Unit 2 Period 2 Using language(1)—Grammar（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（外研版·新教材）

本高中英语讲义聚焦过去完成时的被动语态这一核心语法点，通过阅读短文感知黑体部分引入，系统讲解其构成（had been done及肯定、否定、疑问形式）和五大用法（如过去某时前完成的被动动作、宾语从句等），并对比现在完成时被动语态，辅以即时训练、单句语法填空等形成递进式学习支架。 资料特色在于以语篇感知为起点提升语言理解能力，通过对比辨析培养逻辑思维品质，分层设计单句、短文语境及主题语篇练习助力学习能力发展。课中辅助教师系统授课，课后综合作业（如七选五、语法填空）帮助学生巩固知识，查漏补缺。

Period 2　Using language(1)—Grammar 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答以下问题。 My old friend，Jerry，who ①had lived in the Mediterranean region for many years，decided to move to England after retirement.The moving plan ②had been made early before.So the moment he retired，he got it carried out.However，the moment he settled down in the city，he began to complain about the weather，for even though it was still summer，it rained continually and was often bitterly cold，which ③hadn’t been thought of before moving here.He determined that the weather here was more than he could bear and he moved back quickly.The dream he ④had had for so many years ended there. 以上句子中的黑体部分均使用了过去完成时，其构成是had done，表示动作发生在过去的过去；其中②和③是过去完成时的被动语态，其构成形式为had been done。 过去完成时的被动语态 过去完成时的被动语态所表示的动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成，且谓语动词与句子的主语存在被动关系。句中常用by，before，until，when 等词引导时间状语。 一、过去完成时的被动语态的构成 (1)肯定结构：主语＋had been done (2)否定结构：主语＋had not been done (3)疑问句结构 The evidence had been discovered before 12：00 yesterday. 昨天12：00之前就已经找到了证据。 The evidence hadn’t been discovered before 12：00 yesterday. 昨天12：00之前还没有找到证据。 Had the evidence been discovered before 12：00 yesterday? 昨天12：00之前已经找到证据了吗？ What time had the evidence been discovered yesterday? 昨天什么时候已经找到了证据？ 二、过去完成时的被动语态的用法 1．表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。 By the time the boarder got to the golf club，the first period had been finished. 当那个寄宿生到达高尔夫俱乐部时，第一阶段已经结束了。 The hall of the airline hadn’t been cleaned before the moderator came. 主持人到来之前，航空公司的大厅还没有打扫过。 How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended? 飓风结束时有多少建筑物被摧毁了？ Had the new conclusion been discussed before the meeting started? 这个新结论在会议开始前讨论过吗？ 2．在 told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 The boy was reminded that his politics paper had not been handed in. 这个男孩被提醒还没有交政治试卷。 The media reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake. 媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。 3．根据语意可以判断出两个过去的动作发生的先后，当先发生的动作表示被动时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 As the assignment had been done，he switched on the computer to confirm the bond between them. 因为任务已经完成了，他打开电脑去确认他们之间的关系。 4．在It was the first/second/...time that...句型中，that从句的主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。在“Hardly/Scarcely had...when...”和“No sooner had...than...”句型中，当主句主语是动作的承受者时，主句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“一……就……”。 It was the second time that this smartphone had been stolen. 这是这部手机第二次被偷了。 Hardly had the front door been opened when we could smell the gas. 一打开前门，我们就闻到了煤气的味道。 5．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去的事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 If I had been invited earlier，I would have gone with you. 如果我早一点受邀，我就和你一起去了。 [即时训练1]　完成句子 (1)这不是他第一次因志愿工作而受到表扬。 It was not the first time that he had been praised for his voluntary work. (2)这女孩一被送回家就向她母亲跑去。 Hardly had the girl been sent home when she ran to her mother. (3)在我们实施这项计划之前，同学们就提出了不同的想法。 Before we carried out the plan，various ideas had been put forward by our classmates. (4)到20世纪70年代，在这个地区发现了100多个新物种。 By the 1970s，more than 100 new species had been found in this area. (5)要是这个项目按时完成了，公司就能获得巨额利润。 If the project had been completed on time，the company would have gained a large profit. (6)他们以为这本书已经被翻译成了好几种语言。 They thought that the book had been translated into several languages. 三、过去完成时的被动语态与现在完成时的被动语态的用法区别 现在完成时的被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时的被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。 This polluted river has been cleaned. 这条被污染了的河流已被净化。(表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化) He said this book had been translated into Japanese. 他说这本书已被译成日语。(表示到他说话时这本书已被译成日语) [即时训练2]　完成句子 (1)新桥已建成，下个月将通车。 The new bridge has been built，and it will open to traffic next month. (2)最近公园里种了大量的树，使它变得更美了。 A large number of trees have been planted in the park recently，making it more beautiful. (3)他到达机场时，航班因为大雾已经被取消了。 By the time he arrived at the airport，the flight had been canceled due to the heavy fog. (4)她打开电脑时发现她所有的文件都已被删除。 She found that all her files had been deleted when she turned on the computer. Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．When the police investigated the case，they discovered that the evidence had been destroyed(destroy)． 2．The report has been submitted(submit) to the manager，and we are waiting for his reply. 3．The building had been damaged(damage) seriously in the earthquake before the rescue team arrived. 4．He realized that he had been fooled(fool) by his so-called friend after he heard the truth. 5．Many old houses in the city have been reconstructed(reconstruct) to attract more tourists so far. 6．It was the third time that the precious manuscript had been exhibited(exhibit) in public. 7．If the documents had been signed(sign) earlier，the deal would have been closed smoothly. 8．She told me that she had been(be) to the United States twice before she got the chance to work there. 9．It is the first time that he has achieved(achieve) such a high score in the math exam. 10．The old house，which had been damaged(damage) severely in the earthquake，was finally rebuilt last year. Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用本单元的语法 我仍然记得去年冬天。当我醒来的时候，雪已经停了。我们草坪上的雪已经被我父亲清理干净了。我合上从图书馆借的书，然后下楼。我的弟弟说他的家庭作业已经完成了。吃早餐的时候，我最好的朋友来拜访我们家。她去年去了澳大利亚。在学习期间，她学习了当地的文化。到去年秋天末，一部关于毛利人的小说由她完成了。在澳大利亚的时候，她和她的朋友们就计划为中国的贫困弱势群体捐款。到去年十月底，100 个人被她的团队帮助了。 I still remember last winter.When I woke up，it had stopped snowing.The snow on our lawn 1.had been cleaned by my father.I closed the book that 2.had been borrowed from the library and went downstairs.My little brother said his homework 3.had been finished.During breakfast，my best friend came to visit.She went to Australia last year.During her study there，she had learned the local culture.By the end of last fall，a novel about Maori 4.had been finished by her.When in Australia，she and her friends had planned to donate to the poor in China.By the end of last October,100 people 5.had been helped by her team. 作业2　Using language(1) [分值：86.5分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共8小题；每小题1.5分，满分12分) 1．They had wanted(want) to help but could not get there in time. 2．The police finally recovered the masterpieces that had been stolen(steal)． 3．She had finished(finish) writing the composition by 10 pm yesterday. 4．It suddenly struck him that his homework had not been handed(not，hand) in. 5．The room had been occupied(occupy) for three hours by the time it was broken into. 6．It was the first time that we had been introduced(introduce) officially at the conference. 7．They became homeless again，for their house had been destroyed(destroy) in the earthquake. 8．We had planned(plan) to go on a picnic by the lake last Sunday，but it rained heavily and we had to cancel it. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分) 1．我在阳光下晒了30分钟，公共汽车终于来了。 I had been exposed to sunlight for thirty minutes when a bus finally arrived. 2．到上学期末，我们已经学了3 000多个英语单词。 More than three thousand English words had been learned by us by the end of last term. 3．如果我采纳了你的建议，我就不会陷入如此尴尬的境地。 If I had taken your advice，I wouldn’t have been stuck in such an awkward situation. 4．我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店，但是发生了意想不到的事情。 I had intended to go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon，but something unexpected happened. 5．新产品一投放市场，就被消费者的投诉淹没了。 Hardly had the new product been launched on the market when it was flooded with complaints from consumers. Ⅲ.短文语境填空(共6小题；每小题2分，满分12分) Yesterday，I went to my grandparents’ old house.The front door 1.had been locked (lock) for years，but I managed to open it.Inside，the furniture 2.had been covered(cover) with thick dust before my arrival.The photos on the wall，which 3.had been taken(take) decades ago，showed their happy times.The wooden floor 4.had been polished(polish) many times before，yet it creaked under my feet when I walked around.The old books in the corner 5.had been arranged(arrange) carefully by my grandpa，and they still held the stories of the past.It was a trip down memory lane，filled with things that 6.had been(be) part of their lives. Ⅳ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A (2025·湖北高二上期末) Thinking through problems can be challenging，but there are ways to become fairer and more objective.One such method is illeism(第三人称叙述法)，an ancient strategy where one speaks about oneself in the third person rather than the first.For example，Julius Caesar used it in his writings，“Caesar defended the public” instead of “I defended the public.” This subtle switch gives the statement an air of fairness.Though it may seem strange today，psychological research suggests it brings cognitive benefits by helping to separate emotions from decision-making. To understand how illeism aids decision-making，we must explore how scientists，like Igor Grossmann，measure wisdom.Grossmann identified key components of wise reasoning，such as modesty and considering other viewpoints.His research demonstrated that wise reasoning can predict life satisfaction and social relationship quality.However，Grossmann also found that people are better at making wise decisions for others than for themselves—a phenomenon he called Solomon’s Paradox，after a king who was wise in advising others but struggled with his own decisions. Could illeism help solve Solomon’s Paradox? Grossmann’s studies suggest it can.By talking about our problems in the third person，we gain distance，helping us to see the bigger picture.This helps to calm down emotions that might confuse our thinking.In a study with Ethan Kross，people using illeism showed more humility and made better decisions，suggesting that the practice helps people think more wisely. Grossmann’s latest research shows that regular use of illeism can have lasting benefits.Participants who wrote in the third person daily saw improvements in wise reasoning and emotional regulation.This suggests that illeism helps us manage stress and approach challenges more thoughtfully，which I now apply to all areas of my life. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了“第三人称叙述法”在决策中帮助人们变得更加理性和智慧，介绍了其作为一种心理策略在改善决策中发挥的作用。 1．Why did Julius Caesar use illeism in his writings? A．To overstate his achievements. B．To simplify the language for his audience. C．To appear more personal and approachable. D．To make his statements sound more factual. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“This subtle switch gives the statement an air of fairness.Though it may seem strange today，psychological research suggests it brings cognitive benefits by helping to separate emotions from decision-making.”可知，尤利乌斯·恺撒使用第三人称叙述法是为了使他的陈述听起来更加客观和可信，听起来更符合事实。故选D。 2．What does Solomon’s Paradox describe in the article? A．The ability to make decisions without emotion. B．The skill of reasoning wisely in personal matters. C．The tendency to give better advice to others than to oneself. D．The strategy of using third-person perspective in decision-making. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“However，Grossmann also...a phenomenon he called Solomon’s Paradox...his own decisions.”可推知，“所罗门悖论”描述的是人们在为别人提供建议时比为自己做决定时更明智，即倾向于给别人比给自己更好的建议。故选C。 3．What does the research by Grossmann reveal on the regular use of illeism? A．It worsens emotional responses. B．It is unrelated to life satisfaction. C．It is only beneficial for public speaking. D．It helps manage stress and make decisions. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段“Grossmann’s latest research...areas of my life.”可知，格罗斯曼的研究表明使用第三人称叙述法可以帮助管理压力和应对挑战，从而更明智地做出决策。故选D。 4．What is the primary focus of the article? A．The use of illeism by historical figures. B．A psychological strategy to improve decision-making. C．The influence of language on emotional expression. D．A comparison between first-person and third-person speech. 答案　B 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段以及文章内容可知，整篇文章讨论了第三人称叙述法作为一种心理学策略，如何帮助改善决策，特别是在解决“所罗门悖论”时。因此，这篇文章的重点是介绍一种改善决策的心理策略。故选B。 B(此篇精读) Are you frequently overwhelmed by the feeling that life is leaving you behind，particularly when you look through social media sites and see all the exciting things your friends are up to? If so，you are not alone. FOMO，or Fear of Missing Out，refers to the perception that other people’s lives are superior to our own，whether this concerns socializing，accomplishing professional goals or generally having a more deeply fulfilling life.It shows itself as a deep sense of envy，and constant exposure to it can have a weakening effect on our self-respect.The feeling that we are always being left out of fundamentally important events，or that our lives are not living up to the image pictured by others，can have long-term damaging psychological consequences. While feelings of envy and inadequacy seem to be naturally human，social media seems to have added fuel to the fire in several ways.The reason why social media has such a triggering effect is tied to the appeal of social media in the first place：these are platforms which allow us to share only the most glowing presentations of our accomplishments，while leaving out the boring aspects of life.While this kind of misrepresentation could be characterized as dishonest，it is what the polished atmosphere of social media seems to demand. So how do we avoid falling into the trap of our own insecurities? Firstly，consider your own social media posts.Have you ever chosen photos or quotes which lead others to the rosiest(乐观的) conclusions about your life? Well，so have others and what they’ve left hidden is the fact that loneliness and boredom are unavoidably a part of everyone’s day-to-day life，and you are not the only one feeling left out.Secondly，learn to appreciate the positives.You may not be a regular at exciting parties or a climber of dizzying peaks，but you have your health，a place to live，and real friends who appreciate your presence in their lives.Last of all，learn to shake things off.We are all bombarded(轰击)daily with images of other people’s perfection，but really，what does it matter? They are probably no more real than the most ridiculous reality TV shows. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了FOMO这一现象以及FOMO带给我们的危害，指出社交媒体的本质增强了嫉妒感和自我怀疑，并针对如何避免陷入不安全感的陷阱提出了建议。 5．What can frequently experiencing FOMO lead to? A．Harm to one’s feeling of self-value. B．A more satisfying and fulfilling social life. C．Damage to one’s work productivity. D．Less likelihood of professional success. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“It shows itself as a deep sense of envy，and constant exposure to it can have a weakening effect on our self-respect.”可知，频繁经历FOMO会损害自我价值感。故选A。 6．What does the author suggest in the third paragraph? A．The primary reason for FOMO is deeply rooted in social media. B．Our own social media posts help us feel much more confident. C．People who don’t share posts on social media are more bored. D．Social media’s nature enhances envious feelings and self-doubt. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“While feelings of envy and inadequacy seem to be naturally human，social media seems to have added fuel to the fire in several ways.”可知，作者在第三段表明，社交媒体的本质增强了嫉妒感和自我怀疑。故选D。 7．Why does the author mention reality TV shows in the last paragraph? A．To emphasize how false what we see on social media can be. B．To indicate how complicated social media has turned. C．To figure out how popular and useful social media has been. D．To point out how reality TV shows reflect educational value. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Last of all...reality TV shows.(最后，学会摆脱困境。我们每天都被别人的完美形象轰炸，但实际上，这又有什么关系呢？它们可能并不比最荒谬的电视真人秀更真实。)”可推知，作者在最后一段提到电视真人秀是为了强调我们在社交媒体上看到的东西有多虚假。故选A。 8．Which is the best title for the text? A．Myths and Misconceptions About FOMO B．FOMO：What It Is and How to Overcome It C．How FOMO Is Changing Human Relationships D．We’re Now All in the Power of “FOMO Addiction” 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要解释了FOMO这一现象以及FOMO带给我们的危害，指出社交媒体的本质增强了嫉妒感和自我怀疑，并针对如何避免陷入不安全感的陷阱提出了建议。B选项“FOMO：它是什么以及如何克服它”最适合作文章标题。故选B。 [词汇积累] 1．overwhelm v．(感情或感觉)充溢；压倒 2．perception n．知觉；感知；看法；洞察力→perceptive adj.知觉的；感觉的；理解力强的 3．be superior to比……好；优于…… 4．have a weakening effect on对……产生削弱作用 5．inadequacy n．不充分；不足→inadequate adj.不足的；不充分的→adequate adj.充足的；合格的→adequacy n．充足；适当 6．misrepresentation n．虚假陈述；不实陈述→misrepresent v．歪曲；误传 7．dizzying adj.使人眩晕的；使人头昏眼花的 [句式分析] The feeling that we are always being left out of fundamentally important events，or that our lives are not living up to the image pictured by others，can have long-term damaging psychological consequences. 分析：这是一个主从复合句。主语是The feeling，谓语动词是can have；or连接两个that引导的同位语从句；pictured by others为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the image。 翻译：我们总是被排除在最重要的事件之外，或者我们的生活没有达到他人所描绘的那样，这种感觉可能会对心理造成长期的伤害。 Ⅴ.七选五阅读(共5小题，每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) (2025·湖北高二上期末) Imagine that you are feeling down and inadequate.Someone who loves you wants to help by saying something really comforting.How about “You’re perfect just the way you are”？ That sounds nice! 1 The truth is that you are not perfect，and neither is anyone else. We humans have a natural tendency to overstate our positive qualities，and compare ourselves favorably with others. 2 And it gives rise to all sorts of misrepresentations in how we see ourselves and the world around us.For example，back in the 1980s，researchers showed that up to 80 percent of motorists considered themselves to have above-average driving skills. 3 It acts as shelter from the mental pain that comes from negative comparisons with others.Being told that you’re wonderful，even perfect，meets your need of self-enhancement. Although self-enhancement feels good in the short term，it is not a long-term solution to life’s problems.For instance，researchers showed that when college students held an overestimated view of their own academic ability，it enhanced their mood and positive emotion. 4 In fact，the students tended to fail at their academic expectations，and that in part led to lower self-respect over the long term. So we face a dilemma in life：we want to feel better and make others feel better，but people’s tendency to do so through self-enhancement is a short-lived solution with possibly enduring ultimate costs.A better approach might be to reconsider our imperfections，and those of others，not as shortcomings but as interesting challenges to overcome. 5 A．It helps us to avoid negative feedback. B．This is what we call self-enhancement. C．One reason for this tendency is its protective function. D．Being told you’re perfect can make you feel good temporarily. E．After all，if you’re already perfect，what is there left to fight for? F．This，however，may be the most misleading thing that people tell us. G．But the overestimation did not translate into better academic performance. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人们倾向于高估自己的积极品质，即自我提升的现象，以及这种现象虽然短期内让人感觉良好，但并非解决问题的长久之计，更好的方法是正视自己和他人的不完美，将其视为有待克服的有趣挑战。 1．答案　F 解析　上文“How about ‘You’re perfect just the way you are’？ That sounds nice！”提出了一句听起来很不错的安慰话，F选项“然而，这可能是人们告诉我们的最误导人的话。”与上文构成转折关系，指出这句话可能是最误导人的，引出下文对“没有人是完美的”这一事实的讨论，上下文语意衔接自然。故选F项。 2．答案　B 解析　上文“We humans have a natural tendency to overstate our positive qualities，and compare ourselves favorably with others.”描述了人类的一种自然倾向，B选项“这就是我们所说的自我提升。”对上文进行总结，指出这种倾向就是“自我提升”，下文“And it gives rise to all sorts of misrepresentations in how we see ourselves and the world around us.”中的指示代词“it”指代“self-enhancement”。故选B项。 3．答案　C 解析　下文“It acts as shelter from the mental pain that comes from negative comparisons with others.”指出某种东西可以保护我们免受精神痛苦，C选项“这种倾向的一个原因是它的保护功能。”中的“protective function”与下文“shelter from the mental pain”相对应，说明自我提升具有保护功能，可以让我们免受精神痛苦。故选C项。 4．答案　G 解析　上文“...For instance，researchers showed that when college students held an overestimated view of their own academic ability，it enhanced their mood and positive emotion.”举例说明自我提升在短期内让人感觉良好，G选项“但这种高估并没有转化为更好的学术表现。”与上文构成转折关系，证明了自我提升不是解决问题的长久之计，引出下文对学生未能达到学术期望的讨论。故选G项。 5．答案　E 解析　上文“A better approach might be to reconsider our imperfections，and those of others，not as shortcomings but as interesting challenges to overcome.”提出了一种更好的方法，即正视不完美并将其视为挑战，E选项“毕竟，如果你已经完美了，还有什么可争取的呢？”进一步说明如果已经完美了，就失去了奋斗的动力，强调了正视不完美的重要性，与上文观点相呼应。故选E项。 Ⅵ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) (2024·福建莆田高二上期末) Whenever you have to write a paper，a letter，or any other document for work or school，you probably head toward the computer.Now，most people reach for 1. (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens.In a Scottish primary school，however，Mr Norman Lewis is taking a different approach.He feels that neat handwriting 2. (be) still an important skill，so he has his students write not only by hand but also 3. old fashioned fountain pens. Fountain pens 4. (use) in schools by the end of last century and have been regaining popularity lately because they are refillable.Today，a writer 5. (simple) throws an empty pen away and gets 6. new one. So far，Mr Lewis is pleased with the results of his experiment.He reports that his students are taking more care with their work，and their self-confidence has improved as well.He is happy with the 7. (improve) he sees in his students’writing 8. in his own writing.He knows that computers are here 9. (stay) and that they will not disappear.However，he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus，to write faster，and they can feel proud of 10. (they)． 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位苏格兰的小学老师让学生使用老式钢笔写字并取得良好效果的故事。 1．答案　keyboards 解析　考查名词的数。根据空格前的介词for可知，空格处应填名词作宾语，keyboard为可数名词，前面没有冠词，应用名词的复数形式。故填keyboards。 2．答案　is 解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。空格处作宾语从句的谓语，本句陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，且主语handwriting为不可数名词，应用动词的第三人称单数形式。故填is。 3．答案　with 解析　考查介词。根据空格后的名词old fashioned fountain pens可知，此处表示“用老式钢笔写字”，空格处应填介词，表示“使用”应用介词with。故填with。 4．答案　had been used 解析　考查动词时态和语态。空格处作谓语，根据时间状语by the end of last century可知，应用过去完成时，主语Fountain pens和动词use之间是被动关系，故填had been used。 5．答案　simply 解析　考查副词。空格处作状语，修饰动词throws，应用副词形式。故填simply。 6．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。空格后的代词one指代可数名词pen，此处表示泛指，且new的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。 7．答案　improvement 解析　考查名词。根据空格前的冠词the可知，空格处应填名词作介词with的宾语，improvement表示“改善”，为不可数名词。故填improvement。 8．答案　and 解析　考查连词。空格前的介词短语in his students’ writing和空格后的介词短语in his own writing为并列关系，应用and连接。故填and。 9．答案　to stay 解析　考查非谓语动词。be here to stay为固定用法，意为“为多数人所接受，得到普遍认可”。故填to stay。 10．答案　themselves 解析　考查反身代词。根据空格前的介词of可知，空格处作宾语，根据句意“为他们自己感到自豪”可知，应用themselves。故填themselves。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $