Unit 3 Section Ⅲ Grammar and composition（配套课件PPT）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选修第二册学习笔记（译林版·新教材）

该高中英语课件聚焦语篇发展，以高考真题阅读（如凤头鹦鹉形状识别、座机使用变化）为语境导入，引导学生感知文本结构，通过语法总览和精讲系统讲解标题、开头、主体、结尾的构成要求，形成“感知-理解-应用”的学习支架。 其亮点在于依托真实高考语料和案例（如2021浙江高考阅读开头段分析），通过标题三要素、主体段逻辑过渡等结构化讲解，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。训练题含详细解析，帮助学生掌握语篇分析策略，提升学习能力，教师可借此高效开展读写教学，学生能深化语篇理解与写作技能。

Section Ⅲ Grammar and composition—The development of a text Helping people Unit 3 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习。 节选自(2022·全国甲，B) (一) Goffin’s cockatoos，a kind of small parrot native to Australasia，have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment，cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape，and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from.Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 语境感悟 … The next step，according to the researchers，is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 27.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A.Cockatoos：Quick Error Checkers B.Cockatoos：Independent Learners C.Cockatoos：Clever Signal-Readers D.Cockatoos：Skilful Shape-Sorters √ 通读全文，尤其第一段首句可知，本文主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的儿童相似。选项D简洁明了，能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。 节选自(2021·全国乙，B) … How attached are you to your landline(座机)？How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 27.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A.It remains a family necessity. B.It will fall out of use some day. C.It may increase daily expenses. D.It is as important as the gas light. √ 根据最后一段第二句“How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries？”可推知，座机迟早会像煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务一样退出我们的生活。故B项正确。 语法总览 语法精讲 一篇完整的文章通常由四个部分组成：标题部分、开头部分、主体部分和结尾部分。有时，一篇文章的主体部分也可能包含几个段落，但将开头部分、主体部分和结尾部分组织在一个段落中也是可行的。 一、标题(title) 一个好的标题应该是生动的、有吸引力的，能够激发读者的阅读兴趣。因此，标题的拟定对于一篇文章非常重要。一般来说，一个标题需要满足这三个要求：①准确性；②简洁性；③醒目性。有的文章含有副标题或分标题。如2021年浙江6月高考阅读理解B篇，通过作者的亲身案例引出社会现状：孩子们沉迷于电子产品。David Bond 为了让孩子们减少使用电子产品的时间，通过制作纪录片向孩子们推销大自然这个品牌，鼓励他们走进大自然。Market Nature to Children“向孩子们推销自然”能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。 二、开头(introduction) 开头段是一篇文章的起点，关系到整篇文章的布局，决定着文章的发展方向。如果开头段写得好，就可以吸引读者继续阅读，并且也有助于后面的段落的写作。开头段首先要起到点题的作用，统领全文，同时能够吸引读者的注意力。在满足上述要求的基础上，开头段应简洁明了，结构合理。如2021年浙江6月高考阅读理解C篇第一段，“If you ever get the impression that your dog can ‘tell’ whether you look content or annoyed，you may be onto something.Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces，according to a new study.”简单明了地介绍了一个新的研究发现：狗能够辨别人类开心或生气的面部表情。这吸引了读者的注意力，为下文话题的展开作好了充分的铺垫。 三、主体(main body) 主体段是在开头段之后对文章中心思想的阐述，是文章的中心部分，由一个或几个段落组成。每个主体段的内容必须与主题一致。段落之间，按逻辑关系使用必要的过渡词、过渡句或过渡段，以达到“起、承、转、合”的目的，使整个主体部分读起来自然流畅。如果是记叙文，应以“事”为纲，把事情描述清楚；如果是议论文，应以“理”为纲，使论点明确。主体段应根据内容和词数的需要，确定详细的要点，主次分明。 主体段的拓展方式因文章体裁的不同而不同：记叙文的拓展可以按照事件的时间顺序进行；说明文的拓展可以按照由浅入深、由易到难、由表及里的顺序进行；而议论文的拓展可以采用对比和比较，也可以采用因果法。如2020全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇，文章开头介绍了绿色植物的积极作用，以及麻省理工学院的工程师们研发的一种发光植物，接下来的三段介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，由此构成文章的主体让读者自然而然地就能得出结论：在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，发挥节约能源的作用。 四、结尾(conclusion) 一个好的文章结尾能够加深读者对文章的印象。一篇文章，尤其是叙事性文章的结尾方式，在很大程度上决定了文章的效果。因此，我们在写作时必须注意文章的结尾部分。一般来说，结尾部分要简明扼要地概括整篇文章的中心思想，另外还要使整篇文章的主题得到进一步升华。如2021年浙江6月高考完形填空，讲述了作者年事已高的母亲去商店购物时，由于自己带的现金不足以支付所有的商品，于是不得不把一些商品放回原处。这时，一位素昧平生的女士帮作者的母亲付了款。 这让作者的母亲深受感动，于是她决定把这个善举传递下去。她给了收银员5美元，希望这笔钱可以帮到像她一样的顾客。作者在结尾段通过“So，whoever you are，thank you for the random act of kindness that not only helped my mother out，but made her day too.”表达了自己对陌生女士的感激之情，使文章主题得到进一步升华。 阅读下面的短文，在短文下的表格内填上适当的内容 (2022·全国甲，七选五改编) Important Things to Know When Dining Out Cultural dining etiquette(礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules.Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant.Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. 达标检测 The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites，always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them. In India and the Middle East，it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil(器具) in each hand.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils，instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile，you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal.In Portugal，this would be a serious mistake，because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills.Similarly，in Italy，never ask for extra cheese to add to your food. Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange，but they are important in various countries.The more time you spend in any given country，the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. Title _________________________________________ Introduction ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Main body (1)__________________ (2)Hands or Utensils (3)________________ Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Important Things to Know When Dining Out Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world. Chopstick Rules Making Requests The more time you spend in any given country，the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. 训练2 A When Naomi Fisher took her eight-year-old son to the country park in Birmingham where she spent much of her childhood exploring with her friends，he asked why he was not allowed to go off by himself. Ⅰ.阅读理解 语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了一个组织帮助孩子们在无人监督的情况下能够在外面玩耍，而且让他们的家长意识到自己的孩子的能力要比自己想象的好得多。 “I couldn’t even give a good reason why not.It’s just not done any more; nobody lets their kids do that，” said Fisher，a community architect.“I had some conversations and it seemed my generation had all experienced that kind of play from seven or eight years old and yet it had virtually disappeared.” Fisher’s experience is not uncommon.A survey published this week reported that children typically are not allowed to play outside on their own until two years older than their parents’ generation were. Soon after，with the help of her friend，they set up Roam，a first-of-its-kind charity running sessions to help children with safe，unsupervised (无人监督的) play outside.At each session，up to 15 children，all under-12s，are given some ground rules—they must stay in groups of at least three at all times，for instance—before being allowed to roam (玩耍) alone for up to two hours. Volunteers keep tabs on them and count numbers on a regular basis，but do not interfere.They also run sessions with more supervision for younger children and those with additional needs.“A lot of our families have said they’ve seen that their children’s capabilities are much better than they thought，” said Fisher. When Roam surveyed parents，it found that although road danger and safety fears were key reasons why many did not let their children play alone，the more important reason was that parents felt their child would stand out and their parenting would be judged.“My biggest fear at the pilot sessions is that a member of the public might approach the children and say，‘You’re too young to be your own，’”said Fisher. 1.What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Parents giving a good reason. B.Children playing outside on their own. C.Children exploring with their parents. D.Parents communicating with their children. √ 代词指代题。由第一段中的“he asked why he was not allowed to go off by himself”以及第二段中的“...it seemed my generation had all experienced that kind of play from seven or eight years old”可知，it 指代上文的“孩子们自己在外面玩”。故选B项。 解析 2.What do we know about Roam? A.It offers children academic sessions. B.It disciplines children to stay inside. C.It helps children display better abilities. D.It involves more supervision for older kids. √ 细节理解题。由第四段中的“they set up Roam，...to help children with safe，unsupervised(无人监督的) play outside”可知，Roam 可以帮助孩子们在无人监督的情况下安全地在外面玩。再根据倒数第二段中“their children’s capabilities are much better than they thought”可知，它能帮助孩子们展示更好的能力。故选C项。 解析 3.Why do many parents refuse to let their children play alone? A.They feel their children are too outstanding. B.They worry about children’s incompetence. C.They fear negative judgment on their parenting. D.They believe their children will break traffic laws. √ 细节理解题。由最后一段中的“the more important reason was that parents felt their child would stand out and their parenting would be judged”可知，很多家长拒绝让孩子一个人玩，最主要的原因是怕自己对孩子的养育会受到评判，所以家长们主要是害怕对自己对孩子的养育的负面评价。故选C项。 解析 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.How a community architect manages to found a charity. B.What children’s independent play means to their health. C.What parents should do to let go of their parenting plan. D.How a charity helps children gain the right to play alone. √ 主旨大意题。文章一开始讲家长不让孩子出去玩，之后讲 Roam 这个组织想出了能够让孩子出去玩的方法，而且让家长意识到让孩子独自出去玩的好处，因此这篇文章讲的是 Roam 这个组织是如何帮助孩子得到独自出去玩的权利的。故选D项。 解析 B An afternoon nap(午睡) is one of the joys of life，although too much napping could signal all is not well.In some cultures，people will have a daily nap—this is fine.The warning comes when people start sleeping during the daytime，when they did not before.There is certainly a good reason to believe that daytime sleepiness—as in the Alzheimer’s study—can be a marker of an underlying condition. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何在午睡期间睡得好以及最适合午睡的时间。 For most people，napping during the day is mainly a sign that you are not getting enough sleep at night，says Dr Neil Stanley，a sleep expert.“If you feel sleepy during the day，you should think about taking a nap.That is what the body needs—it doesn’t need to be kept awake with caffeine；it needs sleep.” The feeling to notice is “sleepiness”，he says，not “tiredness”，which could be more psychological and linked to stress. So how do you nap well？The key thing，says Stanley，is how long your nap lasts.Choose either a 20- or 90-minute nap.“When you fall asleep，you’ll quickly go through the lighter stages of sleep into your first period of deep sleep.You don’t want to wake up in deep sleep because that’s when you wake and feel worse than you did before.”Napping for 20 minutes means you will wake up before you go into deep sleep; napping for 90 minutes means you’ll complete a sleep cycle. Once you factor in the time it takes to fall asleep—some people are better at napping than others but，says Stanley，“a healthy adult will fall asleep in between 5 and 12 minutes” —you can set an alarm，allowing a 30- to 40-minute period for a short nap，and up to two hours for a longer one. A good time to nap is during the body’s natural dip in the afternoon，between 2 pm and 4 pm.“You don’t really want to be napping much past that because then you are going to be eating into your night-time sleep，” Stanley says.The point，he stresses，is to get good night-time sleep，which would ensure you probably don’t need to nap at all. 5. What does an afternoon nap indicate for most people? A.Caffeine addiction. B.Psychological stress. C.Insufficient night sleep. D.Potential physical illness. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段首句“For most people，napping during the day is mainly a sign that you are not getting enough sleep at night”可知，对于大多数人来说，午睡是因为夜间睡眠不足。故选C项。 解析 6. What is the key to a good nap? A.Duration. B.Surroundings. C.Health. D.Stages. √ 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“So how do you nap well？The key thing，says Stanley，is how long your nap lasts.”可知，睡得好的关键因素是午睡的持续时间。故选A项。 解析 7.What does the underlined word “that” in the last paragraph refer to? A.A 30- to 40-minute period. B.Between 2 pm and 4 pm. C.Between 5 and 12 minutes. D.A 20- to 90-minute period. √ 代词指代题。根据最后一段内容可知，午睡的最佳时间是在下午的两点到四点之间，而过了这个时间，你可能就不再想睡了，因为那可能会浪费掉你晚上的睡眠时间。故可推知，画线词“that”指代的是下午2点到4点之间。故选B项。 解析 8. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.Why to Phase a Nap B.When to Take a Good Nap C.What to Learn from a Nap D.How to Have a Successful Nap √ 标题归纳题。通读文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了如何在午睡期间睡得好以及最适合午睡的时间。D项“如何成功地午睡”符合文意，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 解析 Andy Wang is a Chinese student at Lawrence University with an excellent college application.However，what sets him apart is his 1 as a popular author and founder of a nonprofit organization. 1.A.schedules B.achievements C.instructions D.proposals Ⅱ.完形填空 语篇解读　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Andy Wang是劳伦斯大学的中国学生，他在留学期间不仅出版了自己的第一本书，还成立了慈善机构“安迪读书基金”，为中国农村学生提供教育书籍和资源。 √ schedule计划表；achievement成就；instruction说明；proposal建议。由下文“as a popular author and founder of a nonprofit organization”可知，他是畅销书作家，且成立了慈善机构，这些都是他取得的成就，故选B。 解析 At the age of 18，Wang 2 his first book，High School Encounter Seattle.The book describes his 3 as an international student，especially how he 4 the new culture difficultly. 2.A.published B.ordered C.collected D.accepted 3.A.processes B.researches C.struggles D.regrets 4.A.cheered for B.relied on C.brought in D.adjusted to √ √ √ 2.publish公布，出版；order命令；collect收集；accept接受。由下文“his first book”并结合上文的“as a popular author”可知，此处指他出版了第一本书，故选A。 3.process过程；research研究；struggle奋斗，挣扎；regret后悔。由下文“difficultly”可知，他作为一名国际学生遇到了很多困难，所以这本书描述了他的挣扎，故选C。 4.cheer for为……加油；rely on依靠；bring in引进；adjust to适应。由下文“the new culture”可知，作为一名国际学生，他要适应新文化，故选D。 解析 attitude态度；principle原则；identity身份；standard标准。由上文“reflect on himself and explore his”和下文“in a foreign country”可知，在异国他乡，他反思自我、探索自我的身份，故选C。 解析 Writing became his way to reflect on himself and explore his 5 in a foreign country. 5.A.attitude B.principle C.identity D.standard √ naturally自然地；immediately立即，马上；generally大概；randomly随机地。由下文“received widespread attention”并结合上文的“as a popular author”可推知，他的书立即受到了广泛关注，故选B。 解析 Wang’s book came from his blog and 6 received widespread attention. 6.A.naturally B.immediately C.generally D.randomly √ Believing that nothing is more powerful than a learned mind，Wang 7 the charity “Andy Reading Fund” to provide 8 books and resources for rural students in China. 7.A.established B.reformed C.joined D.recommended 8.A.recreational B.financial C.educational D.technical √ √ 7.establish建立，成立；reform改革；join加入；recommend推荐。由第一段提到的“founder of a nonprofit organization”可知，他成立了“安迪读书基金”这一非营利组织，故选A。 8.recreational娱乐的；financial金融的；educational教育的；technical技术的。由上文“Believing that nothing is more powerful than a learned mind”可知，他相信没有什么比博学的头脑更强大，由此可知，他应该是为中国农村学生提供教育书籍和资源，故选C。 解析 9.limitation限制；introduction介绍；reference参考；contribution贡献，捐献。由下文“donated to several schools”可知，他的书所赚取的所有收入都作为对该基金的捐款，然后捐给学校，故选D。 10.loan借出；raise提高，筹集；lend借出；pay支付。由下文“over $7,500 and donated to several schools”可知，他筹集钱，并捐给学校，故选B。 解析 All earnings from his book were presented as 9 to the fund.To date，he has successfully 10 over $7,500 and donated to several schools. 9.A.limitations B.introductions C.references D.contributions 10.A.loaned B.raised C.lent D.paid √ √ In his latest project，Wang is looking to 11 100 student representatives to sponsor 100 students in need， 12 more students to help those less fortunate. 11.A.involve B.force C.remind D.teach 12.A.demanding B.promising C.encouraging D.hiring √ √ 11.involve包含，使参与；force强迫；remind提醒；teach教。由上文“In his latest project”和下文“100 student representatives to sponsor 100 students in need”可知，应该是让100名学生代表参与他的项目，故选A。 12.demand要求；promise承诺；encourage鼓励；hire雇用。由下文“more students to help those less fortunate”和上文提到的他希望让100名学生代表参与他的最新项目可知，他这样做是为了鼓励更多学生帮助那些不幸的学生，故选C。 解析 confused困惑的；surprised惊讶的；worried担心的；excited兴奋的。下文“to promote his fund at the university”可知，能在大学宣传他成立的“安迪读书基金”应该让他很高兴，故选D。 解析 Although he has not yet decided on a major，Wang is 13 to promote his fund at the university，where he is one of the only 19 Chinese freshmen. 13.A.confused B.surprised C.worried D.excited √ Ken Anselment，the head of admissions，regards Wang to be a(n) 14 member，highlighting his innovation，and his 15 for others as qualities that go in line with the university’s values. 14.A.adventurous B.remarkable C.honest D.grateful 15.A.concern B.curiosity C.politeness D.patience √ √ 14.adventurous爱冒险的；remarkable显著的，杰出的；honest诚实的；grateful感恩的。由下文“highlighting his innovation，and his for others as qualities that go in line with the university’s values”和上文提到的他为很多学校捐款可知，他很杰出，故选B。 15.concern关心；curiosity好奇；politeness礼貌；patience耐心。由上文提到的他关心贫困的学生并设法帮助他们可知，他是关心他人的，故选A。 解析 本课结束 $