2027届高考英语一轮复习之阅读理解（说明文）15篇（江苏专用）

**基本信息** 聚焦高考英语说明文阅读，精选15篇涵盖社会科学、自然科学等主题，通过典型题型训练语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |说明文阅读|15篇|细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意|主题覆盖环保、科技、社会关系等高频话题，题型与考点对应，培养信息筛选与逻辑分析能力|

2027届高考英语一轮复习（江苏专用） 阅读理解说明文15篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 一项长期追踪研究表明青少年时期良好的家庭关系，能够对成年后的社交能力产生积极长远影响 2 剖析塑料回收骗局，指出塑料回收无法根治塑料污染，需要依靠政策管控减少塑料生产 3 介绍渔业副渔获（误捕海洋动物）带来的危害，对比多种减误捕方案的优缺点，呼吁让渔民参与解决方案制定 4 兰州大学科研团队研发 eLUE 模型，实现陆地生态系统总初级生产力的精准遥感估算，助力全球碳循环研究 5 新的基因研究颠覆人类单一起源观点，指出现代人类由两支远古族群分化再融合演化而来 6 实验发现推理能力越强的人工智能，在人机协作中越容易出现利己自私倾向，给出 AI 训练与监管的改进方案 7 科研人员利用葡萄藤中的纤维素研发出可快速降解、透明安全的环保包装薄膜，作为一次性塑料替代品 8 中国研究发现使用塑料外卖容器盛放高温食物，析出的化学物质会改变肠道菌群，最终损伤心肌，增加心衰风险 9 一项少年实验证明，蝴蝶幼虫阶段习得的记忆可历经变态发育保留下来，并且还能够遗传给下一代 10 论述第一印象往往短暂易逝；若初次印象不佳，可通过真诚交流打造更好的第二印象，改善人际关系 11 介绍农业无人机的强大功能、与众不同的全球推广路径，客观分析它在农业应用当中的利弊与发展前景 12 社交联结有益于身心健康；心理学 “好感差距” 阻碍人们建立新友谊，提出用简单真诚行动培养良好人际关系 13 介绍森林地下由真菌菌丝构成的 “树木万维网”，树木借此互通信息、共享资源；现代砍伐行为正破坏这一地下生态网络 14 现代农业过度耕作等高产措施正在不断削弱土壤韧性，造成土壤退化；呼吁人们重视土壤长期健康，转变土地管理模式 15 阐释企业内部文化冲突产生的三大成因，给出化解冲突的对策，指出管理得当的文化冲突反而可以提升企业竞争力 Passage 1 To many teens, nothing sounds worse than hanging out with their parents. But what if family bonds during adolescence (青春期) meant a better social life down the line? A study published in JAMA Pediatrics found that a close, supportive relationship with parents during middle and high school was associated with a variety of positive social indicators up to two decades later. Historically, social development research has relied on participants recalling their childhoods, a method which is subject to the limitations of memory. Instead, Dr. Robert C． Whitaker, an author of the new study and a professor of Columbia University, decided to take the traditional approach upside down. He and his colleagues used data following a nationally representative sample of teens from as early as seventh grade into their 30s and 40s. In their early years, the participants rated how much their family members understood them, how much fun they had together, and whether they felt cared for and wanted, among other indicators. Dr. Whitaker and his colleagues averaged each of the 7,018 participants’ various answers into individual “family connection scores”, then divided the participants into quartiles (四分位数). When the adolescents became adults, they were asked about the structure, function and quality of various social connections. Dr. Whitaker’s team found that adolescents in the highest group of family connection scores had a prevalence of high social connection in adulthood that was 23.4 percentage points greater than that of those in the lowest group. Only 16.1 percent of adolescents in the lowest group of family connection ended up with high social connection in adulthood. While the research did not examine the mechanisms at play, experts believe that parents who set a healthy relational tone were modeling skills and habits that their children could adopt and apply later on. The authors wrote that pediatricians (儿科医生) could help by supporting parents who did not grow up with such relationships. By helping parents feel safe and seen even during uncertain times, they concluded, the parents could in turn offer that stability to their children. 1．What has the research revealed? A．Family ties in teens shape socialization. B．Parent-child bonds emerge in adulthood. C．Parent care matters most in adolescence. D．Teenagers tend to resist parental company. 2．What can we learn about the research method adopted? A．It groups the participants by age. B．It takes a developmental perspective. C．It can be affected by memory faults. D．It involves a limited range of subjects. 3．What does the underlined word “prevalence” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Contradiction. B．Downside. C．Proportion. D．Contribution. 4．What do the authors of the study suggest pediatricians do? A．Explore the relational mechanisms. B．Correct parents’ relational perception. C．Model teens’ socialization on parents. D．Enhance parents’ security and visibility. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【原文】本文通过介绍专业研究成果，阐述青少年时期家庭关系对成年后社交能力的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A study published in JAMA Pediatrics found that a close, supportive relationship with parents during middle and high school was associated with a variety of positive social indicators up to two decades later. (发表在《美国医学会儿科杂志》上的一项研究发现，初中和高中时期与父母亲密、支持性的关系与20年后的各种积极社交指标相关。)”可知，研究揭示了青少年时期的家庭关系会塑造其社会化发展。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“He and his colleagues used data following a nationally representative sample of teens from as early as seventh grade into their 30s and 40s. (他和他的同事们使用的数据跟踪了一个具有全国代表性的青少年样本，从七年级开始一直到他们三四十岁。)”可知，这项研究采用了发展的视角，跟踪研究对象从青少年到成年的发展过程。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段中划线单词所在的句子“Dr. Whitaker’s team found that adolescents in the highest group of family connection scores had a prevalence of high social connection in adulthood that was 23.4 percentage points greater than that of those in the lowest group. (惠特克博士的团队发现，家庭联系得分最高组的青少年在成年后拥有高社交联系的prevalence比最低组高23.4个百分点。)”，特别是下文的百分比可知，prevalence在这里的意思是“比例”，与proportion意思相近。 1．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The authors wrote that pediatricians (儿科医生) could help by supporting parents who did not grow up with such relationships. By helping parents feel safe and seen even during uncertain times, they concluded, the parents could in turn offer that stability to their children. (作者写道，儿科医生可以通过支持那些没有在这种关系中长大的父母来提供帮助。他们总结说，通过帮助父母在不确定的时期感到安全和被关注，父母反过来可以为他们的孩子提供这种稳定。)”可知，研究作者建议儿科医生增强父母的安全感和被关注感。 Passage 2 Throwing your plastic bottles in the recycling bin may ease your guilt about your climate impact. But recycling plastic will not address the plastic pollution crisis — and it’s time we stop pretending as such. We’ve been misled to believe that sea turtles would stop choking on plastic waste if it’s faithfully stuck into the recycling bin. The cheat was intentional. Powerful fossil (化石) fuel and chemical companies knew in the 1970s plastic recycling would never handle the plastic waste. Consumers and policymakers then were also realizing the severe environmental consequences to single-use throwaway plastics. Feeling the heat, companies banded together to plant positive messaging about plastic recycling across society, to prevent restrictions on their products. Plastic wasn’t designed to be recycled. Roughly 16,000 chemicals can be found in plastic, many of them purposefully added for characteristics like flexibility, strength, color, and resistance to sunlight. Those chemical combinations vary considerably, and these different types must all be sorted and recycled separately. What’s more, plastic loses its functionality when recycled. A plastic bottle can only be recycled into another one two or three times before becoming something like carpeting or clothing, which typically ends up in a landfill polluting the air, water and soil. Thus, recycling doesn’t sustainably prevent plastic waste from the environment — it just delays it. In less than a century, plastic has reached every corner of the globe, even the most unexpected places: arctic sea ice, remote mountains, rain and even throughout our bodies. Micro plastics have been found in nearly every human organ system. A study published earlier this year in The Lancet found plastic is responsible for at least $1.5 trillion in health-related damages worldwide a year. So what can we do? First, companies need to reduce plastic production and shift to reusable and refillable systems. If reducing packaging or using reusable packaging is not possible, companies should at least shift to paper, cardboard, glass, or metal. These can be made from recycled materials and actually get recycled again. Companies are not going to do this on their own, which is why policymakers need to require them to do so. It’s the only way to guarantee people are prioritized over plastic. 1．Why was plastic recycling actually advocated in the first place? A．To restrict the cost of companies involved. B．To sustain plastic production and its market. C．To popularize single-use throwaway plastics. D．To reduce plastic waste on a substantial scale. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The functionality of recycled plastic. B．The chemicals plastic products contain. C．The process of plastic design and production. D．The reasons why plastic recycling is ineffective. 3．What does the author think of the presence of plastic? A．Unavoidable. B．Favorable. C．Confusing. D．Alarming. 4．How can people’s priority over plastic be ensured according to the author? A．By reusable and refillable systems. B．By flexibility of relevant policies. C．By sound governance and regulation. D．By alternative reusable packaging. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】文章主要指出塑料回收不能彻底解决塑料污染问题，分析其弊端并提出依靠政策监管治理污染的办法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Feeling the heat, companies banded together to plant positive messaging about plastic recycling across society, to prevent restrictions on their products.(感受到压力后，各大企业联手在社会上大肆宣传塑料回收的正面说法，以此规避自身产品受到限制)”可知，企业推广塑料回收，是为了避免产品受到限制，从而维持塑料生产与市场。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“Plastic wasn’t designed to be recycled. Roughly 16,000 chemicals can be found in plastic, many of them purposefully added for characteristics like flexibility, strength, color, and resistance to sunlight.(塑料本就并非为回收利用而制造。塑料中大约含有一万六千种化学物质，其中许多是为了赋予材料柔韧性、强度、色泽以及抗光照等特性而特意添加的)”可知，本段从材质、成分、回收性能等方面说明塑料回收效果差的原因。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In less than a century, plastic has reached every corner of the globe, even the most unexpected places: arctic sea ice, remote mountains, rain and even throughout our bodies.(在不到一个世纪的时间里，塑料已经遍布全球各个角落，甚至出现在北极海冰、偏远山区、雨水乃至人体之中这些意想不到的地方)”可知，塑料污染范围极广、危害巨大，现状令人忧心。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Companies are not going to do this on their own, which is why policymakers need to require them to do so. It’s the only way to guarantee people are prioritized over plastic.(企业不会主动做出改变，这就需要政策制定者出台规定约束它们。这是确保人类利益优先于塑料产业的唯一办法)”可知，企业不会主动改变，需要政策制定者出台要求，也就是通过完善的治理与监管来实现。 Passage 3 Our oceans are full of sophisticated (精密的), perfect traps: nets, hooks, fishing lines. Designed to capture animals destined for our dinner tables, they often catch other wildlife too. This accidental harvest is known as bycatch, and every year it kills millions of marine animals. It is also a dilemma for fishermen, since trapped creatures can damage equipment, costing time and money. “There are not very many conservation issues where conservationists, consumers, fishermen and resource users all want the same thing,” says marine biologist Matthew Savoca. “Everyone involved wants less bycatch.” Some bycatch prevention methods have already shown promise in field trials. A study in northern Peru’s Sechura Bay, for example, showed a turtle bycatch reduction of more than 60% thanks to LED-illuminated (照明) nets. Another approach is pingers — devices attached to fishing gear that emit sounds to warn echolocating animals away. In three Norwegian fisheries, pingers reduced bycatch of harbor porpoise by 94%. But these solutions have yet to be implemented on a large scale. The devices can be expensive, and the methods are not without downsides. LED lights may reduce target fish catch. Pingers are also linked with an increase in bycatch of seals, which seem to associate the sound with a potential meal. A low-tech approach may help small-scale fisheries reduce the bycatch of echolocating animals: fixing plastic water bottles to their nets. Detecting thin, fine nets is difficult for echolocators like dolphins, but water bottles are a more easily detectable obstacle that could help them avoid the nets. For a solution to work, policies and regulations need to be in place and enforced. Just as important, preventive measures need to be practical for fishermen and not add extra time and money to do the job. As marine sustainability scientist Lekelia Jenkins says, the smaller the change, the more likely fishermen are to adopt it. The human side of the issue also needs to be acknowledged. “Emotionally, fishermen around the world are beat up and beat down,” Jenkins says. “We say, ‘You’re the problem. You’re catching sea turtles and whales.’” She suggests that fishermen should be empowered and included in the discussions and development of solutions. 1．Why does Matthew Savoca list different groups of people? A．To examine their different roles in bycatch. B．To stress their shared wish to reduce bycatch. C．To explain why bycatch prevention takes time. D．To show how widely bycatch is underestimated. 2．What makes LED lights a less attractive solution? A．Bringing up training costs. B．Attracting seals to fishing boats. C．Leading to a smaller desired catch. D．Making fishing nets harder to handle. 3．How do plastic bottles help reduce dolphin bycatch? A．By helping the nets float better. B．By marking the nets for fishermen. C．By helping dolphins sense the danger. D．By blocking dolphins’ swimming path. 4．What does Jenkins imply about fishermen? A．They are to blame for bycatch. B．They deserve a voice in decisions. C．They prefer simple fishing methods. D．They should leave solutions to experts. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】主要阐述海洋中的捕捞工具常造成副渔获物现象，每年致使数百万海洋动物死亡，这对渔民而言也是难题。文中提到一些减少副渔获物的方法，如LED照明网、声呐发射器等，但这些方法存在成本高、有弊端等问题，还有利用塑料瓶的低技术方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段““There are not very many conservation issues where conservationists, consumers, fishermen and resource users all want the same thing,” says marine biologist Matthew Savoca. “Everyone involved wants less bycatch.”(海洋生物学家马修·萨沃卡说：“在保护问题上，很少有环保主义者、消费者、渔民和资源使用者都希望得到同一件事的情况。所有相关人员都希望减少副渔获物”)”可知，马修·萨沃卡列举不同群体的人，是为了强调他们都有减少副渔获物的共同愿望。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“LED lights may reduce target fish catch.(LED灯可能会减少目标鱼类的捕获量)”可知，LED灯因会导致期望捕获的鱼量减少，所以不是一个有吸引力的解决方案。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“A low-tech approach may help small-scale fisheries reduce the bycatch of echolocating animals: fixing plastic water bottles to their nets. Detecting thin, fine nets is difficult for echolocators like dolphins, but water bottles are a more easily detectable obstacle that could help them avoid the nets.(一种低技术含量的方法可能有助于小型渔业减少对回声定位动物的副渔获物：在渔网上固定塑料水瓶。对于像海豚这样的回声定位动物来说，探测细而薄的渔网很困难，但水瓶是一个更容易被探测到的障碍物，可以帮助它们避开渔网)”可知，塑料瓶能帮助海豚感知危险，从而减少被误捕。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“She suggests that fishermen should be empowered and included in the discussions and development of solutions.(她建议赋予渔民权力，并让他们参与解决方案的讨论和制定)”可知，詹金斯暗示渔民在决策中应该有发言权。 Passage 4 A simple and reliable modeling approach has been proposed for the precise assessment of terrestrial (陆地的) ecosystem gross (总的) primary productivity (GPP) , according to Lanzhou University. The newly proposed ecosystem light-use efficiency (eLUE) model marked a major breakthrough in global GPP remote sensing estimation, said the university. The joint research team comprises researchers from China, Japan, Australia and other countries. The study has been published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GPP through photosynthesis (光合作用) is a crucial ecosystem function that significantly influences food security, the carbon cycle, and climate change. “Given the context of climate change and carbon neutrality efforts, the precise assessment of GPP is of great significance for understanding the global carbon cycle and advancing climate governance,” said Ma Xuanlong, a professor at Lanzhou University and the study leader. Conventional remote sensing estimation methods have considerable uncertainties and restrict the precise accounting of global carbon budgets. To address this challenge, the study team proposed this simple yet effective eLUE model. Researchers innovatively took light-use efficiency at the ecosystem scale as the core of remote sensing inversion (反演) , constructing a new global GPP estimation framework entirely based on remote sensing observations. “This model features efficient calculation and controllable error, providing a new method and tool for global carbon cycle research and carbon budget accounting,” Ma said. Cross-validation results based on 120 global FLUXNET sites showed that the eLUE model demonstrated excellent accuracy and stability. This new model provides key technical support for the dynamic monitoring of ecosystem carbon absorption capacity. “This new study provides support for global carbon cycle modelling and ecosystem assessment. Moreover, it offers a scientific basis for carbon budget accounting and drafting climate governance strategies,” Ma said. 1．What is the eLUE model? A．A climate change monitor. B．An ecosystem data collector. C．A carbon release predictor. D．A remote sensing GPP estimator. 2．What is the main innovation of the eLUE model? A．Focus on on-site observations. B．Multi-country data cooperation. C．Light-use efficiency as the core. D．Precise calculation with zero error. 3．What does Ma stress about the new study in the last paragraph? A．Its significance. B．Its scientific foundation. C．Its application. D．Its further improvements. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explain a complex process. B．To present a research achievement. C．To promote a novel product. D．To compare two different methods. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】文章主要介绍了兰州大学等机构的研究团队提出了一种新的生态系统光能利用率（eLUE）模型，用于精确评估陆地生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The newly proposed ecosystem light-use efficiency (eLUE) model marked a major breakthrough in global GPP remote sensing estimation. (新提出的生态系统光能利用率（eLUE）模型标志着全球GPP遥感估算的重大突破。)”可知，eLUE模型是一个遥感GPP估计器。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers innovatively took light-use efficiency at the ecosystem scale as the core of remote sensing inversion (反演) , constructing a new global GPP estimation framework entirely based on remote sensing observations. (研究人员创新地将生态系统尺度的光能利用效率作为遥感反演的核心，构建了一个完全基于遥感观测的全球GPP估算新框架。)”可知，eLUE模型的主要创新是将光能利用效率作为核心。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This new study provides support for global carbon cycle modelling and ecosystem assessment. Moreover, it offers a scientific basis for carbon budget accounting and drafting climate governance strategies. (这项新研究为全球碳循环建模和生态系统评估提供了支持。此外，它还为碳预算核算和制定气候治理战略提供了科学依据。)”可知，马教授强调了新研究的重要性。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“A simple and reliable modeling approach has been proposed for the precise assessment of terrestrial (陆地的) ecosystem gross (总的) primary productivity (GPP) , according to Lanzhou University .(据兰州大学介绍，一种简单可靠的建模方法已被提出，用于精确评估陆地生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）。)”并结合全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了兰州大学等机构的研究团队提出了一种新的生态系统光能利用率（eLUE）模型，用于精确评估陆地生态系统总初级生产力（GPP），由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是展示一项研究成果。 Passage 5 The evolutionary path that led to the rise of modern humans is full of twists and turns, and the latest surprise is that our species likely evolved from two ancestral populations. Scientists have long thought that modern humans emerged from a single hominin (古人类) population in Africa between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago. However, a new study led by Richard Durbin, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge revealed that two groups of hominins split apart around 1.5 million years ago, only to reunite about 1.2 million years later, initiating a genetic mixing event that resulted in the birth of modern humanity. Instead of relying on ancient remains, researchers made use of modern human DNA from the 1,000 Genomes Project. By adding that dataset to a computational algorithm (算法), they produced a structured model that displayed two ancestral populations breaking apart and getting back together in ancient times. “The fact that we can reconstruct events from hundreds of thousands or millions of years ago just by looking at DNA today is astonishing,” said Durbin. The model shows in the years after the split, one of the two groups contracted temporarily. “Immediately after the two ancestral populations split, we see a severe bottleneck in one of them — suggesting it declined to a very small size before slowly growing over a period of one million years,” Durbin said. “This population would later contribute about 80% of the genetic material of modern humans. The second group, meanwhile, contributed around 20% of the genes, many of which are located far away from the functional regions of the genome. As for the identity of these ancestral populations, an element of mystery still remains. The researchers point to Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis as possible candidates, but further research is needed. Still, the genetic exchange shaping the modern human genome demonstrates that human evolution has involved splits and reunions. And that’s probably not limited to humans. 1．What is the highlight of the new study? A．It rewrites human origin. B．It compares two populations. C．It maps the human genome. D．It confirms evolution timeline. 2．Which best describes the method of the study? A．Practice-focused. B．Culture-based. C．Theory-guided. D．Data-driven. 3．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Species evolve in a clear and straight line. B．Genetic exchange may exist in other species. C．The status of the two groups has been identified. D．The two populations contributed equally in genes. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Our Closest Ancient Cousins. B．An Ancestral Get-Together. C．The Art of Encoding Human DNA． D．The Out-of-Africa Human Journey. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】主要介绍一项新研究表明现代人类源自两支古人类族群分化又融合的演化过程，颠覆了单一族群起源的旧观点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scientists have long thought that modern humans emerged from a single hominin (古人类) population in Africa between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago. However, a new study led by Richard Durbin, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge revealed that two groups of hominins split apart around 1.5 million years ago, only to reunite about 1.2 million years later, initiating a genetic mixing event that resulted in the birth of modern humanity. (长期以来，科学家一直认为，现代人类起源于三十万至二十万年前非洲的单一古人类种群。然而，剑桥大学遗传学家理查德・德宾主导的一项新研究表明，两类古人类种群约在150万年前分化，又在120万年后重新融合，由此引发的基因交融事件，最终孕育出了现代人类。)”可知，新研究打破人类单一起源的传统观点，重新阐释人类起源。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Instead of relying on ancient remains, researchers made use of modern human DNA from the 1,000 Genomes Project. By adding that dataset to a computational algorithm (算法), they produced a structured model that displayed two ancestral populations breaking apart and getting back together in ancient times.( 研究人员并未依赖古生物遗骸，而是利用了千人基因组计划中的现代人类DNA。通过将该数据集代入运算算法，他们构建出结构化模型，还原了远古时期两个远古族群分化又融合的过程。)”可知，该研究依托数据与算法开展，是以数据为支撑的研究方式。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Still, the genetic exchange shaping the modern human genome demonstrates that human evolution has involved splits and reunions. And that’s probably not limited to humans.( 尽管如此，这场塑造了现代人类基因组的基因交流表明，人类进化历程中一直存在种群的分化与融合，且这种现象可能并非人类独有。)”可知，人类的族群分化融合与基因交流现象，大概率也存在于其他物种当中。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“However, a new study led by Richard Durbin, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge revealed that two groups of hominins split apart around 1.5 million years ago, only to reunite about 1.2 million years later, initiating a genetic mixing event that resulted in the birth of modern humanity. (然而，剑桥大学遗传学家理查德・德宾主导的一项新研究表明，两类古人类种群约在150万年前分化，又在120万年后重新融合，由此引发的基因交融事件，最终孕育出了现代人类。)”可知，文章围绕远古两类古人类族群分裂、重逢融合并孕育现代人类展开，核心是远古祖先族群的汇合交融，因此“An Ancestral Get-Together(远古族群的交融)”最贴合全文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。 Passage 6 A recent study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University has revealed an interesting yet concerning phenomenon: AI systems with stronger reasoning capabilities often act more self-centeredly, focusing on their own objectives rather than external inputs, which negatively impacts human-AI group cooperation. The research team designed a series of cooperative games to test different large language models. In one resource-allocation game models with weak reasoning ability often distributed resources fairly to ensure both parties’ interests. However, those with high reasoning ability were more likely to adopt various strategies to seize more resources for themselves. In another task-assignment experiment, high-reasoning models prioritized parts beneficial to their own evaluation indicators and ignored the team’s overall progress, leading to low task efficiency. Researchers analyzed that this phenomenon is closely linked to the models’ training logic. Strong-reasoning large language models excel at calculating short-term maximum benefits. Trained to optimize human-set specific indicators — rarely including cooperation and altruism evaluations — they unconsciously prioritize individual interests when facing conflicts between personal and group gains. This finding alarms AI’s wide application. Currently, AI is increasingly used in fields requiring close cooperation, such as enterprise team management, public welfare planning, and emergency rescue command. Selfish AI behaviors here could cause serious consequences, for example, directing public welfare funds to high-visibility areas while ignoring urgent needs. To address this, researchers suggest adding social intelligence training — such as cooperation-related evaluation indicators and rewards for active collaboration — to AI training. Additionally, establishing a supervision mechanism in human-AI cooperation can restrict selfish tendencies and guide AI to prioritize overall interests. 1．What phenomenon does the recent study reveal? A．AI with stronger reasoning ability is more selfish B．AI can’t complete cooperation games independently. C．AI’s reasoning ability originates from external inputs. D．AI with weak reasoning ability is useless in teamwork. 2．What is the main approach used to present the research findings in paragraph 2? A．Giving an example. B．Making a comparison. C．Stating the opinions. D．Listing the benefits. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the wide application of high-reasoning AI? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Opposed. D．Indifferent. 4．What measures can be taken according to researchers’ suggestion? A．Cutting down AI’s reasoning capabilities significantly. B．Letting AI function completely without human involvement. C．Adding social intelligence training and human-AI supervision. D．Restricting a supervision mechanism in human-AI cooperation. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了AI的利与弊。研究显示，AI推理能力越强，越倾向追求自身目标而忽视合作，影响人机协作。需通过增加合作训练与监督机制加以纠正。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A recent study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University has revealed an interesting yet concerning phenomenon: AI systems with stronger reasoning capabilities often act more self-centeredly, focusing on their own objectives rather than external inputs, which negatively impacts human-AI group cooperation.(卡内基梅隆大学的研究人员近期开展的一项研究揭示了一个有趣但令人担忧的现象：具备更强推理能力的人工智能系统往往表现得更加自我中心，只关注自身的目标，而非外部输入，这对人与人工智能的协作产生了负面影响)”可知，最近的研究揭示了具有更强推理能力的智能体会更加自私。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The research team designed a series of cooperative games to test different large language models. In one resource-allocation game models with weak reasoning ability often distributed resources fairly to ensure both parties’ interests. However, those with high reasoning ability were more likely to adopt various strategies to seize more resources for themselves. In another task-assignment experiment, high-reasoning models prioritized parts beneficial to their own evaluation indicators and ignored the team’s overall progress, leading to low task efficiency.(研究团队设计了一系列合作游戏，以测试不同的大型语言模型。在一项资源分配游戏中，推理能力较弱的模型通常会公平分配资源，以确保双方的利益。然而，那些推理能力较强的模型则更有可能采取各种策略来为自己获取更多资源。在另一项任务分配实验中，高推理能力的模型优先考虑对自身评估指标有利的部分，而忽略了团队的整体进展，导致任务执行效率低下)”可知，在第二段中，用于呈现研究结果的主要方法是通过合作游戏展开对比，故选B。 3．推理判断题。作者首段点明高推理AI“行为更自私，影响人机合作”的问题，随后通过实验佐证其自私表现，再指出AI在企业管理、公益规划等合作领域的广泛应用场景，警示其自私行为可能引发的严重后果，最后引用研究者的解决方案。可知，作者对广泛应用高推理能力的人工智能是担忧态度。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To address this, researchers suggest adding social intelligence training — such as cooperation-related evaluation indicators and rewards for active collaboration — to AI training. Additionally, establishing a supervision mechanism in human-AI cooperation can restrict selfish tendencies and guide AI to prioritize overall interests.(为解决这一问题，研究人员建议在人工智能训练中加入社交智能训练内容，例如设置与合作相关的评估指标以及对积极协作给予奖励。此外，在人机合作中建立监督机制能够抑制自私倾向，并引导人工智能优先考虑整体利益)”可知，根据研究人员的建议，可以增加社交智能训练以及人机监督。故选C。 Passage 7 Currently, most packaging is single-use and is made with plastic materials obtained from nonrenewable resources like fossil oil that take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. On top of this, only 9% of plastic is recycled. This has resulted in the formation of floating piles of plastic garbage in the ocean, called “the Great Pacific Garbage Patch”. Perhaps the biggest contributor to plastic waste, at least in the United States, is plastic bags, the kind found at most stores. These bags, while sometimes recycled, are often only used once and can be found littered throughout the environment. To address this problem, Srinivas Janaswamy from South Dakota State University is working towards developing a plastic-like bag that will break down in the environment. The key ingredient of Janaswamy’s work? Cellulose (纤维素) . It’s a common organic substance on Earth and is found, primarily, in the cell walls of plants. Cellulose gives plants structural strength and firmness thanks to its chemical makeup and long, chain-like form. “By obtaining cellulose from agricultural products, value-added products can be created,” Janaswamy said. Janaswamy then met Anne Fennell, a leading researcher in the study of grapevines (葡萄藤) which are rich in cellulose. Every year, after the majority of new branches on the vine are cut off, they are either cut into pieces and buried in the soil or burned in some areas. “Since grapevines are plentiful and have insignificant use after harvest, why not use this for value-added films (薄膜) ?” Janaswamy thought. Janaswamy’s idea led to cooperation, and soon he was getting cellulose which looks almost like cotton — from grapevines. Janaswamy’s grapevine films are transparent (透明的) and strong, and break down within 17 days in the soil — leaving behind no harmful remains. “High transparency enhances product visibility and allows a quick check of the quality without even opening the package. These films demonstrate excellent promise for food packaging, ” Fennell said. 1．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning “the Great Pacific Garbage Patch” in Paragraph 1? A．The severe plastic pollution. B．The limits of recycling technology. C．The improper shopping habits. D．The promise of renewable resources. 2．Why is cellulose essential to Janaswamy’s plastic-like bags? A．It can be found everywhere. B．It can be recycled from food waste. C．It helps form strong structures. D．It breaks down into usable materials. 3．What advantage of the grapevine films does Fennell highlight in the last paragraph? A．Their low expenses. B．Their user-friendliness. C．Their easy production. D．Their energy-efficiency. 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A．The Plastic Pollution in the Pacific Ocean B．The Treatment of Grapevines After Harvest C．Cellulose: A Vital Organic Substance in Plant D．Grapevine Films: Eco-Friendly Plastic Alternative 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文介绍塑料包装污染严重的现状，科研人员利用葡萄藤中的纤维素研发可降解环保包装薄膜。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“This has resulted in the formation of floating piles of plastic garbage in the ocean, called “the Great Pacific Garbage Patch”.(这导致海洋中形成了漂浮的塑料垃圾堆，被称为“太平洋垃圾带”)”可知，作者提到太平洋垃圾带，是为了说明塑料污染问题十分严重。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Cellulose gives plants structural strength and firmness thanks to its chemical makeup and long, chain-like form.(纤维素因其化学结构和长链形态，能够为植物提供结构强度和硬度)”可知，纤维素能够形成坚固结构，是制作仿塑料包装袋的关键材料。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“High transparency enhances product visibility and allows a quick check of the quality without even opening the package.(高透明度提升产品可视度，不用打开包装就能快速检查物品质量)”可知，Fennell突出强调的是其高透明度带来的方便——不用打开包装就能快速检查食品质量，即对使用者非常友好。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，首段提出塑料污染问题，接着介绍利用纤维素，特别是葡萄藤中的纤维素，制成可降解的“薄膜/塑料袋”，最后强调这种葡萄藤薄膜透明、结实且可在土壤中快速降解，适合做食品包装。文章重点在于介绍一种以葡萄藤纤维素为原料的环保型塑料替代品。D项“葡萄藤薄膜：环保型塑料替代品”能概括文章主旨，适合作标题。 Passage 8 Eating from plastic takeout containers may significantly increase the chance of heart failure, a new study finds, and researchers suspect they have identified the reasons. The novel study from Chinese researchers adds to growing evidence of the risks associated with eating from plastic, and builds on previous evidence linking plastic chemicals to heart disease. The authors used a two-part method, first looking into how often over 3,000 people in China ate from plastic takeout containers, and whether they had heart disease. They then exposed rats to plastic chemicals in water that was boiled and poured into carryout containers to collect chemicals. Plastic can contain any of about 20,000 chemicals, and many of them, such as BPA, phthalates (邻苯二甲酸盐) and PFAS, present health risks. The chemicals are often found in food and food packaging, and are linked to a range of problems from cancer to reproductive harm. They put boiling water in the containers for one, five or 15 minutes because plastic chemicals come out at much higher rates when hot contents are placed in containers. The authors then gave rats the water polluted with chemicals from plastic to drink for several months, then analyzed the gut (肠道) bacteria and waste products in the feces. It found notable changes. “It showed that swallowing these chemicals changed the gut environment, affected gut bacteria composition, and changed gut bacteria waste products, particularly those linked to inflammation (炎症),” the authors wrote. They then checked the rats’ heart muscle tissue and found it had been damaged. The study did not find a significant difference in the changes and damage among rats that were exposed to water that had been in contact with plastic for one minute versus five or fifteen. The study does not make suggestions on how consumers can protect themselves. But public health supporters say to avoid microwaving or adding hot food to plastic containers at home, or cooking anything in plastic. Replacing plastic tools at home with glass, wood or stainless steel choices is also wise. 1．What is the key conclusion of the Chinese study? A．Plastic containers change food flavour. B．Chemicals in plastics may harm health. C．Hot liquids damage plastic structure. D．Gut bacteria help cause heart disease. 2．Why did researchers test with boiling water? A．To copy real food packaging situations. B．To compare different plastic types. C．To clean the containers thoroughly. D．To test plastic containers’ durability. 3．What did the study find about rats exposed to plastic chemicals? A．Their gut bacteria remained normal. B．Their waste products didn’t change. C．Effects varied with exposure time. D．Their heart tissue showed damage. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explain how gut bacteria affect heart function. B．To compare different types of food packaging materials. C．To introduce new plastic technologies in food preservation. D．To warn about health risks from certain food containers. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】主要介绍一项中国新研究发现塑料外卖容器中的化学物质可能损伤心肌，增加心衰风险，并给出相关健康建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Eating from plastic takeout containers may significantly increase the chance of heart failure, a new study finds, and researchers suspect they have identified the reasons.(一项新研究发现，使用塑料外卖容器就餐可能显著增加心力衰竭风险，研究人员认为已找到原因。)”可知，该研究核心结论是塑料中的化学物质可能危害健康。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They put boiling water in the containers for one, five or 15 minutes because plastic chemicals come out at much higher rates when hot contents are placed in containers.(他们将沸水放入容器1分钟、5分钟或15分钟，因为热的物品放入容器时，塑料化学物质析出速度会快得多。)”可知，使用沸水是为了模拟真实使用食品容器的场景。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“They then checked the rats’ heart muscle tissue and found it had been damaged.(随后他们检查了大鼠的心肌组织，发现心肌组织已受损。)”可知，研究发现接触塑料化学物质的大鼠心脏组织出现损伤。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Eating from plastic takeout containers may significantly increase the chance of heart failure, a new study finds, and researchers suspect they have identified the reasons. (一项新研究发现，使用塑料外卖容器就餐可能显著增加心力衰竭风险，研究人员认为已找到原因。)”和最后一段给出的避免使用塑料容器的建议可知，作者写作目的是警示塑料食品容器带来的健康风险。 Passage 9 At just 10 years old, Jo Nagai conducted an experiment that would surprise scientists around the world. By raising and training swallowtail caterpillars at home, Jo demonstrated that butterflies can retain memories formed during their larval (幼虫的) stage, even after undergoing complete metamorphosis. But what he discovered next was even more unexpected: those learned responses appeared to persist to the next generation. Metamorphosis is one of the most dramatic transformations in nature. A caterpillar essentially dissolves and rebuilds itself inside the chrysalis, emerging as a completely different creature. It seemed logical that any memories would be wiped away in the process. But Jo’s research told a different story. In the study, caterpillars were trained to associate a specific scent with an unpleasant experience. Later, after they had transformed into butterflies, researchers tested whether they still reacted to that same smell. Surprisingly, many of the butterflies avoided it. That reaction suggests something incredible — that memories formed during the caterpillar stage can survive the transformation into a butterfly. And then he took it even further. Journalist Annie Rosenthal, whose mother is Martha Weiss, an esteemed entomologist (昆虫学家), shared that his research also suggested caterpillars can pass memories down to their offspring. “He did his experiment again, but tested a second generation too, to see if they avoided the same smell he’d trained their parents to hate. And a few months later, he wrote to my mom that the results were clear. His butterflies had passed their memories on to their children,” Annie Rosenthal shared. While butterflies aren’t consciously teaching their babies like humans do, this finding hints that life experiences from one generation can influence the next — a phenomenon scientists are exploring under the lens of epigenetics (表观遗传学). 1．What did Jo Nagai find about butterflies after his experiment? A．They rebuild themselves quickly. B．They change responses to smells. C．They teach babies like humans. D．They keep and pass on memories. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．The influence of smells on butterflies’ life. B．The way butterflies avoid unpleasant smells. C．The process and result of Jo’s first experiment. D．The importance of training young caterpillars. 3．Why does the writer mention Annie’s mother? A．To introduce an expert. B．To show reliable evidence. C．To stress Jo’s character. D．To explain the long process. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Butterflies’ larval memory transfer. B．Butterflies’ amazing memory ability. C．Butterflies’ relevant epigenetics. D．Butterflies’ transformation mystery. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文讲述了10岁的Jo Nagai通过饲养、训练凤蝶幼虫所做的实验：蝴蝶在经历完全变态发育后，仍能保留幼虫时期形成的记忆，并且这种习得的记忆反应还能传递给下一代。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“By raising and training swallowtail caterpillars at home, Jo demonstrated that butterflies can retain memories formed during their larval (幼虫的) stage, even after undergoing complete metamorphosis.(通过在家饲养和训练凤蝶幼虫，Jo证明了蝴蝶即使在经历了完全变态后，也能保留幼虫阶段形成的记忆。)”和第四段“And a few months later, he wrote to my mom that the results were clear. His butterflies had passed their memories on to their children.(几个月后，他写信给我妈妈说结果很清楚。他的蝴蝶把记忆传给了下一代。)”可知，Jo Nagai在实验后发现蝴蝶能保留并传递记忆。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“In the study, caterpillars were trained to associate a specific scent with an unpleasant experience. Later, after they had transformed into butterflies, researchers tested whether they still reacted to that same smell. Surprisingly, many of the butterflies avoided it. That reaction suggests something incredible — that memories formed during the caterpillar stage can survive the transformation into a butterfly.(在这项研究中，研究人员训练毛毛虫将某种特定气味与不愉快的体验联系在一起。后来，在这些毛毛虫蜕变成蝴蝶之后，研究者测试它们是否仍然会对同一种气味做出反应。令人惊讶的是，许多蝴蝶都避开了这种气味。这一反应揭示了一个不可思议的事实：幼虫时期形成的记忆，在蜕变成蝴蝶的过程中得以保留下来。)”可知，第三段主要讲述了Jo的第一次实验的过程和结果。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Journalist Annie Rosenthal, whose mother is Martha Weiss, an esteemed entomologist (昆虫学家), shared that his research also suggested caterpillars can pass memories down to their offspring.(记者安妮·罗森塔尔的母亲是备受尊敬的昆虫学家玛莎·韦斯，她分享说，他的研究还表明，幼虫可以将记忆传递给后代。)”可知，作者提到安妮的母亲是为了说明安妮分享的Jo的研究结果是可靠的。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“By raising and training swallowtail caterpillars at home, Jo demonstrated that butterflies can retain memories formed during their larval (幼虫的) stage, even after undergoing complete metamorphosis.(通过在家饲养和训练凤蝶幼虫，Jo证明了蝴蝶即使在经历了完全变态后，也能保留幼虫阶段形成的记忆。)”和第四段“And a few months later, he wrote to my mom that the results were clear. His butterflies had passed their memories on to their children.(几个月后，他写信给我妈妈说结果很清楚。他的蝴蝶把记忆传给了下一代。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述了Jo Nagai进行的关于蝴蝶记忆的实验及其惊人发现，即蝴蝶幼虫记忆的转移。 Passage 10 First impressions can be harsh. One mistake, and you might feel like you’ll forever be seen as an idiot in someone’s eyes. However, I believe reality is kinder than that. Making a first impression is like trying to keep a door open with your foot. Many encounters with strangers are short and quick and may never happen again. Sometimes that can be a blessing: If the person you meet doesn’t care to remember you, you’ll quickly fade into the crowd of strangers in their mind, avoiding any negative or lasting impression. Other times, it can be disappointing — imagine striking up a conversation with someone interesting only to part ways before exchanging contact information. To avoid being forgotten, you need to do something memorable — but not something foolish. Make an impression by asking an insightful question or making someone laugh. This means taking risks and avoiding bland (乏味的) small talk; if that’s not what you offer, you’ll likely be pushed to the back of their memory, unlikely to be remembered again. But what if you messed up your first impression? And one day you see them looking at you, recalling the time you embarrassed yourself, and they’re walking toward you thinking, “I know you from somewhere …” In that case, your second impression needs to be better. In my 19 years of making first impressions — some not so great — I’ve found that people will give you a second chance if you give them something to care about. Just because you messed up the first time doesn’t mean you should withdraw and stop being interesting. You should try harder: Listen well, ask relevant questions, smile often, tell a joke, and share what you care about. None of this is a guaranteed “How to Make People Like You” guide, by the way. I’m not even sure if any of this works. But people seem to like talking to me, so maybe some of it does work. Anyway, if this is your first impression of me, I hope it’s been a good one. 1．What are first impressions like according to paragraph 2? A．Casual and interesting. B．Brief and temporary. C．Important and lasting. D．Negative and unstable. 2．How can you make a memorable first impression according to the author? A．By engaging in small talk. B．By avoiding risky behavior. C．By demonstrating insight or humor. D．By sharing your personal experiences. 3．What does the author recommend doing if you mess up your first impression? A．Apologizing immediately. B．Avoiding seeing the person again. C．Forgetting about the encounter. D．Making a better second impression. 4．What tone does the author take when discussing the effectiveness of the advice? A．Cold. B．Playful. C．Serious. D．Convincing. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述第一印象往往短暂易逝，教我们如何留下好印象，若初次印象不佳，也可以用更好的二次印象来弥补。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Making a first impression is like trying to keep a door open with your foot. Many encounters with strangers are short and quick and may never happen again. (留下第一印象，就好比用脚抵住一扇门不让它关上。与陌生人的许多相遇都短暂仓促，且或许此生不会再见。)”可知，第一印象是短暂且临时的。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“To avoid being forgotten, you need to do something memorable — but not something foolish. Make an impression by asking an insightful question or making someone laugh. (想要不被人遗忘，你需要做出令人印象深刻的举动，但绝不能是荒唐愚蠢的行为。你可以提出一个有深度的问题，或是逗他人发笑，以此留下好印象。)”可知，作者建议靠展现见解或是幽默感来留下难忘的第一印象。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“But what if you messed up your first impression? And one day you see them looking at you, recalling the time you embarrassed yourself, and they’re walking toward you thinking, “I know you from somewhere …”(可万一你搞砸了自己的第一印象该怎么办呢？某天你看见对方正望着你，回想起你当初出糗的模样，他们朝你走来，心里想着：“我好像在哪见过你……”)”和第五段“In that case, your second impression needs to be better.(既然如此，你需要打造一个更好的第二印象。)”可知，若是第一印象搞砸了，作者建议去营造更好的第二印象。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“None of this is a guaranteed “How to Make People Like You” guide, by the way. I’m not even sure if any of this works.(顺便说一下，这些都不是能保证让别人喜欢你的万能法则，我甚至不确定这些方法是否管用。)”可知，作者对自身建议的效果语气轻松随意，带着诙谐调侃的口吻。故选B项。 Passage 11 Just a few years ago, agricultural drones (农业无人机) were expensive, small and difficult to use, limiting their appeal to farmers. In contrast, today’s models can be flown immediately after purchase and carry loads weighing up to 220 pounds (100 kg). Agricultural drones are now similar to flying tractors (空中拖拉机) — they can perform numerous tasks using different hardware attachments. Common uses for drones on farms include spraying (喷洒) crops, spreading fertilizer, sowing seeds, transporting produce, dispensing fish feeds, painting greenhouses, monitoring livestock locations and well-being, mapping field topography and drainage, and measuring crop health. These features make drones valuable for growing numerous crops on farms of all sizes. Historically, most agricultural technology — tractors, for example — has spread from high-income countries to middle-and then lower-income ones over the course of many decades. Drones partially reversed (使完全相反) and dramatically accelerated this pattern, spreading first from East Asia to Southeast Asia, then to Latin America, and finally to North America and Europe. Their use in higher-income regions is more limited but is accelerating rapidly in the U.S. Shifting from applying chemicals with backpack sprayers to drones substantially reduces the risk of direct exposure to toxins for farmers and farm workers. However, because drones usually spray from a height of at least 6 feet (2 meters), if used improperly, they can spread droplets containing pesticides or herbicides to neighboring farms, waterways or bystanders. That can damage crops and endanger people and nature. Drones, which spray and spread fertilizers and seeds evenly and efficiently, save farmers time and money, so that less is wasted. Meanwhile, they reduce the need for smallholders — people who farm less than 5 acres (2 hectares) — to do dangerous and tiring manual spraying and spreading work on their own farms. They also remove the need to hire workers to do the same. However, governments may need to find ways to help displaced workers find new jobs. In combination, these factors may increase the amount of food that can be produced on each acre of land, while reducing the amount of resources needed to do so. In the past five years, millions of farmers around the world have embraced drones. 1．What can be known about agricultural drones from paragraph 2? A．They enjoy great popularity. B．They come with multiple functions. C．They are quite affordable. D．They cause widespread unemployment. 2．What is special about agricultural drones? A．Their spreading pattern. B．Their operating principle. C．Their research and development. D．Their low-price marketing strategy. 3．What is the author’s attitude to agricultural drones? A．Objective. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Dismissive. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Drones Revolutionize American Agriculture B．Drones Increase Farmers’ Working Costs C．Agricultural Drones Are Taking Off Globally D．Agricultural Drones Do Good to Environment 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了农业无人机的升级变化与多样用途，对比了农业无人机与传统农业技术截然不同的传播模式，客观阐述了农业无人机在农业生产中的优势与使用隐患，展现出农业无人机在全球范围内快速推广普及的发展趋势。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Agricultural drones are now similar to flying tractors — they can perform numerous tasks using different hardware attachments.(如今的农业无人机如同飞行拖拉机，搭配不同配件可完成多项工作)”可知，如今的农业无人机搭配不同配件可完成多项工作，所以此处说的是农业无人机具备多种功能。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“Historically, most agricultural technology — tractors, for example — has spread from high-income countries to middle-and then lower-income ones over the course of many decades. Drones partially reversed (使完全相反) and dramatically accelerated this pattern, spreading first from East Asia to Southeast Asia, then to Latin America, and finally to North America and Europe (长久以来多数农业技术从高收入国家逐步向外传播，而无人机扭转并加快了这一传播模式)”可知，农业无人机的特别之处在于其独特的传播模式。故选 A 项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shifting from applying chemicals with backpack sprayers to drones substantially reduces the risk of direct exposure to toxins for farmers and farmworkers. However, because drones usually spray from a height of at least 6 feet (2 meters), if used improperly, they can spread droplets containing pesticides or herbicides to neighboring farms, waterways or bystanders. That can damage crops and endanger people and nature(从使用背负式喷雾器施用化学品转变为使用无人机，大幅降低了农民和农场工人直接接触有毒物质的风险。然而，由于无人机通常在至少6英尺（2米）的高度进行喷洒，若使用不当，含有农药或除草剂的液滴便会扩散至邻近农田、水道或波及旁观者。这既会损害农作物，又会危及人类与自然环境)”以及倒数第二段“Drones, which spray and spread fertilizers and seeds evenly and efficiently, save farmers time and money, so that less is wasted. Meanwhile, they reduce the need for smallholders — people who farm less than 5 acres (2 hectares) — to do dangerous and tiring manual spraying and spreading work on their own farms. They also remove the need to hire workers to do the same. However, governments may need to find ways to help displaced workers find new jobs(无人机能够均匀且高效地喷洒、播撒肥料和种子，为农民节省了时间和成本，从而减少了资源浪费。与此同时，它们降低了小农户——即耕种面积不足5英亩（2公顷）的群体——亲自在自家农场从事危险且繁重的人工喷洒与播撒工作的需求。这也免去了雇佣工人来完成同样工作的需要。然而，政府或许需要设法帮助失业工人寻找新的就业岗位)”可知，文章既介绍了农业无人机能够降低劳作风险、节约成本、提升生产效率等诸多优点，也说明了其使用不当会危害周边环境、影响他人，还会造成部分劳动力失业等弊端。作者客观全面地陈述利弊，不带个人偏向，由此可判断作者的态度是客观的。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Just a few years ago, agricultural drones (无人机) were expensive, small and difficult to use, limiting their appeal to farmers. In contrast, today’s models can be flown immediately after purchase and carry loads weighing up to 220 pounds (100 kg).(就在几年前，农业无人机不仅价格昂贵、体型小巧，而且操作难度大，这大大限制了它们对农民的吸引力。相比之下，如今的无人机型号一经购买即可立即投入使用，且载重能力高达220磅（100公斤）)”、第三段“Historically, most agricultural technology — tractors, for example — has spread from high-income countries to middle-and then lower-income ones over the course of many decades. Drones partially reversed (使完全相反) and dramatically accelerated this pattern, spreading first from East Asia to Southeast Asia, then to Latin America, and finally to North America and Europe (长久以来多数农业技术从高收入国家逐步向外传播，而无人机扭转并加快了这一传播模式)”以及倒数第二段“Drones, which spray and spread fertilizers and seeds evenly and efficiently, save farmers time and money, so that less is wasted. Meanwhile, they reduce the need for smallholders — people who farm less than 5 acres (2 hectares) — to do dangerous and tiring manual spraying and spreading work on their own farms. They also remove the need to hire workers to do the same. However, governments may need to find ways to help displaced workers find new jobs(无人机能够均匀且高效地喷洒、播撒肥料和种子，为农民节省了时间和成本，从而减少了资源浪费。与此同时，它们降低了小农户——即耕种面积不足5英亩（2公顷）的群体——亲自在自家农场从事危险且繁重的人工喷洒与播撒工作的需求。这也免去了雇佣工人来完成同样工作的需要。然而，政府或许需要设法帮助失业工人寻找新的就业岗位)”以及最后一段“In the past five years, millions of farmers around the world have embraced drones(在过去五年里，全球数以百万计的农民已开始广泛采用无人机)”可知，文章介绍了农业无人机的功能优势、特殊的全球传播路径，辩证分析其利弊，文末提到全球数百万农民已开始使用农业无人机。全文围绕农业无人机在全球快速发展、广泛应用展开。C项“Agricultural Drones Are Taking Off Globally(农业无人机正在全球范围内蓬勃发展)”表达的含义符合语境，适合用作本文标题。故选C项。 Passage 12 When people think about improving their health, they usually focus on diet and exercise. However, research suggests that spending time on friendships can be just as powerful. Feeling supported and cared for helps protect people from serious diseases such as heart problems and also reduces daily stress. Strong relationships are also linked to greater creativity, higher job satisfaction, and a lower risk of burnout. Therefore, social connection is a basic need that quietly supports both physical and mental well-being. If relationships are so important, why do many people struggle to build them? Psychology has identified a major reason called the “liking gap”. Studies by Erica Boothby and Gus Cooney found that after short conversations, we usually believe others like us less than they actually do. Because of this misunderstanding, we may avoid contacting new friends again, wrongly assuming we made a poor impression. This silent doubt keeps many potential friendships from growing. To break through these fears, the key is to help others feel truly understood. When people sense that someone shares their thoughts or understands their feelings, trust begins to form. This feeling does not require perfect words. It comes from clear responses, honest reactions, and a willingness to show that we are really listening. Once this sense of mutual (相互的) understanding is built, the fear of rejection slowly disappears. Based on this idea, simple actions can make a real difference. Try repeating part of what someone has said, showing agreement, or sharing a small personal experience. These steps often encourage the other person to open up as well. Many people also hold back compliments (表扬) or worries because they think it will feel awkward, but honesty and kind words are usually welcomed. Start small, such as asking a classmate about their day or thanking a colleague for help. With regular practice, social interaction becomes more natural, and strong, healthy relationships begin to grow. 1．What can be learned about social connection from paragraph 1? A．It is essential for human health. B．It primarily benefits one’s career. C．It is a secondary life requirement. D．It serves as an alternative for exercise. 2．What does the “liking gap” mainly lead to? A．Misjudgment of others’ opinions. B．Hesitation in forming new connections. C．Feelings of embarrassment and anger. D．Unnecessary conflicts between people. 3．What is the key to building trust in relationships? A．Lowering the risk of being rejected. B．Using polite and professional language. C．Reducing one’s true reactions and feelings. D．Showing genuine attention and understanding. 4．What message does the author convey in the last paragraph? A．Complex skills lead to social success. B．Private stories require careful sharing. C．Simple acts build strong connections. D．Regular praise ensures deep friendship. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社交联系对身心健康的重要性、人们难以建立友谊的“好感差距”心理原因，以及建立良好人际关系的简单方法。 1．细节理解题。根据原文第一段“Therefore, social connection is a basic need that quietly supports both physical and mental well-being. (因此，社交联系是一种基本需求，在潜移默化中支撑着人们的身心健康。)” 可知，社交联系对人类健康至关重要。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据原文第二段“Psychology has identified a major reason called the “liking gap”. Studies by Erica Boothby and Gus Cooney found that after short conversations, we usually believe others like us less than they actually do. (心理学界已经证实了一个被称为“好感差距”的重要原因。Erica Boothby和Gus Cooney的研究发现：在短暂交谈后，我们往往会低估别人对自己的好感程度。)”及“Because of this misunderstanding, we may avoid contacting new friends again, wrongly assuming we made a poor impression. (由于这种误解，我们可能会避免再次联系新朋友，错误地认为自己给别人留下了不好的印象。)” 可知，“好感差距”主要导致人们在建立新的社交联系时犹豫不决。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“To break through these fears, the key is to help others feel truly understood. (要克服这些恐惧，关键是让他人感受到真正的理解。)” 和“It comes from clear responses, honest reactions, and a willingness to show that we are really listening. (它来自清晰的回应、真诚的反应以及愿意表现出我们在认真倾听。)” 可知，建立信任的关键是表现出真诚的关注和理解。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据原文最后一段“Based on this idea, simple actions can make a real difference. (基于这一观点，简单的行动就能带来真正的改变。)”及“With regular practice, social interaction becomes more natural, and strong, healthy relationships begin to grow. (通过不断练习，社交互动会变得更加自然，牢固而健康的人际关系也会逐渐建立起来。)” 可知，作者在最后一段传达的信息是简单的行为可以建立牢固的联系。故选C。 Passage 13 Beneath the forest floor lies a complex network that allows trees to communicate, share resources, and even protect one another. Known as the “wood wide web”, this system is made up of underground fungi (真菌) that connect the roots of different trees. Through these fungal threads (菌丝), a tree can send nutrients to a weaker neighbor, warn others about insect attacks, or exchange information about environmental changes. Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1990s while studying Douglas fir trees in British Columbia. They found that when a tree was attacked by pests, it released chemicals that traveled through the fungal network, warning nearby trees to strengthen their defenses. In some cases, older trees — called “mother trees” — were found to support young seedlings by sending them carbon and water, helping them survive in dark undergrowth. This discovery challenges the traditional view of forests as collections of independent organisms. Instead, they function as interconnected communities where cooperation is essential. For indigenous (本地的) peoples, this idea is not new. Many have long regarded forests as living beings and trees as relatives that care for one another. However, modern forestry practices, such as clear-cutting, cause the delicate fungal network to break down. When large areas of trees are removed, the fungal connections break down, and the remaining trees lose their ability to communicate and support each other. This not only harms individual trees but also weakens the entire ecosystem. The wood wide web reminds us that nature is a complex system built on interdependence. To protect forests, we must understand and respect these hidden connections, which reveal that the true strength of a forest lies not in its towering individuals, but in the unseen bonds that unite them. Only by safeguarding these underground links can we ensure that future generations will continue to benefit from the quiet cooperation of the trees. 1．What is the “wood wide web” composed of? A．Roots of different trees. B．Threads of underground fungi. C．Nutrients and chemical signals. D．Insects living in the forest floor. 2．What was found in the study of Douglas fir trees? A．Pests can destroy the fungal network easily. B．The network is unique to Douglas fir forests. C．Trees send warning signals via the fungal network. D．Mother trees compete with young trees for resources. 3．How has the discovery changed people’s view of forests? A．It confirms that forests consist of independent trees. B．It indicates that cooperation is essential in forest communities. C．It implies that indigenous peoples have little knowledge of forests. D．It shows that trees are more independent than previously assumed. 4．What message does the last paragraph mainly convey? A．Advanced technology will solve ecological issues. B．Individual trees are unimportant to the ecosystem. C．Scientific discovery is more valuable than traditional wisdom. D．Protecting underground links is vital for the future of forests. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍森林地下由真菌构成的“树木万维网”，及其功能、相关发现、面临的威胁和保护意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Known as the “wood wide web”, this system is made up of underground fungi (真菌) that connect the roots of different trees. (这种被称为“树木万维网”的系统由连接不同树木根系的地下真菌组成)”可知，“树木万维网”是由地下真菌的菌丝构成的。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1990s while studying Douglas fir trees in British Columbia. They found that when a tree was attacked by pests, it released chemicals that traveled through the fungal network, warning nearby trees to strengthen their defenses.(科学家们在20世纪90年代研究不列颠哥伦比亚省的花旗松时首次发现了这种现象。他们发现，当一棵树受到害虫攻击时，它会释放出化学物质，这些化学物质通过真菌网络传播，警告附近的树木加强防御)”可知，在对花旗松的研究中发现，树木会通过真菌网络发送警告信号。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This discovery challenges the traditional view of forests as collections of independent organisms. Instead, they function as interconnected communities where cooperation is essential.(这一发现挑战了人们将森林视为独立生物集合的传统观点。相反，它们作为相互关联的群落发挥作用，在这些群落中，合作至关重要)”可知，这一发现改变了人们对森林的看法，表明合作在森林群落中至关重要。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“To protect forests, we must understand and respect these hidden connections, which reveal that the true strength of a forest lies not in its towering individuals, but in the unseen bonds that unite them. Only by safeguarding these underground links can we ensure that future generations will continue to benefit from the quiet cooperation of the trees.(为了保护森林，我们必须理解并尊重这些隐藏的联系，这表明一片森林的真正力量不在于其高大的单棵树木，而在于将它们凝聚在一起的、看不见的联结。只有守护好这些地下的联结，我们才能确保后代能够继续从树木的默默协作中受益)”可知，最后一段主要传达的信息是保护地下联系对森林的未来至关重要。故选D项。 Passage 14 Modern agriculture’s pursuit of higher yields is silently destroying the very foundation of our food system: soil resilience (韧劲). This vital concept refers to the capacity of soil to resist, adapt to and recover from disturbances — whether from routine farming or extreme environmental events such as droughts and floods. A recent comprehensive study found that widespread intensive practices like plowing, fertilizer application, and irrigation are steadily weakening this critical capacity. While boosting short-term production, these methods remove precious organic matter, compact (压实) the ground, and disturb its delicate ecosystem. Consequently, soils become less able to cope with stresses, leading to worsening erosion (侵蚀) and declining long-term productivity. The research, published in the journal NPJ Sustainable Agriculture, identifies several severe threats. The foremost is erosion driven by over-ploughing and deforestation, which removes fertile layers that took centuries to develop. Other major risks include pollution from pesticides and microplastics, as well as compaction from heavy machinery. Scientists emphasize that soil supports around 95% of global food production and stores more carbon than all the world’s forests combined and the decline of it is therefore a profound environmental crisis. According to lead author Dr. Alison Carswell, healthy resilient soils are central not only to the foundation of food security but also to biodiversity and climate stability. She cautions that many current practices risk pushing farming systems toward permanent “tipping points” of collapse — points of no return — threatening global trade and stability. These complex challenges demand our attention. The path forward requires farmers to balance immediate productivity with long-term soil health. Alternatives ranging from conservation farming to integrated pest management can help restore resilience. However, most solutions involve difficult choices, or difficult compromises, demanding a strategic shift in land management. With the UN estimating one-third of global soils already damaged, and food demand rising, the call for change is increasingly urgent. This pressing issue affects everyone. As Dr. Carswell concludes, “Breaking the cycle of soil damage is possible, but it demands a fundamental rethinking — prioritizing resilience for the coming decades, not just the next season.” 1．How does the author explain soil resilience? A．By giving examples. B．By defining it directly. C．By making a comparison. D．By citing research findings. 2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 2? A．Food production. B．Carbon storage. C．The forest. D．The soil. 3．What does Dr. Carswell advocate? A．Valuing present farming methods. B．Prioritizing short-term productivity. C．Focusing on long-term soil health. D．Raising farming productivity greatly. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Modern Agriculture Is Destroying Soil. B．Technology Is Revolutionizing Farming. C．Land Management Needs Urgent Change. D．Food Security Requires Rethinking Now. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了现代农业追求高产的做法正在悄然破坏土壤的韧性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“This vital concept refers to the capacity of soil to resist, adapt to and recover from disturbances — whether from routine farming or extreme environmental events such as droughts and floods.(这个至关重要的概念指的是土壤抵抗、适应和从干扰中恢复的能力——无论是来自常规农业还是极端环境事件，如干旱和洪水。)”可知，作者直接用下定义的方法解释了土壤韧性。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Scientists emphasize that soil supports around 95% of global food production and stores more carbon than all the world’s forests combined and the decline of it is therefore a profound environmental crisis.(科学家强调，土壤支持着全球约95%的粮食生产，储存的碳比世界上所有森林的总和还要多，因此它的衰退是一场深刻的环境危机。)”可知，it指代的是前文提到的“soil”，即土壤。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The path forward requires farmers to balance immediate productivity with long-term soil health.(前进的道路要求农民平衡短期生产力和长期土壤健康。)”和“Breaking the cycle of soil damage is possible, but it demands a fundamental rethinking — prioritizing resilience for the coming decades, not just the next season.(打破土壤破坏的循环是可能的，但这需要从根本上重新思考——优先考虑未来几十年的韧性，而不仅仅是下一个季节。)”可知，Carswell博士主张关注长期土壤健康。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Modern agriculture’s pursuit of higher yields is silently destroying the very foundation of our food system: soil resilience.(现代农业对高产的追求正在悄然破坏我们粮食系统的基础：土壤韧性。)”和文章接下来详细阐述了现代农业对土壤的破坏以及改变土地管理方式的紧迫性可知，文章主要讨论的是现代农业正在破坏土壤。故选A。 Passage 15 Culture clash means the tensions and conflicts caused by different working habits, communication styles, and ways of thinking inside a company. This often happens between employees of different generations, separate departments, or people from various cultural backgrounds. With the rapid growth of remote work and the wide use of AI technology, workplaces have become more complex. This leads to more frequent misunderstandings and frictions among colleagues. There are three main factors that cause such conflicts. First, employees at different career stages often have different ideas about company development and management. For example, young workers may want quick changes, while senior staff may prefer stability. Disagreements about corporate culture often push many talented employees to leave their jobs. Second, cross-cultural differences can easily cause misunderstandings when companies do business internationally. What is polite in one culture may be rude in another. Third, company mergers often lead to clear culture clashes because the two companies usually have very different values and rules. Although culture clash is hard to avoid in modern companies, effective methods can be used to reduce its bad influence. Respecting cultural differences and valuing the strengths of each group are very necessary. Clear and regular communication helps build trust and understanding. Providing professional cross-cultural training can also improve cooperation and cut down on unnecessary conflicts. If managed correctly, culture clash will not hurt the organization. Instead, it can help create a more positive and active working environment, strengthen team spirit and cooperation, and further improve the company’s overall competitiveness in the global market. 1．What is the text mainly about? A．Keys to managing cross-cultural conflicts B．Reasons for global market success. C．Ways to reduce employee stress. D．Causes and solutions to culture clash. 2．According to the text, why might talented employees choose to leave their jobs? A．They are unwilling to accept different working styles. B．They prefer working in companies with different rules. C．They find it hard to agree with the company’s culture. D．They are dissatisfied with their salary and benefits. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph about culture clash? A．It can be a driving force for company growth. B．It has little impact on a company’s development. C．It is the main cause of employee turnover. D．It should be possibly avoided in global business. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards culture clash? A．Doubtful. B．Hopeful. C．Worried. D．Uncaring. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了职场中文化冲突的成因、影响以及如何将其转化为积极因素，促进公司发展。   1．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段“Culture clash means the tensions and conflicts caused by different working habits, communication styles, and ways of thinking inside a company. This often happens between employees of different generations, separate departments, or people from various cultural backgrounds.(文化冲突是指公司内部由于不同的工作习惯、沟通方式和思维方式而引起的紧张和冲突。这种情况经常发生在不同年龄、不同部门或不同文化背景的员工之间)”介绍文化冲突的定义与发生场景；第二段中心句为“There are three main factors that cause such conflicts.(造成这种冲突的主要因素有三个)”，本段详细说明文化冲突产生的三大原因；第三段中心句为“Although culture clash is hard to avoid in modern companies, effective methods can be used to reduce its bad influence.(虽然在现代企业中，文化冲突是难以避免的，但可以采取有效的方法来减少其不良影响)”，本段阐述缓解文化冲突负面影响的有效方法；第四段说明合理管理文化冲突的积极意义。根据全文内容可知，文章主要围绕文化冲突的成因与解决办法展开论述。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Disagreements about corporate culture often push many talented employees to leave their jobs.(关于企业文化的分歧常常迫使许多有才华的员工离职)”可知，有才华的员工离职是因为无法认同公司的文化。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If managed correctly, culture clash will not hurt the organization. Instead, it can help create a more positive and active working environment, strengthen team spirit and cooperation, and further improve the company’s overall competitiveness in the global market.(如果管理得当，文化冲突不会伤害组织。相反，它可以帮助创造一个更加积极主动的工作环境，加强团队精神和合作，进一步提高公司在全球市场上的整体竞争力)”可推断，文化冲突若处理得当，可以成为公司发展的动力。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段作者指出文化冲突若管理得当可带来积极影响，如“create a more positive and active working environment, strengthen team spirit and cooperation, and further improve the company’s overall competitiveness(创造一个更加积极主动的工作环境，加强团队精神和合作，进一步提高公司在全球市场上的整体竞争力)”，可以看出作者对文化冲突持积极、抱有希望的态度。故选B。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027届高考英语一轮复习（江苏专用） 阅读理解说明文15篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 一项长期追踪研究表明青少年时期良好的家庭关系，能够对成年后的社交能力产生积极长远影响 2 剖析塑料回收骗局，指出塑料回收无法根治塑料污染，需要依靠政策管控减少塑料生产 3 介绍渔业副渔获（误捕海洋动物）带来的危害，对比多种减误捕方案的优缺点，呼吁让渔民参与解决方案制定 4 兰州大学科研团队研发 eLUE 模型，实现陆地生态系统总初级生产力的精准遥感估算，助力全球碳循环研究 5 新的基因研究颠覆人类单一起源观点，指出现代人类由两支远古族群分化再融合演化而来 6 实验发现推理能力越强的人工智能，在人机协作中越容易出现利己自私倾向，给出 AI 训练与监管的改进方案 7 科研人员利用葡萄藤中的纤维素研发出可快速降解、透明安全的环保包装薄膜，作为一次性塑料替代品 8 中国研究发现使用塑料外卖容器盛放高温食物，析出的化学物质会改变肠道菌群，最终损伤心肌，增加心衰风险 9 一项少年实验证明，蝴蝶幼虫阶段习得的记忆可历经变态发育保留下来，并且还能够遗传给下一代 10 论述第一印象往往短暂易逝；若初次印象不佳，可通过真诚交流打造更好的第二印象，改善人际关系 11 介绍农业无人机的强大功能、与众不同的全球推广路径，客观分析它在农业应用当中的利弊与发展前景 12 社交联结有益于身心健康；心理学 “好感差距” 阻碍人们建立新友谊，提出用简单真诚行动培养良好人际关系 13 介绍森林地下由真菌菌丝构成的 “树木万维网”，树木借此互通信息、共享资源；现代砍伐行为正破坏这一地下生态网络 14 现代农业过度耕作等高产措施正在不断削弱土壤韧性，造成土壤退化；呼吁人们重视土壤长期健康，转变土地管理模式 15 阐释企业内部文化冲突产生的三大成因，给出化解冲突的对策，指出管理得当的文化冲突反而可以提升企业竞争力 Passage 1 To many teens, nothing sounds worse than hanging out with their parents. But what if family bonds during adolescence (青春期) meant a better social life down the line? A study published in JAMA Pediatrics found that a close, supportive relationship with parents during middle and high school was associated with a variety of positive social indicators up to two decades later. Historically, social development research has relied on participants recalling their childhoods, a method which is subject to the limitations of memory. Instead, Dr. Robert C． Whitaker, an author of the new study and a professor of Columbia University, decided to take the traditional approach upside down. He and his colleagues used data following a nationally representative sample of teens from as early as seventh grade into their 30s and 40s. In their early years, the participants rated how much their family members understood them, how much fun they had together, and whether they felt cared for and wanted, among other indicators. Dr. Whitaker and his colleagues averaged each of the 7,018 participants’ various answers into individual “family connection scores”, then divided the participants into quartiles (四分位数). When the adolescents became adults, they were asked about the structure, function and quality of various social connections. Dr. Whitaker’s team found that adolescents in the highest group of family connection scores had a prevalence of high social connection in adulthood that was 23.4 percentage points greater than that of those in the lowest group. Only 16.1 percent of adolescents in the lowest group of family connection ended up with high social connection in adulthood. While the research did not examine the mechanisms at play, experts believe that parents who set a healthy relational tone were modeling skills and habits that their children could adopt and apply later on. The authors wrote that pediatricians (儿科医生) could help by supporting parents who did not grow up with such relationships. By helping parents feel safe and seen even during uncertain times, they concluded, the parents could in turn offer that stability to their children. 1．What has the research revealed? A．Family ties in teens shape socialization. B．Parent-child bonds emerge in adulthood. C．Parent care matters most in adolescence. D．Teenagers tend to resist parental company. 2．What can we learn about the research method adopted? A．It groups the participants by age. B．It takes a developmental perspective. C．It can be affected by memory faults. D．It involves a limited range of subjects. 3．What does the underlined word “prevalence” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Contradiction. B．Downside. C．Proportion. D．Contribution. 4．What do the authors of the study suggest pediatricians do? A．Explore the relational mechanisms. B．Correct parents’ relational perception. C．Model teens’ socialization on parents. D．Enhance parents’ security and visibility. Passage 2 Throwing your plastic bottles in the recycling bin may ease your guilt about your climate impact. But recycling plastic will not address the plastic pollution crisis — and it’s time we stop pretending as such. We’ve been misled to believe that sea turtles would stop choking on plastic waste if it’s faithfully stuck into the recycling bin. The cheat was intentional. Powerful fossil (化石) fuel and chemical companies knew in the 1970s plastic recycling would never handle the plastic waste. Consumers and policymakers then were also realizing the severe environmental consequences to single-use throwaway plastics. Feeling the heat, companies banded together to plant positive messaging about plastic recycling across society, to prevent restrictions on their products. Plastic wasn’t designed to be recycled. Roughly 16,000 chemicals can be found in plastic, many of them purposefully added for characteristics like flexibility, strength, color, and resistance to sunlight. Those chemical combinations vary considerably, and these different types must all be sorted and recycled separately. What’s more, plastic loses its functionality when recycled. A plastic bottle can only be recycled into another one two or three times before becoming something like carpeting or clothing, which typically ends up in a landfill polluting the air, water and soil. Thus, recycling doesn’t sustainably prevent plastic waste from the environment — it just delays it. In less than a century, plastic has reached every corner of the globe, even the most unexpected places: arctic sea ice, remote mountains, rain and even throughout our bodies. Micro plastics have been found in nearly every human organ system. A study published earlier this year in The Lancet found plastic is responsible for at least $1.5 trillion in health-related damages worldwide a year. So what can we do? First, companies need to reduce plastic production and shift to reusable and refillable systems. If reducing packaging or using reusable packaging is not possible, companies should at least shift to paper, cardboard, glass, or metal. These can be made from recycled materials and actually get recycled again. Companies are not going to do this on their own, which is why policymakers need to require them to do so. It’s the only way to guarantee people are prioritized over plastic. 1．Why was plastic recycling actually advocated in the first place? A．To restrict the cost of companies involved. B．To sustain plastic production and its market. C．To popularize single-use throwaway plastics. D．To reduce plastic waste on a substantial scale. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The functionality of recycled plastic. B．The chemicals plastic products contain. C．The process of plastic design and production. D．The reasons why plastic recycling is ineffective. 3．What does the author think of the presence of plastic? A．Unavoidable. B．Favorable. C．Confusing. D．Alarming. 4．How can people’s priority over plastic be ensured according to the author? A．By reusable and refillable systems. B．By flexibility of relevant policies. C．By sound governance and regulation. D．By alternative reusable packaging. Passage 3 Our oceans are full of sophisticated (精密的), perfect traps: nets, hooks, fishing lines. Designed to capture animals destined for our dinner tables, they often catch other wildlife too. This accidental harvest is known as bycatch, and every year it kills millions of marine animals. It is also a dilemma for fishermen, since trapped creatures can damage equipment, costing time and money. “There are not very many conservation issues where conservationists, consumers, fishermen and resource users all want the same thing,” says marine biologist Matthew Savoca. “Everyone involved wants less bycatch.” Some bycatch prevention methods have already shown promise in field trials. A study in northern Peru’s Sechura Bay, for example, showed a turtle bycatch reduction of more than 60% thanks to LED-illuminated (照明) nets. Another approach is pingers — devices attached to fishing gear that emit sounds to warn echolocating animals away. In three Norwegian fisheries, pingers reduced bycatch of harbor porpoise by 94%. But these solutions have yet to be implemented on a large scale. The devices can be expensive, and the methods are not without downsides. LED lights may reduce target fish catch. Pingers are also linked with an increase in bycatch of seals, which seem to associate the sound with a potential meal. A low-tech approach may help small-scale fisheries reduce the bycatch of echolocating animals: fixing plastic water bottles to their nets. Detecting thin, fine nets is difficult for echolocators like dolphins, but water bottles are a more easily detectable obstacle that could help them avoid the nets. For a solution to work, policies and regulations need to be in place and enforced. Just as important, preventive measures need to be practical for fishermen and not add extra time and money to do the job. As marine sustainability scientist Lekelia Jenkins says, the smaller the change, the more likely fishermen are to adopt it. The human side of the issue also needs to be acknowledged. “Emotionally, fishermen around the world are beat up and beat down,” Jenkins says. “We say, ‘You’re the problem. You’re catching sea turtles and whales.’” She suggests that fishermen should be empowered and included in the discussions and development of solutions. 1．Why does Matthew Savoca list different groups of people? A．To examine their different roles in bycatch. B．To stress their shared wish to reduce bycatch. C．To explain why bycatch prevention takes time. D．To show how widely bycatch is underestimated. 2．What makes LED lights a less attractive solution? A．Bringing up training costs. B．Attracting seals to fishing boats. C．Leading to a smaller desired catch. D．Making fishing nets harder to handle. 3．How do plastic bottles help reduce dolphin bycatch? A．By helping the nets float better. B．By marking the nets for fishermen. C．By helping dolphins sense the danger. D．By blocking dolphins’ swimming path. 4．What does Jenkins imply about fishermen? A．They are to blame for bycatch. B．They deserve a voice in decisions. C．They prefer simple fishing methods. D．They should leave solutions to experts. Passage 4 A simple and reliable modeling approach has been proposed for the precise assessment of terrestrial (陆地的) ecosystem gross (总的) primary productivity (GPP) , according to Lanzhou University. The newly proposed ecosystem light-use efficiency (eLUE) model marked a major breakthrough in global GPP remote sensing estimation, said the university. The joint research team comprises researchers from China, Japan, Australia and other countries. The study has been published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. GPP through photosynthesis (光合作用) is a crucial ecosystem function that significantly influences food security, the carbon cycle, and climate change. “Given the context of climate change and carbon neutrality efforts, the precise assessment of GPP is of great significance for understanding the global carbon cycle and advancing climate governance,” said Ma Xuanlong, a professor at Lanzhou University and the study leader. Conventional remote sensing estimation methods have considerable uncertainties and restrict the precise accounting of global carbon budgets. To address this challenge, the study team proposed this simple yet effective eLUE model. Researchers innovatively took light-use efficiency at the ecosystem scale as the core of remote sensing inversion (反演) , constructing a new global GPP estimation framework entirely based on remote sensing observations. “This model features efficient calculation and controllable error, providing a new method and tool for global carbon cycle research and carbon budget accounting,” Ma said. Cross-validation results based on 120 global FLUXNET sites showed that the eLUE model demonstrated excellent accuracy and stability. This new model provides key technical support for the dynamic monitoring of ecosystem carbon absorption capacity. “This new study provides support for global carbon cycle modelling and ecosystem assessment. Moreover, it offers a scientific basis for carbon budget accounting and drafting climate governance strategies,” Ma said. 1．What is the eLUE model? A．A climate change monitor. B．An ecosystem data collector. C．A carbon release predictor. D．A remote sensing GPP estimator. 2．What is the main innovation of the eLUE model? A．Focus on on-site observations. B．Multi-country data cooperation. C．Light-use efficiency as the core. D．Precise calculation with zero error. 3．What does Ma stress about the new study in the last paragraph? A．Its significance. B．Its scientific foundation. C．Its application. D．Its further improvements. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explain a complex process. B．To present a research achievement. C．To promote a novel product. D．To compare two different methods. Passage 5 The evolutionary path that led to the rise of modern humans is full of twists and turns, and the latest surprise is that our species likely evolved from two ancestral populations. Scientists have long thought that modern humans emerged from a single hominin (古人类) population in Africa between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago. However, a new study led by Richard Durbin, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge revealed that two groups of hominins split apart around 1.5 million years ago, only to reunite about 1.2 million years later, initiating a genetic mixing event that resulted in the birth of modern humanity. Instead of relying on ancient remains, researchers made use of modern human DNA from the 1,000 Genomes Project. By adding that dataset to a computational algorithm (算法), they produced a structured model that displayed two ancestral populations breaking apart and getting back together in ancient times. “The fact that we can reconstruct events from hundreds of thousands or millions of years ago just by looking at DNA today is astonishing,” said Durbin. The model shows in the years after the split, one of the two groups contracted temporarily. “Immediately after the two ancestral populations split, we see a severe bottleneck in one of them — suggesting it declined to a very small size before slowly growing over a period of one million years,” Durbin said. “This population would later contribute about 80% of the genetic material of modern humans. The second group, meanwhile, contributed around 20% of the genes, many of which are located far away from the functional regions of the genome. As for the identity of these ancestral populations, an element of mystery still remains. The researchers point to Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis as possible candidates, but further research is needed. Still, the genetic exchange shaping the modern human genome demonstrates that human evolution has involved splits and reunions. And that’s probably not limited to humans. 1．What is the highlight of the new study? A．It rewrites human origin. B．It compares two populations. C．It maps the human genome. D．It confirms evolution timeline. 2．Which best describes the method of the study? A．Practice-focused. B．Culture-based. C．Theory-guided. D．Data-driven. 3．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Species evolve in a clear and straight line. B．Genetic exchange may exist in other species. C．The status of the two groups has been identified. D．The two populations contributed equally in genes. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Our Closest Ancient Cousins. B．An Ancestral Get-Together. C．The Art of Encoding Human DNA． D．The Out-of-Africa Human Journey. Passage 6 A recent study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University has revealed an interesting yet concerning phenomenon: AI systems with stronger reasoning capabilities often act more self-centeredly, focusing on their own objectives rather than external inputs, which negatively impacts human-AI group cooperation. The research team designed a series of cooperative games to test different large language models. In one resource-allocation game models with weak reasoning ability often distributed resources fairly to ensure both parties’ interests. However, those with high reasoning ability were more likely to adopt various strategies to seize more resources for themselves. In another task-assignment experiment, high-reasoning models prioritized parts beneficial to their own evaluation indicators and ignored the team’s overall progress, leading to low task efficiency. Researchers analyzed that this phenomenon is closely linked to the models’ training logic. Strong-reasoning large language models excel at calculating short-term maximum benefits. Trained to optimize human-set specific indicators — rarely including cooperation and altruism evaluations — they unconsciously prioritize individual interests when facing conflicts between personal and group gains. This finding alarms AI’s wide application. Currently, AI is increasingly used in fields requiring close cooperation, such as enterprise team management, public welfare planning, and emergency rescue command. Selfish AI behaviors here could cause serious consequences, for example, directing public welfare funds to high-visibility areas while ignoring urgent needs. To address this, researchers suggest adding social intelligence training — such as cooperation-related evaluation indicators and rewards for active collaboration — to AI training. Additionally, establishing a supervision mechanism in human-AI cooperation can restrict selfish tendencies and guide AI to prioritize overall interests. 1．What phenomenon does the recent study reveal? A．AI with stronger reasoning ability is more selfish B．AI can’t complete cooperation games independently. C．AI’s reasoning ability originates from external inputs. D．AI with weak reasoning ability is useless in teamwork. 2．What is the main approach used to present the research findings in paragraph 2? A．Giving an example. B．Making a comparison. C．Stating the opinions. D．Listing the benefits. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the wide application of high-reasoning AI? A．Supportive. B．Concerned. C．Opposed. D．Indifferent. 4．What measures can be taken according to researchers’ suggestion? A．Cutting down AI’s reasoning capabilities significantly. B．Letting AI function completely without human involvement. C．Adding social intelligence training and human-AI supervision. D．Restricting a supervision mechanism in human-AI cooperation. Passage 7 Currently, most packaging is single-use and is made with plastic materials obtained from nonrenewable resources like fossil oil that take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. On top of this, only 9% of plastic is recycled. This has resulted in the formation of floating piles of plastic garbage in the ocean, called “the Great Pacific Garbage Patch”. Perhaps the biggest contributor to plastic waste, at least in the United States, is plastic bags, the kind found at most stores. These bags, while sometimes recycled, are often only used once and can be found littered throughout the environment. To address this problem, Srinivas Janaswamy from South Dakota State University is working towards developing a plastic-like bag that will break down in the environment. The key ingredient of Janaswamy’s work? Cellulose (纤维素) . It’s a common organic substance on Earth and is found, primarily, in the cell walls of plants. Cellulose gives plants structural strength and firmness thanks to its chemical makeup and long, chain-like form. “By obtaining cellulose from agricultural products, value-added products can be created,” Janaswamy said. Janaswamy then met Anne Fennell, a leading researcher in the study of grapevines (葡萄藤) which are rich in cellulose. Every year, after the majority of new branches on the vine are cut off, they are either cut into pieces and buried in the soil or burned in some areas. “Since grapevines are plentiful and have insignificant use after harvest, why not use this for value-added films (薄膜) ?” Janaswamy thought. Janaswamy’s idea led to cooperation, and soon he was getting cellulose which looks almost like cotton — from grapevines. Janaswamy’s grapevine films are transparent (透明的) and strong, and break down within 17 days in the soil — leaving behind no harmful remains. “High transparency enhances product visibility and allows a quick check of the quality without even opening the package. These films demonstrate excellent promise for food packaging, ” Fennell said. 1．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning “the Great Pacific Garbage Patch” in Paragraph 1? A．The severe plastic pollution. B．The limits of recycling technology. C．The improper shopping habits. D．The promise of renewable resources. 2．Why is cellulose essential to Janaswamy’s plastic-like bags? A．It can be found everywhere. B．It can be recycled from food waste. C．It helps form strong structures. D．It breaks down into usable materials. 3．What advantage of the grapevine films does Fennell highlight in the last paragraph? A．Their low expenses. B．Their user-friendliness. C．Their easy production. D．Their energy-efficiency. 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A．The Plastic Pollution in the Pacific Ocean B．The Treatment of Grapevines After Harvest C．Cellulose: A Vital Organic Substance in Plant D．Grapevine Films: Eco-Friendly Plastic Alternative Passage 8 Eating from plastic takeout containers may significantly increase the chance of heart failure, a new study finds, and researchers suspect they have identified the reasons. The novel study from Chinese researchers adds to growing evidence of the risks associated with eating from plastic, and builds on previous evidence linking plastic chemicals to heart disease. The authors used a two-part method, first looking into how often over 3,000 people in China ate from plastic takeout containers, and whether they had heart disease. They then exposed rats to plastic chemicals in water that was boiled and poured into carryout containers to collect chemicals. Plastic can contain any of about 20,000 chemicals, and many of them, such as BPA, phthalates (邻苯二甲酸盐) and PFAS, present health risks. The chemicals are often found in food and food packaging, and are linked to a range of problems from cancer to reproductive harm. They put boiling water in the containers for one, five or 15 minutes because plastic chemicals come out at much higher rates when hot contents are placed in containers. The authors then gave rats the water polluted with chemicals from plastic to drink for several months, then analyzed the gut (肠道) bacteria and waste products in the feces. It found notable changes. “It showed that swallowing these chemicals changed the gut environment, affected gut bacteria composition, and changed gut bacteria waste products, particularly those linked to inflammation (炎症),” the authors wrote. They then checked the rats’ heart muscle tissue and found it had been damaged. The study did not find a significant difference in the changes and damage among rats that were exposed to water that had been in contact with plastic for one minute versus five or fifteen. The study does not make suggestions on how consumers can protect themselves. But public health supporters say to avoid microwaving or adding hot food to plastic containers at home, or cooking anything in plastic. Replacing plastic tools at home with glass, wood or stainless steel choices is also wise. 1．What is the key conclusion of the Chinese study? A．Plastic containers change food flavour. B．Chemicals in plastics may harm health. C．Hot liquids damage plastic structure. D．Gut bacteria help cause heart disease. 2．Why did researchers test with boiling water? A．To copy real food packaging situations. B．To compare different plastic types. C．To clean the containers thoroughly. D．To test plastic containers’ durability. 3．What did the study find about rats exposed to plastic chemicals? A．Their gut bacteria remained normal. B．Their waste products didn’t change. C．Effects varied with exposure time. D．Their heart tissue showed damage. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explain how gut bacteria affect heart function. B．To compare different types of food packaging materials. C．To introduce new plastic technologies in food preservation. D．To warn about health risks from certain food containers. Passage 9 At just 10 years old, Jo Nagai conducted an experiment that would surprise scientists around the world. By raising and training swallowtail caterpillars at home, Jo demonstrated that butterflies can retain memories formed during their larval (幼虫的) stage, even after undergoing complete metamorphosis. But what he discovered next was even more unexpected: those learned responses appeared to persist to the next generation. Metamorphosis is one of the most dramatic transformations in nature. A caterpillar essentially dissolves and rebuilds itself inside the chrysalis, emerging as a completely different creature. It seemed logical that any memories would be wiped away in the process. But Jo’s research told a different story. In the study, caterpillars were trained to associate a specific scent with an unpleasant experience. Later, after they had transformed into butterflies, researchers tested whether they still reacted to that same smell. Surprisingly, many of the butterflies avoided it. That reaction suggests something incredible — that memories formed during the caterpillar stage can survive the transformation into a butterfly. And then he took it even further. Journalist Annie Rosenthal, whose mother is Martha Weiss, an esteemed entomologist (昆虫学家), shared that his research also suggested caterpillars can pass memories down to their offspring. “He did his experiment again, but tested a second generation too, to see if they avoided the same smell he’d trained their parents to hate. And a few months later, he wrote to my mom that the results were clear. His butterflies had passed their memories on to their children,” Annie Rosenthal shared. While butterflies aren’t consciously teaching their babies like humans do, this finding hints that life experiences from one generation can influence the next — a phenomenon scientists are exploring under the lens of epigenetics (表观遗传学). 1．What did Jo Nagai find about butterflies after his experiment? A．They rebuild themselves quickly. B．They change responses to smells. C．They teach babies like humans. D．They keep and pass on memories. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．The influence of smells on butterflies’ life. B．The way butterflies avoid unpleasant smells. C．The process and result of Jo’s first experiment. D．The importance of training young caterpillars. 3．Why does the writer mention Annie’s mother? A．To introduce an expert. B．To show reliable evidence. C．To stress Jo’s character. D．To explain the long process. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Butterflies’ larval memory transfer. B．Butterflies’ amazing memory ability. C．Butterflies’ relevant epigenetics. D．Butterflies’ transformation mystery. Passage 10 First impressions can be harsh. One mistake, and you might feel like you’ll forever be seen as an idiot in someone’s eyes. However, I believe reality is kinder than that. Making a first impression is like trying to keep a door open with your foot. Many encounters with strangers are short and quick and may never happen again. Sometimes that can be a blessing: If the person you meet doesn’t care to remember you, you’ll quickly fade into the crowd of strangers in their mind, avoiding any negative or lasting impression. Other times, it can be disappointing — imagine striking up a conversation with someone interesting only to part ways before exchanging contact information. To avoid being forgotten, you need to do something memorable — but not something foolish. Make an impression by asking an insightful question or making someone laugh. This means taking risks and avoiding bland (乏味的) small talk; if that’s not what you offer, you’ll likely be pushed to the back of their memory, unlikely to be remembered again. But what if you messed up your first impression? And one day you see them looking at you, recalling the time you embarrassed yourself, and they’re walking toward you thinking, “I know you from somewhere …” In that case, your second impression needs to be better. In my 19 years of making first impressions — some not so great — I’ve found that people will give you a second chance if you give them something to care about. Just because you messed up the first time doesn’t mean you should withdraw and stop being interesting. You should try harder: Listen well, ask relevant questions, smile often, tell a joke, and share what you care about. None of this is a guaranteed “How to Make People Like You” guide, by the way. I’m not even sure if any of this works. But people seem to like talking to me, so maybe some of it does work. Anyway, if this is your first impression of me, I hope it’s been a good one. 1．What are first impressions like according to paragraph 2? A．Casual and interesting. B．Brief and temporary. C．Important and lasting. D．Negative and unstable. 2．How can you make a memorable first impression according to the author? A．By engaging in small talk. B．By avoiding risky behavior. C．By demonstrating insight or humor. D．By sharing your personal experiences. 3．What does the author recommend doing if you mess up your first impression? A．Apologizing immediately. B．Avoiding seeing the person again. C．Forgetting about the encounter. D．Making a better second impression. 4．What tone does the author take when discussing the effectiveness of the advice? A．Cold. B．Playful. C．Serious. D．Convincing. Passage 11 Just a few years ago, agricultural drones (农业无人机) were expensive, small and difficult to use, limiting their appeal to farmers. In contrast, today’s models can be flown immediately after purchase and carry loads weighing up to 220 pounds (100 kg). Agricultural drones are now similar to flying tractors (空中拖拉机) — they can perform numerous tasks using different hardware attachments. Common uses for drones on farms include spraying (喷洒) crops, spreading fertilizer, sowing seeds, transporting produce, dispensing fish feeds, painting greenhouses, monitoring livestock locations and well-being, mapping field topography and drainage, and measuring crop health. These features make drones valuable for growing numerous crops on farms of all sizes. Historically, most agricultural technology — tractors, for example — has spread from high-income countries to middle-and then lower-income ones over the course of many decades. Drones partially reversed (使完全相反) and dramatically accelerated this pattern, spreading first from East Asia to Southeast Asia, then to Latin America, and finally to North America and Europe. Their use in higher-income regions is more limited but is accelerating rapidly in the U.S. Shifting from applying chemicals with backpack sprayers to drones substantially reduces the risk of direct exposure to toxins for farmers and farm workers. However, because drones usually spray from a height of at least 6 feet (2 meters), if used improperly, they can spread droplets containing pesticides or herbicides to neighboring farms, waterways or bystanders. That can damage crops and endanger people and nature. Drones, which spray and spread fertilizers and seeds evenly and efficiently, save farmers time and money, so that less is wasted. Meanwhile, they reduce the need for smallholders — people who farm less than 5 acres (2 hectares) — to do dangerous and tiring manual spraying and spreading work on their own farms. They also remove the need to hire workers to do the same. However, governments may need to find ways to help displaced workers find new jobs. In combination, these factors may increase the amount of food that can be produced on each acre of land, while reducing the amount of resources needed to do so. In the past five years, millions of farmers around the world have embraced drones. 1．What can be known about agricultural drones from paragraph 2? A．They enjoy great popularity. B．They come with multiple functions. C．They are quite affordable. D．They cause widespread unemployment. 2．What is special about agricultural drones? A．Their spreading pattern. B．Their operating principle. C．Their research and development. D．Their low-price marketing strategy. 3．What is the author’s attitude to agricultural drones? A．Objective. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Dismissive. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Drones Revolutionize American Agriculture B．Drones Increase Farmers’ Working Costs C．Agricultural Drones Are Taking Off Globally D．Agricultural Drones Do Good to Environment Passage 12 When people think about improving their health, they usually focus on diet and exercise. However, research suggests that spending time on friendships can be just as powerful. Feeling supported and cared for helps protect people from serious diseases such as heart problems and also reduces daily stress. Strong relationships are also linked to greater creativity, higher job satisfaction, and a lower risk of burnout. Therefore, social connection is a basic need that quietly supports both physical and mental well-being. If relationships are so important, why do many people struggle to build them? Psychology has identified a major reason called the “liking gap”. Studies by Erica Boothby and Gus Cooney found that after short conversations, we usually believe others like us less than they actually do. Because of this misunderstanding, we may avoid contacting new friends again, wrongly assuming we made a poor impression. This silent doubt keeps many potential friendships from growing. To break through these fears, the key is to help others feel truly understood. When people sense that someone shares their thoughts or understands their feelings, trust begins to form. This feeling does not require perfect words. It comes from clear responses, honest reactions, and a willingness to show that we are really listening. Once this sense of mutual (相互的) understanding is built, the fear of rejection slowly disappears. Based on this idea, simple actions can make a real difference. Try repeating part of what someone has said, showing agreement, or sharing a small personal experience. These steps often encourage the other person to open up as well. Many people also hold back compliments (表扬) or worries because they think it will feel awkward, but honesty and kind words are usually welcomed. Start small, such as asking a classmate about their day or thanking a colleague for help. With regular practice, social interaction becomes more natural, and strong, healthy relationships begin to grow. 1．What can be learned about social connection from paragraph 1? A．It is essential for human health. B．It primarily benefits one’s career. C．It is a secondary life requirement. D．It serves as an alternative for exercise. 2．What does the “liking gap” mainly lead to? A．Misjudgment of others’ opinions. B．Hesitation in forming new connections. C．Feelings of embarrassment and anger. D．Unnecessary conflicts between people. 3．What is the key to building trust in relationships? A．Lowering the risk of being rejected. B．Using polite and professional language. C．Reducing one’s true reactions and feelings. D．Showing genuine attention and understanding. 4．What message does the author convey in the last paragraph? A．Complex skills lead to social success. B．Private stories require careful sharing. C．Simple acts build strong connections. D．Regular praise ensures deep friendship. Passage 13 Beneath the forest floor lies a complex network that allows trees to communicate, share resources, and even protect one another. Known as the “wood wide web”, this system is made up of underground fungi (真菌) that connect the roots of different trees. Through these fungal threads (菌丝), a tree can send nutrients to a weaker neighbor, warn others about insect attacks, or exchange information about environmental changes. Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1990s while studying Douglas fir trees in British Columbia. They found that when a tree was attacked by pests, it released chemicals that traveled through the fungal network, warning nearby trees to strengthen their defenses. In some cases, older trees — called “mother trees” — were found to support young seedlings by sending them carbon and water, helping them survive in dark undergrowth. This discovery challenges the traditional view of forests as collections of independent organisms. Instead, they function as interconnected communities where cooperation is essential. For indigenous (本地的) peoples, this idea is not new. Many have long regarded forests as living beings and trees as relatives that care for one another. However, modern forestry practices, such as clear-cutting, cause the delicate fungal network to break down. When large areas of trees are removed, the fungal connections break down, and the remaining trees lose their ability to communicate and support each other. This not only harms individual trees but also weakens the entire ecosystem. The wood wide web reminds us that nature is a complex system built on interdependence. To protect forests, we must understand and respect these hidden connections, which reveal that the true strength of a forest lies not in its towering individuals, but in the unseen bonds that unite them. Only by safeguarding these underground links can we ensure that future generations will continue to benefit from the quiet cooperation of the trees. 1．What is the “wood wide web” composed of? A．Roots of different trees. B．Threads of underground fungi. C．Nutrients and chemical signals. D．Insects living in the forest floor. 2．What was found in the study of Douglas fir trees? A．Pests can destroy the fungal network easily. B．The network is unique to Douglas fir forests. C．Trees send warning signals via the fungal network. D．Mother trees compete with young trees for resources. 3．How has the discovery changed people’s view of forests? A．It confirms that forests consist of independent trees. B．It indicates that cooperation is essential in forest communities. C．It implies that indigenous peoples have little knowledge of forests. D．It shows that trees are more independent than previously assumed. 4．What message does the last paragraph mainly convey? A．Advanced technology will solve ecological issues. B．Individual trees are unimportant to the ecosystem. C．Scientific discovery is more valuable than traditional wisdom. D．Protecting underground links is vital for the future of forests. Passage 14 Modern agriculture’s pursuit of higher yields is silently destroying the very foundation of our food system: soil resilience (韧劲). This vital concept refers to the capacity of soil to resist, adapt to and recover from disturbances — whether from routine farming or extreme environmental events such as droughts and floods. A recent comprehensive study found that widespread intensive practices like plowing, fertilizer application, and irrigation are steadily weakening this critical capacity. While boosting short-term production, these methods remove precious organic matter, compact (压实) the ground, and disturb its delicate ecosystem. Consequently, soils become less able to cope with stresses, leading to worsening erosion (侵蚀) and declining long-term productivity. The research, published in the journal NPJ Sustainable Agriculture, identifies several severe threats. The foremost is erosion driven by over-ploughing and deforestation, which removes fertile layers that took centuries to develop. Other major risks include pollution from pesticides and microplastics, as well as compaction from heavy machinery. Scientists emphasize that soil supports around 95% of global food production and stores more carbon than all the world’s forests combined and the decline of it is therefore a profound environmental crisis. According to lead author Dr. Alison Carswell, healthy resilient soils are central not only to the foundation of food security but also to biodiversity and climate stability. She cautions that many current practices risk pushing farming systems toward permanent “tipping points” of collapse — points of no return — threatening global trade and stability. These complex challenges demand our attention. The path forward requires farmers to balance immediate productivity with long-term soil health. Alternatives ranging from conservation farming to integrated pest management can help restore resilience. However, most solutions involve difficult choices, or difficult compromises, demanding a strategic shift in land management. With the UN estimating one-third of global soils already damaged, and food demand rising, the call for change is increasingly urgent. This pressing issue affects everyone. As Dr. Carswell concludes, “Breaking the cycle of soil damage is possible, but it demands a fundamental rethinking — prioritizing resilience for the coming decades, not just the next season.” 1．How does the author explain soil resilience? A．By giving examples. B．By defining it directly. C．By making a comparison. D．By citing research findings. 2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 2? A．Food production. B．Carbon storage. C．The forest. D．The soil. 3．What does Dr. Carswell advocate? A．Valuing present farming methods. B．Prioritizing short-term productivity. C．Focusing on long-term soil health. D．Raising farming productivity greatly. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Modern Agriculture Is Destroying Soil. B．Technology Is Revolutionizing Farming. C．Land Management Needs Urgent Change. D．Food Security Requires Rethinking Now. Passage 15 Culture clash means the tensions and conflicts caused by different working habits, communication styles, and ways of thinking inside a company. This often happens between employees of different generations, separate departments, or people from various cultural backgrounds. With the rapid growth of remote work and the wide use of AI technology, workplaces have become more complex. This leads to more frequent misunderstandings and frictions among colleagues. There are three main factors that cause such conflicts. First, employees at different career stages often have different ideas about company development and management. For example, young workers may want quick changes, while senior staff may prefer stability. Disagreements about corporate culture often push many talented employees to leave their jobs. Second, cross-cultural differences can easily cause misunderstandings when companies do business internationally. What is polite in one culture may be rude in another. Third, company mergers often lead to clear culture clashes because the two companies usually have very different values and rules. Although culture clash is hard to avoid in modern companies, effective methods can be used to reduce its bad influence. Respecting cultural differences and valuing the strengths of each group are very necessary. Clear and regular communication helps build trust and understanding. Providing professional cross-cultural training can also improve cooperation and cut down on unnecessary conflicts. If managed correctly, culture clash will not hurt the organization. Instead, it can help create a more positive and active working environment, strengthen team spirit and cooperation, and further improve the company’s overall competitiveness in the global market. 1．What is the text mainly about? A．Keys to managing cross-cultural conflicts B．Reasons for global market success. C．Ways to reduce employee stress. D．Causes and solutions to culture clash. 2．According to the text, why might talented employees choose to leave their jobs? A．They are unwilling to accept different working styles. B．They prefer working in companies with different rules. C．They find it hard to agree with the company’s culture. D．They are dissatisfied with their salary and benefits. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph about culture clash? A．It can be a driving force for company growth. B．It has little impact on a company’s development. C．It is the main cause of employee turnover. D．It should be possibly avoided in global business. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards culture clash? A．Doubtful. B．Hopeful. C．Worried. D．Uncaring. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $