Unit 1 Learning About Language重点词汇讲练用记-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语学习任务单聚焦核心词汇深度学习，涵盖find、break、defend等18个高频词，从基础词义、音标释义起步，延伸至考点拓展（短语、派生词）、易混辨析、熟词生义，通过语境串记和高考真题例句构建“理解-拓展-应用”的学习支架，形成连贯的词汇学习脉络。 资料突出语言能力与思维品质的培养，融入2024-2026年高考真题例句增强实用性，多维度拓展（如break的10个短语、defend的5类派生词）助力词汇网络化，易混辨析（如find/discover, break up/break down）提升思维辨析能力，练习题针对性强，有效夯实基础并培养自主学习能力。

Learning About Language 1.find[faɪnd] v.找到，找回；发现，发觉 Hoping to find a hobby that can be shared by both the little ones and adults?(2025• 全国II卷)希望找到一个既能让小孩子也能让大人分享的爱好？ 【考点拓展】 find out 了解；找出，发现，查出（真相等） find oneself发现自己真实的能力、性格等; find fault with抱怨;挑剔; find one's way to设法到达等； find sb. a bed留某人住宿/过夜 finding n.结果，发现；判决，裁决 ①But our _______(find) indicate that, in general, there’s no trade-off between morality and well-being.(2026• 北京卷) 但我们的研究结果表明，总体而言，道德与福祉之间并无权衡关系。 ②He had heard about the texts, so he went to Yale University and _________that they were indeed about food.(2026• 全国I卷)他听说过这些文字，于是去了耶鲁大学，发现它们确实与食物有关。 ①findings②found out 【易混辨析】discover, look for , find, find out 与invent discover指偶然发现原来就存在但是一直未被认识的东西； look for作寻找解时，指寻找的动作和过程； find指寻找的结果，即找到，是非延续性动作； find out指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来，搞清楚，弄明白； invent指发明原来不存在的东西。 【熟词生义】 v. 判决 The court found in her favour.法庭判决对她有利。 【语境串记】 The researchers said their findings would help other scientists find causes and possible treatments for the disease.研究人员表示，他们的发现将帮助其他科学家找到这种疾病的原因和可能的治疗方法。 2.initial [ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l] adj.开始的，最初的 During your initial reading of material, do you ever go back and reread sentences or paragraphs?(2026• 浙江1月卷)在初次阅读材料时，您是否曾回头重新阅读某些句子或段落？ n. 首字母; [语音学]声母; 特大的大写字母 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was often known by his initials JFK.人们常以姓名的首字母JFK称约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪。 【考点拓展】 initially adv.开始；最初；起初。 initiate vt. 开始，发起; 传授; 创始，开辟 initiation n．开始；创始；发起 ①We hope to present the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and _______(initial) dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.(2025• 全国I卷)我们希望在一个视觉语境中呈现相当抽象的围棋游戏和人工智能，并与极简主义艺术、观念艺术和表现主义展开对话。 ②What did people _______(initial) think the ancient texts were about?(2026• 全国I卷)人们最初认为古代文献是关于什么的？ ③Education is the ________(initiate)of the younginto worthwhile ways of thinking and doing.教育是使年轻人开始有价值的思考和行为方式。 ①initiate②initially③initiation 3.solid [ˈsɒlɪd] n. 固体 New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge.(2025• 全国I卷)新型固态电池一次充电可使汽车行驶更远。 adj.固体的，坚硬的；结实的，牢固的；实心的；坚定的 Branches brushed against their jackets, and the forest floor crackled beneath their feet, but their determination remained solid. 树枝拂过他们的外套，森林的地面在他们脚下噼啪作响，但他们的决心依然坚定。 【熟词生义】 adj.可靠的 While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.(2024·新课标I卷)虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程。 Using Language & Assessing Your Progress 1.cast[kɑːst] v. 投, 抛, 投射, 浇铸, 计算, 派(角色) As the sun cast its rays, the girl noticed how the shadows created patterns on the ground, guiding her path.(2024• 浙江1月卷) 当阳光洒下时，女孩注意到阴影在地上形成了图案，指引着她的道路。 As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fishermen cast their nets into the sea.(应用文之报道) 渔民们一到捕鱼区就把渔网撒进了大海。 【考点拓展】 cast about/ around for设法寻找； cast aside抛弃，扔掉； cast away扔掉，（破船之后）使遗留在……； cast down沮丧，泄气； cast in one’s lot with决心与……共患难； cast off扔掉，不再和……往来； cast one’s pearls before swine对牛弹琴； cast out驱逐（出去）； cast up加在一起。 【易混辨析】cast/ throw throw 抛，投，掷，是一般用语，指“抛”、“投”的动作，带有“抛丢”的含义； cast　带有“不用多大力量把轻巧的东西快速地扔出去”的含义。与throw常常可以通用，但在现代英语中，用于“抛、投”这个意思比较陈旧了。 【易混辨析】cast down, cast out, cast up, cast about 这四个以cast为中心词的短语动词，因介词或副词不同，用法各异。 cast down意为“使沮丧”、“使下降”、“推翻”、“扔下”、“不愉快”，其中down是副词，后面接名词。 cast out意为“驱逐”、“逐出”、“扔出”，其中out是副词，后面接名词。 cast up意为“计算”、“ 呕吐”、“把……加起来”、“冲浮到上面”，其中up是副词，后面接名词。 cast about意为“搜索”、“想方设法”、“寻找”、“寻求”、“转向”，其中about是介词，后面接名词、代词、V-ing或宾语从句，about还可以作副词。 【熟词生义】 n.(一出戏剧或一部电影的)全体演员 Soon, the cast list was posted.Sure enough, my name was at the top. (2024• 北京卷) 不久演员表就被张贴了出来。果然，我的名字在上面。 He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children's Theatre regular, with five shows to his credit.(2024·浙江1月卷) 他是《汤姆·索亚》首演时的演员之一，也是儿童剧院的常客，演出了五场。 2.shadow [ˈʃædəʊ] n.坏影响;阴影;影子;背光处;阴暗处 Over time, the shadow faded (消退).(2026• 北京卷) 随着时间的推移，阴影逐渐消退。 v.遮蔽;尾随 The supporters are being shadowed by a large and highly visible body of police.支持者们被一大群显眼的警察尾随着。 【考点拓展】 in shadow 在暗处 in the shadow of 在……的树荫下;在……的影响下;受……的控制 cast a shadow on 给……蒙上阴影 be/live in one’s shadow 处于/生活在某人的阴影中 shadowy adj.有阴影的;朦胧的 3.pour[pɔː(r)] v.倾倒，倒出；（给……）斟，倒（饮料等）；倾泻，涌流；（雨）倾盆而下 At last, make tasty sauce with sugar, salt, vinegar and soy sauce fried in hot oil and pour the hot and thick sauce onto the fish.(应用文之介绍) 最后，用糖、盐、醋和酱油在热油中炸成美味的酱汁，把又热又浓的酱汁倒在鱼身上。 I was able to understand her because we were under the same roof. I poured out all my pain in life, too.(读后续写之细节描写) 我能理解她是因为我们住在同一个屋檐下。我也把生活中所有的痛苦都倾诉了出来。 【熟词生义】 vi.不断涌向 The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. (2026• 全国II卷)巴塞罗那地铁驶入车站，车门缓缓打开，乘客纷纷下车，开始各自忙碌的一天。 4.break[breɪk] vt. 打破；打碎；使折断；违背；违反；减弱（力量）；打破（记录）；中断（某事）；（天）亮；（消息）突然传出；（身体或精神）垮掉 Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. (2024• 北京卷) 尽管我很高兴打破了几十年来不愿使用油画颜料的禁忌，但我发现我现在更喜欢粉笔和墨水。 If you pull too hard you will break the rope.(应用文之介绍信) 如果你太用力拉，就会把绳子拉断。 The government of that country is determined to break the power of the trade unions.(读后续写之细节描写) 那个国家政府决心削弱工会的势力。 She is eager to break the Olympic 100 meters record.(应用文之人物介绍信) 她渴望打破奥运会100米记录。 n. 间歇；休息时间（尤指工作期间）。 Need a break between classes or just a quick pick-me-up in the morning?(2025• 全国I卷)需要课间休息或者只是在早上快速提神吗？ 【考点拓展】 break away from 突然挣脱，摆脱 break down损坏，不能运转；身体垮掉；失败；崩溃；拆毁；拆除；分解 break new ground 开辟新的领域;有新发现 break into破门而入，强行闯入(后接宾语)；突然开始(哭、唱等) break into a smile突然笑起来 break in 闯入；插话，打断 break off中断,中止;突然停止; 断交,断绝友好关系; 折断;(使)断开。 break through突破 break out (坏事)突然发生，爆发 break up 结束；粉碎，破碎；解散 ①If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford ____________ six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. (2024• 全国甲) 如果是短篇小说，Peter Mountford给出了六种技巧，你可以试着看看哪一种能帮助你坚持着落。 ②We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody____________ the office during the night.(读后续写之细节描写) 在早上我们到班上时，发现夜里有人闯入了办公室。 ③When the news came that the war __________, he decided, to serve in the army.(读后续写之细节描写) 当战争爆发的消息传来时,他决定参军入伍。 ④The scientist _______________________in his book about rare animals. (应用文之人物介绍) 这位科学家在他那本有关珍稀动物的著作中有独创见解.  ⑤The ice _____________ when the warm weather comes.(读后续写之细节描写) 天气转暖，冰层就会破裂。 ⑥Can what we do to help them to _________________ the difficult position? (读后续写之细节描写) 我们能做什么来帮助他们摆脱困境呢? ⑦We watched her puzzled face__________________________. (读后续写之细节描写) 我们看见她原先迷惑的脸上轻轻绽放出了笑容。 ⑧She _________a piece of chocolate and gave it to me.(读后续写之细节描写) 她把巧克力掰成两半，把一半给了我。 ⑨This is where science may never _________.(2025• 天津卷)这是科学可能永远无法突破的地方。 ①breaks down ②had broken into③broke out④broke new ground⑤will break up⑥break away from⑦ break gently into a smile⑧broke off ⑨break through 【一词多义】 A.消除，驱除 B.坏掉，出故障 C.（讨论、谈判）失败 D.（健康或精神）垮掉 E.（使）分解 1. If you keep on working so hard, you will break down sooner or later. _____ 2. It will take a long time to break down the plastic in the soil. _____ 3. Attempts must be made to break down the barrier between the two countries. _____ 4. The car broke down just miles away from the destination. _____ 5. It was reported that peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached. _____ 1. D 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. C 【易混辨析】break up/break down break up 打碎，粉碎，多指物理的变化，不改变其化学成分。 break down 改变某物的化学成分； 【熟词生义】 n. 机会；运气 Give him a break and he'll succeed.给他一个机会，他会成功的。 5.defend [dɪˈfend] v. 防护；辩护；防卫 You do not have to be a fan to recognise the skill of professional players—how they use their bodies to pass, score and defend can be amazing to see. (应用文之体育类)你不必是一个球迷就能认识到职业球员的技术——看到他们如何利用身体传球、得分和防守是令人惊奇的。 【考点拓展】 defend sb / sth from / against sb / sth 防御；保护；保卫；辩解 defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护 defence n. 防护；防御；国防；防御物；防御工事；答辩； 被告 in defence of...为了保卫…… defender n.防御者；后卫 defensive adj.防御性的;自我保护的 defendant n.被告，被告人 ①In my _______(defend), I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. (2025• 北京卷)在我的辩护中，我做了我们以前都做过的事情，即重复公认的智慧，而不探索其中的细微差别。 ②If he seems a little_______(defend), it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.(2024• 新课标I卷)如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔也会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。 ③Everyone should ______________________ by enemy.(应用文之发言稿)每个人都应该保卫祖国不受敌人侵略。 ④All our officers are trained to _________________________ knife attacks.我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。 ⑤He quickly gained a reputation as a _______(defend) of the poor.(读后续写之人物描写)为穷人辩护使他声名鹊起。 ①defence②defensive③defend the motherland from being invaded④defend themselves against⑤defender 【帮你记词】 与defend...from/against用法类似的还有prevent ...from、 stop ...from、 keep ...from、 protect ...from/against、 discourage ...from 等,这些短语若用于被动语态,from都不可省略。 【句式升级】 有些人认为应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。 ①→Some think that students should be trained to________________________some attacks.(defend) ②→Some think that students should be trained_______________ some attacks.(defence) ①defend themselves against② in defence of 【易混辨析】defend/ protect defend 意为"防御；保卫；保护"，强调通过作战、反击等方式；还可作"为......辩护；为(论文等)答辩"解； protect也可作"保护；防护"解，主要指用通过警惕、警卫、覆盖等方式，也可表示"为......保险"。 【语境串记】 After spending some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the war, the defenders decided it was very suitable for the defence.(2021·全国甲卷)在花了一些时间观察了战争中的所有防御装备后，防御者认为它非常适合防御。 6.assist [əˈsɪst] v. 帮助; 援助; 帮助某人做某事 Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.(2025• 浙江1月卷) 同样，拟人化的产品也可以被创造出来，以承担与刻板印象不一致的角色——例如，一个帮助护理的男性机器人或一个帮助计算的女性机器人。 【考点拓展】 assist sb. in doing sth. 　　帮助某人做某事 assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事/用……帮助某人 assistance n.帮助，援助； with the assistance of...在……的帮助下 assistant n.助手，助理 ①He asked us to ________________carrying through the plan. But unfortunately we were too busy to make it.(应用文之道歉信) 他请我们帮助他们完成这个计划。但不幸的是，我们太忙了，不能去。 ②To my joy, two students _____________ the experiment.(读后续写之细节描写) 使我高兴的是，有两个学生帮助我做实验。 ③So, I called Directory ________(assist), got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived. (2024• 浙江1月卷) 所以，我打电话给电话查号台，接通了女房东的经纪人，他们给了我一把备用钥匙，刚好来得及在演员们到来之前回去。 ④These digital ________(assist) engage visitors in dynamic conversations and offer context-sensitive insights that deepen understanding and satisfy curiosity. (2026• 全国I卷)这些数字助手能与访客进行生动的对话，并提供情境相关的见解，从而加深理解，满足好奇心。 ①assist them in②assisted me with ③Assistance④assistants 【易混辨析】help/ assist/aid help一般用语，指以实际行动从精神上或物质上帮助； assist正式用语，意思与help相同，常可通用，这个词包含“接受帮助的人自己能做一部分工作”的意思； aid正式用语，多半指一批人或团体、组织的帮助，往往指经济方面的援助。 【一句多译】 在我的日常生活中，我认为帮助我的母亲做家务是我的责任。 →①In my daily life, I think it is my duty _____________________________the housework.(with) →②In my daily life, I think it is my duty_____________________________ the housework.(in doing) →③In my daily life, I think it is my duty _____________________________ the housework.(to do) ①to assist my mother with ②to assist my mother in doing③to assist my mother to do 【语境串记】 Tom is an assistant teacher in the college.He often assists the students with their problems and gives assistance to any student in need.(2025• 浙江1月卷) 汤姆是这所大学的助理教师。他经常帮助学生解决他们的问题，并为任何有需要的学生提供帮助。 7.charge [tʃɑːdʒ] v. 充电；索价，要价；控告，指控 Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car.(2026• 全国II卷)他们却不知道，当他们这样做时，一股能量被释放到街道层面，以帮助为电动汽车充电。 Ribeiro charges €35 per person for what is usually a three-course meal that can last up to three hours.(2025• 浙江1月卷) 里贝罗的套餐通常是三道菜，持续时间长达三个小时，收费为每人35欧元。 n. 价钱，费用，管理，主管 Lawyers often make higher charge for their work than they should in the U.S. 在美国，律师经常收取比他们应得的更高的费用。 【考点拓展】 in charge 主管；看管 in charge of负责；管理 in the charge of由……管理/负责 take/have charge (of)掌管；接管 in full charge负全责 under the charge of在……掌管下 free of charge免费 charge sb．some money for sth．因某事收某人多少钱 charge sb. money for sth. 为……向某人要价 charge sb．with sth．／doing sth．指控某人做了某事 ①If I go back to work, the younger kids will have to be_________________________. 如果我回去上班, 这些年幼的孩子们将不得不由我的大女儿照看。 ②More importantly, there are teachers online whom you can turn to for help. And____________. 更重要的是，网上有老师，你可以求助他们。所有这些都是免费的。 ③The man who had ____________________________ was charged with taking drugs. 曾经掌管这家公司的那个人被指控吸毒。当他不在时，我掌管这家医院。 ④The movements of the black and white pieces reflect the basic ideas of Eastern philosophy, according to Tu Ningning, who is __________the exhibition. (2025• 全国I卷)据展览负责人涂宁宁介绍，黑白作品的运动反映了东方哲学的基本思想。 ① in the charge of my oldest daughter②all these are free of charge③taken charge of the company④in charge of 【句式转换】 If I were in charge of a school I would also be very strict with the students who don’t behave well. →If a school were___________________me I would also be very strict with the students who don’t behave well. in the charge of 【一句多译】 他们有证据控告他偷了那个超市的商品。 ①→They have evidence to________________________ from the supermarket.(charge) ②→They have evidence to _____________________from the supermarket.(accuse) ①charge him with stealing goods ②accuse him of stealing goods 一词多义——根据语境选出charge的词性及含义 A.v.要价;收费　B.v.给……充电　C.v.控告;指控D.v.攻击　E.n.掌管;照管　F.n.费用 1.Don't forget to charge the electric bike in case you are late for work tomorrow. 　　　  2.The stepmother was charged with child abuse. 　　　  3.Suddenly, the dog charged at him with its mouth open wide. 　　　  4.He took charge of the restaurant three years ago. 　　　  5.Anyone can enter the park free of charge before 6:00 am. 　　　  6.The taxi driver charged me 10 dollars for driving me to the station. 　　　  1.B 2.C 3.D4.E 5.F 6.A 【易混辨析】in charge of/in the charge of in charge of往往以人作主语，指“某人负责(主管)某事”； in the charge of往往以物作主语，指“某物由某人掌管”。 He is in charge of the factory, that is to say, the factory is in the charge of him. 他负责这个工厂, 换句话说, 这个工厂由他负责。 【熟词生义】 v. 赋予...职责n.责任;任务 The committee has been charged with the development of sport in the region.委员会已被赋予在该地区发展体育运动的职责。 Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.(2023·全国甲)虽然DIY传统上被认为是男性的爱好,但研究表明,现在是女性处于主导地位。 8.outstanding [aʊtˈstændɪŋ] adj. 凸出的；显著的;杰出的;重要的 The D.C. area is home to many outstanding Chinese restaurants, but diners willing to travel outside the city limits will also be rewarded.(2026• 全国II卷)华盛顿特区地区有许多出色的中餐馆，但愿意前往市外用餐的食客同样也能获得丰厚回报。 9.gift[ɡɪft] n.礼物，赠品；才能，天赋 Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.(2024• 全国甲卷)猫会给它们的主人带礼物来表达它们对你的爱。 【考点拓展】 gifted adj. 有天赋的,有才华的 During the festival, you will have the opportunity to admire the “technology gadgets” created by our _______(gift) students. 在节日期间，您将有机会欣赏我们才华横溢的学生创造的“科技小玩意”。 gifted 【易混辨析】gift, present gift 既指免费捐赠给团体或机构的物品，也指亲友间互赠礼品； present 指亲友间互赠。 10.steady [ˈstedi] adj. 稳固的，平稳的 I might be able to get attention effortlessly, but you have the strength for steady growth. (2026• 北京卷)我或许能轻松获得关注，但你拥有持续成长的力量。 v.使平稳，稳住；（使）稳定 As he neared the struggling pair, he reached out with one arm, grabbing the dog’s collar while using his other hand to steady the log.(读后续写之细节描写)他走近这对挣扎的狗时，他伸出一只手抓住狗的项圈，另一只手稳住圆木。 【考点拓展】 as steady as a rock 稳如磐石 steadily adv. 稳固地，平稳地 China’s image is improving _________(steady), with more countries recognizing its role in international affairs.中国的形象正在稳步提升,更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。 steadily 11.astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə(r)] n. 天文学家 He wished to be an astronomer when he was a child.(应用文之人物介绍) 他还是孩子的时候就梦想成为天文学家。 【考点拓展】 astronomy n.天文学 astronomical adj. 天文学的; 极其巨大的 astronomically adv. 天文学上; 巨大地，极大地，极其 ①___________(astronomer) is the scientific study of the sun, moon, and stars and other heavenly bodies.(应用文之介绍) 天文学是研究太阳、月亮、星星和其他天体的科学。 ②___________(astronomer) sums of money will be needed for this river tunnel plan.(应用文之报道) 这条过江隧道的计划需要极大的一笔钱。 ③_________(astronomy), it tells me that there are millions of galaxies and potentially billions of planets.(读后续写之环境描写) 从天文学上讲，它告诉我有数百万个星系，可能还有数十亿颗行星。 ①Astronomy②Astronomical③Astronomically 12.brilliant [ˈbrɪliənt] adj. 绚丽的, 闪耀的, 有才气的 The snow is brilliant. It would be better if there were fewer people.(2025• 全国I卷)雪是灿烂的。如果人少一点就好了。 I was amazed at the brilliant visual feast, cheering over the advanced technology. (应用文之报道) 我惊叹于这场绚丽的视觉盛宴，为其先进的技术而欢呼。 13.above all 首先;尤其是;最重要的是 While taking a 20-hour train ride along the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in northwestern China, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful encounter with a local that all travelers long for. (2024·浙江1月卷)我在中国西北部的塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘坐了20个小时的火车时，其间我与一个当地人有了一种谦卑、有教育意义的，最重要的是，美妙的邂逅，这是所有旅行者都渴望的。 【考点拓展】 after all 毕竟；终究；到底”，表示让步 first of all首先，强调次序 in all 总共；总计 all in all 总之; 归根结底 not at all 完全不，一点不 ①You should forgive him for his forgetfulness;____________ , he is over seventy. （应用文之建议信) 你应该原谅他的健忘,毕竟他已经七十多岁了。  ②_________________, we must get their support. （应用文之演讲) 首先,我们必须得到他们的支持。 ③____________some 15 million people live in the selected areas. （应用文之旅游景点) 总共有大概1,500万人住在所选定的区域内。 ④____________, the competition is such a success that everyone involved benefits a lot from it.(应用文之比赛报道) 总而言之，竞争是如此成功，每个参与的人都从中受益很多。 ⑤But when we looked at the tomatoes we were worried because they were so misshapen:____________ like the nice, round, shiny things you get in a supermarket.(2023·全国甲卷) 但当我们看到这些西红柿的时候，我们感到很担心，因为它们太畸形了：一点也不像你在超市里买到的那些漂亮的、圆圆的、闪亮的东西。 ①after all②First of all/Above all③In all ④All in all⑤not at all 14.fault[fɔːlt] n. 过错, 缺点, 故障, 毛病 I realized it was me who was at fault.(2025• 全国I卷)我意识到是我的错。 v. 挑剔；弄错例 Not one singer forgot a word, not a pianist faulted.(应用文之发言稿)没有一个歌唱家忘掉过歌词, 没有一个钢琴家弹错过。 【考点拓展】 faultfinder n. 喜欢挑剔的人, 吹毛求疵者 faulty adj.有故障的，有缺陷的 faultless adj.完美的；无缺点的 ①Most deaths in earthquakes have been due to __________(fault) building construction or poor building sites.(应用文之发言稿)地震中的大多数死亡都是由于建筑施工不当或建筑工地质量差造成的。 ②On the earth, practically it is very difficult to find a piece of literature work which is hundred percent __________(fault).天底下几乎很难找到一本百分之百的完美无缺的文学作品。 ①faulty②faultless 【易混辨析】fault, failing ,weakness fault指人的性格、行为或习惯上的缺点或不完美，并非严重的道德问题，不一定是受责备的； failing跟fault的意思最接近，但语气比fault弱，一般指人们常有的不太严重的缺点之意；weakness多指性格上的缺点、癖好或由于缺乏自制能力而引起的小缺点。 【语境串记】 You should make an apology because it is your fault to be blind to the faulty design.Of course, we do not ask others to be faultless.你应该道歉，因为对错误的设计视而不见是你的错。当然，我们不要求他人完美无缺。 15.vivid[ˈvɪvɪd] adj. 生动的；栩栩如生的；鲜艳的 The works which can stick to the theme and have vivid pictures and accurate language are good ones.(应用文之发言稿)能紧紧抓住主题，画面生动，语言准确的作品才是好作品。 【考点拓展】 vividly adv. 生动地；栩栩如生地；鲜艳地 give a vivid description of sb./ sth.=describe sb./ sth. vividly生动地描述某人或某物 have a vivid memory of sb./ sth.=remember sb./ sth. vividly对某人或某物记忆犹新 ①The story _________(vivid) shows how people’s attitudes change towards the young man just because of the banknote. 这个故事生动地展示了人们对这个年轻人的态度是如何因为这张钞票而改变的。 ②We were all amazed at the ancient objects displayed in the museum and deeply impressed by the __________________.我们都对博物馆里陈列的古物感到惊奇，对其生动的描述给我们留下了深刻的印象。 ①vividly②vivid description 【语境串记】 She gave a vivid account of her life and described vividly the relationship between wealth and happiness.她生动地描述了自己的生活，生动地描述了财富与幸福的关系。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Learning About Language 1.find[faɪnd] v.找到，找回；发现，发觉 Hoping to find a hobby that can be shared by both the little ones and adults?(2025• 全国II卷)希望找到一个既能让小孩子也能让大人分享的爱好？ 【考点拓展】 find out 了解；找出，发现，查出（真相等） find oneself发现自己真实的能力、性格等; find fault with抱怨;挑剔; find one's way to设法到达等； find sb. a bed留某人住宿/过夜 finding n.结果，发现；判决，裁决 ①But our _______(find) indicate that, in general, there’s no trade-off between morality and well-being.(2026• 北京卷) 但我们的研究结果表明，总体而言，道德与福祉之间并无权衡关系。 ②He had heard about the texts, so he went to Yale University and _________that they were indeed about food.(2026• 全国I卷)他听说过这些文字，于是去了耶鲁大学，发现它们确实与食物有关。 【易混辨析】discover, look for , find, find out 与invent discover指偶然发现原来就存在但是一直未被认识的东西； look for作寻找解时，指寻找的动作和过程； find指寻找的结果，即找到，是非延续性动作； find out指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来，搞清楚，弄明白； invent指发明原来不存在的东西。 【熟词生义】 v. 判决 The court found in her favour.法庭判决对她有利。 【语境串记】 The researchers said their findings would help other scientists find causes and possible treatments for the disease.研究人员表示，他们的发现将帮助其他科学家找到这种疾病的原因和可能的治疗方法。 2.initial [ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l] adj.开始的，最初的 During your initial reading of material, do you ever go back and reread sentences or paragraphs?(2026• 浙江1月卷)在初次阅读材料时，您是否曾回头重新阅读某些句子或段落？ n. 首字母; [语音学]声母; 特大的大写字母 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was often known by his initials JFK.人们常以姓名的首字母JFK称约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪。 【考点拓展】 initially adv.开始；最初；起初。 initiate vt. 开始，发起; 传授; 创始，开辟 initiation n．开始；创始；发起 ①We hope to present the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and _______(initial) dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual art and expressionism.(2025• 全国I卷)我们希望在一个视觉语境中呈现相当抽象的围棋游戏和人工智能，并与极简主义艺术、观念艺术和表现主义展开对话。 ②What did people _______(initial) think the ancient texts were about?(2026• 全国I卷)人们最初认为古代文献是关于什么的？ ③Education is the ________(initiate)of the younginto worthwhile ways of thinking and doing.教育是使年轻人开始有价值的思考和行为方式。 3.solid [ˈsɒlɪd] n. 固体 New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge.(2025• 全国I卷)新型固态电池一次充电可使汽车行驶更远。 adj.固体的，坚硬的；结实的，牢固的；实心的；坚定的 Branches brushed against their jackets, and the forest floor crackled beneath their feet, but their determination remained solid. 树枝拂过他们的外套，森林的地面在他们脚下噼啪作响，但他们的决心依然坚定。 【熟词生义】 adj.可靠的 While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.(2024·新课标I卷)虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程。 Using Language & Assessing Your Progress 1.cast[kɑːst] v. 投, 抛, 投射, 浇铸, 计算, 派(角色) As the sun cast its rays, the girl noticed how the shadows created patterns on the ground, guiding her path.(2024• 浙江1月卷) 当阳光洒下时，女孩注意到阴影在地上形成了图案，指引着她的道路。 As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fishermen cast their nets into the sea.(应用文之报道) 渔民们一到捕鱼区就把渔网撒进了大海。 【考点拓展】 cast about/ around for设法寻找； cast aside抛弃，扔掉； cast away扔掉，（破船之后）使遗留在……； cast down沮丧，泄气； cast in one’s lot with决心与……共患难； cast off扔掉，不再和……往来； cast one’s pearls before swine对牛弹琴； cast out驱逐（出去）； cast up加在一起。 【易混辨析】cast/ throw throw 抛，投，掷，是一般用语，指“抛”、“投”的动作，带有“抛丢”的含义； cast　带有“不用多大力量把轻巧的东西快速地扔出去”的含义。与throw常常可以通用，但在现代英语中，用于“抛、投”这个意思比较陈旧了。 【易混辨析】cast down, cast out, cast up, cast about 这四个以cast为中心词的短语动词，因介词或副词不同，用法各异。 cast down意为“使沮丧”、“使下降”、“推翻”、“扔下”、“不愉快”，其中down是副词，后面接名词。 cast out意为“驱逐”、“逐出”、“扔出”，其中out是副词，后面接名词。 cast up意为“计算”、“ 呕吐”、“把……加起来”、“冲浮到上面”，其中up是副词，后面接名词。 cast about意为“搜索”、“想方设法”、“寻找”、“寻求”、“转向”，其中about是介词，后面接名词、代词、V-ing或宾语从句，about还可以作副词。 【熟词生义】 n.(一出戏剧或一部电影的)全体演员 Soon, the cast list was posted.Sure enough, my name was at the top. (2024• 北京卷) 不久演员表就被张贴了出来。果然，我的名字在上面。 He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children's Theatre regular, with five shows to his credit.(2024·浙江1月卷) 他是《汤姆·索亚》首演时的演员之一，也是儿童剧院的常客，演出了五场。 2.shadow [ˈʃædəʊ] n.坏影响;阴影;影子;背光处;阴暗处 Over time, the shadow faded (消退).(2026• 北京卷) 随着时间的推移，阴影逐渐消退。 v.遮蔽;尾随 The supporters are being shadowed by a large and highly visible body of police.支持者们被一大群显眼的警察尾随着。 【考点拓展】 in shadow 在暗处 in the shadow of 在……的树荫下;在……的影响下;受……的控制 cast a shadow on 给……蒙上阴影 be/live in one’s shadow 处于/生活在某人的阴影中 shadowy adj.有阴影的;朦胧的 3.pour[pɔː(r)] v.倾倒，倒出；（给……）斟，倒（饮料等）；倾泻，涌流；（雨）倾盆而下 At last, make tasty sauce with sugar, salt, vinegar and soy sauce fried in hot oil and pour the hot and thick sauce onto the fish.(应用文之介绍) 最后，用糖、盐、醋和酱油在热油中炸成美味的酱汁，把又热又浓的酱汁倒在鱼身上。 I was able to understand her because we were under the same roof. I poured out all my pain in life, too.(读后续写之细节描写) 我能理解她是因为我们住在同一个屋檐下。我也把生活中所有的痛苦都倾诉了出来。 【熟词生义】 vi.不断涌向 The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. (2026• 全国II卷)巴塞罗那地铁驶入车站，车门缓缓打开，乘客纷纷下车，开始各自忙碌的一天。 4.break[breɪk] vt. 打破；打碎；使折断；违背；违反；减弱（力量）；打破（记录）；中断（某事）；（天）亮；（消息）突然传出；（身体或精神）垮掉 Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. (2024• 北京卷) 尽管我很高兴打破了几十年来不愿使用油画颜料的禁忌，但我发现我现在更喜欢粉笔和墨水。 If you pull too hard you will break the rope.(应用文之介绍信) 如果你太用力拉，就会把绳子拉断。 The government of that country is determined to break the power of the trade unions.(读后续写之细节描写) 那个国家政府决心削弱工会的势力。 She is eager to break the Olympic 100 meters record.(应用文之人物介绍信) 她渴望打破奥运会100米记录。 n. 间歇；休息时间（尤指工作期间）。 Need a break between classes or just a quick pick-me-up in the morning?(2025• 全国I卷)需要课间休息或者只是在早上快速提神吗？ 【考点拓展】 break away from 突然挣脱，摆脱 break down损坏，不能运转；身体垮掉；失败；崩溃；拆毁；拆除；分解 break new ground 开辟新的领域;有新发现 break into破门而入，强行闯入(后接宾语)；突然开始(哭、唱等) break into a smile突然笑起来 break in 闯入；插话，打断 break off中断,中止;突然停止; 断交,断绝友好关系; 折断;(使)断开。 break through突破 break out (坏事)突然发生，爆发 break up 结束；粉碎，破碎；解散 ①If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford ____________ six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. (2024• 全国甲) 如果是短篇小说，Peter Mountford给出了六种技巧，你可以试着看看哪一种能帮助你坚持着落。 ②We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody____________ the office during the night.(读后续写之细节描写) 在早上我们到班上时，发现夜里有人闯入了办公室。 ③When the news came that the war __________, he decided, to serve in the army.(读后续写之细节描写) 当战争爆发的消息传来时,他决定参军入伍。 ④The scientist _______________________in his book about rare animals. (应用文之人物介绍) 这位科学家在他那本有关珍稀动物的著作中有独创见解.  ⑤The ice _____________ when the warm weather comes.(读后续写之细节描写) 天气转暖，冰层就会破裂。 ⑥Can what we do to help them to _________________ the difficult position? (读后续写之细节描写) 我们能做什么来帮助他们摆脱困境呢? ⑦We watched her puzzled face__________________________. (读后续写之细节描写) 我们看见她原先迷惑的脸上轻轻绽放出了笑容。 ⑧She _________a piece of chocolate and gave it to me.(读后续写之细节描写) 她把巧克力掰成两半，把一半给了我。 ⑨This is where science may never _________.(2025• 天津卷)这是科学可能永远无法突破的地方。 【一词多义】 A.消除，驱除 B.坏掉，出故障 C.（讨论、谈判）失败 D.（健康或精神）垮掉 E.（使）分解 1. If you keep on working so hard, you will break down sooner or later. _____ 2. It will take a long time to break down the plastic in the soil. _____ 3. Attempts must be made to break down the barrier between the two countries. _____ 4. The car broke down just miles away from the destination. _____ 5. It was reported that peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached. _____ 【易混辨析】break up/break down break up 打碎，粉碎，多指物理的变化，不改变其化学成分。 break down 改变某物的化学成分； 【熟词生义】 n. 机会；运气 Give him a break and he'll succeed.给他一个机会，他会成功的。 5.defend [dɪˈfend] v. 防护；辩护；防卫 You do not have to be a fan to recognise the skill of professional players—how they use their bodies to pass, score and defend can be amazing to see. (应用文之体育类)你不必是一个球迷就能认识到职业球员的技术——看到他们如何利用身体传球、得分和防守是令人惊奇的。 【考点拓展】 defend sb / sth from / against sb / sth 防御；保护；保卫；辩解 defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护 defence n. 防护；防御；国防；防御物；防御工事；答辩； 被告 in defence of...为了保卫…… defender n.防御者；后卫 defensive adj.防御性的;自我保护的 defendant n.被告，被告人 ①In my _______(defend), I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. (2025• 北京卷)在我的辩护中，我做了我们以前都做过的事情，即重复公认的智慧，而不探索其中的细微差别。 ②If he seems a little_______(defend), it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.(2024• 新课标I卷)如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔也会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。 ③Everyone should ______________________ by enemy.(应用文之发言稿)每个人都应该保卫祖国不受敌人侵略。 ④All our officers are trained to _________________________ knife attacks.我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。 ⑤He quickly gained a reputation as a _______(defend) of the poor.(读后续写之人物描写)为穷人辩护使他声名鹊起。 【帮你记词】 与defend...from/against用法类似的还有prevent ...from、 stop ...from、 keep ...from、 protect ...from/against、 discourage ...from 等,这些短语若用于被动语态,from都不可省略。 【句式升级】 有些人认为应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。 ①→Some think that students should be trained to________________________some attacks.(defend) ②→Some think that students should be trained_______________ some attacks.(defence) 【易混辨析】defend/ protect defend 意为"防御；保卫；保护"，强调通过作战、反击等方式；还可作"为......辩护；为(论文等)答辩"解； protect也可作"保护；防护"解，主要指用通过警惕、警卫、覆盖等方式，也可表示"为......保险"。 【语境串记】 After spending some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the war, the defenders decided it was very suitable for the defence.(2021·全国甲卷)在花了一些时间观察了战争中的所有防御装备后，防御者认为它非常适合防御。 6.assist [əˈsɪst] v. 帮助; 援助; 帮助某人做某事 Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.(2025• 浙江1月卷) 同样，拟人化的产品也可以被创造出来，以承担与刻板印象不一致的角色——例如，一个帮助护理的男性机器人或一个帮助计算的女性机器人。 【考点拓展】 assist sb. in doing sth. 　　帮助某人做某事 assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事/用……帮助某人 assistance n.帮助，援助； with the assistance of...在……的帮助下 assistant n.助手，助理 ①He asked us to ________________carrying through the plan. But unfortunately we were too busy to make it.(应用文之道歉信) 他请我们帮助他们完成这个计划。但不幸的是，我们太忙了，不能去。 ②To my joy, two students _____________ the experiment.(读后续写之细节描写) 使我高兴的是，有两个学生帮助我做实验。 ③So, I called Directory ________(assist), got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived. (2024• 浙江1月卷) 所以，我打电话给电话查号台，接通了女房东的经纪人，他们给了我一把备用钥匙，刚好来得及在演员们到来之前回去。 ④These digital ________(assist) engage visitors in dynamic conversations and offer context-sensitive insights that deepen understanding and satisfy curiosity. (2026• 全国I卷)这些数字助手能与访客进行生动的对话，并提供情境相关的见解，从而加深理解，满足好奇心。 【易混辨析】help/ assist/aid help一般用语，指以实际行动从精神上或物质上帮助； assist正式用语，意思与help相同，常可通用，这个词包含“接受帮助的人自己能做一部分工作”的意思； aid正式用语，多半指一批人或团体、组织的帮助，往往指经济方面的援助。 【一句多译】 在我的日常生活中，我认为帮助我的母亲做家务是我的责任。 →①In my daily life, I think it is my duty _____________________________the housework.(with) →②In my daily life, I think it is my duty_____________________________ the housework.(in doing) →③In my daily life, I think it is my duty _____________________________ the housework.(to do) 【语境串记】 Tom is an assistant teacher in the college.He often assists the students with their problems and gives assistance to any student in need.(2025• 浙江1月卷) 汤姆是这所大学的助理教师。他经常帮助学生解决他们的问题，并为任何有需要的学生提供帮助。 7.charge [tʃɑːdʒ] v. 充电；索价，要价；控告，指控 Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car.(2026• 全国II卷)他们却不知道，当他们这样做时，一股能量被释放到街道层面，以帮助为电动汽车充电。 Ribeiro charges €35 per person for what is usually a three-course meal that can last up to three hours.(2025• 浙江1月卷) 里贝罗的套餐通常是三道菜，持续时间长达三个小时，收费为每人35欧元。 n. 价钱，费用，管理，主管 Lawyers often make higher charge for their work than they should in the U.S. 在美国，律师经常收取比他们应得的更高的费用。 【考点拓展】 in charge 主管；看管 in charge of负责；管理 in the charge of由……管理/负责 take/have charge (of)掌管；接管 in full charge负全责 under the charge of在……掌管下 free of charge免费 charge sb．some money for sth．因某事收某人多少钱 charge sb. money for sth. 为……向某人要价 charge sb．with sth．／doing sth．指控某人做了某事 ①If I go back to work, the younger kids will have to be_________________________. 如果我回去上班, 这些年幼的孩子们将不得不由我的大女儿照看。 ②More importantly, there are teachers online whom you can turn to for help. And____________. 更重要的是，网上有老师，你可以求助他们。所有这些都是免费的。 ③The man who had ____________________________ was charged with taking drugs. 曾经掌管这家公司的那个人被指控吸毒。当他不在时，我掌管这家医院。 ④The movements of the black and white pieces reflect the basic ideas of Eastern philosophy, according to Tu Ningning, who is __________the exhibition. (2025• 全国I卷)据展览负责人涂宁宁介绍，黑白作品的运动反映了东方哲学的基本思想。 【句式转换】 If I were in charge of a school I would also be very strict with the students who don’t behave well. →If a school were___________________me I would also be very strict with the students who don’t behave well. 【一句多译】 他们有证据控告他偷了那个超市的商品。 ①→They have evidence to________________________ from the supermarket.(charge) ②→They have evidence to _____________________from the supermarket.(accuse) ①charge him with stealing goods ②accuse him of stealing goods 一词多义——根据语境选出charge的词性及含义 A.v.要价;收费　B.v.给……充电　C.v.控告;指控D.v.攻击　E.n.掌管;照管　F.n.费用 1.Don't forget to charge the electric bike in case you are late for work tomorrow. 　　　  2.The stepmother was charged with child abuse. 　　　  3.Suddenly, the dog charged at him with its mouth open wide. 　　　  4.He took charge of the restaurant three years ago. 　　　  5.Anyone can enter the park free of charge before 6:00 am. 　　　  6.The taxi driver charged me 10 dollars for driving me to the station. 　　　  【易混辨析】in charge of/in the charge of in charge of往往以人作主语，指“某人负责(主管)某事”； in the charge of往往以物作主语，指“某物由某人掌管”。 He is in charge of the factory, that is to say, the factory is in the charge of him. 他负责这个工厂, 换句话说, 这个工厂由他负责。 【熟词生义】 v. 赋予...职责n.责任;任务 The committee has been charged with the development of sport in the region.委员会已被赋予在该地区发展体育运动的职责。 Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.(2023·全国甲)虽然DIY传统上被认为是男性的爱好,但研究表明,现在是女性处于主导地位。 8.outstanding [aʊtˈstændɪŋ] adj. 凸出的；显著的;杰出的;重要的 The D.C. area is home to many outstanding Chinese restaurants, but diners willing to travel outside the city limits will also be rewarded.(2026• 全国II卷)华盛顿特区地区有许多出色的中餐馆，但愿意前往市外用餐的食客同样也能获得丰厚回报。 9.gift[ɡɪft] n.礼物，赠品；才能，天赋 Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.(2024• 全国甲卷)猫会给它们的主人带礼物来表达它们对你的爱。 【考点拓展】 gifted adj. 有天赋的,有才华的 During the festival, you will have the opportunity to admire the “technology gadgets” created by our _______(gift) students. 在节日期间，您将有机会欣赏我们才华横溢的学生创造的“科技小玩意”。 【易混辨析】gift, present gift 既指免费捐赠给团体或机构的物品，也指亲友间互赠礼品； present 指亲友间互赠。 10.steady [ˈstedi] adj. 稳固的，平稳的 I might be able to get attention effortlessly, but you have the strength for steady growth. (2026• 北京卷)我或许能轻松获得关注，但你拥有持续成长的力量。 v.使平稳，稳住；（使）稳定 As he neared the struggling pair, he reached out with one arm, grabbing the dog’s collar while using his other hand to steady the log.(读后续写之细节描写)他走近这对挣扎的狗时，他伸出一只手抓住狗的项圈，另一只手稳住圆木。 【考点拓展】 as steady as a rock 稳如磐石 steadily adv. 稳固地，平稳地 China’s image is improving _________(steady), with more countries recognizing its role in international affairs.中国的形象正在稳步提升,更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。 11.astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə(r)] n. 天文学家 He wished to be an astronomer when he was a child.(应用文之人物介绍) 他还是孩子的时候就梦想成为天文学家。 【考点拓展】 astronomy n.天文学 astronomical adj. 天文学的; 极其巨大的 astronomically adv. 天文学上; 巨大地，极大地，极其 ①___________(astronomer) is the scientific study of the sun, moon, and stars and other heavenly bodies.(应用文之介绍) 天文学是研究太阳、月亮、星星和其他天体的科学。 ②___________(astronomer) sums of money will be needed for this river tunnel plan.(应用文之报道) 这条过江隧道的计划需要极大的一笔钱。 ③_________(astronomy), it tells me that there are millions of galaxies and potentially billions of planets.(读后续写之环境描写) 从天文学上讲，它告诉我有数百万个星系，可能还有数十亿颗行星。 12.brilliant [ˈbrɪliənt] adj. 绚丽的, 闪耀的, 有才气的 The snow is brilliant. It would be better if there were fewer people.(2025• 全国I卷)雪是灿烂的。如果人少一点就好了。 I was amazed at the brilliant visual feast, cheering over the advanced technology. (应用文之报道) 我惊叹于这场绚丽的视觉盛宴，为其先进的技术而欢呼。 13.above all 首先;尤其是;最重要的是 While taking a 20-hour train ride along the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in northwestern China, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful encounter with a local that all travelers long for. (2024·浙江1月卷)我在中国西北部的塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘坐了20个小时的火车时，其间我与一个当地人有了一种谦卑、有教育意义的，最重要的是，美妙的邂逅，这是所有旅行者都渴望的。 【考点拓展】 after all 毕竟；终究；到底”，表示让步 first of all首先，强调次序 in all 总共；总计 all in all 总之; 归根结底 not at all 完全不，一点不 ①You should forgive him for his forgetfulness;____________ , he is over seventy. （应用文之建议信) 你应该原谅他的健忘,毕竟他已经七十多岁了。  ②_________________, we must get their support. （应用文之演讲) 首先,我们必须得到他们的支持。 ③____________some 15 million people live in the selected areas. （应用文之旅游景点) 总共有大概1,500万人住在所选定的区域内。 ④____________, the competition is such a success that everyone involved benefits a lot from it.(应用文之比赛报道) 总而言之，竞争是如此成功，每个参与的人都从中受益很多。 ⑤But when we looked at the tomatoes we were worried because they were so misshapen:____________ like the nice, round, shiny things you get in a supermarket.(2023·全国甲卷) 但当我们看到这些西红柿的时候，我们感到很担心，因为它们太畸形了：一点也不像你在超市里买到的那些漂亮的、圆圆的、闪亮的东西。 14.fault[fɔːlt] n. 过错, 缺点, 故障, 毛病 I realized it was me who was at fault.(2025• 全国I卷)我意识到是我的错。 v. 挑剔；弄错例 Not one singer forgot a word, not a pianist faulted.(应用文之发言稿)没有一个歌唱家忘掉过歌词, 没有一个钢琴家弹错过。 【考点拓展】 faultfinder n. 喜欢挑剔的人, 吹毛求疵者 faulty adj.有故障的，有缺陷的 faultless adj.完美的；无缺点的 ①Most deaths in earthquakes have been due to __________(fault) building construction or poor building sites.(应用文之发言稿)地震中的大多数死亡都是由于建筑施工不当或建筑工地质量差造成的。 ②On the earth, practically it is very difficult to find a piece of literature work which is hundred percent __________(fault).天底下几乎很难找到一本百分之百的完美无缺的文学作品。 【易混辨析】fault, failing ,weakness fault指人的性格、行为或习惯上的缺点或不完美，并非严重的道德问题，不一定是受责备的； failing跟fault的意思最接近，但语气比fault弱，一般指人们常有的不太严重的缺点之意；weakness多指性格上的缺点、癖好或由于缺乏自制能力而引起的小缺点。 【语境串记】 You should make an apology because it is your fault to be blind to the faulty design.Of course, we do not ask others to be faultless.你应该道歉，因为对错误的设计视而不见是你的错。当然，我们不要求他人完美无缺。 15.vivid[ˈvɪvɪd] adj. 生动的；栩栩如生的；鲜艳的 The works which can stick to the theme and have vivid pictures and accurate language are good ones.(应用文之发言稿)能紧紧抓住主题，画面生动，语言准确的作品才是好作品。 【考点拓展】 vividly adv. 生动地；栩栩如生地；鲜艳地 give a vivid description of sb./ sth.=describe sb./ sth. vividly生动地描述某人或某物 have a vivid memory of sb./ sth.=remember sb./ sth. vividly对某人或某物记忆犹新 ①The story _________(vivid) shows how people’s attitudes change towards the young man just because of the banknote. 这个故事生动地展示了人们对这个年轻人的态度是如何因为这张钞票而改变的。 ②We were all amazed at the ancient objects displayed in the museum and deeply impressed by the __________________.我们都对博物馆里陈列的古物感到惊奇，对其生动的描述给我们留下了深刻的印象。 【语境串记】 She gave a vivid account of her life and described vividly the relationship between wealth and happiness.她生动地描述了自己的生活，生动地描述了财富与幸福的关系。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $