the author mention that Le Corbusier included “photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects” in Towards a New Architecture? A．To argue that Le Corbusier should be considered more of a builder or an engineer than an architect. B．To support the claim that modern architects were influenced by practical structures and the ways they were built. C．To provide evidence that modern architects were more concerned with practicality than with aesthetics. D．To document how architects moved from designing only buildings to designing vehicles and industrial objects. 2．It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that all of the following features of modern architecture seemed odd from the standpoint of traditional architecture EXCEPT _______ A．the use of glass walls B．the sense of light and openness C．the construction of balconies with solid supports beneath them D．the hanging of walls from an internal structure of steel beams 3．According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of steel-frame buildings? A．They cannot be more than 50 stories high. B．They cannot successfully combat wind shear. C．They have greater lateral strength than masonry buildings. D．They are not usually skyscrapers. 4．According to paragraph 4, who benefited from solving problems associated with skyscraper construction? A．The inventor of the elevator, Elisha Graves Otis. B．Engineers and construction workers. C．People who used the lower floors of tall buildings. D．Real estate developers. Passage 9 Gravitational waves were detected for the first time in 2015, when some of them moved through Earth. Two sensitive detectors — one in Washington State and one in Louisiana — picked up the distortions (扭曲) in spacetime, coming in this case from two crashing black holes. When scientists in charge of the detectors, called the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), announced the finding five months later, it became the most important physics news of 2016. As impressive as the breakthrough was, it left some key questions unaddressed. Primary among them: Where was the source of the waves? If all goes as planned, scientists could soon be able to deal with this issue for future detections. This spring physicists are preparing to turn back on a third gravitational-wave detector, called Virgo, near the Italian city of Pisa. Virgo was offline and undergoing upgrades when LIGO received its two signals in September 2015. With a trio of these giant instruments running, scientists hope to significantly improve efforts to determine the sources of gravitational waves. A speedy response to a “triple hit” — the same waves hitting all three detectors -- could enable ground-based telescopes to focus on a triangulated area of sky and possibly spot the bangs from which the waves come. A gravitational-wave detector picks up distortions in spacetime. But one of these detectors operating alone cannot rule out vibrations (震动) caused by sources on Earth. And each detector monitors a vast part of the universe: the field of view covers about 40 percent of the sky surrounding Earth, which is roughly what one would see standing in a desert and spinning in a circle. Try singling out even one faint star in all of that. LIGO’s twin approach has been key for another reason. Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, but unless they happen to hit both detectors head-on, there are milliseconds of difference between when each detector registers a disturbance. Measuring this delay allows scientists to calculate the direction of impact, trace it back to the sky and narrow the waves’ origin to a smaller area — for 2015’s detections, this was about 2 percent of the sky. That is still a huge part of the universe to scan for a source event. When Advanced Virgo starts running, the possible location of the waves’ source in the sky should shrink by another factor of five, says Fulvio Ricci, Virgo’s spokesperson and a physicist at Sapienza University of Rome. Edo Berger, an astrophysicist at Harvard University who is using telescopes to study the events LIGO and Virgo detect, has a modulated take on that gain. “By adding a third detector to the network, the positions should improve significantly, reducing the source problem from something horrific to just something terrible,” he says. 1．What are the combined efforts of LIGO and Virgo expected to achieve? A．Involving more scientists. B．Shrinking the focused area. C．Expanding the detectable sky. D．Improving detectors’ sensitivity. 2．What can be learned about the gravitational waves detected in 2015? A．They proved narrower than previously assumed. B．They didn’t travel at the same speed as usual. C．They didn’t hit both of the detectors head-on. D．They were also picked up by a telescope. 3．It can be inferred from the passage that Edo Berger ________ the effect of Virgo joining in. A．takes a negative attitude towards B．is not very optimistic about C．holds a firm belief of D．thinks nothing of 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The theory behind a gravitational-wave detector. B．The new discovery of the source of gravitational waves. C．An approach to locating where gravitational waves originate. D．Divided opinions on whether gravitational-wave detectors work. Passage 10 The grammar school boy from Stratford-upon-Avon has once again delivered a powerful scholarly punch, as groundbreaking new research has provided clear evidence that studying the works of Shakespeare can indeed bring significant benefits to children’s literacy skills and emotional development. But only if you act him out. A study found that a “rehearsal room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and the complexity of their writing as well as their emotional literacy. “The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O’Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which commissioned the study, said. The randomized control trial involved hundreds of year-5 pupils — aged nine and ten — at 45 state primary schools that had not been “previously exposed to RSC teaching methods.” They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand following the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group were given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more sophisticated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length. They also “appear to be more comfortable writing in role… while control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion”. The Time to Act study, which is published by the RSC this week, also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island cliches”, such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive, giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions”. O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the target children’s writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”. She added: “The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the rehearsal room process where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes.” The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said. But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”. 1．The “rehearsal room” approach requires pupils to ________. A．rewrite the lines from Shakespeare B．watch RSC actors’ performances C．play the roles in Shakespeare D．study drama under RSC artists 2．The study divided the pupils into two groups to find whether ________. A．the change in instruction enhances learning outcomes B．expanding vocabulary helps develop reading fluency C．emotion affects understanding of sophisticated works D．the classroom activity stimulates interest in the arts 3．According to O’Hanlon, what can promote children’s emotional literacy? A．Writing in an imaginative manner. B．Identifying with literary characters. C．Drawing inspiration from nature. D．Concentrating on real-life situations. 4．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A．the new teaching method may work best with Shakespeare B．the language of Shakespeare may be challenging for pupils C．other old dramatists may be included in primary education D．pupils may be reluctant to work on other old dramatists 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027届高考英语一轮复习（上海专用） 阅读理解说明文10篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 一项长期追踪研究表明青少年时期良好的家庭关系，能够对成年后的社交能力产生积极长远影响 2 剖析塑料回收骗局，指出塑料回收无法根治塑料污染，需要依靠政策管控减少塑料生产 3 介绍渔业副渔获（误捕海洋动物）带来的危害，对比多种减误捕方案的优缺点，呼吁让渔民参与解决方案制定 4 兰州大学科研团队研发 eLUE 模型，实现陆地生态系统总初级生产力的精准遥感估算，助力全球碳循环研究 5 新的基因研究颠覆人类单一起源观点，指出现代人类由两支远古族群分化再融合演化而来 6 实验发现推理能力越强的人工智能，在人机协作中越容易出现利己自私倾向，给出 AI 训练与监管的改进方案 7 科研人员利用葡萄藤中的纤维素研发出可快速降解、透明安全的环保包装薄膜，作为一次性塑料替代品 8 中国研究发现使用塑料外卖容器盛放高温食物，析出的化学物质会改变肠道菌群，最终损伤心肌，增加心衰风险 9 一项少年实验证明，蝴蝶幼虫阶段习得的记忆可历经变态发育保留下来，并且还能够遗传给下一代 10 论述第一印象往往短暂易逝；若初次印象不佳，可通过真诚交流打造更好的第二印象，改善人际关系 Passage 1 How Social Media Is Rewiring Our Reading Habits A decade ago, the typical person’s daily reading consisted of a morning newspaper, perhaps a chapter of a novel before bed, and various work-related documents in between. Today, that same person likely consumes tens of thousands of words per day — but in radically different forms: tweets, captions, notifications, headlines, and endless scrolls of short-form content. We are, by some measures, reading more than ever. But the question increasingly being asked by educators, psychologists, and neuroscientists is whether we are reading differently — and whether that difference matters. The evidence suggests it does. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles have used brain imaging to compare the neural activity of people reading a novel versus those scrolling through social media feeds. Deep reading of narrative text activated brain regions associated with language processing, empathy, and complex reasoning. In contrast, skimming through social media primarily engaged areas linked to visual processing and rapid decision-making — the brain’s “scan and switch” mode. Maryanne Wolf, a cognitive neuroscientist at UCLA and author of “Reader, Come Home,” argues that the brain’s reading circuits are not fixed but plastic, shaped by the type of reading we practice. “We are training our brains to skim, to bounce from one piece of information to the next without ever diving deep,” she warns. “And the neural pathways for deep reading, if not regularly exercised, begin to weaken — just like an underused muscle.” The consequences extend beyond individual cognition. Long-form reading cultivates patience, the ability to follow complex arguments, and the capacity to inhabit perspectives different from one’s own — all qualities essential to a functioning democratic society. When citizens lose the habit of sustained, critical engagement with text, they may become more susceptible to misinformation and less capable of nuanced political reasoning. The solution, most experts agree, is not to abandon digital media but to cultivate a balanced reading diet. Just as nutritionists recommend a variety of foods for physical health, cognitive scientists increasingly advocate for a mix of reading modes: fast and slow, digital and print, skimming and deep diving. “The goal,” Wolf says, “is to develop a biliterate brain — one that can adapt its reading style to the demands of the task, moving fluidly between the rapid scanning suited to a news feed and the deep immersion required by a complex novel.” Whether our education systems and cultural habits can support this dual literacy remains an open and urgent question. 1．According to the UCLA brain imaging research, deep reading of narrative text primarily activates brain regions associated with ________. A．visual processing and rapid decision-making B．language processing, empathy, and complex reasoning C．motor coordination and physical movement D．short-term memory and pattern recognition 2．Maryanne Wolf compares the neural pathways for deep reading to ________. A．a computer processor that can be upgraded B．a muscle that weakens if not exercised C．a river that changes course over time D．a library that expands with each new book 3．What societal concern does the author raise about declining deep reading habits? A．People may spend more money on digital devices. B．Bookstores and libraries may eventually close down. C．Citizens may become more vulnerable to misinformation. D．Social media companies may gain too much political influence. 4．What does Wolf mean by a “biliterate brain”? A．A brain that can read in two different languages equally well. B．A brain capable of switching between skimming and deep reading as needed. C．A brain that prefers digital text over printed materials. D．A brain that can process information faster than the average reader. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】主要介绍社交媒体改变人们阅读习惯，通过研究说明深度阅读与刷社交软件对大脑的不同影响，提出平衡阅读方式的解决办法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Deep reading of narrative text activated brain regions associated with language processing, empathy, and complex reasoning.(对叙事类文本的深度阅读激活了与语言处理、共情能力及复杂推理相关的大脑区域。)”可知，深度阅读叙事文本主要激活与语言处理、共情、复杂推理相关的大脑区域。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And the neural pathways for deep reading, if not regularly exercised, begin to weaken — just like an underused muscle. (而深度阅读对应的神经通路，若不经常加以运用，便会开始衰退——就像长期缺乏锻炼的肌肉一样。)”可知，玛丽安·沃尔夫将深度阅读的神经通路比作缺乏锻炼就会变弱的肌肉。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When citizens lose the habit of sustained, critical engagement with text, they may become more susceptible to misinformation and less capable of nuanced political reasoning.(当民众丧失持续、批判性研读文本的习惯时，他们会更容易受到虚假信息误导，也更难开展细致缜密的政治思辨。)”可知，深度阅读习惯衰退会让公民更容易被虚假信息误导，这是作者提出的社会层面担忧。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中的““The goal,” Wolf says, “is to develop a biliterate brain — one that can adapt its reading style to the demands of the task, moving fluidly between the rapid scanning suited to a news feed and the deep immersion required by a complex novel.”(沃尔夫表示：“我们的目标是培养出具备双模读写能力的大脑 —— 这种大脑能够根据阅读任务的需求调整阅读模式，既能流畅切换适配资讯推送的快速浏览，也能完成复杂小说所需的深度沉浸式阅读。”)”可知，“双重读写大脑”指能根据需求在略读和深度阅读之间切换的大脑。 Passage 2 Museums in the Digital Age: Transformation or Survival? When the Louvre launched its first online virtual tour in 2020, more than ten million people visited the digital galleries within the first month — nearly twice the number of physical visitors the museum receives in an entire year. This staggering figure highlights a fundamental shift in how cultural institutions are reimagining their relationship with the public in the digital age. The transformation goes far beyond simply uploading photographs of artworks. Advanced museums are now deploying augmented reality that allows visitors to see ancient artifacts restored to their original colors, artificial intelligence that creates personalized tour routes based on individual interests, and immersive virtual reality experiences that transport users to historical moments. The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s “Met Unframed” initiative, for instance, enables smartphone users to place digital replicas of famous paintings in their own living rooms, effectively turning every home into a private gallery. Advocates of digital transformation argue that these innovations democratize access to culture. A student in rural India can now examine the brushstrokes of a Van Gogh painting in greater detail than a visitor standing behind a barrier in the physical museum. Digital archives also serve as a crucial safeguard against disaster: when the National Museum of Brazil was devastated by fire in 2018, digital records of many destroyed artifacts became the only surviving documentation of priceless cultural heritage. However, critics raise important concerns. Some worry that the convenience of digital access may reduce the motivation for physical museum visits, potentially undermining the financial model that sustains these institutions. Others argue that no digital reproduction can replicate the emotional impact of standing before an authentic artwork — the sense of awe that comes from proximity to something created by human hands centuries ago. The texture of a painting, the scale of a sculpture, the atmosphere of a historic building: these are dimensions that screens cannot convey. Perhaps the most productive approach is not to see digital and physical experiences as competitors but as complementary dimensions of a modern museum’s mission. As one museum director put it, “The digital experience should be a gateway, not a replacement. Its purpose is to spark curiosity that ultimately leads people through our physical doors.” In this vision, museums of the future will be hybrid institutions, using technology to extend their reach while preserving the irreplaceable power of authentic encounter. 1．What does the example of the Louvre’s virtual tour illustrate? A．Digital museums have completely replaced physical visits. B．Online museum experiences can attract enormous audiences. C．The Louvre is more popular online than any other museum. D．Physical museum attendance has been declining for years. 2．According to the passage, the “Met Unframed” initiative allows users to ________. A．create their own artworks using AI technology B．view digital replicas of paintings in their personal space C．take guided virtual tours led by museum curators D．purchase high-quality reproductions of famous artworks 3．The word “safeguard” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．replacement B．protection C．improvement D．exhibition 4．What is the author’s conclusion about the relationship between digital and physical museum experiences? A．Digital experiences will eventually replace physical visits entirely. B．Physical museums should resist digital transformation to preserve authenticity. C．Digital and physical experiences should complement each other. D．The financial model of museums must be completely restructured. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】数字技术拓展博物馆受众，便于大众接触文物、留存文化遗产，但线上无法替代真品带来的真实震撼。作者认为线上线下相辅相成，数字体验是线下参观的引路桥梁。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“When the Louvre launched its first online virtual tour in 2020, more than ten million people visited the digital galleries within the first month — nearly twice the number of physical visitors the museum receives in an entire year. This staggering figure highlights a fundamental shift in how cultural institutions are reimagining their relationship with the public in the digital age.(2020年，卢浮宫推出首个在线虚拟导览时，首月内就有超过一千万人参观了数字画廊——这一数字几乎是博物馆全年实际访客数量的两倍。这一惊人数据凸显了文化机构在数字时代重新构想与公众关系的根本性转变)”可知，卢浮宫虚拟导览的例子说明了在线博物馆体验能够吸引庞大的观众群体。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s “Met Unframed” initiative, for instance, enables smartphone users to place digital replicas of famous paintings in their own living rooms, effectively turning every home into a private gallery.(例如，大都会艺术博物馆的“Met Unframed”项目允许智能手机用户在自己的客厅中放置著名画作的数字复制品，从而将每个家庭都变成一个私人画廊)”可知，Met Unframed项目允许用户在个人空间内查看画作的数字复制品。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“when the National Museum of Brazil was devastated by fire in 2018, digital records of many destroyed artifacts became the only surviving documentation of priceless cultural heritage.( 2018年，巴西国家博物馆遭遇火灾损毁时，许多被毁文物的数字记录成为珍贵文化遗产中唯一留存的文献资料)”可知，数字档案可在灾难中留存文物资料，故划线词意思是“保护、防护”。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Perhaps the most productive approach is not to see digital and physical experiences as competitors but as complementary dimensions of a modern museum’s mission.(或许最有效的方法，不是将数字体验与实体体验视为竞争关系，而是将其视为现代博物馆使命中相互补充的两个维度)”可知，作者认为数字和实体体验应相互补充。 Passage 3 The Quiet Disappearance of the World’s Dialects Every two weeks, the last speaker of a language dies, taking with them a unique way of understanding the world. While global attention often focuses on the extinction of plant and animal species, the parallel loss of linguistic diversity receives comparatively little notice. Yet by UNESCO’s count, more than 40% of the world’s approximately 7,000 languages are currently at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. The primary driver of this linguistic erosion is urbanization. As rural populations migrate to cities in search of economic opportunity, they often abandon regional dialects in favor of dominant urban languages. A farmer who moves from a village in Yunnan province to Kunming, for example, may switch from speaking a local Yi dialect to standard Mandarin within a single generation. Their children, born in the city, may never learn the ancestral language at all. The loss is not merely linguistic but cultural and scientific. Each language encodes specialized knowledge about local ecosystems, medicinal plants, and sustainable resource management that has been accumulated over thousands of years. When the last speaker of the Kallawaya language in Bolivia dies, for instance, centuries of knowledge about Andean medicinal plants — knowledge used by healer-priests for generations — will vanish with them. However, some communities are fighting back with remarkable creativity. In New Zealand, the Maori language was once predicted to disappear, but a comprehensive revitalization effort involving “language nests” — preschools where elders speak exclusively Maori to children — has brought the language back from the brink. In Hawaii, similar immersion programs have increased the number of fluent Hawaiian speakers from fewer than 50 in the 1980s to over 18,000 today. Digital technology is also playing a role: smartphone apps now allow speakers of endangered languages to record vocabulary and grammar, creating living digital archives that can be passed to future generations. Dr. K. David Harrison, a linguist who has spent decades documenting endangered languages, remains cautiously optimistic. “Language loss is not inevitable,” he observes. “We have seen that when communities decide their language matters and are given the resources to preserve it, reversal is possible. The question is whether we as a global society value linguistic diversity enough to invest in its survival.” 1．According to the passage, what is the main cause of dialect disappearance? A．The rise of digital communication and social media. B．Urbanization and migration to cities. C．Government policies that ban regional languages. D．The natural evolution of all human languages over time. 2．Why does the author mention the Kallawaya language in paragraph 3? A．To illustrate that language loss also means the loss of specialized cultural knowledge. B．To argue that Bolivia has the highest rate of language extinction. C．To demonstrate that ancient languages are more complex than modern ones. D．To suggest that only South American languages are truly endangered. 3．What can be inferred about the Maori and Hawaiian language revitalization efforts? A．They have been largely unsuccessful despite significant funding. B．They rely primarily on government legislation rather than community action. C．They demonstrate that language loss can be reversed with sustained effort. D．They prove that digital technology is the only effective preservation method. 4．What is Dr. Harrison’s attitude toward the future of endangered languages? A．Deeply pessimistic and resigned to widespread language loss. B．Cautiously hopeful if communities and society invest in preservation. C．Completely confident that all endangered languages can be saved. D．Indifferent, viewing language loss as a natural historical process. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】文章主要说明了城市化导致大量方言濒危，语言消亡会丢失生态医药等古老知识。多地通过沉浸式教学、数字存档复兴语言，语言学家认为投入保护就能扭转消亡趋势。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The primary driver of this linguistic erosion is urbanization. As rural populations migrate to cities in search of economic opportunity, they often abandon regional dialects in favor of dominant urban languages.(这种语言消亡的主要原因是城市化。随着农村人口为寻求经济机会而迁往城市，他们往往放弃地方方言，转而使用占主导地位的城市语言)”可知，方言消失的主要原因是城市化和向城市迁移。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The loss is not merely linguistic but cultural and scientific.(损失不仅体现在语言上，更在于文化和科学层面)”可知，作者在第三段中提到卡拉瓦亚语为了说明语言的消亡也意味着专门文化知识的丧失。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In New Zealand, the Maori language was once predicted to disappear, but a comprehensive revitalization effort involving “language nests” — preschools where elders speak exclusively Maori to children — has brought the language back from the brink. In Hawaii, similar immersion programs have increased the number of fluent Hawaiian speakers from fewer than 50 in the 1980s to over 18,000 today.(在新西兰，毛利语曾一度面临消失的危机，但通过建立“语言巢”（即由长者专门用毛利语与儿童交流的学前机构）等全面复兴措施，该语言已从濒临绝灭的边缘重新回归。在夏威夷，类似的沉浸式教育项目使流利掌握夏威夷语的人数从20世纪80年代的不足50人，增长到如今的超过1.8万人)”可知，毛利语和夏威夷语的复兴努力表明，通过持续的努力，语言流失是可以逆转的。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Dr. K. David Harrison, a linguist who has spent decades documenting endangered languages, remains cautiously optimistic. “Language loss is not inevitable,” he observes. “We have seen that when communities decide their language matters and are given the resources to preserve it, reversal is possible. The question is whether we as a global society value linguistic diversity enough to invest in its survival.”(语言学家K. 大卫·哈里森博士数十年来一直致力于记录濒危语言，他仍然持谨慎乐观的态度。“语言的消亡并非不可避免，”他指出，“我们已经看到，当一个社区意识到自己的语言重要，并获得资源来保护它时，逆转是可能的。问题在于，作为全球社会，我们是否足够重视语言多样性，从而投入资金去保障其存续。”)”可知，倘若社区与社会各界投入资源开展保护工作，前景尚可谨慎乐观。 Passage 4 A few years ago I went shopping with Alex for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular model in mind. His only two criteria? A big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa. Giggle-inducing power, comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were within his budget, especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $ 2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became fixated on a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”. When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products or possibly buying nothing, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. However, decisions about free (zero price) products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely — even irrationally — inviting. After all, the math didn’t work. We eventually negotiated $ 3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa, a price so good that I was tempted to buy it. The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed? As the researchers write: A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs — it is possible that options that have only benefits create more positive effects compared with options that involve both benefits and costs. In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free? Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R. The previous-year Hayabusa was long gone. But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. See “free” as a reason to go one step further in evaluating costs and benefits. 1．Why did Alex buy a ZX-6R KRT? A．Because he didn’t excel at math, calculation in particular. B．Because its price was brought down so he could afford it. C．Because he did some research before making the decision. D．Because he thought the motorbike with a giveaway was a good bargain. 2．How does zero-price effect cause smart people to make bad decisions? A．People choose the option with the greatest difference between benefit and cost. B．“Free” is so tempting that we stop being logical and thus end up with a bad deal. C．“Free” means there is no need to negotiate for a big discount on a product or service. D．If a product or service is priced zero, we don’t have to worry about its value. 3．What is NOT a typical example of giving in to this zero-price effect? A．Alice ended up buying a book she didn’t plan to read just to avail the free shipping offer. B．Johnson bought socks of unknown quality because they had a “buy one get one free” offer. C．Joe’s cost / benefit analysis didn’t cloud his judgement or blind him to price calculation faults. D．Teddy appreciated the shop assistant’s generosity and settled for anything but a best deal. 4．What might be the best title of the passage? A．The Worst Deal Ever Made B．When “Free” is Actually the Best Deal C．Paying Too Much When Paying Nothing D．Forget Doing the Math When Shopping 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】短文借朋友选购摩托车的亲身经历，剖析零价效应如何使人因“免费”做出不理性消费。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet.(但这款车发动机小很多，骑行姿势别扭得像蜷缩的螳螂，十分反常。后来我恍然大悟：排量750cc及以下的摩托车购车赠送头盔)”以及第五段中的“Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely-even irrationally-inviting.(我的朋友刚好也需要新头盔，免费头盔的吸引力强到让他失去理性)”可知，Alex认为附赠头盔的这款车很划算，因此选择它。 2．推理判断题。根据第八段“In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free?( 简而言之，“免费”会让人下意识走思维捷径。零成本就是零，哪里还需要精打细算？面对免费事物，人们似乎不会权衡利弊；免费背后又暗藏哪些弊端呢？)以及第九段“Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!(“免费”会简化思考：那款车或许划算，但这款有赠品免费拿！)”可知，免费的诱惑会让人丧失逻辑判断，做出吃亏的选择。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape.(但不必苛责他，所有人都会被“免费”蒙蔽：为免运费买下总价远超优惠的商品、试吃赠品后为回馈商家而消费、免费报价诱导我们陷入难以脱身的销售套路)”可知，屈服零价效应指被免费福利干扰理性判断。C选项“乔的成本收益分析没有蒙蔽他的判断，也没有让他忽视价格计算错误”是没有被零价格效应影响的表现，不符合题干要求。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第六段中的“The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed?(免费头盔仅价值250美元，为何聪明人轻易被打动？)”与尾段“Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math.(遇到免费福利一定要停下来权衡，把免费当作仔细核算利弊的警示)”可知文章主要讲看似不花钱拿赠品，实则付出更高成本。所以C选项“免费之下，代价不菲”为最佳标题。 Passage 5 Keytruda, a cancer-immunotherapy medicine, ranks among the most profitable drugs ever sold. Since its launch in 2014 it has generated over $130bn in sales for Merck, its American maker. In September last year an experimental drug did what none had done before. In late-stage trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, it nearly doubled the time patients lived without the disease worsening—to 11.1 months, compared with 5.8 months for Keytruda. The results were stunning. So too was the nationality of the company behind them. Akeso, a biotech firm, is Chinese. In recent months China’s progress in artificial intelligence has stunned the world. A quieter, yet equally significant shift is under way in biotech. China has long been known for mass-producing generic drugs, supplying raw ingredients and running clinical trials for the pharmaceutical(制药的) world. But its drugmakers are now also at the cutting edge, producing innovative medicines that are cheaper than the ones they compete with.    As a consequence, Western drugmakers are increasingly looking east for ideas. Because of expiring(将要到期的) drug patents, they stand to lose as much as $140bn a year in sales by the end of the decade. Last year nearly a third of their large licensing deals they struck—those worth $50m or more—were with Chinese firms, triple the share of 2020. In November Merck paid $588m to LaNova Medicines, another Chinese biotech firm, to secure rights to a therapy similar to that produced by Akeso. China’s government identified biotech as a strategic priority nearly two decades ago. But it was not until 2015 that things really took off, after the national drug regulator launched ambitious reforms. It took on more staff and cleared a backlog(积压) of 20,000 drug applications in just two years. Clinical trials were streamlined and brought into step with global standards. A study by Yimin Cui of Peking University and colleagues found that the time taken to approve the first round of human trials fell to 87 days, from 501 days before the reforms. The reforms coincided with a wave of returning “sea turtles”, the term for Chinese scientists who had studied or worked abroad. China’s vast domestic market added momentum, by drawing every major drugmaker to its shores, bringing know-how and talent. Easier listing rules gave biotech investors a clearer path to exit, making the sector more attractive. With more brains and money, Chinese firms moved beyond copying Western drugs. Instead of waiting for patents to expire and making identical non-branded drugs, they adopted a “fast-follower” strategy—taking known drugs and modifying them to improve safety, efficacy or delivery. Drug development typically starts by identifying a target, usually a protein or gene linked to a disease. Scientists then search for molecules that can either block or boost the target’s function. Since fast followers are not starting from scratch, they can run trials at a fraction of the cost and speed. Speed is another advantage, says Michelle Xia, founder of Akeso. “We can do things twice or even three times faster than anywhere else in the world,” she claims. Clinical trials—the longest and most expensive stage of drug development—are faster than in the West. A large patient population makes enrolment easier, and hospitals and doctors are motivated by the government to support research. Faster trials have made Chinese drugs even more attractive to global drugmakers. Though the clinical information is from mostly Chinese patients, rather than a wider sample, it helps investors and pharma firms spot promising treatments. 1．What makes Akeso’s experimental drug particularly noteworthy? A．It proved that Chinese biotech firms could outperform Western pharmaceutical companies in sales. B．It demonstrated significantly improved outcomes compared to Keytruda in treating non-small-cell lung cancer. C．It became the first drug to eliminate cancer in clinical trials. D．It introduced an entirely new class of cancer treatments that had never been explored before. 2．Based on the two charts, what can be inferred about China’s role in drug development and licensing? A．China’s contribution to global drug development has remained stable, but the value of drug licensing deals has grown significantly. B．The United States has maintained its dominance in drug development, while China’s licensed drug deals have declined. C．The global pharmaceutical industry has shifted away from China, as indicated by the declining percentage of active drugs developed there. D．While China’s share of active drug development has increased, the value of drugs licensed from China has also surged in recent years. 3．What is the most significant factor enabling China’s rapid rise in biotech? A．Its ability to completely avoid Western regulations and operate without restrictions B．The global decline in Western pharmaceutical research due to high costs C．The exclusive use of AI-driven drug discovery, eliminating traditional methods D．A combination of government support, returning talent, and a vast domestic market 4．Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Rise and Fall of Western Pharmaceutical Giants B．Keytruda’s Decline and the Future of Cancer Treatment C．China’s Biotech Revolution: A New Global Leader in Drug Innovation D．The End of Big Pharma: How China is Taking Over Drug Development 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了中国药企新药抗癌效果优于美爆款药，依托政策改革、归国人才与广阔市场，创新药快速发展，海外药企纷纷来华开展药物授权合作。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In September last year an experimental drug did what none had done before. In late-stage trials for non-small-cell lung cancer, it nearly doubled the time patients lived without the disease worsening—to 11.1 months, compared with 5.8 months for Keytruda.(去年9月，一种实验性药物取得了前所未有的突破：在非小细胞肺癌晚期临床试验中，它使患者无疾病进展的时间几乎翻倍，达到11.1个月，而Keytruda此前仅为5.8个月。)”可知，Akeso的实验性药物之所以特别引人注目，是因为它在治疗非小细胞肺癌方面，与Keytruda相比效果显著提升。 2．推理判断题。根据图表内容显示可知，第一张图显示：2010-2024 年，中国在全球在研药物中的占比持续上升，美国占比相应下降。第二张图显示：2013-2024 年，中国对外授权药物的交易金额从极低水平大幅飙升，近年增长尤为迅猛。可知，根据这两张图表，可以推断出尽管中国在活性药物研发中的份额有所增加，但近年来从中国获得的药品许可价值也大幅上升。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“China’s government identified biotech as a strategic priority nearly two decades ago. But it was not until 2015 that things really took off, after the national drug regulator launched ambitious reforms. It took on more staff and cleared a backlog(积压) of 20,000 drug applications in just two years. Clinical trials were streamlined and brought into step with global standards. A study by Yimin Cui of Peking University and colleagues found that the time taken to approve the first round of human trials fell to 87 days, from 501 days before the reforms.( 中国政府早在近二十年前就已将生物技术列为战略重点。但直到2015年，随着国家药品监管机构启动大规模改革，相关发展才真正加速。该机构增派了更多人员，并在短短两年内清除了长达2万份的药品申请积压。临床试验流程得到简化，并与国际标准接轨。北京大学崔一民及其同事的一项研究发现，在改革前，第一阶段人体试验获批耗时501天，而改革后仅需87天。)”以及第六段中“The reforms coincided with a wave of returning “sea turtles”, the term for Chinese scientists who had studied or worked abroad. China’s vast domestic market added momentum, by drawing every major drugmaker to its shores, bringing know-how and talent.( 这些改革恰逢一波“海龟”回归的浪潮——“海龟”一词指曾在国外学习或工作的中国科学家。中国庞大的国内市场吸引了众多大型制药企业，带来了技术专长和人才，进一步推动了行业发展。)”可知，推动中国生物技术快速崛起的最重要因素是政府支持、人才回流与庞大的国内市场的结合。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“Faster trials have made Chinese drugs even more attractive to global drugmakers. Though the clinical information is from mostly Chinese patients, rather than a wider sample, it helps investors and pharma firms spot promising treatments.( 更快的临床试验使中国药品对全球制药企业更具吸引力。尽管临床数据主要来自中国患者，而非更广泛的样本，但这些信息有助于投资者和制药公司发现有前景的治疗方法。)”可知，全文核心主旨是：中国生物科技行业从仿制药、原料供应的定位，逐步走向全球创新药研发的前沿，在研发管线、对外授权、技术实力上都实现了突破性发展，是一场行业革命。由此可知，这篇文章适合的标题是“中国的生物技术革命：药物创新的新全球领导者”。 Passage 6 A brain structure that seems to influence food consumption could one day be targeted to enhance interventions for weight loss or gain. Studies have shown that activating neurons in this structure, called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) — located around the center of the brain and about the size of a sunflower seed in people — increases food intake in mice. In these foundational studies, this was typically achieved through techniques such as optogenetics, which uses light to control neurons in the BNST region. But it was unknown whether taste influences its activity. To learn more about its function, Charles Zuker and his colleagues first imaged the brains of mice while they drank water flavored with one of the five basic tastes — sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami. The researchers previously linked enjoying sweet tastes to activity in a region called the amygdala, and have now pinpointed neurons there that only became activated in response to sweet water. These neurons then activated others in the BNST, sometimes called the “extended amygdala”. This is the first evidence that this structure receives taste signals, says Haijiang Cai at the University of Arizona. The researchers then wanted to understand whether these activated BNST neurons influence dietary consumption, so they genetically engineered the cells so that they didn’t activate when mice tasted sweet water. Over 10 minutes, these mice drank substantially less than normal ones, suggesting that activation of BNST neurons enhances consumption of sweet tastes. But the researchers also found that artificial activation prompted mice to consume more water of any taste, including whether it was unflavoured, salty or bitter, despite them usually avoiding the latter taste. In further experiments, the team found that substantially more BNST neurons were activated by sweet and salty signals in hungry or salt-low mice, respectively, compared with those that were fed until they were full or had normal salt levels. This suggests that the BNST integrates signals for hunger and nutrient deficiency, in addition to taste, to determine food intake, says Cai. The findings are highly relevant to people, as our BNST is very similar to that of mice, says Cai. They suggest that developing drugs that activate BNST neurons could potentially help to encourage eating in people with a severe loss of appetite, he says. However, more than a dozen brain pathways have been linked to food intake, says Cai, and some of these may compensate for any prolonged drug-related changes in BNST activity, so targeting multiple feeding circuits at the same time will probably be needed, he says. The study could also help us achieve better results with weight-loss treatments, such as the GLP-1 drug semaglutide. These can bind to neurons in the BNST, so a better understanding of how it alters food consumption could help us gain a clearer picture of how such drugs work, says Sarah Stern. 1．What was previously unknown about the BNST? A．Its location in the human brain B．Whether it receives taste signals C．Its function of increasing mice’s food intake D．The similarity of human BNST to the mouse BNST 2．What did the genetic engineering of mice’s BNST neurons reveal? A．Mice consume more of any water, regardless of the taste. B．Mice drank less sweet water when these neurons were not activated. C．The BNST has no connection to the amygdala’s taste-related neurons. D．Bitter taste became more appealing to mice even without neuron activation. 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the text? A．BNST mainly relies on taste preferences to regulate eating behavior. B．The study proves semaglutide works only by binding to BNST neurons. C．Using BNST-activating drugs needs to be combined with targeting other brain feeding circuits. D．Prolonged use of BNST-activating drugs will damage other brain pathways related to food intake. 4．Which title best fits the passage? A．Area of brain behind food urges identified B．New findings to improve weight-loss drugs C．How hunger changes the activity of brain neurons D．Mice experiments: unlocking secrets of bitter taste avoidance 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了科研人员通过小鼠实验，发现终纹床核（BNST）这一大脑结构会接收味觉信号，整合饥饿、营养缺乏与味觉信息来调控进食量，该发现有望研发改善食欲、减重的相关药物，同时指出单独靶向该脑区存在局限。 1．细节理解题。根据原文第二段“But it was unknown whether taste influences its activity.(但当时人们并不清楚味觉是否会影响它的活动。)”以及原文第四段“This is the first evidence that this structure receives taste signals, says Haijiang Cai at the University of Arizona.(亚利桑那大学的Haijiang Cai表示，这是首个证明该脑区能接收味觉信号的证据。)”可知，此前人们不清楚 BNST是否接收味觉信号。 2．细节理解题。根据原文第五段“The researchers then wanted to understand whether these activated BNST neurons influence dietary consumption, so they genetically engineered the cells so that they didn’t activate when mice tasted sweet water.(随后研究人员想要弄清楚这些被激活的终纹床核神经元是否会影响进食量，于是他们对这些细胞进行了基因改造，让小鼠尝到甜味水时，这类神经元不会被激活。)”及“Over 10 minutes, these mice drank substantially less than normal ones, suggesting that activation of BNST neurons enhances consumption of sweet tastes.(在十分钟的观察期内，这些小鼠的饮用量远低于正常小鼠，这说明BNST神经元的激活会促进小鼠摄入甜味食物。)”可知，当这些神经元无法被激活时，小鼠饮用的甜味水更少。 3．细节理解题。根据原文倒数第二段“However, more than a dozen brain pathways have been linked to food intake, says Cai, and some of these may compensate for any prolonged drug-related changes in BNST activity, so targeting multiple feeding circuits at the same time will probably be needed, he says.(Cai表示，有十余条大脑通路都和进食行为相关，其中部分通路可能会抵消药物长期作用于BNST带来的改变，因此我们或许需要同时靶向多条进食相关神经回路。)”可知，使用激活BNST的药物需要结合靶向其他大脑进食回路的手段。 4．主旨大意题。根据原文第四段“This is the first evidence that this structure receives taste signals, says Haijiang Cai at the University of Arizona.(亚利桑那大学的Haijiang Cai表示，这是首个证明该脑区能接收味觉信号的证据。)”及全文内容可知，文章围绕大脑BNST区域展开，阐述该脑区是调控进食欲望的关键结构，介绍相关小鼠实验、作用机制与临床应用前景，对应标题“Area of brain behind food urges identified (调控进食欲望的大脑区域被证实)” 最贴合全文核心内容。 Passage 7 Are sugar substitutes healthier than the real thing? The promise of sugar substitutes is simple: found in everything from yogurts to toothpaste, they claim to let people gorge on sweet treats without piling on weight and the tooth decay caused by sugar-loving bacteria. Now a growing body of research is suggesting that these substances may have surprisingly bitter consequences. Sugar substitutes are a mixed sachet. They include synthetic concoctions (such as aspartame, saccharin and sucralose) and substances derived from plants, including a family of carbohydrates known as sugar alcohols (such as erythritol, maltitol, sorbitol and xylitol) and stevia. Some strike the human tongue as hundreds of times sweeter than sugar, so are added in tiny amounts to foods and drinks. These small quantities, combined with the observation that many are excreted largely unchanged, have led to the assumption that they pass through the human body without affecting metabolism. Things may not be so simple. In some randomised controlled trials (typically lasting 4-12 weeks) substituting other sweeteners for sugars did admittedly result in lower weight gain. But a number of large, long-term observational studies have found the opposite: people with higher consumption of sugar substitutes — some of whom may be using these to replace sugar in their diets — end up putting on more weight than those who consume the least. Other studies show that they also end up with higher rates of heart problems, diabetes and cancer than abstainers. Proving causality through such observational studies is difficult, as it would involve accounting for all the ways in which people who eat lots of sugar substitutes are different from those who do not. It could be, for example, that some consumers of these sweeteners are people who are already at high risk for diabetes or heart disease and looking to eat more healthily. Even without a smoking gun, however, the overall body of research was concerning enough to prompt the World Health Organisation to issue, in 2023, precautionary advice against the use of sugar substitutes as a means to control weight or prevent chronic diseases. (The advice does not apply to people with diabetes.) There are plenty of hypotheses concerning how sugar substitutes could be causing harm. Some of these substances have been found to activate the same harmful gut and metabolic signalling mechanisms as sugar, and some studies in mice suggest that they could be affecting the function of immune cells involved in preventing the growth of tumours. Emerging evidence also suggests that they can affect the relative abundance of various gut bacteria, potentially tipping the scales in favour of harmful species. There are lots of open questions to be answered regarding the safety of sugar substitutes, says Herbert Tilg from the Medical University of Innsbruck, in Austria, but these studies are raising the level of concern. 1．What does the phrase “a mixed sachet” in paragraph 2 most likely mean? A．A small package containing different sweeteners. B．A mixture of both benefits and risks. C．A group of substances with various origins and properties. D．A collection of synthetic chemicals only. 2．Why does the author mention randomised controlled trials and long-term observational studies in paragraph 3? A．To prove that sugar substitutes are completely safe. B．To show the contradiction between short-term and long-term findings. C．To explain how sugar substitutes affect gut bacteria. D．To recommend sugar substitutes for weight loss. 3．What can be inferred about the World Health Organisation’s advice on sugar substitutes? A．It is based on solid proof of direct harm. B．It applies to all people, including diabetics. C．It is a caution based on concerning but not conclusive evidence. D．It strongly recommends using natural sweeteners instead. 4．According to the last two paragraphs, what is a possible mechanism by which sugar substitutes could cause harm? A．They directly kill immune cells in the gut. B．They change the balance of gut bacteria in favour of harmful ones. C．They are absorbed into the blood and damage the heart. D．They make people eat more sugar than before. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文围绕糖替代品是否比天然食糖更健康展开探讨，介绍糖替代品的种类，对比短期对照试验与长期观察研究得出的相反结论，列举糖替代品潜在危害机制，并说明世卫组织基于现有研究发布预防性慎用建议。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段画线短语“a mixed sachet”后面的“They include synthetic concoctions (such as aspartame, saccharin and sucralose) and substances derived from plants, including a family of carbohydrates known as sugar alcohols (such as erythritol, maltitol, sorbitol and xylitol) and stevia.(它们包括合成混合物（如阿斯巴甜、糖精和三氯蔗糖）以及植物提取物质，包括一类被称为糖醇的碳水化合物（如赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇、山梨糖醇和木糖醇）和甜菊糖。)”可知，糖替代品既有人工合成的，也有植物提取的，种类和来源各异，可推断画线短语指一组来源和性质各不相同的物质。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In some randomised controlled trials (typically lasting 4-12 weeks) substituting other sweeteners for sugars did admittedly result in lower weight gain. But a number of large, long-term observational studies have found the opposite: people with higher consumption of sugar substitutes — some of whom may be using these to replace sugar in their diets — end up putting on more weight than those who consume the least.(一些随机对照试验（周期通常4至12周）证实，用甜味剂替代糖分确实可以减缓体重增长。但多项大规模长期观察研究却得出截然相反的结论：大量食用糖替代品的人群，其中一部分人试图用糖替代品替换饮食中的糖分，他们的体重增幅最终反而高于很少食用糖替代品的人。)”可推知，短期试验显示糖替代品有助于控制体重，而长期研究却得出相反结论，作者提及两者是为了展示短期发现与长期发现之间的矛盾。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Even without a smoking gun, however, the overall body of research was concerning enough to prompt the World Health Organisation to issue, in 2023, precautionary advice against the use of sugar substitutes as a means to control weight or prevent chronic diseases.(然而，即使没有确凿证据，整体研究也足以令人担忧，促使世界卫生组织在2023年发布预防性建议，反对将糖替代品作为控制体重或预防慢性病的手段。)”可知，WHO的建议是基于令人担忧但尚未定论的证据而提出的谨慎预防。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Emerging evidence also suggests that they can affect the relative abundance of various gut bacteria, potentially tipping the scales in favour of harmful species.(新兴证据还表明，它们可能影响各种肠道细菌的相对丰度，潜在地使天平向有害菌种倾斜。)”可知，糖替代品可能通过改变肠道菌群的平衡，使有害菌种占据优势，从而造成伤害。 Passage 8 At the end of the nineteenth century, there were basically two kinds of buildings in the United States. On one hand were the buildings produced for the wealthy or for civic purposes, which tended to echo the architecture of the past and to use traditional styles of ornamentation. On the other hand were purely utilitarian structures, such as factories and grain elevators, which employed modern materials such as steel girders and plate glass in an undisguised and unadorned manner. Such buildings, however, were viewed in a category separate from “fine” architecture, and in fact were often designed by engineers and builders rather than architects. The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application for daily use. Indeed, in this influential book Towards a New Architecture, the Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects. Nonetheless, modern architects did not simply employ these new materials in a strictly practical fashion — they consciously exploited their aesthetic possibilities. For example, glass could be used to open up walls and eliminate their stone and brick masonry because large spaces could now be spanned with steel beams. The fundamental premise of modern architecture was that the appearance of the building should exhibit the nature of its materials and forms of physical support. This often led to effects that looked odd from a traditional standpoint but that became hallmarks of modern architecture for precisely this reason. For example, in traditional architecture, stone or brick walls served a structural role, but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways. At the Fagus shoe factory in Germany, for example, German architect Walter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners, effectively breaking open the box of traditional architecture and creating a new sense of light and openness. Similarly, steel beams could be used to construct balconies that projected out from the building without any support beneath them. These dramatic balconies quickly became a signature of modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright’s most dramatic residence, Fallingwater, has balconies that thrust far out over a stream in a way that seems to defy gravity. The ways in which new technology transformed architectural design are dramatically illustrated through the evolution of the high-rise office building. After ten or twelve stories, masonry construction reaches a maximum possible height, since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear. Steel construction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty. Such buildings were so different from any previous form of architecture that they quickly acquired a new name — the skyscraper. From the standpoint of real estate developers, the purpose of skyscrapers was to increase rental space in valuable urban locations. But to create usable high-rise buildings, a number of technical challenges needed to be solved. One problem was getting people to the upper floors, since after five or six stories it becomes exhausting to climb stairs. Updated and electrified versions of the freight elevator that had been introduced by Elisha Graves Otis in 1853 (several decades before skyscraper construction) solved this problem. Another issue was fire safety. The metal supporting buildings became soft when exposed to fire and collapsed relatively quickly. (They could melt at 2700 Fahrenheit, whereas major fires achieve temperatures of 3000 degrees.) However, when the metal is encased in fire-retardant materials, its vulnerability to fire is much decreased. In Chicago, a system was developed for surrounding the metal components with hollow tiles made from brick-like terra-cotta. Such tiles are impervious to fire. The terra cotta tiles were used both to encase the supporting members and as flooring. A structure built with steel beams protected by terra-cotta tiles was still three times lighter than a comparably sized building that used masonry construction, so the weight of the tiles was not a problem. 1．Why does the author mention that Le Corbusier included “photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects” in Towards a New Architecture? A．To argue that Le Corbusier should be considered more of a builder or an engineer than an architect. B．To support the claim that modern architects were influenced by practical structures and the ways they were built. C．To provide evidence that modern architects were more concerned with practicality than with aesthetics. D．To document how architects moved from designing only buildings to designing vehicles and industrial objects. 2．It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that all of the following features of modern architecture seemed odd from the standpoint of traditional architecture EXCEPT _______ A．the use of glass walls B．the sense of light and openness C．the construction of balconies with solid supports beneath them D．the hanging of walls from an internal structure of steel beams 3．According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of steel-frame buildings? A．They cannot be more than 50 stories high. B．They cannot successfully combat wind shear. C．They have greater lateral strength than masonry buildings. D．They are not usually skyscrapers. 4．According to paragraph 4, who benefited from solving problems associated with skyscraper construction? A．The inventor of the elevator, Elisha Graves Otis. B．Engineers and construction workers. C．People who used the lower floors of tall buildings. D．Real estate developers. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文以现代建筑发展为核心，介绍了现代建筑的前身、特点、技术发展催生了摩天大楼这一全新建筑形态以及其建筑过程中核心技术难题的解决方案。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The development of modern architecture might in large part be seen as an adaptation of this sort of functional building and its pervasive application for daily use. Indeed, in this influential book Towards a New Architecture, the Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated his text with photographs of American factories and grain storage silos, as well as ships, airplanes, and other industrial objects.(现代建筑的发展在很大程度上可以被视为对这种实用建筑的改造及其在日常使用中的普遍应用。事实上，在这本颇具影响力的书《走向新建筑》中，瑞士建筑师勒·柯布西耶用美国工厂和粮仓的照片以及船只、飞机和其他工业物体来说明他的文本。)”可知，提到勒·柯布西耶收录了美国工厂和粮仓的照片以及船只、飞机和其他工业物体，是为了支撑前面讲述的“现代建筑受到实用建筑及其建造方式影响”这一结论。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“...in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams...German architect Walter Gropius placed glass walls in the corners, effectively breaking open the box of traditional architecture and creating a new sense of light and openness.(……在钢梁建筑中，墙壁基本上是挂在钢梁的内部骨架上的……德国建筑师瓦尔特·格罗皮乌斯在角落里放置了玻璃墙，有效地打破了传统建筑的盒子，创造了一种新的光线和开放感)”可知，A、B、D均是从传统建筑视角来看现代建筑觉得怪异的特征，结合“steel beams could be used to construct balconies that projected out from the building without any support beneath them”可知，下方无支撑的阳台是现代建筑特征，而下方带有坚固支撑的阳台是传统建筑的常规设计，不属于让传统建筑视角觉得怪异的特征。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“After ten or twelve stories, masonry construction reaches a maximum possible height, since it runs into difficulties of compression and of inadequate lateral strength to combat wind shear. Steel construction, on the other hand, can support a building of 50 or 100 stories without difficulty.(建造到10到12层之后，砖石结构建筑就达到了最大可建高度，因为它会遇到承压问题，而且抗风切变的侧向强度不足。另一方面，钢结构可以轻松支撑50层甚至100层的建筑)”可知，砖石结构会遇到承压问题，且抵御风切变的侧向强度不足，所以至多建到10到12层，而钢结构则可以轻松支撑50层甚至100层的建筑。由此可推测出，钢结构建筑比砖石结构建筑拥有更强的侧向强度。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“From the standpoint of real estate developers, the purpose of skyscrapers was to increase rental space in valuable urban locations. But to create usable high-rise buildings, a number of technical challenges needed to be solved.(对房地产开发商而言，建造摩天大楼的目的是增加城市有价值地段的出租空间。但要打造可使用的高层建筑，需要解决诸多技术难题。)”可推知，技术问题解决后，房地产开发商得以实现增加租赁空间获利的目标，是最终受益者。 Passage 9 Gravitational waves were detected for the first time in 2015, when some of them moved through Earth. Two sensitive detectors — one in Washington State and one in Louisiana — picked up the distortions (扭曲) in spacetime, coming in this case from two crashing black holes. When scientists in charge of the detectors, called the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), announced the finding five months later, it became the most important physics news of 2016. As impressive as the breakthrough was, it left some key questions unaddressed. Primary among them: Where was the source of the waves? If all goes as planned, scientists could soon be able to deal with this issue for future detections. This spring physicists are preparing to turn back on a third gravitational-wave detector, called Virgo, near the Italian city of Pisa. Virgo was offline and undergoing upgrades when LIGO received its two signals in September 2015. With a trio of these giant instruments running, scientists hope to significantly improve efforts to determine the sources of gravitational waves. A speedy response to a “triple hit” — the same waves hitting all three detectors -- could enable ground-based telescopes to focus on a triangulated area of sky and possibly spot the bangs from which the waves come. A gravitational-wave detector picks up distortions in spacetime. But one of these detectors operating alone cannot rule out vibrations (震动) caused by sources on Earth. And each detector monitors a vast part of the universe: the field of view covers about 40 percent of the sky surrounding Earth, which is roughly what one would see standing in a desert and spinning in a circle. Try singling out even one faint star in all of that. LIGO’s twin approach has been key for another reason. Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, but unless they happen to hit both detectors head-on, there are milliseconds of difference between when each detector registers a disturbance. Measuring this delay allows scientists to calculate the direction of impact, trace it back to the sky and narrow the waves’ origin to a smaller area — for 2015’s detections, this was about 2 percent of the sky. That is still a huge part of the universe to scan for a source event. When Advanced Virgo starts running, the possible location of the waves’ source in the sky should shrink by another factor of five, says Fulvio Ricci, Virgo’s spokesperson and a physicist at Sapienza University of Rome. Edo Berger, an astrophysicist at Harvard University who is using telescopes to study the events LIGO and Virgo detect, has a modulated take on that gain. “By adding a third detector to the network, the positions should improve significantly, reducing the source problem from something horrific to just something terrible,” he says. 1．What are the combined efforts of LIGO and Virgo expected to achieve? A．Involving more scientists. B．Shrinking the focused area. C．Expanding the detectable sky. D．Improving detectors’ sensitivity. 2．What can be learned about the gravitational waves detected in 2015? A．They proved narrower than previously assumed. B．They didn’t travel at the same speed as usual. C．They didn’t hit both of the detectors head-on. D．They were also picked up by a telescope. 3．It can be inferred from the passage that Edo Berger ________ the effect of Virgo joining in. A．takes a negative attitude towards B．is not very optimistic about C．holds a firm belief of D．thinks nothing of 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The theory behind a gravitational-wave detector. B．The new discovery of the source of gravitational waves. C．An approach to locating where gravitational waves originate. D．Divided opinions on whether gravitational-wave detectors work. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】主要介绍借助多台引力波探测器协同工作，精准定位引力波源头的相关技术与进展。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“With a trio of these giant instruments running, scientists hope to significantly improve efforts to determine the sources of gravitational waves.(三台大型设备同时运行，科学家希望大幅提升定位引力波源头的能力)”以及第五段“When Advanced Virgo starts running, the possible location of the waves’ source in the sky should shrink by another factor of five(先进室女座探测器启用后，天空中引力波源头的预估范围会再缩小五倍)”可知，LIGO与Virgo协同工作的目标是缩小观测定位范围。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, but unless they happen to hit both detectors head-on, there are milliseconds of difference between when each detector registers a disturbance. Measuring this delay allows scientists to calculate the direction of impact, trace it back to the sky and narrow the waves’ origin to a smaller area — for 2015’s detections, this was about 2 percent of the sky.(引力波以光速传播，但除非它们恰好正面撞上两台探测器，否则两台探测器记录到扰动信号的时间会存在数毫秒的差值。科学家通过测算这一时间差，就能推算出引力波的入射方向，追溯其在天空中的方位，并将波源锁定在一片更小的天区范围 ——2015 年的几次探测中，该范围约占整片天空的 2%。)”可推知，2015年的引力波并未正面同时击中两台探测器，因此才需要测量时间差计算位置。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“By adding a third detector to the network, the positions should improve significantly, reducing the source problem from something horrific to just something terrible(新增第三台探测器能大幅优化定位，但只能把棘手的源头定位难题从极度糟糕缓解为依旧棘手）”可知，他认可Virgo能起到改善作用，但并不十分乐观。 4．主旨大意题。全文先介绍2015年引力波探测遗留源头定位难题，再阐述单台、两台探测器的局限，说明新增Virgo三台联动缩小定位范围的原理与效果，核心围绕定位引力波发源地的方法展开。 Passage 10 The grammar school boy from Stratford-upon-Avon has once again delivered a powerful scholarly punch, as groundbreaking new research has provided clear evidence that studying the works of Shakespeare can indeed bring significant benefits to children’s literacy skills and emotional development. But only if you act him out. A study found that a “rehearsal room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and the complexity of their writing as well as their emotional literacy. “The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O’Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which commissioned the study, said. The randomized control trial involved hundreds of year-5 pupils — aged nine and ten — at 45 state primary schools that had not been “previously exposed to RSC teaching methods.” They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand following the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group were given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more sophisticated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length. They also “appear to be more comfortable writing in role… while control pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, target children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character’s emotion”. The Time to Act study, which is published by the RSC this week, also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island cliches”, such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive, giving a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions”. O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the target children’s writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”. She added: “The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the rehearsal room process where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes.” The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said. But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”. 1．The “rehearsal room” approach requires pupils to ________. A．rewrite the lines from Shakespeare B．watch RSC actors’ performances C．play the roles in Shakespeare D．study drama under RSC artists 2．The study divided the pupils into two groups to find whether ________. A．the change in instruction enhances learning outcomes B．expanding vocabulary helps develop reading fluency C．emotion affects understanding of sophisticated works D．the classroom activity stimulates interest in the arts 3．According to O’Hanlon, what can promote children’s emotional literacy? A．Writing in an imaginative manner. B．Identifying with literary characters. C．Drawing inspiration from nature. D．Concentrating on real-life situations. 4．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A．the new teaching method may work best with Shakespeare B．the language of Shakespeare may be challenging for pupils C．other old dramatists may be included in primary education D．pupils may be reluctant to work on other old dramatists 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了一项研究，该研究发现通过“排练室”方法教授莎士比亚作品能显著提升儿童的词汇量、写作复杂性和情感素养。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段‌“But only if you act him out.(但前提是演绎他的作品)”、第二段中“A study found that a “rehearsal room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary and the complexity of their writing as well as their emotional literacy. (一项研究发现，采用“排练室”方法教授莎士比亚能拓宽儿童的词汇量、写作复杂性以及情感素养)”以及第三段中“The target group were given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. (目标组被安排了一个30分钟的基于戏剧的活动来配合这段文字)”可推知，“排练室”方法要求学生演绎莎士比亚的作品，扮演其中的角色。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“They were split into target and control groups and asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand following the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group were given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage. (他们被分成目标组和对照组，并被要求写作，例如，以《暴风雨》中海难后的费迪南德的身份写一封瓶中信。目标组被安排了一个30分钟的基于戏剧的活动来配合这段文字)”和第四段中 “The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more sophisticated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length.(经过同行评审的实验结果显示，目标组学生运用的词汇范围更广，会使用“更复杂、更罕见的词汇”，写作篇幅也更长)可知，该实验是为了探究教学方式的改变是否能提升学习效果。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中O’Hanlon的话“The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the rehearsal room process where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes. (情感理解非常明显，这可能与排练室过程有关，在这个过程中你习惯于尝试想象自己的经历。他们很擅长描述不同的情感状态，而戏剧的一部分就是设身处地为他人着想)”可知，O’Hanlon认为与文学角色产生共鸣可以促进儿童的情感素养。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”. (O’Hanlon表示需要更多的研究，但她指出莎士比亚使用了20000个词汇，而日常用语仅2000个，这“极大地将语言拓展到儿童的生活中”，再加上孩子们“用整个身体让文字活起来”)”可推知，新的教学方法可能最适合用莎士比亚的作品，因为这些作品能极大地将语言拓展到儿童的生活中。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $