Unit 3 Conservation（知识清单）英语北师大版选择性必修一册

该高中英语Unit 3 Conservation知识清单系统整合了环保主题下的语言知识与技能，涵盖词汇（阅读、写作、变形等多维度）、语法（定语从句、过去完成时）、写作（演讲稿及句型）、知识点精讲和易错点辨析，为学生搭建从基础积累到综合应用的递进式学习支架。 清单以分类分级关联构建完整知识体系，如词汇按功能分类并标注变形规则，语法结合写作实例（如定语从句在演讲稿中的应用），培养语言能力和思维品质。特设“一句话辨异”“对点训练”等实用设计，如die out与die of的用法对比，助力学生高效突破重难点，既方便学生自主复习，也为教师精准教学提供有力支持。

Unit 3 Conservation 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. ______ 回收利用废品 2. ______ 对……构成威胁 3. ______ 关掉；切换 4. ______ 搜寻；猎取 5. ______ 塑料瓶 6. ______ 不可回收材料 7. ______ 信息量大的书 8. ______ 灭绝 9. ______ 非法捕猎 10. ______ 极其困难 11. ______ 野生动物保护 12. ______ 一件物品 13. ______ 孵化蛋 14. ______ 恢复环境 15. ______ 不寻常的行为 16. ______ 大众媒体 17. ______ 各种各样的兴趣 18. ______ 濒危物种 19. ______ 太阳能 20. ______ 鸟类物种 21. ______ 包裹起来 22. ______ 浪费的习惯 23. ______ 可再填充的杯子 24. ______ 可重复使用的袋子 25. ______ 包装废弃物 26. ______ 消费者权益 27. ______ 公共交通 28. ______ 市议会 29. ______ 卡住；陷入困境 30. ______ 感到恼怒 31. ______ 定期锻炼 32. ______ 十年前 33. ______ 气体排放 34. ______ 肺癌 35. ______ 有机食品 36. ______ 化学反应 37. ______ 写短文/论文 38. ______ 研究所 39. ______ 数十亿的 40. ______ 政治反对者 41. ______ 药物滥用 42. ______ 语言障碍 43. ______ 无意之错 44. ______ 建栅栏 45. ______ 对……无害 46. ______ 雕刻雕像 47. ______ 风景优美的景色 48. ______ 历史遗迹 49. ______ 组委会 50. ______ 古庙 51. ______ 孔子学院 52. ______ 纪念馆 53. ______ 河谷 54. ______ 农产品 55. ______ 大西洋 56. ______ 雷暴警报 57. ______ 台风袭击 二、写作词汇： 1. ______ 紧急需求 2. ______ 急剧下降 3. ______ 应受责备；归咎于 4. ______ 影响某人的生活 5. ______ 设定现实的目标 6. ______ 创新的解决方案 7. ______ 意识到 8. ______ 与……有关联 9. ______ 适合某人的需求 10. ______ 包含做某事 11. ______ 声称…… 12. ______ 对……残忍 13. ______ 不断变化 三、词汇变形： 1. varied（形容词，多变的）→ ________（动词，变化；改变）→________（名词，可变性；变化性） 2. unusual（形容词，不寻常的）→________（反义词，寻常的）→________（副词，通常） 3. affect（动词，影响；使改变）→________（名词，做作；矫饰） 4. restore（动词，恢复；修复）→________（名词，恢复；修复物） 5. extinct（形容词，灭绝的）→________（名词，灭绝；消亡） 6. concern（动词/名词，涉及；担忧）→________（形容词，关心的/相关的） 7. survive（动词，生存；幸存）→________（名词，生存；幸存物） 8. consumer（名词，消费者）→________（动词，消费；消耗） 9. wasteful（形容词，浪费的）→________（名词，浪费；垃圾） 10. dirt（名词，尘土；污垢）→________（形容词，脏的） 11. innovative（形容词，创新的）→________（名词，创新；革新） 12. refillable（形容词，可再填充的）→________（动词，再装满；重新填充） 13. aware（形容词，意识到的）→________（名词，意识；认识） 14. collection（名词，收藏品；收集）→________（动词，收集；采集） 15. anxious（形容词，焦虑的）→________（名词，焦虑；忧虑） 16. destruction（名词，破坏；毁灭）→________（动词，摧毁；破坏） 17. relate（动词，联系；讲述）→________（名词，关系；联系） 18. suit（动词/名词，适合；套装）→________（形容词，合适的；适宜的） 19. regular（形容词，规律的；常规的）→________（副词，定期地；有规律地） 20. addicted（形容词，上瘾的）→________（名词，上瘾；瘾）→________（名词，上瘾的人，痴迷者） 21. stress（动词/名词，施压；压力）→________（形容词，焦虑不安的，修饰人）→________（形容词，压力大的，修饰事物） 22. annoyed（形容词，恼怒的）→________（动词，使恼怒；打扰）→________（形容词，令人恼怒的） 23. anger（名词，愤怒）→________（形容词，愤怒的）→________（副词，愤怒地） 四、拓展词汇 1. agenda n. 计划，方案；（会议的）议程表，议事日程 2. amuse vt.（提供）消遣，（使）娱乐；逗笑，逗乐 3. atmosphere n. 气氛，氛围，环境；大气；气体；空气 4. ecology n. 生态，生态学 5. extremely adv. 极度，极其 6. favour (NAmE-vor) n. 支持，赞同；帮助，好事；恩惠 vt. 较喜欢，选择；偏袒；有利于 7. fee n.（加入组织或做某事付的）费；报酬 8. incredible adj. 极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的 9. intense adj. 很大的，十分强烈的；有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的，热切的；激烈的 10. internal adj. 内部的；国内的；内心的 11. mineral n. 矿物质，矿物 12. nature n. 大自然；自然；天性 13. particular adj. 特别的；特定的；讲究的 14. prohibit vt.（尤指以法令）禁止；阻止 15. urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的 五、熟词生义 1. cover：熟义=覆盖；生义=报道，涉及 2. charge：熟义=收费；生义=指控，充电 3. spring：熟义=春天；生义=泉，弹簧，跳跃 4. state：熟义=状态；生义=陈述，声明 5. figure：熟义=数字；生义=体型，人物，认为 6. course：熟义=课程；生义=路线，一道菜 7. ground：熟义=地面；生义=理由，基础 8. press：熟义=按压；生义=出版社，压力 9. present：熟义=当前的；生义=呈现，赠送 10. promise：熟义=承诺；生义=有前途，指望 11. treat：熟义=对待；生义=款待，治疗 12. address：熟义=地址；生义=演讲，处理 13. bridge：熟义=桥；生义=弥合，桥梁 14. remain：熟义=保持；生义=剩余，仍然 15. well：熟义=好；生义=井，涌出 16. mean：熟义=意思是；生义=刻薄的，平均 17. fine：熟义=好的；生义=罚款，细微的 18. fair：熟义=公平的；生义=集市，相当 19. light：熟义=光；生义=轻的，点燃 20. land：熟义=陆地；生义=降落，登陆 写作 句型 句式1 出处： Lesson 1 · Extinctions（关于物种灭绝） 原句： Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 结构分析： - Although 引导让步状语从句：Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally（it 作形式主语，真正主语是 for species to die out naturally） - 主句：the rate ... is cause for concern - at which this is now happening 为定语从句修饰 rate（关系代词 which 前有介词 at） - 该句式适用于引出问题或现象，强调“虽然……但……”，适合写作开头段。 译文： 虽然物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但如今这种情况发生的速度却令人担忧。 句式2 出处： Lesson 1 · Extinctions（关于物种灭绝） 原句： If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out. 结构分析： - If 引导条件状语从句：If a sixth mass extinction occurs - 主句：scientists ... believe that ... - scientists 后接定语从句 who have studied the issue - believe 后接 that 引导的宾语从句：that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out - 该句式适用于假设性论证，推测后果，适合议论文或说明文。 译文： 如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这一问题的科学家认为地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。 句式3 出处： Lesson 1 · Extinctions（关于物种灭绝） 原句： In short, if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. 结构分析： - 句首 In short 为总结性状语 - if 引导条件状语从句：if we want to survive - 主句为并列谓语：we need to stop ... and start ... - stop 和 start 后接动名词和不定式：stop destroying ... and start to protect ... - 其中 that we live on 为定语从句修饰 planet（that 作介词 on 的宾语） - 该句式适合文章结尾发出呼吁或总结观点。 译文： 简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就必须停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。 句式4 出处： Lesson 3 · The Road to Destruction（关于交通问题） 原句： But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially. 结构分析： - 主句：personal anger and stress are nothing - compared to the real costs socially 为过去分词短语作状语，表示比较 - 该句式用于对比个人感受与更大的社会代价，适合引出问题的严重性。 译文： 但与真正的社会代价相比，个人的愤怒和压力根本不算什么。 句式5 出处： Lesson 3 · The Road to Destruction（关于交通问题） 原句： We often think there is nothing we can do about the noise, pollution and danger of traffic. There is. 结构分析： - 第一句：We often think + 宾语从句（省略 that）：there is nothing we can do ... - we can do ... 为定语从句修饰 nothing（省略关系代词 that） - 第二句：There is. 为省略句，完整为 There is something we can do（与前句形成鲜明对比） - 该句式适用于反驳普遍消极看法，先让步后转折，增强说服力。 译文： 我们常常认为对于交通噪音、污染和危险我们无能为力。但实际上我们有办法。 语法 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句 定语从句两种类型说明 限制性定语从句：修饰先行词，从句和主句联系紧密，用来限定、识别先行词是哪个人/事物； 非限制性定语从句：对先行词做额外补充说明，去掉后主句意思依然完整，要用逗号和主句隔开。 1. 限制性定语从句 例句： The girl who is playing tennis is my friend. This is the place where I lived last year. She still remembers the time when she noticed the car was missing. They are the people whose houses caught fire. 2. 非限制性定语从句 例句： My friend, who is playing tennis, comes from Ethiopia. The accident, which happened yesterday, has led to three deaths. The building, where an important conference is being held, is in the centre of the city. The professor gave me a lot of advice, which I benefited a lot. 难点提示 1. 非限制性定语从句的关系代词which可以指代整个主句 例句： It is snowing heavily, which makes children feel excited. The river is seriously polluted, which has caught much public attention. 2. most of/which、many of 型非限制性定语从句 能用于这类结构的限定词：many, some, all, several, few, both, half, the majority, the number, percentages 以及代词 it；常见搭配还有 in the middle of, at the bottom of, at the top of, at the foot of 等。 例句： He has designed many captivating questions in his class, most of which are very inspiring. He works in a middle school, in front of which there is a river. 3. as引导的非限制性定语从句 as可在从句中作主语、表语或宾语，指代整个主句，位置灵活：可放主句前、主句中、主句后； 固定搭配：as is announced/reported/imagined/known；若从句谓语为happen, occur这类表事态的动词，常用which；若主句谓语是be said/known这类表达，多用as。 例句： As we all know, Tom studies very hard.（as指代整个句子，作从句宾语） As is known to all, she is the best worker in our class.（as指代整个句子，作从句主语） 4. 关系代词选用规则 先行词指人时： - 从句作主语/定语：用who/whose - 从句作宾语：用whom/who/that 先行词指物时：从句作主/宾/定语，用which/that/whose ⚠️ 非限制性定语从句不能用that 例句： This is the car which/that is recommended.（which/that从句作主语） I like the book (which/that) you recommended yesterday.（which/that从句作宾语，可省略） I have a house whose cover is blue.（whose从句作定语，修饰cover） The woman whom they wanted to interview is a teacher.（whom从句作宾语） The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.（who/that从句作主语） This is the place where I was born.（where从句作地点状语，相当于in which） I work in a business where almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.（where作地点状语，相当于in which） Extinctions, when entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in Earth's history.（when作时间状语） I remember the day when I first met Alison.（when作时间状语，相当于on which） Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?（why作原因状语，相当于for which） 写作 写一篇关于“如何保护野生动物”的演讲稿 现在各种野生动物日趋减少，有些已经濒临灭绝。请你结合以下几点内容，写一篇关于“如何保护野生动物”的演讲稿，号召大家行动起来保护野生动物。 注意：词数不少于60。演讲稿的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 1. 不吃野味，不穿用野生动物皮毛做的衣服； 2. 宣传保护野生动物的重要性； 3. 建立野生动物保护区； 4. …… It's my pleasure to be here to give a speech. ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for listening. 【参考范文】 It’s my pleasure to be here to give a speech. My topic is how to protect the wild animals. I always think that animals are the friends of our human beings. However, now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. First, we believe “no buying, no killing”. Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. Besides, it is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. In addition, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. No one should kill wild animals. Once found, he or she should be reported to the Wildlife Protection Association. Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. Animals are our friends and part of our environment. Friends, come and join us. Let’s turn the goodwill into action, and let’s work together to protect animals! Thank you for listening. 【导语】 本篇是一篇保护野生动物主题演讲稿。开篇点明演讲主题，阐述野生动物濒危现状，从多个角度提出可行保护措施，最后发出呼吁号召，语言正式、感染力强，符合演讲稿文体特征。 【详解】 1. However, now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. existing 形容词作前置定语；die out 固定短语，意为“灭绝”，点明严峻现状，引出下文对策。 2. Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. instead of 引导对比结构，清晰表达正确做法与错误行为的对立。 3. Besides, it is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. it作形式主语，真正主语为后面不定式；raise the awareness of… 提高……意识，写作高频表达。 4. …including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. where引导定语从句修饰protection regions，进一步说明保护区作用。 5. Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. only+状语置于句首，句子使用部分倒装，是书面表达经典高级句型。 【点睛】 ① 行文符合演讲稿格式：开场引入→分析现状→分点给出措施→结尾号召； ② 使用First, Besides, In addition 衔接要点，逻辑清晰； ③ 掌握倒装、形式主语、定语从句等高级句式，提升作文档次； ④ 重点短语积累：die out 灭绝；as far as I am concerned 在我看来；take steps to do 采取措施做；set up 建立；sustainable development 可持续发展。 一、知识点精讲 1. switch 原句：We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible. 我们确实需要尽快转用不同形式的能源。 【双语释义】 switch ◆vt. & vi. to change or make sth change from one thing to another (使) 转变，改变 My mother’s interest had switched to my health. 我母亲的关注点已转移到我的健康上来了。 ◆n. a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on and off（电路的）开关，闸，转换器 Leona put some detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door, and pressed the switch. Leona 在洗碗机里放了些清洁剂，关上门，然后按下开关。 【积累拓展】 switch on 接通；打开 switch off（用开关）关掉；切断 (电源) switch over 换台；换频道 【即时小练】 完成句子 1. 他在转行从事新闻工作前是图书管理员。 He worked as a librarian before __________________________ journalism. 2. 他倒空了他们俩的玻璃杯，然后打开了电水壶。 He emptied both their glasses and __________________________ the electric kettle. 3. 你离开时请把灯关掉。 Please __________________________ the lights when you leave. 4. 为了保持健康，你可以转为在早上或午间锻炼。 To keep fit, you can _________________________ _ 【答案】 1. switching to 2. switched on 3. switch off 4. switch to morning or lunchtime exercise 2. varied 原句：The reasons for extinctions are varied. 灭绝的原因各不相同。 【双语释义】 varied adj. of many different types 各种各样的，形形色色的 The responsibilities of government are many, and they are varied. 政府有很多职责，而且各不相同。 【积累拓展】 ◆同根词 (1) various adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的 There are various courses open to us. 我们有多种处理方法可采取。 (2) variety n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 She uses a variety of different colours and textures in her wall hangings. 她悬挂的帷幔色彩和质地多种多样。 (3) vary vi.（大小、形状等）相异，不同，有别；（根据情况）变化，变更，改变 Children vary considerably in the rate at which they learn these lessons. 孩子们学习这些课的速度差别相当大。 ◆常用搭配 a variety of 各种各样的 ◆用法提示 (1)“a variety of + 复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)“the variety of + 复数名词” 意为 “…… 的品种”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 3. affect 原句：It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. 显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 【双语释义】 affect vt. ◆to produce a change in sb/sth 影响 Nicotine affects the functioning of the heart and arteries. 尼古丁对心脏和动脉功能有负面影响。 ◆to make sb have strong feelings of sadness, pity, etc.（感情上）深深打动；使悲伤（或怜悯等） They were affected by the news of her death. 她去世的消息使他们唏嘘不已。 【积累拓展】 ◆同根词 affection n. [U] 喜爱；钟爱 effect n. [C,U] 效应；影响；结果 ◆常用搭配 be affected by… 被…… 感动；受…… 影响 / 侵袭 be of no effect 无效的；无用的 bring/put sth into effect 使生效；实行；实施 come into effect（尤指法律、规则等）生效；开始实施 have an effect on… 对…… 产生影响 take effect 开始起作用；见效 4. wasteful 原句：I understand that, but in this case it’s completely wasteful and unnecessary. 我理解，但在这种情况下，这是完全浪费并且没有必要的。 【双语释义】 wasteful adj. using more of sth than is necessary; not saving or keeping sth that could be used 浪费的；挥霍的 The whole process is wasteful and inefficient. 整个程序既浪费又低效。 【积累拓展】 ◆同根词 waste vt. & n. 浪费；滥用 Why waste money on clothes you don’t need? 为什么浪费钱买你不需要的衣服呢？ You are wasting your time trying to explain it to him. 你跟他解释是在浪费时间。 ◆常用搭配 waste time/money on… 在…… 上浪费时间 / 金钱 waste time/money (in) doing… 浪费时间 / 金钱做…… waste your breath 白费唇舌 5. to be blame 原句：This time, human activity will be to blame. 这一次，人类活动是主要原因。 【双语释义】 blame vt. to think or say that sb/sth is responsible for sth bad 把…… 归咎于；责怪；指责 n. [U] responsibility for doing sth badly or wrongly; saying that sb is responsible for sth（坏事或错事的）责任；责备；指责 【积累拓展】 ◆常用搭配 (1) blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人 blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人 / 某事 be to blame (for sth)（对坏事）负有责任 (2) accept/bear/get/take the blame for… 对…… 负责 lay/put the blame for sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人身上 ◆词语辨析 词汇 用法 blame “责备，谴责；归咎于，归罪于”，常用于 blame sb for sth 及 blame sth on sb charge “控告；谴责”，常用于 charge sb with (doing) sth“指控某人 (做了) 某事” accuse “控告，指控；指责，谴责”，常用于 accuse sb of (doing) sth“指控某人 (做了) 某事” 6. be at risk of dying out 原句：Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。 【积累拓展】 (1) at the risk of doing sth 冒着…… 的风险 be at risk (of) 处境危险，受到威胁 take a risk/risks (to do sth) 冒险 (做某事) run the risk (of sth/of doing sth) 冒…… 的危险；冒险 (做某事) run risks 冒险 (2) risk doing sth 冒险做某事 二、核心语法精讲 过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去的事件之前已经发生的事件或存在的状态，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。 过去完成时的构成是：主语+had+动词过去分词。 难点提示： 1. 过去完成时的基本结构 肯定句：主语+had+动词过去分词 否定句：主语+had not+动词过去分词 疑问句：Had+主语+动词过去分词 被动语态：主语+had+been+动词过去分词 2. 使用过去完成时，过去时间有时由一个时间状语表示出来（如例1），但在更多情况下过去时间都由上下文表示出来（如例2、例3）。 例1：By the end of last month, they had treated over 10, 000 patients. 例2：She found she had left her suitcase on the train. 例3：The play had already started when we got to the theatre. 3. 过去完成时和一般过去时可以用在同一个句子中，体现过去事件发生的顺序。比较下列句子： When I arrived, she left. (I arrived and then she left. ) 我到达时她离开了。 When I arrived, she had left. (She left before I arrived. ) 我到达时她已经离开了。 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 话题内容： 就野生动物日益减少的现状，发表“如何保护野生动物”的主题演讲 主题语境： 人与自然——环境保护与动物保护 文体类型： 演讲稿（议论文体） 写作要点： - 点明演讲主题（野生动物保护） - 阐述现状（野生动物濒临灭绝） - 提出具体措施（不吃野味不穿皮毛、宣传保护重要性、建立保护区等） - 发出呼吁号召（号召大家行动起来） 2. 写作框架 第一段：开篇引入 - 功能：问候听众 + 点明演讲主题 + 简述现状 - 核心句式：My topic is how to protect the wild animals. ... now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. 第二段：提出措施 - 功能：分条阐述保护野生动物的具体做法 - 核心句式：First / Besides / In addition ...（用连接词自然衔接各要点） - 可展开的内容：不吃野味不穿皮毛、宣传保护重要性、建立保护区、举报违法行为等 第三段：总结呼吁 - 功能：再次强调观点 + 发出行动号召 + 致谢 - 核心句式：Animals are our friends and part of our environment. Let's turn the goodwill into action... Thank you for listening. 3. 写作素材 3.1 演讲开篇句（点明主题） 1. My topic is how to protect the wild animals. 2. Today I'd like to share my views on wildlife protection. 3. What I'm going to talk about today is the protection of wild animals. 3.2 现状描述句（阐述问题严重性） 1. Many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. 2. The number of wild animals is decreasing at an alarming rate. 3. Some species are on the verge of extinction due to human activities. 4. It is reported that thousands of wild animals are killed every year for their fur and meat. 3.3 态度观点句（表明立场） 1. I always think that animals are the friends of our human beings. 2. As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. 3. We should remember that protecting animals means protecting ourselves. 4. There is no doubt that we should take action to protect wildlife. 3.4 措施陈述句（提出具体做法） 1. Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. 2. It is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. 3. We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. 4. Once found, he or she should be reported to the Wildlife Protection Association. 5. We should refuse to buy products made from animal fur or skin. 6. The government should make stricter laws to punish those who kill wild animals. 3.5 呼吁号召句（结尾煽情） 1. Animals are our friends and part of our environment. 2. Come and join us. Let's turn the goodwill into action, and let's work together to protect animals! 3. Only when we protect animals can we protect ourselves. 4. Let's take action now before it is too late. 5. Every small action counts. Together, we can make a difference. 3.6 演讲稿结尾句 1. Thank you for listening. 2. That's all for my speech. Thank you for your attention. 3. I hope my speech can inspire you to take action. Thank you. 3.7 高级表达积累 - die out：灭绝 - as far as I am concerned：在我看来 - take steps to do：采取措施做某事 - set up：建立 - protection regions / reserves：保护区 - raise the awareness of：提高……意识 - sustainable development：可持续发展 - build a harmonious society：构建和谐社会 - on the verge of extinction：濒临灭绝 - at an alarming rate：以惊人的速度 4. 范文背诵 题目： 如何保护野生动物（演讲稿） It's my pleasure to be here to give a speech. My topic is how to protect the wild animals. I always think that animals are the friends of our human beings. However, now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. First, we believe "no buying, no killing". Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. Besides, it is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. In addition, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. No one should kill wild animals. Once found, he or she should be reported to the Wildlife Protection Association. Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. Animals are our friends and part of our environment. Friends, come and join us. Let's turn the goodwill into action, and let's work together to protect animals! Thank you for listening. 背诵重点句（5句核心）： - My topic is how to protect the wild animals. ... now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. （点明主题+阐述现状） - As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. （表明立场态度） - Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. （措施一：不吃野味不穿皮毛） - It is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. （措施二：宣传保护重要性，it作形式主语） - We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. （措施三：建立保护区，含定语从句） - Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. （结尾倒装句，高级句式） 5. 变式场景拓展 话题变式一：保护环境/节约资源 将 wildlife protection 替换为 environmental protection，措施可替换为：减少塑料使用、节约用水用电、垃圾分类等。 话题变式二：保护濒危动物（具体物种） 将 wild animals 替换为 specific species，如 giant pandas / tigers / elephants，措施可针对具体物种展开。 话题变式三：倡议类发言稿 开篇替换为：Good morning, everyone! I feel greatly honored to be here to give a speech on... 6. 写作要点速记 演讲稿三步走： - 开篇引入 → 问候听众 + 点明主题 + 简述现状 - 正文展开 → 分条陈述措施，用 First / Besides / In addition 等自然衔接 - 结尾呼吁 → 再次强调 + 发出号召 + 致谢 提分关键： - 善用高级句式：形式主语（it is our responsibility to...）、定语从句（where they can be well protected）、倒装句（Only in this way can we...） - 结构清晰：使用 First / Besides / In addition 等连接词 - 语言有感染力：演讲稿需具备号召力，结尾多用 Let's... / Join us! 等呼吁性表达 - 词汇丰富：如 die out / take steps to / raise the awareness of / sustainable development 等 易错点01 die out / die of / die from / die for 的辨析 【一句话辨异】 Many species are gradually dying out due to climate change; last year, thousands of fish died from water pollution, while some animals died of hunger caused by food shortage. 许多物种正因气候变化而逐渐灭绝；去年，成千上万的鱼死于水污染，而一些动物死于食物短缺导致的饥饿。 【错因辨析】 1. die out 意为“灭绝/消失”，指物种、习俗、语言等的逐渐消亡，强调从存在到不存在的过程。本单元高频词组。 - Many traditional customs are dying out with the development of modern society. 随着现代社会的发展，许多传统习俗正在逐渐消失。 2. die of 意为“死于……”，通常指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿、情感等内部原因。 - In some African countries, many children die of hunger every year. 在一些非洲国家，每年有许多儿童死于饥饿。 3. die from 意为“死于……”，通常指死于外部原因，如事故、污染、受伤等。 - The patient died from a serious wound after the car accident. 那位病人在车祸后因重伤死亡。 4. die for 意为“为……而死”，常指为理想、信仰、国家等献身。 - Many heroes died for the freedom of their country. 许多英雄为祖国的自由而献身。 5. 考生常见错误：混淆die of和die from的用法（内因vs外因），以及将die out误用于人的死亡。 - ❌ The old man died out at the age of 90.（错误，die out用于物种灭绝，不指人的死亡） - ✅ The old man died of old age at the age of 90.（正确，死于年老） 【对点训练】 Many endangered species will ______ if we don't take immediate action to protect their habitats. A. die of B. die from C. die out D. die for 【答案】C 【解析】 本题考查die out的用法。句意：如果我们不立即采取行动保护它们的栖息地，许多濒危物种将会灭绝。die out指“物种灭绝”，符合语境，故选C。A项die of表“死于（内因）”，B项die from表“死于（外因）”，D项die for表“为……而死”，均不符合。 易错点02 be to blame 主动形式表被动含义 【一句话辨异】 The government officials admitted that human activities were to blame for the severe air pollution, and they promised to take action immediately. 政府官员承认人类活动应对严重的空气污染负责，并承诺立即采取行动。 【错因辨析】 1. be to blame 意为“应受责备/应对……负责”，使用主动形式（to blame） 表达被动含义（应被责备）。此为固定用法，不需要也不可以改为to be blamed。高考高频考点，占此题型的90%以上。 - The driver was not to blame for the accident; it was the pedestrian who ignored the red light. 司机不应为这起事故负责，闯红灯的是行人。 2. 词条扩展：blame sb. for sth. = 因某事责备某人；blame sth. on sb. = 把某事归咎于某人。 - Don't blame others for your own mistakes. 不要因为你自己的错误而责备别人。 - They blamed the failure on the bad weather. 他们把失败归咎于坏天气。 3. 考生常见错误：受被动语态习惯影响，误用 to be blamed。 - ❌ Who is to be blamed for the incident?（错误） - ✅ Who is to blame for the incident?（正确） 4. 同类结构（主动表被动）： - The house is to let.（这房子要出租。）— 主动表被动 - The problem is not easy to solve.（这个问题不容易解决。）— 不定式主动表被动 【对点训练】 The pollution in the river is serious, and the factory nearby ______. A. is to blame B. is to be blamed C. blames D. is blaming 【答案】A 【解析】 本题考查be to blame的固定用法。be to blame为固定结构，主动形式表被动含义，意为“应受责备”，排除B（错误形式）、C和D（主动语态不符合句意），故选A。 易错点03 due to 的用法与搭配 【一句话辨异】 Due to the heavy rain, the sports meeting was postponed, and the delay was due to bad weather conditions. 由于大雨，运动会被推迟了，这次的延迟也是因为恶劣的天气状况。 【错因辨析】 1. due to 意为“由于/因为”，为介词短语，后接名词/代词/动名词，不可接句子（that从句）。表语或状语均可使用。 - Due to the bad weather, all flights were cancelled. 由于恶劣天气，所有航班都被取消了。（作状语） - His success was due to his hard work. 他的成功归功于他的努力。（作表语） 2. 与 because of 的区别： - due to 多用于书面语，较正式，可作表语或状语 - because of 更口语化，多作状语，不作表语 - owing to 与due to用法相近，多作状语 3. 考生常见错误： - 后接句子：❌ Due to it rained heavily, we stayed at home.（错误） - ✅ Due to the heavy rain, we stayed at home.（正确，后接名词） - ✅ Because it rained heavily, we stayed at home.（正确，because引导状语从句） - 误作连词：❌ The match was cancelled due to the players were injured.（错误） - ✅ The match was cancelled because the players were injured.（正确，because后接句子） 4. 与 be due to do（预定/预期做某事）区分： - The flight is due to arrive at 6 p.m. 航班预计下午6点到达。（be due to do表“预定/预期”，其中to为不定式标志） - 此处的due to与表示“因为”的due to（介词）完全不同。 【对点训练】 ______ the heavy traffic, he arrived at the station half an hour later than expected. A. Due to B. Because C. Since D. As 【答案】A 【解析】 本题考查due to的介词用法。空格后接名词短语the heavy traffic，需要介词短语作状语，due to意为“由于”，符合语境，故选A。B项because为连词，需接句子；C项since为连词，需接句子；D项as为连词，需接句子。 易错点04 compared to / compared with 的辨析 【一句话辨异】 Compared to her sister, she is more outgoing; however, compared with last year's data, the pollution level has dropped significantly. 与她姐姐相比，她更外向；然而，与去年的数据相比，污染水平已经显著下降。 【错因辨析】 1. compared to 意为“与……相比”，可用于比较同类事物或不同类事物；此外还可表示“比喻为/比作”（此义项用to不用with）。 - Compared to many other cities, the cost of living here is quite reasonable. 与许多其他城市相比，这里的生活成本相当合理。（同类比较） - Life is often compared to a journey. 人生常被比作一段旅程。（比喻/比作） 2. compared with 意为“与……相比”，多用于比较同类事物，侧重对比差异。 - Compared with his previous works, this novel shows great improvement. 与他之前的作品相比，这部小说有了很大进步。 3. 现代英语中两者区别已逐渐淡化，在实际使用中，尤其在高考中，compared to 和 compared with 在表示“与……相比”时多数情况下可以通用。但在以下情况下注意区分： - 表示“比喻为/比作”时，必须用 compared to。 - 表示“对比差异”时，两者均可，但compared with更为传统。 - 选择题中如出现两者之一作答案，通常视为均正确，需结合题目其他考点判断。 4. 考生常见错误：在“比喻为”的语境中误用compared with。 - ❌ Shakespeare is often compared with a great poet.（含混，且此处为比喻义） - ✅ Shakespeare is often compared to a great poet.（正确，“被比作”） 5. 短语位置：compared to/with 通常放句首或句中，作状语，用逗号与主句隔开。 【对点训练】 ______ her classmates, she has made much greater progress in English this term. A. Comparing with B. Compared to C. Comparing to D. Compared about 【答案】B 【解析】 本题考查compared to的用法。句意：与她的同学相比，她这学期在英语方面进步大得多。此处需要过去分词短语作状语，排除A和C（均为现在分词形式，表主动，不符合）；D项搭配错误；compared to表“与……相比”，符合题意，故选B。 一、默写重点单词 A. 英译汉 1. plastic waste ______ 2. cut down ______ 3. do/play one’s part ______ 4. wipe out ______ 5. be to blame ______ 6. be at risk ______ 7. become extinct ______ 8. for the good of ______ 9. take steps ______ 10. be passionate about ______ 11. die out ______ 12. set up ______ 13. stressed out ______ 14. refillable containers ______ 15. do away with ______ 16. end up swallowing the plastic ______ B. 汉译英 1. 大灭绝 ______ 2. 火山爆发 ______ 3. 全球变暖 ______ 4. 海平面 ______ 5. 人类活动 ______ 6. 濒临灭绝的物种 ______ 7. 恢复栖息地 ______ 8. 工厂化畜牧 ______ 9. 自然原因 ______ 10. 外卖食品 ______ 11. 温室气体 ______ 12. 对垃圾进行分类 ______ 13. 找借口 ______ 14. 转向不同的能源形式 ______ 15. 开始/着手做某事 ______ 16. 环境友好的 ______ 二、词汇运用 1. At the current rate of decline, many of the rain forest animals could become ______ in the near future. (extinction) 2. To keep healthy, it is noted that our diet is ______ and balanced. (vary) 3. Leave your ______ cans and bottles in the garbage bin, but please rinse (清洗) them out first. (recycle) 4. The third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, killed 90% to 96% of all ______. (species) 5. Housing development in this area is thought ______ the wild life. (endangered) 6. Since the coconut has a tough shell, the plastic wrapping is completely ______ and unnecessary. (waste) 7. Energy ______ (conserve) reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment. 8. Every year the education sector launches many programs to promote the youth’s environmental ______. (aware) 9. After taking an advanced computer course at school, the seven boys ______ (illegal) obtained top-secret information from government computers in Washington. 10. I found the talk both ______ (inform) and entertaining. 三、重点句型 1. 非限制性定语从句 Extinctions, ______________________________________, are not unusual in our Earth's history. 整个物种彻底消亡的灭绝事件，在地球历史上并不罕见！ 2. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at ______________________________________. 尽管物种自然消亡是正常现象，但如今物种消亡的速度却令人担忧。 3. 定语从句+宾语从句 A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at ______________________________________, that is, the "background extinction rate". 美国布朗大学与杜克大学的科学家在2015年开展了一项研究，探究物种因自然原因消亡的速度，也就是“背景灭绝率”。 4. and连接并列分句 Our oceans are full of plastic waste, and animals and ______________________________________. 海洋里充斥着塑料垃圾，鸟兽最终会吞食这些塑料，并因此丧命。 5. 过去分词短语作比较状语 But personal anger and stress are nothing ______________________________________ 但和社会层面产生的实际代价相比，个人的愤怒与压力根本不值一提。 四、课文语法填空 In the past 500 million years, there have been five mass (1) ______. The reasons for them are (2) ______. Many scientists say we are now entering the sixth mass extinction, in which human activity will (3) ______. Scientists found human activity is causing species (4) ______ 1,000 times faster than normal. There is a long list of reasons; air and water pollution, forest being (5) ______, factory farming, overfishing and so on. Obviously, human activity (6) ______ all other species on Earth. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, we’ll also (7) ______ dying out, because when the balance in nature is broken, we’ll be unable to survive! To avoid a sixth extinction, everybody should (8) ______ now! We have to make significant changes, such as saving (9) ______ species, using cleaner, more (44) ______ natural sources of energy and improving the farming methods to reduce pollution. In short, we should make joint efforts to stop destroying the planet (10) ______ we live on and begin to protect it. 五、阅读理解 A If you’re a lover of literature and want to study it further, Harvard’s online courses are a great option! About the Courses The Ancient Greek Hero explores what it means to be human today by studying what it meant to be a hero in ancient Greek times. To achieve this, learners will experience, in English translation, some ancient Greek literature from the 8th century BC to the 3rd century AD. Noble Culture and the Cosmopolitan Tang looks at how noble families and their culture and literature contributed to the reunification (重新统一) of China under the Tang Dynasty. You’ll also learn how to compose and analyze poetry and calligraphy. Shakespeare’s Life and Work explores relationships between Shakespeare’s world and present day. Through short videos and readings, you will see how the meaning of a work of art changes depending on the time, context, and culture. Masterpieces of World Literature reveals how great writers reflect on their world and how their works are changed in today’s global culture. It helps us understand the deep roots of today’s interconnected global culture. Ways to Take the Courses When you sign up for these courses, you will have the option of auditing (旁听) the course or pursuing an official certificate. In the auditing track, learning is free and self-paced within 18 weeks. Learners have access to part of our course resources. Besides, course videos and handouts are not available for downloading. Please note that this track does not offer an official certificate. Alternatively, learners can pay $299 to pursue an official certificate, which offers unlimited access to course resources within a year. At the end of the course, learners who earn a passing grade can receive a certificate. If you’re interested and want to learn more, click here: https://www.harvardonline.harvard.edu 1. If you want to know how to analyze poetry, you can choose ______. A. The Ancient Greek Hero B. Shakespeare’s Life and Work C. Masterpieces of World Literature D. Noble Culture and the Cosmopolitan Tang 2. In the auditing track, you can ______. A. determine the learning pace B. access handouts for a fee C. earn an official certificate D. download course videos 3. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To advertise online courses. B. To explore the roots of humanity. C. To compare different cultures. D. To highlight the value of literature. B It turns out patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen had been well on his way to becoming a working artist. He had already had his first show at a local arts centre. Yet he wanted more — specifically to start showing his works in a juried exhibition, where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process, ensuring that only the most outstanding works are included in the exhibition. That’s when he ran into a problem, discovering in the very last line of a multi-page application that the minimum age for submission was 18. That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. With the support of his parents, in January 2023, Nalin founded Little EGG Gallery, a commercial studio only for underage artists. The gallery, which is now profitable enough, charges a small fee for any displayed work and takes a 15 percent service fee on sales. In turn, Little EGG Gallery helps promote young talents by showcasing their works. Not long after opening, David Griffin, a professor and artist from Ontario College of Art and Design University, happened to come across the gallery while walking with his wife in their neighbourhood. Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special, “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to create a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” A connection was formed, and Nalin asked Griffin to help judge an upcoming competition. The first juried show was last spring, and the top three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-old Jack Gamble won for his abstract painting titled Pokemon. Given how busy Nalin is with school life and his own art, Little EGG Gallery is mostly open by appointment only, but he’s still devoted to growing the gallery with seasonal and themed shows scheduled a few times a year. Nalin believes that young artists are free to be more creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when you’re younger, you have more creativity. You see beauty in more things and when you get older, it kind of stops. I don’t want to see anyone prevented from creating their art. 4. According to the passage, the juried exhibition ______. A. favours works of art experts B. charges a small fee for entries C. sets no age limit for submission D. displays professionally selected works 5. How did Nalin Kamat feel after being rejected? A. Anxious. B. Motivated. C. Regretful. D. Confused. 6. Why did Nalin Kamat found Little EGG Gallery? A. To work with other young artists. B. To meet his parents’ expectations. C. To offer underage artists a platform. D. To hold an exhibition of his own works. 7. What can we learn from Nalin Kamat’s story? A. Wisdom arises from experience. B. Everything comes to those who wait. C. Luck matters to one’s career success. D. Innovative thoughts increase one’s chances. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 3 Conservation 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. recycle waste 回收利用废品 2. pose a threat to 对……构成威胁 3. switch off 关掉；切换 4. hunt for 搜寻；猎取 5. plastic bottle 塑料瓶 6. unrecyclable material 不可回收材料 7. informative book 信息量大的书 8. go extinct 灭绝 9. illegally hunt 非法捕猎 10. incredibly difficult 极其困难 11. wildlife conservation 野生动物保护 12. item of clothing 一件物品 13. hatch eggs 孵化蛋 14. restore the environment 恢复环境 15. unusual behavior 不寻常的行为 16. mass media 大众媒体 17. varied interests 各种各样的兴趣 18. endangered species 濒危物种 19. solar energy 太阳能 20. species of birds 鸟类物种 21. wrap up 包裹起来 22. wasteful habits 浪费的习惯 23. refillable cup 可再填充的杯子 24. reusable bag 可重复使用的袋子 25. packaging waste 包装废弃物 26. consumer rights 消费者权益 27. public transportation 公共交通 28. city council 市议会 29. get stuck 卡住；陷入困境 30. feel annoyed 感到恼怒 31. regular exercise 定期锻炼 32. a decade ago 十年前 33. gas emission 气体排放 34. lung cancer 肺癌 35. organic food 有机食品 36. chemical reaction 化学反应 37. write an essay 写短文/论文 38. research institute 研究所 39. billions of 数十亿的 40. political opponent 政治反对者 41. drug abuse 药物滥用 42. language barrier 语言障碍 43. unintentional mistake 无意之错 44. build a fence 建栅栏 45. harmless to 对……无害 46. carve a statue 雕刻雕像 47. scenic view 风景优美的景色 48. historic site 历史遗迹 49. organizing committee 组委会 50. ancient temple 古庙 51. Confucius Institute 孔子学院 52. memorial hall 纪念馆 53. river valley 河谷 54. agricultural products 农产品 55. Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 56. thunderstorm warning 雷暴警报 57. typhoon hits 台风袭击 二、写作词汇： 1. urgent need 紧急需求 2. decrease sharply 急剧下降 3. be to blame for 应受责备；归咎于 4. affect one‘s life 影响某人的生活 5. set a realistic goal 设定现实的目标 6. innovative solution 创新的解决方案 7. be aware of 意识到 8. relate to 与……有关联 9. suit one’s needs 适合某人的需求 10. involve doing sth 包含做某事 11. claim that 声称…… 12. be cruel to 对……残忍 13. constantly change 不断变化 三、词汇变形： 1. varied（形容词，多变的）→vary（动词，变化；改变）→variability（名词，可变性；变化性） 形容词去掉后缀-ed得到动词vary，动词添加名词后缀-ability得到名词variability。 2. unusual（形容词，不寻常的）→usual（反义词，寻常的）→usually（副词，通常） 形容词去掉否定前缀un-得到反义词usual，形容词usual加副词后缀-ly得到usually。 3. affect（动词，影响；使改变）→affectation（名词，做作；矫饰） 动词变换词尾并添加名词后缀-tation得到名词affectation。 4. restore（动词，恢复；修复）→restoration（名词，恢复；修复物） 动词添加名词后缀-ation得到名词restoration。 5. extinct（形容词，灭绝的）→extinction（名词，灭绝；消亡） 形容词添加名词后缀-tion得到名词extinction。 6. concern（动词/名词，涉及；担忧）→concerned/concerning（形容词，关心的/相关的） 动词concern加-ed修饰人（感到担忧的），加-ing修饰事物（有关的）。 7. survive（动词，生存；幸存）→survival（名词，生存；幸存物） 动词添加名词后缀-val得到名词survival。 8. consumer（名词，消费者）→consume（动词，消费；消耗） 表人的名词去掉后缀-er得到动词consume。 9. wasteful（形容词，浪费的）→waste（名词，浪费；垃圾） 形容词去掉形容词后缀-ful得到名词waste。 10. dirt（名词，尘土；污垢）→dirty（形容词，脏的） 名词添加形容词后缀-y得到形容词dirty。 11. innovative（形容词，创新的）→innovation（名词，创新；革新） 形容词去掉形容词后缀-ive得到名词innovation。 12. refillable（形容词，可再填充的）→refill（动词，再装满；重新填充） 形容词去掉表“可……”的后缀-able得到动词refill。 13. aware（形容词，意识到的）→awareness（名词，意识；认识） 形容词添加名词后缀-ness得到名词awareness。 14. collection（名词，收藏品；收集）→collect（动词，收集；采集） 名词去掉名词后缀-ion得到动词collect。 15. anxious（形容词，焦虑的）→anxiety（名词，焦虑；忧虑） 形容词变换词尾得到名词anxiety。 16. destruction（名词，破坏；毁灭）→destroy（动词，摧毁；破坏） 名词还原得到动词destroy。 17. relate（动词，联系；讲述）→relation（名词，关系；联系） 动词添加名词后缀-ion得到名词relation。 18. suit（动词/名词，适合；套装）→suitable（形容词，合适的；适宜的） 动词添加形容词后缀-able得到形容词suitable。 19. regular（形容词，规律的；常规的）→regularly（副词，定期地；有规律地） 形容词加副词后缀-ly得到副词regularly。 20. addicted（形容词，上瘾的）→addiction（名词，上瘾；瘾）→addict（名词，上瘾的人，痴迷者） 形容词变形得到名词addiction，词根提取得到表人名词addict。 21. stress（动词/名词，施压；压力）→stressed（形容词，焦虑不安的，修饰人）→stressful（形容词，压力大的，修饰事物） 词根stress加-ed描述人的感受，加-ful描述事物属性。 22. annoyed（形容词，恼怒的）→annoy（动词，使恼怒；打扰）→annoying（形容词，令人恼怒的） 形容词去掉-ed还原动词annoy，动词加-ing得到修饰事物的形容词annoying。 23. anger（名词，愤怒）→angry（形容词，愤怒的）→angrily（副词，愤怒地） 名词anger加-y得到形容词angry；形容词变y为i再加-ly得到副词angrily。…… 四、拓展词汇 1. agenda n. 计划，方案；（会议的）议程表，议事日程 2. amuse vt.（提供）消遣，（使）娱乐；逗笑，逗乐 3. atmosphere n. 气氛，氛围，环境；大气；气体；空气 4. ecology n. 生态，生态学 5. extremely adv. 极度，极其 6. favour (NAmE-vor) n. 支持，赞同；帮助，好事；恩惠 vt. 较喜欢，选择；偏袒；有利于 7. fee n.（加入组织或做某事付的）费；报酬 8. incredible adj. 极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的 9. intense adj. 很大的，十分强烈的；有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的，热切的；激烈的 10. internal adj. 内部的；国内的；内心的 11. mineral n. 矿物质，矿物 12. nature n. 大自然；自然；天性 13. particular adj. 特别的；特定的；讲究的 14. prohibit vt.（尤指以法令）禁止；阻止 15. urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的 五、熟词生义 1. cover：熟义=覆盖；生义=报道，涉及 2. charge：熟义=收费；生义=指控，充电 3. spring：熟义=春天；生义=泉，弹簧，跳跃 4. state：熟义=状态；生义=陈述，声明 5. figure：熟义=数字；生义=体型，人物，认为 6. course：熟义=课程；生义=路线，一道菜 7. ground：熟义=地面；生义=理由，基础 8. press：熟义=按压；生义=出版社，压力 9. present：熟义=当前的；生义=呈现，赠送 10. promise：熟义=承诺；生义=有前途，指望 11. treat：熟义=对待；生义=款待，治疗 12. address：熟义=地址；生义=演讲，处理 13. bridge：熟义=桥；生义=弥合，桥梁 14. remain：熟义=保持；生义=剩余，仍然 15. well：熟义=好；生义=井，涌出 16. mean：熟义=意思是；生义=刻薄的，平均 17. fine：熟义=好的；生义=罚款，细微的 18. fair：熟义=公平的；生义=集市，相当 19. light：熟义=光；生义=轻的，点燃 20. land：熟义=陆地；生义=降落，登陆 写作 句型 句式1 出处： Lesson 1 · Extinctions（关于物种灭绝） 原句： Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 结构分析： - Although 引导让步状语从句：Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally（it 作形式主语，真正主语是 for species to die out naturally） - 主句：the rate ... is cause for concern - at which this is now happening 为定语从句修饰 rate（关系代词 which 前有介词 at） - 该句式适用于引出问题或现象，强调“虽然……但……”，适合写作开头段。 译文： 虽然物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但如今这种情况发生的速度却令人担忧。 句式2 出处： Lesson 1 · Extinctions（关于物种灭绝） 原句： If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out. 结构分析： - If 引导条件状语从句：If a sixth mass extinction occurs - 主句：scientists ... believe that ... - scientists 后接定语从句 who have studied the issue - believe 后接 that 引导的宾语从句：that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out - 该句式适用于假设性论证，推测后果，适合议论文或说明文。 译文： 如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这一问题的科学家认为地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。 句式3 出处： Lesson 1 · Extinctions（关于物种灭绝） 原句： In short, if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. 结构分析： - 句首 In short 为总结性状语 - if 引导条件状语从句：if we want to survive - 主句为并列谓语：we need to stop ... and start ... - stop 和 start 后接动名词和不定式：stop destroying ... and start to protect ... - 其中 that we live on 为定语从句修饰 planet（that 作介词 on 的宾语） - 该句式适合文章结尾发出呼吁或总结观点。 译文： 简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就必须停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。 句式4 出处： Lesson 3 · The Road to Destruction（关于交通问题） 原句： But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially. 结构分析： - 主句：personal anger and stress are nothing - compared to the real costs socially 为过去分词短语作状语，表示比较 - 该句式用于对比个人感受与更大的社会代价，适合引出问题的严重性。 译文： 但与真正的社会代价相比，个人的愤怒和压力根本不算什么。 句式5 出处： Lesson 3 · The Road to Destruction（关于交通问题） 原句： We often think there is nothing we can do about the noise, pollution and danger of traffic. There is. 结构分析： - 第一句：We often think + 宾语从句（省略 that）：there is nothing we can do ... - we can do ... 为定语从句修饰 nothing（省略关系代词 that） - 第二句：There is. 为省略句，完整为 There is something we can do（与前句形成鲜明对比） - 该句式适用于反驳普遍消极看法，先让步后转折，增强说服力。 译文： 我们常常认为对于交通噪音、污染和危险我们无能为力。但实际上我们有办法。 语法 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句 定语从句两种类型说明 限制性定语从句：修饰先行词，从句和主句联系紧密，用来限定、识别先行词是哪个人/事物； 非限制性定语从句：对先行词做额外补充说明，去掉后主句意思依然完整，要用逗号和主句隔开。 1. 限制性定语从句 例句： The girl who is playing tennis is my friend. This is the place where I lived last year. She still remembers the time when she noticed the car was missing. They are the people whose houses caught fire. 2. 非限制性定语从句 例句： My friend, who is playing tennis, comes from Ethiopia. The accident, which happened yesterday, has led to three deaths. The building, where an important conference is being held, is in the centre of the city. The professor gave me a lot of advice, which I benefited a lot. 难点提示 1. 非限制性定语从句的关系代词which可以指代整个主句 例句： It is snowing heavily, which makes children feel excited. The river is seriously polluted, which has caught much public attention. 2. most of/which、many of 型非限制性定语从句 能用于这类结构的限定词：many, some, all, several, few, both, half, the majority, the number, percentages 以及代词 it；常见搭配还有 in the middle of, at the bottom of, at the top of, at the foot of 等。 例句： He has designed many captivating questions in his class, most of which are very inspiring. He works in a middle school, in front of which there is a river. 3. as引导的非限制性定语从句 as可在从句中作主语、表语或宾语，指代整个主句，位置灵活：可放主句前、主句中、主句后； 固定搭配：as is announced/reported/imagined/known；若从句谓语为happen, occur这类表事态的动词，常用which；若主句谓语是be said/known这类表达，多用as。 例句： As we all know, Tom studies very hard.（as指代整个句子，作从句宾语） As is known to all, she is the best worker in our class.（as指代整个句子，作从句主语） 4. 关系代词选用规则 先行词指人时： - 从句作主语/定语：用who/whose - 从句作宾语：用whom/who/that 先行词指物时：从句作主/宾/定语，用which/that/whose ⚠️ 非限制性定语从句不能用that 例句： This is the car which/that is recommended.（which/that从句作主语） I like the book (which/that) you recommended yesterday.（which/that从句作宾语，可省略） I have a house whose cover is blue.（whose从句作定语，修饰cover） The woman whom they wanted to interview is a teacher.（whom从句作宾语） The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.（who/that从句作主语） This is the place where I was born.（where从句作地点状语，相当于in which） I work in a business where almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.（where作地点状语，相当于in which） Extinctions, when entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in Earth's history.（when作时间状语） I remember the day when I first met Alison.（when作时间状语，相当于on which） Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?（why作原因状语，相当于for which） 写作 写一篇关于“如何保护野生动物”的演讲稿 现在各种野生动物日趋减少，有些已经濒临灭绝。请你结合以下几点内容，写一篇关于“如何保护野生动物”的演讲稿，号召大家行动起来保护野生动物。 注意：词数不少于60。演讲稿的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 1. 不吃野味，不穿用野生动物皮毛做的衣服； 2. 宣传保护野生动物的重要性； 3. 建立野生动物保护区； 4. …… It's my pleasure to be here to give a speech. ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for listening. 【参考范文】 It’s my pleasure to be here to give a speech. My topic is how to protect the wild animals. I always think that animals are the friends of our human beings. However, now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. First, we believe “no buying, no killing”. Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. Besides, it is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. In addition, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. No one should kill wild animals. Once found, he or she should be reported to the Wildlife Protection Association. Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. Animals are our friends and part of our environment. Friends, come and join us. Let’s turn the goodwill into action, and let’s work together to protect animals! Thank you for listening. 【导语】 本篇是一篇保护野生动物主题演讲稿。开篇点明演讲主题，阐述野生动物濒危现状，从多个角度提出可行保护措施，最后发出呼吁号召，语言正式、感染力强，符合演讲稿文体特征。 【详解】 1. However, now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. existing 形容词作前置定语；die out 固定短语，意为“灭绝”，点明严峻现状，引出下文对策。 2. Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. instead of 引导对比结构，清晰表达正确做法与错误行为的对立。 3. Besides, it is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. it作形式主语，真正主语为后面不定式；raise the awareness of… 提高……意识，写作高频表达。 4. …including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. where引导定语从句修饰protection regions，进一步说明保护区作用。 5. Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. only+状语置于句首，句子使用部分倒装，是书面表达经典高级句型。 【点睛】 ① 行文符合演讲稿格式：开场引入→分析现状→分点给出措施→结尾号召； ② 使用First, Besides, In addition 衔接要点，逻辑清晰； ③ 掌握倒装、形式主语、定语从句等高级句式，提升作文档次； ④ 重点短语积累：die out 灭绝；as far as I am concerned 在我看来；take steps to do 采取措施做；set up 建立；sustainable development 可持续发展。 一、知识点精讲 1. switch 原句：We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible. 我们确实需要尽快转用不同形式的能源。 【双语释义】 switch ◆vt. & vi. to change or make sth change from one thing to another (使) 转变，改变 My mother’s interest had switched to my health. 我母亲的关注点已转移到我的健康上来了。 ◆n. a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on and off（电路的）开关，闸，转换器 Leona put some detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door, and pressed the switch. Leona 在洗碗机里放了些清洁剂，关上门，然后按下开关。 【积累拓展】 switch on 接通；打开 switch off（用开关）关掉；切断 (电源) switch over 换台；换频道 【即时小练】 完成句子 1. 他在转行从事新闻工作前是图书管理员。 He worked as a librarian before __________________________ journalism. 2. 他倒空了他们俩的玻璃杯，然后打开了电水壶。 He emptied both their glasses and __________________________ the electric kettle. 3. 你离开时请把灯关掉。 Please __________________________ the lights when you leave. 4. 为了保持健康，你可以转为在早上或午间锻炼。 To keep fit, you can _________________________ _ 【答案】 1. switching to 2. switched on 3. switch off 4. switch to morning or lunchtime exercise 2. varied 原句：The reasons for extinctions are varied. 灭绝的原因各不相同。 【双语释义】 varied adj. of many different types 各种各样的，形形色色的 The responsibilities of government are many, and they are varied. 政府有很多职责，而且各不相同。 【积累拓展】 ◆同根词 (1) various adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的 There are various courses open to us. 我们有多种处理方法可采取。 (2) variety n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 She uses a variety of different colours and textures in her wall hangings. 她悬挂的帷幔色彩和质地多种多样。 (3) vary vi.（大小、形状等）相异，不同，有别；（根据情况）变化，变更，改变 Children vary considerably in the rate at which they learn these lessons. 孩子们学习这些课的速度差别相当大。 ◆常用搭配 a variety of 各种各样的 ◆用法提示 (1)“a variety of + 复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)“the variety of + 复数名词” 意为 “…… 的品种”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 3. affect 原句：It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. 显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 【双语释义】 affect vt. ◆to produce a change in sb/sth 影响 Nicotine affects the functioning of the heart and arteries. 尼古丁对心脏和动脉功能有负面影响。 ◆to make sb have strong feelings of sadness, pity, etc.（感情上）深深打动；使悲伤（或怜悯等） They were affected by the news of her death. 她去世的消息使他们唏嘘不已。 【积累拓展】 ◆同根词 affection n. [U] 喜爱；钟爱 effect n. [C,U] 效应；影响；结果 ◆常用搭配 be affected by… 被…… 感动；受…… 影响 / 侵袭 be of no effect 无效的；无用的 bring/put sth into effect 使生效；实行；实施 come into effect（尤指法律、规则等）生效；开始实施 have an effect on… 对…… 产生影响 take effect 开始起作用；见效 4. wasteful 原句：I understand that, but in this case it’s completely wasteful and unnecessary. 我理解，但在这种情况下，这是完全浪费并且没有必要的。 【双语释义】 wasteful adj. using more of sth than is necessary; not saving or keeping sth that could be used 浪费的；挥霍的 The whole process is wasteful and inefficient. 整个程序既浪费又低效。 【积累拓展】 ◆同根词 waste vt. & n. 浪费；滥用 Why waste money on clothes you don’t need? 为什么浪费钱买你不需要的衣服呢？ You are wasting your time trying to explain it to him. 你跟他解释是在浪费时间。 ◆常用搭配 waste time/money on… 在…… 上浪费时间 / 金钱 waste time/money (in) doing… 浪费时间 / 金钱做…… waste your breath 白费唇舌 5. to be blame 原句：This time, human activity will be to blame. 这一次，人类活动是主要原因。 【双语释义】 blame vt. to think or say that sb/sth is responsible for sth bad 把…… 归咎于；责怪；指责 n. [U] responsibility for doing sth badly or wrongly; saying that sb is responsible for sth（坏事或错事的）责任；责备；指责 【积累拓展】 ◆常用搭配 (1) blame sb for sth 因某事而责备某人 blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人 / 某事 be to blame (for sth)（对坏事）负有责任 (2) accept/bear/get/take the blame for… 对…… 负责 lay/put the blame for sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人身上 ◆词语辨析 词汇 用法 blame “责备，谴责；归咎于，归罪于”，常用于 blame sb for sth 及 blame sth on sb charge “控告；谴责”，常用于 charge sb with (doing) sth“指控某人 (做了) 某事” accuse “控告，指控；指责，谴责”，常用于 accuse sb of (doing) sth“指控某人 (做了) 某事” 6. be at risk of dying out 原句：Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。 【积累拓展】 (1) at the risk of doing sth 冒着…… 的风险 be at risk (of) 处境危险，受到威胁 take a risk/risks (to do sth) 冒险 (做某事) run the risk (of sth/of doing sth) 冒…… 的危险；冒险 (做某事) run risks 冒险 (2) risk doing sth 冒险做某事 二、核心语法精讲 过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去的事件之前已经发生的事件或存在的状态，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。 过去完成时的构成是：主语+had+动词过去分词。 难点提示： 1. 过去完成时的基本结构 肯定句：主语+had+动词过去分词 否定句：主语+had not+动词过去分词 疑问句：Had+主语+动词过去分词 被动语态：主语+had+been+动词过去分词 2. 使用过去完成时，过去时间有时由一个时间状语表示出来（如例1），但在更多情况下过去时间都由上下文表示出来（如例2、例3）。 例1：By the end of last month, they had treated over 10, 000 patients. 例2：She found she had left her suitcase on the train. 例3：The play had already started when we got to the theatre. 3. 过去完成时和一般过去时可以用在同一个句子中，体现过去事件发生的顺序。比较下列句子： When I arrived, she left. (I arrived and then she left. ) 我到达时她离开了。 When I arrived, she had left. (She left before I arrived. ) 我到达时她已经离开了。 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 话题内容： 就野生动物日益减少的现状，发表“如何保护野生动物”的主题演讲 主题语境： 人与自然——环境保护与动物保护 文体类型： 演讲稿（议论文体） 写作要点： - 点明演讲主题（野生动物保护） - 阐述现状（野生动物濒临灭绝） - 提出具体措施（不吃野味不穿皮毛、宣传保护重要性、建立保护区等） - 发出呼吁号召（号召大家行动起来） 2. 写作框架 第一段：开篇引入 - 功能：问候听众 + 点明演讲主题 + 简述现状 - 核心句式：My topic is how to protect the wild animals. ... now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. 第二段：提出措施 - 功能：分条阐述保护野生动物的具体做法 - 核心句式：First / Besides / In addition ...（用连接词自然衔接各要点） - 可展开的内容：不吃野味不穿皮毛、宣传保护重要性、建立保护区、举报违法行为等 第三段：总结呼吁 - 功能：再次强调观点 + 发出行动号召 + 致谢 - 核心句式：Animals are our friends and part of our environment. Let's turn the goodwill into action... Thank you for listening. 3. 写作素材 3.1 演讲开篇句（点明主题） 1. My topic is how to protect the wild animals. 2. Today I'd like to share my views on wildlife protection. 3. What I'm going to talk about today is the protection of wild animals. 3.2 现状描述句（阐述问题严重性） 1. Many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. 2. The number of wild animals is decreasing at an alarming rate. 3. Some species are on the verge of extinction due to human activities. 4. It is reported that thousands of wild animals are killed every year for their fur and meat. 3.3 态度观点句（表明立场） 1. I always think that animals are the friends of our human beings. 2. As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. 3. We should remember that protecting animals means protecting ourselves. 4. There is no doubt that we should take action to protect wildlife. 3.4 措施陈述句（提出具体做法） 1. Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. 2. It is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. 3. We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. 4. Once found, he or she should be reported to the Wildlife Protection Association. 5. We should refuse to buy products made from animal fur or skin. 6. The government should make stricter laws to punish those who kill wild animals. 3.5 呼吁号召句（结尾煽情） 1. Animals are our friends and part of our environment. 2. Come and join us. Let's turn the goodwill into action, and let's work together to protect animals! 3. Only when we protect animals can we protect ourselves. 4. Let's take action now before it is too late. 5. Every small action counts. Together, we can make a difference. 3.6 演讲稿结尾句 1. Thank you for listening. 2. That's all for my speech. Thank you for your attention. 3. I hope my speech can inspire you to take action. Thank you. 3.7 高级表达积累 - die out：灭绝 - as far as I am concerned：在我看来 - take steps to do：采取措施做某事 - set up：建立 - protection regions / reserves：保护区 - raise the awareness of：提高……意识 - sustainable development：可持续发展 - build a harmonious society：构建和谐社会 - on the verge of extinction：濒临灭绝 - at an alarming rate：以惊人的速度 4. 范文背诵 题目： 如何保护野生动物（演讲稿） It's my pleasure to be here to give a speech. My topic is how to protect the wild animals. I always think that animals are the friends of our human beings. However, now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. First, we believe "no buying, no killing". Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. Besides, it is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. In addition, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. No one should kill wild animals. Once found, he or she should be reported to the Wildlife Protection Association. Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. Animals are our friends and part of our environment. Friends, come and join us. Let's turn the goodwill into action, and let's work together to protect animals! Thank you for listening. 背诵重点句（5句核心）： - My topic is how to protect the wild animals. ... now many wild animals have disappeared and many kinds of the existing wild animals are dying out. （点明主题+阐述现状） - As far as I am concerned, something must be done to stop it. （表明立场态度） - Instead of killing wild animals for their fur or eating their meat, we should speak out and stop this trade. （措施一：不吃野味不穿皮毛） - It is our responsibility to help people around us to raise the awareness of protecting wild animals. （措施二：宣传保护重要性，it作形式主语） - We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up some protection regions for wild animals where they can be well protected. （措施三：建立保护区，含定语从句） - Only in this way, can we build a harmonious society and ensure a sustainable development. （结尾倒装句，高级句式） 5. 变式场景拓展 话题变式一：保护环境/节约资源 将 wildlife protection 替换为 environmental protection，措施可替换为：减少塑料使用、节约用水用电、垃圾分类等。 话题变式二：保护濒危动物（具体物种） 将 wild animals 替换为 specific species，如 giant pandas / tigers / elephants，措施可针对具体物种展开。 话题变式三：倡议类发言稿 开篇替换为：Good morning, everyone! I feel greatly honored to be here to give a speech on... 6. 写作要点速记 演讲稿三步走： - 开篇引入 → 问候听众 + 点明主题 + 简述现状 - 正文展开 → 分条陈述措施，用 First / Besides / In addition 等自然衔接 - 结尾呼吁 → 再次强调 + 发出号召 + 致谢 提分关键： - 善用高级句式：形式主语（it is our responsibility to...）、定语从句（where they can be well protected）、倒装句（Only in this way can we...） - 结构清晰：使用 First / Besides / In addition 等连接词 - 语言有感染力：演讲稿需具备号召力，结尾多用 Let's... / Join us! 等呼吁性表达 - 词汇丰富：如 die out / take steps to / raise the awareness of / sustainable development 等 易错点01 die out / die of / die from / die for 的辨析 【一句话辨异】 Many species are gradually dying out due to climate change; last year, thousands of fish died from water pollution, while some animals died of hunger caused by food shortage. 许多物种正因气候变化而逐渐灭绝；去年，成千上万的鱼死于水污染，而一些动物死于食物短缺导致的饥饿。 【错因辨析】 1. die out 意为“灭绝/消失”，指物种、习俗、语言等的逐渐消亡，强调从存在到不存在的过程。本单元高频词组。 - Many traditional customs are dying out with the development of modern society. 随着现代社会的发展，许多传统习俗正在逐渐消失。 2. die of 意为“死于……”，通常指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿、情感等内部原因。 - In some African countries, many children die of hunger every year. 在一些非洲国家，每年有许多儿童死于饥饿。 3. die from 意为“死于……”，通常指死于外部原因，如事故、污染、受伤等。 - The patient died from a serious wound after the car accident. 那位病人在车祸后因重伤死亡。 4. die for 意为“为……而死”，常指为理想、信仰、国家等献身。 - Many heroes died for the freedom of their country. 许多英雄为祖国的自由而献身。 5. 考生常见错误：混淆die of和die from的用法（内因vs外因），以及将die out误用于人的死亡。 - ❌ The old man died out at the age of 90.（错误，die out用于物种灭绝，不指人的死亡） - ✅ The old man died of old age at the age of 90.（正确，死于年老） 【对点训练】 Many endangered species will ______ if we don't take immediate action to protect their habitats. A. die of B. die from C. die out D. die for 【答案】C 【解析】 本题考查die out的用法。句意：如果我们不立即采取行动保护它们的栖息地，许多濒危物种将会灭绝。die out指“物种灭绝”，符合语境，故选C。A项die of表“死于（内因）”，B项die from表“死于（外因）”，D项die for表“为……而死”，均不符合。 易错点02 be to blame 主动形式表被动含义 【一句话辨异】 The government officials admitted that human activities were to blame for the severe air pollution, and they promised to take action immediately. 政府官员承认人类活动应对严重的空气污染负责，并承诺立即采取行动。 【错因辨析】 1. be to blame 意为“应受责备/应对……负责”，使用主动形式（to blame） 表达被动含义（应被责备）。此为固定用法，不需要也不可以改为to be blamed。高考高频考点，占此题型的90%以上。 - The driver was not to blame for the accident; it was the pedestrian who ignored the red light. 司机不应为这起事故负责，闯红灯的是行人。 2. 词条扩展：blame sb. for sth. = 因某事责备某人；blame sth. on sb. = 把某事归咎于某人。 - Don't blame others for your own mistakes. 不要因为你自己的错误而责备别人。 - They blamed the failure on the bad weather. 他们把失败归咎于坏天气。 3. 考生常见错误：受被动语态习惯影响，误用 to be blamed。 - ❌ Who is to be blamed for the incident?（错误） - ✅ Who is to blame for the incident?（正确） 4. 同类结构（主动表被动）： - The house is to let.（这房子要出租。）— 主动表被动 - The problem is not easy to solve.（这个问题不容易解决。）— 不定式主动表被动 【对点训练】 The pollution in the river is serious, and the factory nearby ______. A. is to blame B. is to be blamed C. blames D. is blaming 【答案】A 【解析】 本题考查be to blame的固定用法。be to blame为固定结构，主动形式表被动含义，意为“应受责备”，排除B（错误形式）、C和D（主动语态不符合句意），故选A。 易错点03 due to 的用法与搭配 【一句话辨异】 Due to the heavy rain, the sports meeting was postponed, and the delay was due to bad weather conditions. 由于大雨，运动会被推迟了，这次的延迟也是因为恶劣的天气状况。 【错因辨析】 1. due to 意为“由于/因为”，为介词短语，后接名词/代词/动名词，不可接句子（that从句）。表语或状语均可使用。 - Due to the bad weather, all flights were cancelled. 由于恶劣天气，所有航班都被取消了。（作状语） - His success was due to his hard work. 他的成功归功于他的努力。（作表语） 2. 与 because of 的区别： - due to 多用于书面语，较正式，可作表语或状语 - because of 更口语化，多作状语，不作表语 - owing to 与due to用法相近，多作状语 3. 考生常见错误： - 后接句子：❌ Due to it rained heavily, we stayed at home.（错误） - ✅ Due to the heavy rain, we stayed at home.（正确，后接名词） - ✅ Because it rained heavily, we stayed at home.（正确，because引导状语从句） - 误作连词：❌ The match was cancelled due to the players were injured.（错误） - ✅ The match was cancelled because the players were injured.（正确，because后接句子） 4. 与 be due to do（预定/预期做某事）区分： - The flight is due to arrive at 6 p.m. 航班预计下午6点到达。（be due to do表“预定/预期”，其中to为不定式标志） - 此处的due to与表示“因为”的due to（介词）完全不同。 【对点训练】 ______ the heavy traffic, he arrived at the station half an hour later than expected. A. Due to B. Because C. Since D. As 【答案】A 【解析】 本题考查due to的介词用法。空格后接名词短语the heavy traffic，需要介词短语作状语，due to意为“由于”，符合语境，故选A。B项because为连词，需接句子；C项since为连词，需接句子；D项as为连词，需接句子。 易错点04 compared to / compared with 的辨析 【一句话辨异】 Compared to her sister, she is more outgoing; however, compared with last year's data, the pollution level has dropped significantly. 与她姐姐相比，她更外向；然而，与去年的数据相比，污染水平已经显著下降。 【错因辨析】 1. compared to 意为“与……相比”，可用于比较同类事物或不同类事物；此外还可表示“比喻为/比作”（此义项用to不用with）。 - Compared to many other cities, the cost of living here is quite reasonable. 与许多其他城市相比，这里的生活成本相当合理。（同类比较） - Life is often compared to a journey. 人生常被比作一段旅程。（比喻/比作） 2. compared with 意为“与……相比”，多用于比较同类事物，侧重对比差异。 - Compared with his previous works, this novel shows great improvement. 与他之前的作品相比，这部小说有了很大进步。 3. 现代英语中两者区别已逐渐淡化，在实际使用中，尤其在高考中，compared to 和 compared with 在表示“与……相比”时多数情况下可以通用。但在以下情况下注意区分： - 表示“比喻为/比作”时，必须用 compared to。 - 表示“对比差异”时，两者均可，但compared with更为传统。 - 选择题中如出现两者之一作答案，通常视为均正确，需结合题目其他考点判断。 4. 考生常见错误：在“比喻为”的语境中误用compared with。 - ❌ Shakespeare is often compared with a great poet.（含混，且此处为比喻义） - ✅ Shakespeare is often compared to a great poet.（正确，“被比作”） 5. 短语位置：compared to/with 通常放句首或句中，作状语，用逗号与主句隔开。 【对点训练】 ______ her classmates, she has made much greater progress in English this term. A. Comparing with B. Compared to C. Comparing to D. Compared about 【答案】B 【解析】 本题考查compared to的用法。句意：与她的同学相比，她这学期在英语方面进步大得多。此处需要过去分词短语作状语，排除A和C（均为现在分词形式，表主动，不符合）；D项搭配错误；compared to表“与……相比”，符合题意，故选B。 一、默写重点单词 A. 英译汉 1. plastic waste ______ 2. cut down ______ 3. do/play one’s part ______ 4. wipe out ______ 5. be to blame ______ 6. be at risk ______ 7. become extinct ______ 8. for the good of ______ 9. take steps ______ 10. be passionate about ______ 11. die out ______ 12. set up ______ 13. stressed out ______ 14. refillable containers ______ 15. do away with ______ 16. end up swallowing the plastic ______ B. 汉译英 1. 大灭绝 ______ 2. 火山爆发 ______ 3. 全球变暖 ______ 4. 海平面 ______ 5. 人类活动 ______ 6. 濒临灭绝的物种 ______ 7. 恢复栖息地 ______ 8. 工厂化畜牧 ______ 9. 自然原因 ______ 10. 外卖食品 ______ 11. 温室气体 ______ 12. 对垃圾进行分类 ______ 13. 找借口 ______ 14. 转向不同的能源形式 ______ 15. 开始/着手做某事 ______ 16. 环境友好的 ______ 【答案】 A. 英译汉 1.塑料废物 2.削减；砍倒 3.尽自己的职责 4.彻底毁灭 5.把……归咎于 6.处境危险，受到威胁 7.灭绝 8.为了……的利益 9.采取措施，采取步骤 10.对……充满热情 11.消失；绝迹，灭绝 12.建立；装配 13.焦虑的 14.可填充式容器 15.废除，去掉 16.结局是吞食塑料 B. 汉译英 1.mass extinction 2.volcanic eruption 3.global warming 4.sea level 5.human activity 6.endangered species 7.restore the habitats 8.factory farming 9.natural causes 10.takeaway food 11.greenhouse gases 12.sort the rubbish 13.make excuses 14.switch to different forms of power 15.set out to do 16.environmentally friendly 二、词汇运用 1. At the current rate of decline, many of the rain forest animals could become ______ in the near future. (extinction) 2. To keep healthy, it is noted that our diet is ______ and balanced. (vary) 3. Leave your ______ cans and bottles in the garbage bin, but please rinse (清洗) them out first. (recycle) 4. The third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, killed 90% to 96% of all ______. (species) 5. Housing development in this area is thought ______ the wild life. (endangered) 6. Since the coconut has a tough shell, the plastic wrapping is completely ______ and unnecessary. (waste) 7. Energy ______ (conserve) reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment. 8. Every year the education sector launches many programs to promote the youth’s environmental ______. (aware) 9. After taking an advanced computer course at school, the seven boys ______ (illegal) obtained top-secret information from government computers in Washington. 10. I found the talk both ______ (inform) and entertaining. 【答案】 1.extinct 2.varied 3.recyclable 4.species 5.to endanger 6.wasteful 7.conservation 8.awareness 9.illegally 10.informative 三、重点句型 1. 非限制性定语从句 Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history. 整个物种彻底消亡的灭绝事件，在地球历史上并不罕见！ 2. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 尽管物种自然消亡是正常现象，但如今物种消亡的速度却令人担忧。 3. 定语从句+宾语从句 A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the "background extinction rate". 美国布朗大学与杜克大学的科学家在2015年开展了一项研究，探究物种因自然原因消亡的速度，也就是“背景灭绝率”。 4. and连接并列分句 Our oceans are full of plastic waste, and animals and birds end up swallowing the plastic and dying as a result. 海洋里充斥着塑料垃圾，鸟兽最终会吞食这些塑料，并因此丧命。 5. 过去分词短语作比较状语 But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially. 但和社会层面产生的实际代价相比，个人的愤怒与压力根本不值一提。 四、课文语法填空 In the past 500 million years, there have been five mass (1) ______. The reasons for them are (2) ______. Many scientists say we are now entering the sixth mass extinction, in which human activity will (3) ______. Scientists found human activity is causing species (4) ______ 1,000 times faster than normal. There is a long list of reasons; air and water pollution, forest being (5) ______, factory farming, overfishing and so on. Obviously, human activity (6) ______ all other species on Earth. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, we’ll also (7) ______ dying out, because when the balance in nature is broken, we’ll be unable to survive! To avoid a sixth extinction, everybody should (8) ______ now! We have to make significant changes, such as saving (9) ______ species, using cleaner, more (44) ______ natural sources of energy and improving the farming methods to reduce pollution. In short, we should make joint efforts to stop destroying the planet (10) ______ we live on and begin to protect it. 【答案】 1）extinctions 2）varied 3）be to blame 4）to die out 5）destroyed 6）has negatively affected 7）be at risk of 8）take action 9）endangered 10）that 五、阅读理解 A If you’re a lover of literature and want to study it further, Harvard’s online courses are a great option! About the Courses The Ancient Greek Hero explores what it means to be human today by studying what it meant to be a hero in ancient Greek times. To achieve this, learners will experience, in English translation, some ancient Greek literature from the 8th century BC to the 3rd century AD. Noble Culture and the Cosmopolitan Tang looks at how noble families and their culture and literature contributed to the reunification (重新统一) of China under the Tang Dynasty. You’ll also learn how to compose and analyze poetry and calligraphy. Shakespeare’s Life and Work explores relationships between Shakespeare’s world and present day. Through short videos and readings, you will see how the meaning of a work of art changes depending on the time, context, and culture. Masterpieces of World Literature reveals how great writers reflect on their world and how their works are changed in today’s global culture. It helps us understand the deep roots of today’s interconnected global culture. Ways to Take the Courses When you sign up for these courses, you will have the option of auditing (旁听) the course or pursuing an official certificate. In the auditing track, learning is free and self-paced within 18 weeks. Learners have access to part of our course resources. Besides, course videos and handouts are not available for downloading. Please note that this track does not offer an official certificate. Alternatively, learners can pay $299 to pursue an official certificate, which offers unlimited access to course resources within a year. At the end of the course, learners who earn a passing grade can receive a certificate. If you’re interested and want to learn more, click here: https://www.harvardonline.harvard.edu 1. If you want to know how to analyze poetry, you can choose ______. A. The Ancient Greek Hero B. Shakespeare’s Life and Work C. Masterpieces of World Literature D. Noble Culture and the Cosmopolitan Tang 2. In the auditing track, you can ______. A. determine the learning pace B. access handouts for a fee C. earn an official certificate D. download course videos 3. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To advertise online courses. B. To explore the roots of humanity. C. To compare different cultures. D. To highlight the value of literature. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍哈佛大学的在线课程。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。由About the Courses中Noble Culture and the Cosmopolitan Tang中“You’ll also learn how to compose and analyze poetry and calligraphy.(你还将学习如何创作和分析诗歌和书法。)”可知，如果你想知道如何分析诗歌，你可以选择Noble Culture and the Cosmopolitan Tang。故选D项。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。由Ways to Take the Courses中第二段“In the auditing track, learning is free and self-paced within 18 weeks. Learners have access to part of our course resources. Besides, course videos and handouts are not available for downloading. Please note that this track does not offer an official certificate.(在旁听赛道中，学习是免费的，在18周内自主学习。学员可以访问我们的部分课程资源。此外，课程视频和讲义不可下载。请注意，这个赛道不提供官方证书。)”可知，在旁听赛道中，你可以决定学习进度。故选A项。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第一段“If you’re a lover of literature and want to study it further, Harvard’s online courses are a great option!(如果你是一个文学爱好者，并且想进一步学习，哈佛大学的在线课程是一个很好的选择！)”和最后一段“If you’re interested and want to learn more, click here: https://www.harvardonline.harvard.edu(如果您感兴趣并想了解更多信息，请单击此处：https://www.harvardonline.harvard.edu)”可知，文章主要介绍哈佛大学的在线课程，主要目的是为在线课程做广告。故选A项。 B It turns out patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen had been well on his way to becoming a working artist. He had already had his first show at a local arts centre. Yet he wanted more — specifically to start showing his works in a juried exhibition, where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process, ensuring that only the most outstanding works are included in the exhibition. That’s when he ran into a problem, discovering in the very last line of a multi-page application that the minimum age for submission was 18. That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. With the support of his parents, in January 2023, Nalin founded Little EGG Gallery, a commercial studio only for underage artists. The gallery, which is now profitable enough, charges a small fee for any displayed work and takes a 15 percent service fee on sales. In turn, Little EGG Gallery helps promote young talents by showcasing their works. Not long after opening, David Griffin, a professor and artist from Ontario College of Art and Design University, happened to come across the gallery while walking with his wife in their neighbourhood. Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special, “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to create a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” A connection was formed, and Nalin asked Griffin to help judge an upcoming competition. The first juried show was last spring, and the top three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-old Jack Gamble won for his abstract painting titled Pokemon. Given how busy Nalin is with school life and his own art, Little EGG Gallery is mostly open by appointment only, but he’s still devoted to growing the gallery with seasonal and themed shows scheduled a few times a year. Nalin believes that young artists are free to be more creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when you’re younger, you have more creativity. You see beauty in more things and when you get older, it kind of stops. I don’t want to see anyone prevented from creating their art. 4. According to the passage, the juried exhibition ______. A. favours works of art experts B. charges a small fee for entries C. sets no age limit for submission D. displays professionally selected works 5. How did Nalin Kamat feel after being rejected? A. Anxious. B. Motivated. C. Regretful. D. Confused. 6. Why did Nalin Kamat found Little EGG Gallery? A. To work with other young artists. B. To meet his parents’ expectations. C. To offer underage artists a platform. D. To hold an exhibition of his own works. 7. What can we learn from Nalin Kamat’s story? A. Wisdom arises from experience. B. Everything comes to those who wait. C. Luck matters to one’s career success. D. Innovative thoughts increase one’s chances. 【答案】4. D 5. B 6. C 7. D 【解析】 【导语】本文属于记叙文。文章主要讲述了少年Nalin Kamat在面临艺术界年龄限制的挑战后，受到启发创立Little EGG Gallery，为未成年艺术家提供展示平台的故事。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第一段中的“Yet he wanted more—specifically to start showing his works in a juried exhibition, where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process, ensuring that only the most outstanding works are included in the exhibition. (然而，他更具体地希望开始在一个评审展览中展示他的作品，在那里，艺术专家将在一个竞争激烈的评审过程中评估和选择作品，确保只有最杰出的作品被包括在展览中。)”可知，评审制度的展览是由艺术专家评估并挑选作品，确保只有最杰出的作品才能参展。故选D。 35题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第二段“That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. (这种拒绝成为了创造的动力。“作为年轻的艺术家，我们没有得到我认为应得的赞誉，我们也没有很多机会展示我们在艺术上付出的努力。我想如果我能为更多的年轻艺术家提供机会，那就太酷了，”现年15岁的Nalin说。)”可知，被拒绝后，Nalin感到受到激励，想要为年轻艺术家提供更多机会。故选B。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第二段“That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. (这种拒绝成为了创造的动力。“作为年轻的艺术家，我们没有得到我认为应得的赞誉，我们也没有很多机会展示我们在艺术上付出的努力。我想如果我能为更多的年轻艺术家提供机会，那就太酷了，”现年15岁的Nalin说。)”及第三段中的“With the support of his parents, in January 2023, Nalin founded Little EGG Gallery, a commercial studio only for underage artists. (在父母的支持下，2023年1月，纳林创办了专为未成年艺术家开设的商业工作室Little EGG Gallery。)”可知，Nalin创立Little EGG Gallery的目的是为未成年艺术家提供一个展示平台。故选C。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第二段“That rejection became a fuel for creation. “As young artists, we don’t get as much credit as I think we deserve, and we also don’t get many opportunities to showcase the amount of work we put into the art. I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. (这种拒绝成为了创造的动力。“作为年轻的艺术家，我们没有得到我认为应得的赞誉，我们也没有很多机会展示我们在艺术上付出的努力。我想如果我能为更多的年轻艺术家提供机会，那就太酷了，”现年15岁的Nalin说。)”及最后一段“Nalin believes that young artists are free to be more creative. In an interview with CBC Kids News, he said, “I think when you’re younger, you have more creativity. You see beauty in more things and when you get older, it kind of stops. I don’t want to see anyone prevented from creating their art. (纳林认为，年轻艺术家可以自由地发挥自己的创造力。在接受CBC儿童新闻采访时，他说：“我认为当你年轻的时候，你会有更多的创造力。你会在更多事物中发现美，但随着年龄的增长，美就会消失。我不想看到任何人被阻止创作他们的艺术。)”可知，Nalin的故事展示了他如何面对年龄限制的挫折，创新性地创立了自己的画廊来支持年轻艺术家，这表明创新思维可以增加个人成功的机会。因此，选项D“Innovative thoughts increase one’s chances. (创新思维增加机会。)”最符合题意。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $