Unit 3 Conservation （知识清单）英语北师大版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 3 Conservation 单词 1．__________ vi.&vt. 转换，改变 2．__________ vi.&vt. 猎取，猎杀 3．__________ n. 物种，种 4．__________ vt. 擦；拭 5．__________adj. 大量的 6．__________ n. 减少；减少的量 vi.& vt. 减少 7．_________ vt. 责怪，指责 8．__________ vt. 影响 9．__________ vt. 包，裹 10．_________ vi.& vt.吞下，咽下 11．_________ adj. 卡住的，无法移动的 12．__________ n. 愤怒；怒气 13．__________ n. 十年，十年期 14．__________ n.论说文；散文 15．__________ vt. 声称；断言；主张 n.声称； (根据权力而提出的)要求 16．__________ n.化学品 adj. 化学的 17．__________ n. 药物，药材；毒品 18．__________ vt. 概括，总结 n. 金额，款项；总数 19．__________ n. 纪念馆；纪念碑 adj. (对逝者)纪念的，追悼的 短语 1．__________ 起某种作用 2．__________ 尽自己的职责 3．__________ 消失；绝迹，灭绝 4．__________ 彻底毁灭 5.__________把……归咎于 6．__________ 处境危险，受到威胁 7．__________开始做某事，着手进行 8．__________焦虑的 9．__________ 与……有关联 10．__________ 概括，总结 11．__________ 多达 12．__________ 采取行动 13.__________采取措施 14．__________总之 15．__________ 陷入 16．__________ 降低……的风险 熟词生义 1. (2022·全国乙卷)By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches.__________ 2. She has carved a place for herself in the fashion world.__________ 3. You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.__________ 4. The insurance company is refusing to settle her claim.__________ 句型 1．含蓄条件句 __________，we ____________________，and without clean water we would be unable to survive. 没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。 2．动词不定式作独立成分 ___________I'm addicted to my car. 坦率地说，我对车上瘾了。 3．形容词短语作状语 How often do we arrive at work or school，stressed out, ____________________? 又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或学校时感到心力交瘁，心烦气躁？ 语法 限制性和非限制性定语从句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 threat n.威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 【教材原句】After the lecture, I can see that the use of oil and coal is one of the biggest threats to our planet. 讲座结束后，我发现石油和煤炭的使用是对我们星球最大的威胁之一。(教材P110) (1)a threat to sb./sth.　　　对……的威胁 (2)threaten v. 威胁；恐吓 threaten sb.with... 用……威胁某人 threaten to do sth. 威胁去做某事 (3)threatening adj. 威胁的；恐吓的 【写作佳句】 There's no snake known that will habitually attack human beings unless threatened with its life. 没有一种已知的蛇会习惯性地攻击人类，除非它受到生命的威胁。 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①They are friends forever, so nothing can__________ (threat)their relationship which many people consider harmonious. ②Water is one of our most critical resources, but it is __________threat around the world. ③只有学会与大自然和谐共处, 我们才不会成为野生生物和地球的威胁。 Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being ____________ and to our planet. ④(2022·全国甲卷)首先, 尽一切努力与全球变暖作斗争, 全球变暖已成为对海洋生物的巨大威胁。 First, try every means to fight against global warming, which has become ____________ sea creatures. 知识点2. switch　vi.& vt.转换，改变　n．开关；改变 【教材原句】We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible. 我们确实需要尽快切换到不同形式的电力。(教材P110) switch off　　　关上(电灯、电视等)；断掉(电源) switch on 打开；开始运行 switch over 转变；转换；换台 switch to 切换到；转到 【写作佳句】 Where is the switch of this machine in this room?这个房间的这个机器的开关在哪？ 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)We were in the middle lane and I became aware of an SUV coming up directly behind us at speed. At the last moment, it switched__________the right­hand lane. (2)(2020·天津卷7月) He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect，and switches it__________. 完成句子 (3)出门前记得关灯。 Remember to____________________ before going out. 知识点3. have a role　起某种作用 【教材原句】We all have a role to play in protecting the environment. 在保护环境方面，我们都可以发挥作用。(教材P110) play a role in...＝play a part in... 在……中扮演一个角色；在……中起作用 play the part/role of... 扮演……的角色 take an active part in... 积极参加…… 【写作佳句】As we all know, computers have an important role in modern society. 众所周知，计算机在现代社会中起着重要的作用。 单句语法填空 (1)In the film, he will play the role__________a policeman. (2)English plays an important part__________ our daily life and I like it so much that I want to be a teacher of English. 完成句子 (3)动物灭绝的原因有很多，但最重要的是人类所起的作用。 There are many reasons for animals dying out, but the most important one is the part ____________________． 知识点4. urgent　adj.紧急的，急迫的 (1)in urgent need of　急需 (2)urge vt.　催促；极力主张；驱策 n. 强烈的欲望；冲动 urge sth. on sb. 向某人强调某事 urge sb.to do sth. 催促某人做某事 have an urge to do sth. 有做某事的欲望/冲动 (3)urgency n. 紧急；压迫；紧急的事；催促 【写作佳句】Additionally, it is urgent to raise public awareness of the importance and value of protecting the historic site. 此外，迫切需要提高公众对保护历史遗址的重要性和价值的认识。(应用文之投稿信) 单句语法填空 (1)Parents should actively urge their children ____________________(take)advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities. (2)There is no sense of __________(urge)to do my school work immediately. 写美——读后续写之心理描写 (3)站在舞台上，我感觉如此紧张以至于我有股想逃的冲动。 Standing on the stage，I felt so nervous that I even ____________________． (4)(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)得知我们将随机配对进行口语练习, 我有一种冲动想要表达我不同的声音, 希望这不会冒犯你。 Learning that we'll be randomly paired to do the oral practice, I feel __________ to express my different voice, hoping that this wouldn't offend you. 知识点5. mass　adj.大量的；大规模的　n.团，块，堆；大量；群众；质量 【教材原句】These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species. 这其中包括被称为“大灭绝”的第三次大灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。(教材P52) in the mass　　　总体上；大体上 a mass of/masses of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词大量的 【写作佳句】 ①The masses are often the makers of history. 群众往往是历史的创造者。 ②After harvest we will have a mass of rice. 秋收后，我们将收获大量的稻谷。 判断下列句子中mass的含义 (1)The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.___________________________ (2)Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.________________________ (3)Pluto (冥王星) and Triton (海王卫一) have nearly the same size, mass, and density (密度).__________ (4)The government cares much about the interests and well­being of the masses.___________________ 完成句子 (5)A mass of information____________________ (reveal) already. (6)So far, masses of books____________________ (hand) out. 知识点6. varied　adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 【教材原句】The reasons for extinctions are varied. 灭绝的原因是多种多样的。(教材P52) (1)variety n.　　品种，种类；变化，多样化 a variety of/varieties of　各种各样的 (2)vary v. 改变；变化；不同 vary from...to...　由……到……不等；在……到……之间变动 vary with 随……而变化 (3)various adj. 各种各样的；不同的 【写作佳句】Visit the palace and its varied historic gardens, which include the famous maze where it is easy to get lost! (你可以)参观宫殿和各种历史上有名的(皇家)花园，花园中有著名的迷宫，在那里(游客)容易迷路！ [温馨提示] “a variety of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词原则上与它所修饰的名词的数保持一致；“the variety of＋可数名词复数”意为“……的品种”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)The prices of some goods vary __________ the season, as is often the case. (2)A variety of approaches ____________________(use) to test the theory so far. (3)Experts say that the variety of things provided to choose from __________ (be) one of the reasons to shopping too much. 完成句子 (4)对于保护，每个人意见不一。 Opinions on conservation ____________________． 知识点7. decrease　n.减少；减少的量　vi.& vt.减少，降低 【教材原句】According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions...the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. 根据科学家的说法,它们包括火山喷发……海洋含氧量减少和全球变暖。 (教材P52) (1)decrease by...　　　减少了…… decrease to... 减少到…… decrease in... 在……(方面)减少；降低 (2)on the decrease 在减少 【写作佳句】 On behalf of School Students'Union, I call on all of my fellow students to do what we can to help to decrease the chances of disease infection. 我代表学校学生会，呼吁所有同学尽我们所能，减少感染疾病的机会。(应用文之演讲稿) 单句语法填空 (1)Compared with last year，the traffic accidents in the city have decreased __________ 30%. (2)The number of boarders of the school has decreased __________three hundred. 同义替换 (3)Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is decreasing. →Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals ____________________． 知识点8. blame　vt.责怪，指责　n．过失；责备 【教材原句】This time, human activity will be to blame.这次,人类活动将受到指责。(教材P52) (1)be to blame(for)　应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备 blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人 (2)blame n. 过失；责备 put/lay the blame for sth on sb 将某事归咎于某 【写作佳句】Blamed by his teacher，the boy was frustrated and couldn't concentrate on his study. 由于老师的责备，这个男孩很沮丧，不能集中精力学习。(应用文之学校生活) 【名师点津】　be to blame短语中blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。 单句语法填空 (1)In my opinion, it is you rather than he that are __________ (blame) for the terrible accident. (2)It is easy to blame someone__________ mistake, but remember that basketball game is a team effort. (3)当面对失败时, 我们应该反省自己, 而不是把责任推给别人。 When faced with failure, we should reflect on ourselves instead of____________________. (4)(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)“这些尴尬都怪我吗？”我内疚地想。 “Was I __________all these embarrassments? ” I guiltily thought to myself. 知识点9. die out　绝迹，灭绝；消失；熄灭 【教材原句】Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。(教材P52) die away　　　　 (声音、光等)逐渐减弱；逐渐消失 die of/from... 死于…… die down 逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡 die off 相继死去 be dying for/to do... 渴望…… 【写作佳句】 The sound of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的声音渐渐消失在远方。 单句语法填空 (1)His father died__________ starvation during the war. (2)The applause died __________ and the actors were able to continue. 完成句子 (3)他渴望回到他的祖国。 He ________________________________________． (4)如果暴风雪不停息，牛就会相继死去。 If the snowstorm doesn't blow over, ____________________． 知识点10. affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭 【教材原句】It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. 很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种都产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。(教材P53) (1)be affected by　　　被……感动；被……影响/侵袭 be affected with high fever 发高烧 affect sb.to tears 把某人感动得流泪 (2)affection n. 喜爱；爱慕 【写作佳句】①Most people present at the meeting were deeply affected by his informative speech. 出席会议的大多数人都被他有教育意义的演讲感动了。 ②She tried to ensure her affection was equally shared among all three children. 她努力确保三个孩子平等地分享她的爱。 单句语法填空 (1)Affected__________high fever, he continued with his work. (2)Hearing the news, she was affected__________ tears. 句式升级 (3)He was affected by the failure in the exam and lost heart. →__________________________________________he lost heart.(过去分词短语作状语) 知识点11. be at risk　处境危险，受到威胁 【教材原句】Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，因为我们人类依赖那么多物种才能生存，所以我们也将处于灭绝的危险中。(教材P53) (1)take risks/a risk　　　冒险 take/run the risk of doing sth.冒险做某事 at the risk of... 冒着……风险 (2)risk doing sth. 冒险做某事 【写作佳句】Your health might be at risk due to much smoking. 由于吸烟太多，你的健康可能受到威胁。 单句语法填空 (1)He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk__________(lose) the good opportunity. (2)He was determined to do it even at the risk of ____________________(laugh) at. 一句多译 他受到了赞扬，因为他冒着生命危险扑灭了大火。 (3)He was praised because he ____________________________________________________________． (4)He was praised because he ____________________________________________________________． (5)He was praised because he____________________________________________________________． 知识点12. endangered　adj.濒危的 【教材原句】For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. 例如，我们要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物能被保护的特殊区域。(教材P53) (1)endanger v.　　　使遭危险；危及；危害 (2)in danger 有危险的；在危险中 out of danger 脱离危险 a danger to 对……有危险；对……是危险的人/物 in danger of 处于……危险之中 (3)dangerous adj. 危险的 【写作佳句】With the help of the man, the little girl is out of danger. 在这个男人的帮助下，这个小女孩脱离了危险。 单句语法填空 (1)The boy is at risk because a __________(danger) tiger is running after him. (2)Police said the man was a danger__________ the public. 完成句子 (3)要是他继续这样下去，他就有被公司开除的危险。 If he carries on like this, he's______________________________by the company. 知识点13. set out　n.开始做某事，着手进行 set aside　　将……放在一边；为……节省/留出(钱或时间)；不理会；宣布……无效，撤销 set off 动身；出发；引爆(炸弹)；引发 set up 建立；竖立 set down 写下；放下；记下 【写作佳句】①We set out to find the truth behind the mystery. 我们开始着手揭开谜团背后的真相。 ②The designer would always set down new ideas that occurred to him. 这个设计师过去常常会记下他突然想起的新主意。 同义替换 (1)The new government must set out to find solutions to the country's economic problems. →The new government must ____________________ solutions to the country's economic problems. 单句语法填空 (1) (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)After high school，Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra money set __________ for a college education. (2)(2019·北京卷)Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur (创业者), who in May 2015 set__________her business AilieCandy. 知识点14. aware　adj.意识到的；知道的，明白的 (1)be/become aware of 　知道，明白；意识到…… be/become aware that... 知道……；意识到…… as far as I'm aware 据我所知 (2)awareness n. 知道；意识 raise/strengthen one's awareness of... 提高/增强某人的……意识 【写作佳句】①People around the world should be aware of the importance of wildlife conservation. 全世界人民都应该意识到野生生物保护的重要性。 ②As far as I'm aware，the opening ceremony of the music festival is well worthy of being watched. 据我所知，音乐节的开幕式非常值得一看。 [温馨提示] aware表示“意识到(觉察到)某情况”时，其后总是接介词of，不要想当然地用about或to。而且aware是表语形容词，故不要将其用于名词前作定语；加强语气时可用well、fully、very much、much等修饰，但不能用very。 单句语法填空 (1)The purpose of the activity is to raise our __________(aware) of protecting Chinese traditional culture. (2)People should be aware __________the importance of protecting the ocean. 词汇升级 (3)Through the activity, we realize the necessity of carrying out a low­carbon economy in our country. →Through the activity, we ________________ the necessity of carrying out a low­carbon economy in our country. 知识点15. anxious　adj.焦虑的，不安的；急切的；渴望的 【教材原句】I just get anxious when I think of the impact we have on the environment. 当我想到我们对环境产生的影响时我就感到焦虑。(教材P111) (1)be anxious to do sth.　急于做某事 be anxious about sb./sth. 担心/忧虑某人/某事 be anxious for sb.to do sth. 渴望某人做某事 be anxious that...(should) do... 急切希望…… (2)anxiety n. 忧虑，担心；渴望 with anxiety 焦虑地 【写作佳句】 Anxious about the coming exam, I can hardly fall asleep at night. 由于担心即将到来的考试，我晚上几乎无法入睡。(读后续写之焦虑) 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)The two girls sat quietly in the cave side by side, waiting for the rain to stop__________ (anxious). (2)I heard you suffered from __________ (anxious)when you took an exam recently. (3)我担心即将到来的考试, 以至于晚上几乎无法入睡。 a. I'm______________________________ I can hardly fall asleep at night.(so...that...) b. ______________________________, I can hardly fall asleep at night.(形容词短语作状语) (4)(2022·浙江6月卷)我急切地敦促全世界尽一切可能帮助那些需要帮助的人。 I am anxious to urge the world to do everything possible to help those in need. 知识点16. annoyed　adj.烦恼的，恼火的，生气的 【教材原句】to feel annoyed 感到生气  (教材P58) (1)be annoyed at/about sth. 因某事而生气 be annoyed with sb. 对某人生气 (2)annoy vt. 使……不悦；惹恼；打扰 (3)annoyance n. 恼怒，烦恼；使人烦恼的事 to one's annoyance 使某人生气的是 (4)annoying adj. 讨厌的；恼人的 【写作佳句】She was so annoyed that she could no longer contain her anger and shouted at her mother. 她气得再也控制不住自己的怒火，对着母亲大喊大叫。 单句语法填空 (1)The manager was annoyed __________ me because I made a big mistake in my work. (2)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ) Who hasn't received an email so __________(annoy) that it ruined an entire day? 一句多译 他发现他们没有等他，他感到十分恼火。 (3)_____________________he found they hadn't waited for him.(annoyance) (4)______________________________ he found they hadn't waited for him.(what引导的主语从句) (5)____________________ he found they hadn't waited for him.(it作形式主语) 知识点17. stressed out　焦虑的 【教材原句】How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry? 又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到心力交瘁、心烦气躁呢？(教材P58) (1)stress n.　压力；重音；重要性 vt. 加压力于；使紧张；强调 lay/place/put stress on sth. 强调某事；给某物压力 under stress 在压力下 (2)stressed adj. 焦虑不安的，心力交瘁的 stressful adj. 压力重的；紧张的 【写作佳句】For most of the girls, it is a stressful job. 对于大部分女孩子来说，这是一份压力大的工作。 单句语法填空 ①Although the importance of education is __________, teaching can be a tired and __________ job because teachers have to work under great stress every day.(stress) ②Those who are stressed __________ are often nervous, angry or ill. ③People __________ a lot of stress may experience headaches and sleeping difficulties.That's why we need to relax ourselves at times. 完成句子 ④上周末, 我们以“劳动最美”为主题发起了一场活动, 并强调了亲自动手劳动的重要性。 Last weekend, we started a campaign with the theme “Working is the most beautiful” and ____________________________________________________________. ⑤(2023·全国乙卷)研究表明, 它们可以通过改善情绪、减轻压力和提高记忆力来促进人们的健康。 Studies have shown that they can promote people's wellbeing by improving their mood(心情), __________ and helping their memory. 知识点18. relate　vi.相联系，有关联；涉及；认同　vt.叙述，使……有联系 【教材原句】Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution.有些类型的癌症与交通污染有关。(教材P59) (1)relate...to...　把……和……联系起来 relate to 涉及；和……相关；谈到；理解 (2)related adj. 　有关的；相关的 be related to 有关系的；有关联的 (3)relation n. 关系；联系；亲属 in relation to 关于；与……相比 【写作佳句】 ①Paper-cutting is closely related to the traditional culture of China, and has a history of more than 1, 500 years. 剪纸有一千五百多年的历史, 与中国的传统文化紧密联系在一起。 单句语法填空 ①Have you read the report__________ relation to the explosion in the newspaper? ②We often relate yuanxiao __________ Lantern Festival. 完成句子 ③你可以讲一些关于传统节日起源的故事和一些关于中国文化的传说。 You can tell stories_______________________________________ and some legends concerning Chinese culture. 知识点19. suit　vt.适合；使适宜　n．一套外衣；套装 【教材原句】(教材P59)Do whichever of these things that suit you. 做任何适合你的事情。 (1)suit sb.(fine)　　　　合某人的意；对某人很合适 suit sth. to sb./sth. 使某物适合某人/某物 suit one's needs 适合某人的需要 (2)suitable adj. 适合的，适宜的 be suitable for sb./sth. 适合于某人/某物 be suitable to do sth. 适合做某事 【写作佳句】 Having been a responsible volunteer for many times in China，I believe that I'm the suitable person that you want. 我在中国做过很多次负责任的志愿者，我相信我就是你们想要的合适人选。(应用文之申请信) 单句语法填空/一句多译 ①If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution that __________ (suit) everyone. ②There is no doubt that a good teacher suits his lessons __________ the age of his pupils. ③因为我精通英语, 我的确认为我适合这项志愿者工作。 a. I do believe I __________________ this voluntary work, because I have a good knowledge of English.(suitable) b. I do believe this voluntary work __________, because I have a good knowledge of English.(suit) 知识点20. involve　vt.包含，需要；牵涉，涉及；使参加(卷入) 【教材原句】Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs. 工厂化养殖业包括将农场动物饲养在建筑物内以增加肉或蛋的产量。 (教材P62) (1)involve sb.in (doing) sth. 使某人卷入(做)某事 involve doing... 包括做某事；参与做某事 (2)involved adj. 有关的；卷入的；复杂的 be/get involved in 参与；卷入；专注于…… be/get involved with 涉及；与……有关 (3)involvement n. 连累；牵连；卷入 【写作佳句】China's Ministry of Culture released the Fifth National List of Representative Elements of Intangible Cultural Heritage of China on Thursday, adding 185 items to the list, including the skills involved in making luosifen. 周四, 中国文化部发布了第五次全国非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录, 增加了185个项目, 其中包括制作螺蛳粉的技能。 单句语法填空 ①Students should involve themselves _________community activities where they can gain experience for growth. ②Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involved __________(spend)quite a lot of time with children. 应用文写作之申请信 ③得知你们欢迎来自不同国家的学生，我想参加夏令营。 Learning that you welcome students from different countries，I'd like to ______________________________． 知识点21. cruel　adj.残忍的 【教材原句】 (1)be cruel to　　　　　　　 对……残忍 It is cruel of sb.to do... 某人做……真残忍。 (2)cruelty n. 残忍 (3)cruelly adv. 残忍地 【写作佳句】Cruelty to children or animals is a crime in many countries.在许多国家，虐待儿童或动物是犯罪行为。 单句语法填空 (1)The man was sentenced to six years in prison for treating his parents __________(cruel). (2)Some people won't eat meat because they think it is cruel __________ animals. 句式升级 (3)The boys were cruel to kick the dog. →______________________________ to kick the dog.(it作形式主语) 知识点22. claim　vt.要求；声称；断言；主张；认领；索取 n.声称；(根据权利而提出的)要求 【教材原句】People who fight for animal rights claim that these animals suffer terrible stress.为动物权利而战的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。(教材P62) (1)claim to do...　　　　　　 声称做…… It is claimed that... 据称…… (2)make a claim 声称；断言 【写作佳句】 A great number of graduates claimed to have more job interviews before graduation.许多毕业生主张毕业前有更多的求职面试。 单句语法填空 (1)The program claims__________(let) children “Learn from Classics, Act in Practice”． (2)They made__________ claim on the insurance company for the stolen luggage. 句式升级 (3)Some people claim that surfing the Internet is a waste of time. →____________________ surfing the Internet is a waste of time.(it作形式主语) 知识点23. scenic　adj.景色优美的 scene n.　　(戏剧的)一场；场面；景色；现场；事发地点 on the scene 在现场；当场；在台上 behind the scenes 在幕后；暗中 appear/come on the scene 出场；登场 【写作佳句】 This scenic spot attracts tens of thousands of tourists every year.这个景点每年都会吸引好几万的游客。 [温馨提示] scene作先行词且在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where或in which来引导。 单句语法填空 (1)Nine people died __________ the scene and one more person died in hospital in the plane crash. (2)The moment the police received the call, they rushed to the scene __________ a traffic accident happened. 完成句子 (3)没有人知道他是如何被谋杀的，但很多幕后人士都能猜出原因。 Nobody knows how he was murdered, but a good many people ____________________ can guess why. 知识点24. 倍数表达法 【教材原句】They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal.他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。(教材P53) 倍数的表达法： (1)倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as... (2)倍数＋adj./adv.(比较级)＋than... (3)倍数＋the size/height/length/width...＋of... (4)倍数＋what从句 【写作佳句】He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago.　他现在挣的钱比十年前多5倍。 单句语法填空 (1)The new bridge is three times the __________(wide) of the wooden one. 一句多译 这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长。 (2)This table is three times____________________． (3)This table is three times______________________________． 知识点25. without用于含蓄虚拟语气 【教材原句】Without forests, we would have no air to breathe... 没有森林,我们就没有呼吸的空气……(教材P53) (1)有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过条件从句来表示,而是用一些词、短语或通过上下文暗示来说明,这种句子使用的便是含蓄虚拟语气。 (2)当句子用介词without引出一个假设的条件时,句子的谓语动词就要用虚拟语气。 (3)without用于表示虚拟条件时,谓语动词有如下三种形式: ①与现在事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might do ”形式; ②与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might have done  ”形式; ③与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might do”形式。 【特别提醒】 1. 并不是without所在的句子谓语动词一定要用虚拟语气。如果它表示一种真实的情况,就不能用虚拟语气。 How did you finish your work so fast without any help? 没有任何协助,你是如何这么快完成工作的? 2. 用于含蓄虚拟语气的词或短语还有otherwise、but for等。 •But for the quick action, it would have hurt them.如果不是行动迅速,它就伤到他们了。 •My parents gave me the money. Otherwise, I couldn’t have afforded the trip. 我父母给了我钱。否则,我可付不起这次旅费。 单句语法填空 (1)Without my English teacher’s encouragement and assistance, I__________________ (give) up studying English. (2)I couldn’t______________ (go) through the hard times but for my teacher’s generous and timely help. 完成句子 (3)我想借此机会表达你对我慷慨帮助的感激之情, 没有你的帮助, 我不会取得如此快的进步。 I'd like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to you for your generous help, ________________________________________. 知识点26. while表示对比，意为“然而，却” 【教材原句】Up to 90 people can travel in one bus, while the same number will need at least 18 cars. 一辆公共汽车最多可以乘坐90人，而同样数量的人至少需要18辆小汽车。(教材P59) (1)while用作并列连词时，表示对比、转折，意为“然而，却”。 (2)while用作从属连词时，主要分为以下情况： ①引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……的时候”，句中的动词要用延续性动词； ②引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”，从句常置于主句之前。 【写作佳句】 ①Tom is very good at science, while his brother is absolutely hopeless. 汤姆很擅长理科，而他的弟弟却无可救药。 ②We must work hard to gain more knowledge while we are young.　 趁着现在还年轻，我们必须刻苦学习，获取更多的知识。 写出下列句中while的含义 (1)While I find the designer a little annoying, I often help him out.__________ (2)My sister is working hard while my brother has dropped out.__________ (3)The boy made some good friends while studying in France.__________ 句式升级 (4)While I was reading this passage, I picked up no more than several mistakes. →_______________________________I picked up no more than several mistakes.(省略句) 知识点27. as引导原因状语从句 【教材原句】As factory farms do not use many workers, the costs are low and the production is high. 因为工厂化农场用工人不多，所以成本低，产量高。(教材P62) as作从属连词的用法总结： (1)引导原因状语从句时，表示“因为，由于”。 (2)引导时间状语从句时，表示“当……的时候；随着……；一边……一边……”。 (3)引导方式状语从句时，表示“按照，如，像”。 (4)引导让步状语从句时，表示“虽然，尽管”，但要把表语、状语或谓语动词提到从句前。 (5)引导比较状语从句时，表示“像……一样地”。 (6)引导定语从句时，表示“正如”，常放于主语之前。 【写作佳句】 ①As the world's population continues to grow, the supply of food becomes a growing concern. 随着世界人口持续增长，粮食的供应成了人们越来越关心的事情。 ②He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had.　他不用像他父亲那样不停地搬家了。 写出下列句中as的含义 (1)The consumer smiled politely as the boss apologized for his carelessness.__________ (2)Hot as the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired.__________ (3)As he was so busy, he had no time to play with his children.__________ (4)You'd better do as the teacher has told you.__________ 句型转换 (5)It is known to us all that the mountain is home to a wide range of wild animals. →______________________the mountain is home to a wide range of wild animals.(as引导定语从句) →____________________ is that the mountain is home to a wide range of wild animals.(what引导主语从句) 二、语法清单 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 【感知·语法规律】 Lucy, ①whose father is our English teacher, is a lovely girl ②that/who is loved by us all. She is also warm­hearted and helps those ③who are less fortunate. Yesterday, she went to the bookstore ④where she often buys books. On her way, she found a little boy ⑤who/that was crying. He said he got separated with his mother, ⑥who was busy buying vegetables. So Lucy comforted the boy and accompanied him until his mother found them, ⑦which made both of them grateful to her. 【精讲·语法知识】 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 在复合句中用来限制、描绘或说明主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的从句叫定语从句；定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。按照关系词在定语从句中所作的成分，可将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。 一、定语从句的关系词 1．关系词在定语从句中的作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当一定的句子成分。 2．关系词的分类：①关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；②关系副词when, where, why等。 3．引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有which, who, whom, whose, as；关系副词有where, when。 单句语法填空 ①They were well trained by their masters __________had great experience with caring for these animals. ②If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution ___________ suits everyone. ③We have entered into an age__________dreams have the best chance of coming true. ④By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world __________ I am now a new character. ⑤There are several reasons________ school uniforms are a good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart. ⑥Dr. Rowan,__________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. ①They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals. ②If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution ________ suits everyone. ③We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. ④By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world ________ I am now a new character. ⑤There are several reasons ________ school uniforms are a good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart. ⑥Dr. Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1．作用不同 限制性定语从句用于修饰先行词，具有限制作用，使先行词的含义更具体、更明确，因此不可缺少，否则主句的意思就不完整或将失去意义。非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充性的说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。 ❶People who take physical exercise regularly live longer.经常进行体育锻炼的人更长寿。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义不完整)(限制性定语从句) ❷His daughter, who is in Shenzhen now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在深圳，下星期回家。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)(非限制性定语从句) 单句语法填空 ①Later, he worked in Africa,__________ many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment. ②Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food __________ is provided by Mom with appreciation. ①Later, he worked in Africa, ________ many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment. ②Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food ________ is provided by Mom with appreciation. 2．形式不同 限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号和主句隔开。 ❶The book that/which you borrowed last week is really moving.上周你借的那本书真令人感动。 ❷This is an important present, which I received yesterday.这是一件重要的礼物，我是昨天收到它的。 3．先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个主句或其中一部分。 ❶This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是the best novel) ❷He changed his mind，which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(非限制性定语从句，which指整个主句) 单句语法填空 ①You can be the one ________ directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. ②She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit. ③Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson. ①You can be the one__________ directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. ②She and her family bicycle to work, ___________ helps them keep fit. ③Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, __________ he gave it to his grandson. 4．关系词的使用情况不同 (1)that，why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，而要用which代替that, for which代替why。 ❶他通过了考试，这使他的老师感到欣慰。 【误】He passed the exam, that made his teacher relieved. 【正】He passed the exam, which made his teacher relieved. ❷I have told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the party.我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会的原因了。 (2)关系代词替代情况不同 ①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who/that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who/that代替。 ❶This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句) ❷The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.那个年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的好印象。(非限制性定语从句) ②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词可用who，that或whom；但在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。 她有一个弟弟，是一名医生。 【误】She has a younger brother，that is a doctor. 【正】She has a younger brother, who is a doctor. 单句语法填空 ①When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That meant beating out Miller King, ___________　was the best player at our school. ②When walking down the street, I came across David, ___________ I hadn't seen for years. ①When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That meant beating out Miller King, ________ was the best player at our school. ②When walking down the street, I came across David, ________ I hadn't seen for years. (3)关系代词省略情况不同 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句中的所有关系代词均不可省略。 ❶This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.这是我几天前看过的一部好电影。(限制性定语从句) ❷The summer holiday, which we have been looking forward to, is drawing near.我们一直盼望着的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句) 5．翻译顺序不同 含限制性定语从句的句子先译从句，后译先行词，即将从句放在先行词前译；而非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译先行词，后译从句，形成两个并列分句。 ❶Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句) ❷Lucy has an elder brother, who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥，他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句) Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Is he the man ___________ wants to see you? 2．They rushed over to help the man____________ car had broken down. 3．The package __________you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 4．Finally, the thief handed everything ____________ he had stolen to the police. 5．He is the very man __________ helped the girl out of the water. 6．He talked about the teachers and the school___________ he visited. 7．We don't know the reason __________ he didn't show up. 8．There comes a time .__________ you have to make a choice. 9．This novel, __________ I have read three times, is very touching. 10．__________ everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history. 11．They arrived at a farm house, in front of ____________ sat a small boy. 12．There are a lot of students here, none of __________ like the film. 1．Is he the man ________ wants to see you? 2．They rushed over to help the man ________ car had broken down. 3．The package ________ you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 4．Finally, the thief handed everything ________ he had stolen to the police. 5．He is the very man ________ helped the girl out of the water. 6．He talked about the teachers and the school ________ he visited. 7．We don't know the reason ________ he didn't show up. 8．There comes a time ________ you have to make a choice. 9．This novel, ________ I have read three times, is very touching. 10．________ everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history. 11．They arrived at a farm house, in front of ________ sat a small boy. 12．There are a lot of students here, none of ________ like the film. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, __________allowed me to keep my high social status. 2．Further up, the weather changes—low clouds envelope the mountainsides, __________ are covered with thick grass. 3．I have a good command of English and Chinese, __________ is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. 4．I'm Li Hua, an outgoing boy, ____________ is studying in London. 5．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,__________ she opened with her late husband Les. 6．They were well trained by their masters ___________ had great experience with caring for these animals. 7．“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demerit, ___________ company provided the statistics for the report. 8．They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among ___________ I soon found myself. 9．There was a time __________ people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. 10．While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations ___________ can arise. 1．During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, ________ allowed me to keep my high social status. 2．Further up, the weather changes—low clouds envelope the mountainsides, ________ are covered with thick grass. 3．I have a good command of English and Chinese, ________ is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. 4．I'm Li Hua, an outgoing boy, ________ is studying in London. 5．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les. 6．They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals. 7．“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demerit, ________ company provided the statistics for the report. 8．They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among ________ I soon found myself. 9．There was a time ________ people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. 10．While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations ________ can arise. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 2．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________4．那就是我迟到的原因。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________5．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________6．众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________1．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4．那就是我迟到的原因。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6．众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 观点对比类议论文要求学生要通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非来确定某一观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种观点或主张。正反观点对比类议论文是从正反两个方面说明某个观点，进而表达自己的看法。 开篇要引入话题：文章的开头用简练的语言自然引入要讨论的话题。 中间分述观点： 文章的主体部分对人们持有的不同观点进行客观的介绍。有时为了达到层次分明的效果，可采用“总括句＋观点1＋观点2”的“总——分”模式。 结尾简述个人看法： 在文章的结尾根据写作的实际需要可简要、恰当地发表个人的看法。 这类文章常分四段进行论述： 第一段——说明辩论的主题； 第二段——介绍正方的观点及其理由； 第三段——介绍反方的观点及其理由； 第四段——陈述自己的观点。 (有时也可以分为三段：第一段说明辩论的主题；第二段表明正方和反方的观点及理由；第三段表明作者自己的观点。) 【积累·写作素材】 议论文(1)——正反观点型 一、文章结构 1．开头：提出问题； 2．主体：陈述不同的观点及其理由； 3．结尾：说明自己的观点。 二、段落框架 1．第一段 开门见山，提出主题(1－2句) (1)We had a heated discussion about/on... (2)Different people hold different opinions. (3)Opinions are divided... (4)People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards... (5)People have different opinions on this problem. (6)People take different views on this question. 2．第二段 表达不同观点 (1)．..of them hold the opinion that... (2)．..of them are in favor of the idea that... (3)People who are for/against the idea think that... (4)Some people believe that...Others argue that... (5)However，...of them hold a different view./...of them hold the opposite opinion. (6)However，each coin has two sides. (7)Different from those...，people think... (8)On the other hand，people object that... 3．第三段 说明自己的观点 (1)As far as I am concerned... (2)In my opinion... (3)It’s my opinion that... (4)In a word，only through...can we have a bright future. 议论文(2)——利弊对比型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)。 1．说明事物现状； 2．事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)； 3．你对现状(或前景)的看法。 议论文(3)——解决问题型 一、段落框架 第一段：引出现象，并指出这种现象的后果 常用句型： (1) Recently the rise in problem of/phenomenon of...has caused/aroused/captured public/popular/wide/worldwide concern. (2) Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus/has been brought into public attention. (3)Nowadays，there is a growing concern about the problem/phenomenon that... (4)Nowadays，an increasing number of people come to realize/be aware of the importance of... (5)Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem of... 第二段：提出解决的办法 常用句型： (1) We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing，___________________________________  (解决方法一)．For another， ________________________   (解决方法二)．Finally，________________________ (解决方法三)． (2)It is essential that proper action/effective measures should be taken to reverse this situation/stop the trend. (3)It is hoped/suggested that considerable/great efforts should be made to... (4)There is no easy/immediate solution/approach to the issue of...but...might be beneficial/helpful. 第三段：总结这样做的好处 常用句型：Only in this way can we... 【万能句式】 1）开头句： It goes without saying that...不言而喻 It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说 As the proverb says,...正如谚语所说 It has to be noticed that... It's generally recognised that...人们普遍认为 It's likely that...很可能 It's hardly ... that ... ...并不... It's hardly too much to say that... 毫不夸张地说 2）衔接句： A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是... As is often the case,...情况经常是... As stated in the previous paragraph,... 如前段所述，... But the problem is not so simple. Therefore, we should take more details into consideration. But it's pity that... In spite of the fact that... Further, we hold the opinion that...此外，我们认为... However, the difficulty lies in... What calls for special attention is that... Similarly, we should pay attention to this from the very beginning. 3）引出观点句： There are several reasons for ..., but in general, they come down to three major ones. There are many factors that may account for ..., but the following are the most typical ones. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. The reasons are as follows. 4）结尾句： I will conclude by saying that...最后我要说 I can reach a conclusion that... Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...我们有理由相信 All things considered, it may be safely said that...可以有把握地说 Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisible for us to do ...更可取的是 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that... The figures/statistics lead us to the conclusion that... It can be concluded from the discussion that... From my point of view, it would be better if... To a certain/some extent, ... 5）灵活句式： sb. cannot emphasize the importance if ... too much There is no need for sb. to do sth. On no account can we do sth. What will happen to sb. if ...? For the past+一段时间，sb. have (done sth./been doing sth.) It pays to do sth. 做...是值得的 sth. is closely related to ... ...与...息息相关 do one's utmost to do= spare no effort to do sth. have a great influence on sb. Nothing can prevent us from doing Upon doing sth, ... 一...就... Hardly had sb. done sth. when sb. did No sooner had sb. done sth. than sb. did Only then could...直到那时 Nothing is more ... than to do sth. There is no denying that... There is no doubt that... It is universally acknowledged that... As is known to us,... It is no wonder that ... No wonder that... So +adj. be sb./sth. that ... 如此...以至于... adj. as sb./sth. be,... 虽然...但是... The+比较级, the +比较级 It's time +主语+动词过去式 It's time for sth. It's time for sb. to do sth. 【写作模板】 模板一 不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________. 模板二 利弊型议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___. 模板三 答辩型议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____. 模板四 谚语警句型议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job. 【示例·分步写作】 现在人工智能越来越影响我们日常生活中的方方面面。请围绕这一话题写一篇文章。 应包含以下要点： 1. 人工智能带来的便利，例如在交通、家电和通信方面。 2. 它可能引发的潜在问题或挑战，如工作岗位被取代和隐私担忧。 3. 您对于如何充分利用人工智能并避免其负面影响的观点。 4. 80词左右。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 议论文（需包含利弊分析+个人观点） 人称 以第三人称为主 时态 主要时态应用一般现在时态 框架 开头：背景引入（人工智能普及现象） 主体1：便利性（交通/家电/通信） 主体2：问题（岗位替代/隐私风险） 结尾：个人建议（扬长避短） 第二步：要点翻译 1. 人工智能带来的便利，例如在交通、家电和通信方面。(convenience) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 2. 它可能引发的潜在问题或挑战，如工作岗位被取代和隐私担忧。( potential) __________________________________________________________________________________________. 3. 对于如何充分利用人工智能并避免其负面影响的观点。( make the best of ) ____________________________________________________________________________________________第三步：词句升级 1.用分词短语简化句子： 原句：Artificial Intelligence (AI) brings convenience in daily life, such as in transportation, home appliances, and communication. 升级：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 用定语从句连接问题： 原句：It may cause potential problems, like job displacement and privacy concerns. 升级：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 用状语从句表达观点： 原句：We should use AI wisely to avoid its negative effects. 升级：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第四步：连句成篇 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Conservation 单词 1．switch vi.&vt. 转换，改变 2．hunt vi.&vt. 猎取，猎杀 3．species n. 物种，种 4．wipe vt. 擦；拭 5．mass adj. 大量的 6．decrease n. 减少；减少的量 vi.& vt. 减少 7．blame vt. 责怪，指责 8．affect vt. 影响 9．wrap vt. 包，裹 10．swallow vi.& vt.吞下，咽下 11．stuck adj. 卡住的，无法移动的 12．anger n. 愤怒；怒气 13．decade n. 十年，十年期 14．essay n.论说文；散文 15．claim vt. 声称；断言；主张 n.声称； (根据权力而提出的)要求 16．chemical n.化学品 adj. 化学的 17．drug n. 药物，药材；毒品 18．sum vt. 概括，总结 n. 金额，款项；总数 19．memorial n. 纪念馆；纪念碑 adj. (对逝者)纪念的，追悼的 短语 1．have_a_role 起某种作用 2．do_one's_part 尽自己的职责 3．die_out_ 消失；绝迹，灭绝 4．wipe_out 彻底毁灭 5.be_to_blame_把……归咎于 6．be_at_risk 处境危险，受到威胁 7．set_out 开始做某事，着手进行 8．stressed_out_焦虑的 9．be_related_to 与……有关联 10．sum_up 概括，总结 11．up to 多达 12．take action 采取行动 13.take steps 采取措施 14．in short 总之 15．get stuck in 陷入 16．cut the risk of 降低……的风险 熟词生义 1. (2022·全国乙卷)By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches.n.(铁路的)转辙器, 道岔 2. She has carved a place for herself in the fashion world.vt.艰苦创业；奋斗取得(事业、名声等) 3. You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.vt.索回 4. The insurance company is refusing to settle her claim.n.索要，索赔 句型 1．含蓄条件句 Without_forests，we would_have_no_air_to_breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive. 没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。 2．动词不定式作独立成分 To_be_frank,_I'm addicted to my car. 坦率地说，我对车上瘾了。 3．形容词短语作状语 How often do we arrive at work or school，stressed out, tired_and_angry? 又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或学校时感到心力交瘁，心烦气躁？ 语法 限制性和非限制性定语从句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 threat n.威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 【教材原句】After the lecture, I can see that the use of oil and coal is one of the biggest threats to our planet. 讲座结束后，我发现石油和煤炭的使用是对我们星球最大的威胁之一。(教材P110) (1)a threat to sb./sth.　　　对……的威胁 (2)threaten v. 威胁；恐吓 threaten sb.with... 用……威胁某人 threaten to do sth. 威胁去做某事 (3)threatening adj. 威胁的；恐吓的 【写作佳句】 There's no snake known that will habitually attack human beings unless threatened with its life. 没有一种已知的蛇会习惯性地攻击人类，除非它受到生命的威胁。 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①They are friends forever, so nothing can threaten (threat)their relationship which many people consider harmonious. ②Water is one of our most critical resources, but it is under threat around the world. ③只有学会与大自然和谐共处, 我们才不会成为野生生物和地球的威胁。 Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet. ④(2022·全国甲卷)首先, 尽一切努力与全球变暖作斗争, 全球变暖已成为对海洋生物的巨大威胁。 First, try every means to fight against global warming, which has become a great threat to sea creatures. 知识点2. switch　vi.& vt.转换，改变　n．开关；改变 【教材原句】We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible. 我们确实需要尽快切换到不同形式的电力。(教材P110) switch off　　　关上(电灯、电视等)；断掉(电源) switch on 打开；开始运行 switch over 转变；转换；换台 switch to 切换到；转到 【写作佳句】 Where is the switch of this machine in this room?这个房间的这个机器的开关在哪？ 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)We were in the middle lane and I became aware of an SUV coming up directly behind us at speed. At the last moment, it switched to the right­hand lane. (2)(2020·天津卷7月) He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect，and switches it on. 完成句子 (3)出门前记得关灯。 Remember to switch off_the_lights before going out. 知识点3. have a role　起某种作用 【教材原句】We all have a role to play in protecting the environment. 在保护环境方面，我们都可以发挥作用。(教材P110) play a role in...＝play a part in... 在……中扮演一个角色；在……中起作用 play the part/role of... 扮演……的角色 take an active part in... 积极参加…… 【写作佳句】As we all know, computers have an important role in modern society. 众所周知，计算机在现代社会中起着重要的作用。 单句语法填空 (1)In the film, he will play the role of a policeman. (2)English plays an important part in our daily life and I like it so much that I want to be a teacher of English. 完成句子 (3)动物灭绝的原因有很多，但最重要的是人类所起的作用。 There are many reasons for animals dying out, but the most important one is the part that_humans_have_played． 知识点4. urgent　adj.紧急的，急迫的 (1)in urgent need of　急需 (2)urge vt.　催促；极力主张；驱策 n. 强烈的欲望；冲动 urge sth. on sb. 向某人强调某事 urge sb.to do sth. 催促某人做某事 have an urge to do sth. 有做某事的欲望/冲动 (3)urgency n. 紧急；压迫；紧急的事；催促 【写作佳句】Additionally, it is urgent to raise public awareness of the importance and value of protecting the historic site. 此外，迫切需要提高公众对保护历史遗址的重要性和价值的认识。(应用文之投稿信) 单句语法填空 (1)Parents should actively urge their children to take/(should)take(take)advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities. (2)There is no sense of urgency(urge)to do my school work immediately. 写美——读后续写之心理描写 (3)站在舞台上，我感觉如此紧张以至于我有股想逃的冲动。 Standing on the stage，I felt so nervous that I even had an urge to escape． (4)(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)得知我们将随机配对进行口语练习, 我有一种冲动想要表达我不同的声音, 希望这不会冒犯你。 Learning that we'll be randomly paired to do the oral practice, I feel an urge to express my different voice, hoping that this wouldn't offend you. 知识点5. mass　adj.大量的；大规模的　n.团，块，堆；大量；群众；质量 【教材原句】These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species. 这其中包括被称为“大灭绝”的第三次大灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。(教材P52) in the mass　　　总体上；大体上 a mass of/masses of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词大量的 【写作佳句】 ①The masses are often the makers of history. 群众往往是历史的创造者。 ②After harvest we will have a mass of rice. 秋收后，我们将收获大量的稻谷。 判断下列句子中mass的含义 (1)The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland._n._地块；大片陆地_______ (2)Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale._adj.大规模的___ (3)Pluto (冥王星) and Triton (海王卫一) have nearly the same size, mass, and density (密度).__n.质量_____ (4)The government cares much about the interests and well­being of the masses.___民众；群众_________ 完成句子 (5)A mass of information has_been_revealed (reveal) already. (6)So far, masses of books have_been_handed (hand) out. 知识点6. varied　adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 【教材原句】The reasons for extinctions are varied. 灭绝的原因是多种多样的。(教材P52) (1)variety n.　　品种，种类；变化，多样化 a variety of/varieties of　各种各样的 (2)vary v. 改变；变化；不同 vary from...to...　由……到……不等；在……到……之间变动 vary with 随……而变化 (3)various adj. 各种各样的；不同的 【写作佳句】Visit the palace and its varied historic gardens, which include the famous maze where it is easy to get lost! (你可以)参观宫殿和各种历史上有名的(皇家)花园，花园中有著名的迷宫，在那里(游客)容易迷路！ [温馨提示] “a variety of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词原则上与它所修饰的名词的数保持一致；“the variety of＋可数名词复数”意为“……的品种”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 单句语法填空/单句改错 (1)The prices of some goods vary with the season, as is often the case. (2)A variety of approaches have__been__used (use) to test the theory so far. (3)Experts say that the variety of things provided to choose from is (be) one of the reasons to shopping too much. 完成句子 (4)对于保护，每个人意见不一。 Opinions on conservation vary_from_person_to_person． 知识点7. decrease　n.减少；减少的量　vi.& vt.减少，降低 【教材原句】According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions...the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. 根据科学家的说法,它们包括火山喷发……海洋含氧量减少和全球变暖。 (教材P52) (1)decrease by...　　　减少了…… decrease to... 减少到…… decrease in... 在……(方面)减少；降低 (2)on the decrease 在减少 【写作佳句】 On behalf of School Students'Union, I call on all of my fellow students to do what we can to help to decrease the chances of disease infection. 我代表学校学生会，呼吁所有同学尽我们所能，减少感染疾病的机会。(应用文之演讲稿) 单句语法填空 (1)Compared with last year，the traffic accidents in the city have decreased by 30%. (2)The number of boarders of the school has decreased to three hundred. 同义替换 (3)Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is decreasing. →Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is on the decrease． 知识点8. blame　vt.责怪，指责　n．过失；责备 【教材原句】This time, human activity will be to blame.这次,人类活动将受到指责。(教材P52) (1)be to blame(for)　应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备 blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人 (2)blame n. 过失；责备 put/lay the blame for sth on sb 将某事归咎于某 【写作佳句】Blamed by his teacher，the boy was frustrated and couldn't concentrate on his study. 由于老师的责备，这个男孩很沮丧，不能集中精力学习。(应用文之学校生活) 【名师点津】　be to blame短语中blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。 单句语法填空 (1)In my opinion, it is you rather than he that are to blame (blame) for the terrible accident. (2)It is easy to blame someone for mistake, but remember that basketball game is a team effort. (3)当面对失败时, 我们应该反省自己, 而不是把责任推给别人。 When faced with failure, we should reflect on ourselves instead of putting the blame on others. (4)(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)“这些尴尬都怪我吗？”我内疚地想。 “Was I to blame for all these embarrassments? ” I guiltily thought to myself. 知识点9. die out　绝迹，灭绝；消失；熄灭 【教材原句】Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。(教材P52) die away　　　　 (声音、光等)逐渐减弱；逐渐消失 die of/from... 死于…… die down 逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡 die off 相继死去 be dying for/to do... 渴望…… 【写作佳句】 The sound of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的声音渐渐消失在远方。 单句语法填空 (1)His father died of starvation during the war. (2)The applause died down/away and the actors were able to continue. 完成句子 (3)他渴望回到他的祖国。 He is__dying__to__return__to__his__motherland． (4)如果暴风雪不停息，牛就会相继死去。 If the snowstorm doesn't blow over, the_cattle_will_die_off． 知识点10. affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭 【教材原句】It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. 很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种都产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。(教材P53) (1)be affected by　　　被……感动；被……影响/侵袭 be affected with high fever 发高烧 affect sb.to tears 把某人感动得流泪 (2)affection n. 喜爱；爱慕 【写作佳句】①Most people present at the meeting were deeply affected by his informative speech. 出席会议的大多数人都被他有教育意义的演讲感动了。 ②She tried to ensure her affection was equally shared among all three children. 她努力确保三个孩子平等地分享她的爱。 单句语法填空 (1)Affected with high fever, he continued with his work. (2)Hearing the news, she was affected to tears. 句式升级 (3)He was affected by the failure in the exam and lost heart. →Affected__by__the__failure__in__the__exam,__he lost heart.(过去分词短语作状语) 知识点11. be at risk　处境危险，受到威胁 【教材原句】Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，因为我们人类依赖那么多物种才能生存，所以我们也将处于灭绝的危险中。(教材P53) (1)take risks/a risk　　　冒险 take/run the risk of doing sth.冒险做某事 at the risk of... 冒着……风险 (2)risk doing sth. 冒险做某事 【写作佳句】Your health might be at risk due to much smoking. 由于吸烟太多，你的健康可能受到威胁。 单句语法填空 (1)He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing(lose) the good opportunity. (2)He was determined to do it even at the risk of being_laughed(laugh) at. 一句多译 他受到了赞扬，因为他冒着生命危险扑灭了大火。 (3)He was praised because he risked__losing__his__life__to__put__out__the__big__fire． (4)He was praised because he took/ran__the__risk__of__losing__his__life__to__put__out__the__big__fire． (5)He was praised because he put__out__the__big__fire__at__the__risk__of__losing__his__life． 知识点12. endangered　adj.濒危的 【教材原句】For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. 例如，我们要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物能被保护的特殊区域。(教材P53) (1)endanger v.　　　使遭危险；危及；危害 (2)in danger 有危险的；在危险中 out of danger 脱离危险 a danger to 对……有危险；对……是危险的人/物 in danger of 处于……危险之中 (3)dangerous adj. 危险的 【写作佳句】With the help of the man, the little girl is out of danger. 在这个男人的帮助下，这个小女孩脱离了危险。 单句语法填空 (1)The boy is at risk because a dangerous(danger) tiger is running after him. (2)Police said the man was a danger to the public. 完成句子 (3)要是他继续这样下去，他就有被公司开除的危险。 If he carries on like this, he's in__danger__of__being__removed by the company. 知识点13. set out　n.开始做某事，着手进行 set aside　　将……放在一边；为……节省/留出(钱或时间)；不理会；宣布……无效，撤销 set off 动身；出发；引爆(炸弹)；引发 set up 建立；竖立 set down 写下；放下；记下 【写作佳句】①We set out to find the truth behind the mystery. 我们开始着手揭开谜团背后的真相。 ②The designer would always set down new ideas that occurred to him. 这个设计师过去常常会记下他突然想起的新主意。 同义替换 (1)The new government must set out to find solutions to the country's economic problems. →The new government must set_about_finding solutions to the country's economic problems. 单句语法填空 (1) (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)After high school，Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. (2)(2019·北京卷)Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur (创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. 知识点14. aware　adj.意识到的；知道的，明白的 (1)be/become aware of 　知道，明白；意识到…… be/become aware that... 知道……；意识到…… as far as I'm aware 据我所知 (2)awareness n. 知道；意识 raise/strengthen one's awareness of... 提高/增强某人的……意识 【写作佳句】①People around the world should be aware of the importance of wildlife conservation. 全世界人民都应该意识到野生生物保护的重要性。 ②As far as I'm aware，the opening ceremony of the music festival is well worthy of being watched. 据我所知，音乐节的开幕式非常值得一看。 [温馨提示] aware表示“意识到(觉察到)某情况”时，其后总是接介词of，不要想当然地用about或to。而且aware是表语形容词，故不要将其用于名词前作定语；加强语气时可用well、fully、very much、much等修饰，但不能用very。 单句语法填空 (1)The purpose of the activity is to raise our awareness(aware) of protecting Chinese traditional culture. (2)People should be aware of the importance of protecting the ocean. 词汇升级 (3)Through the activity, we realize the necessity of carrying out a low­carbon economy in our country. →Through the activity, we are aware of the necessity of carrying out a low­carbon economy in our country. 知识点15. anxious　adj.焦虑的，不安的；急切的；渴望的 【教材原句】I just get anxious when I think of the impact we have on the environment. 当我想到我们对环境产生的影响时我就感到焦虑。(教材P111) (1)be anxious to do sth.　急于做某事 be anxious about sb./sth. 担心/忧虑某人/某事 be anxious for sb.to do sth. 渴望某人做某事 be anxious that...(should) do... 急切希望…… (2)anxiety n. 忧虑，担心；渴望 with anxiety 焦虑地 【写作佳句】 Anxious about the coming exam, I can hardly fall asleep at night. 由于担心即将到来的考试，我晚上几乎无法入睡。(读后续写之焦虑) 单句语法填空/一句多译 (1)The two girls sat quietly in the cave side by side, waiting for the rain to stop anxiously (anxious). (2)I heard you suffered from anxiety (anxious)when you took an exam recently. (3)我担心即将到来的考试, 以至于晚上几乎无法入睡。 a. I'm so anxious about the coming exam that I can hardly fall asleep at night.(so...that...) b. Anxious about the coming exam, I can hardly fall asleep at night.(形容词短语作状语) (4)(2022·浙江6月卷)我急切地敦促全世界尽一切可能帮助那些需要帮助的人。 I am anxious to urge the world to do everything possible to help those in need. 知识点16. annoyed　adj.烦恼的，恼火的，生气的 【教材原句】to feel annoyed 感到生气  (教材P58) (1)be annoyed at/about sth. 因某事而生气 be annoyed with sb. 对某人生气 (2)annoy vt. 使……不悦；惹恼；打扰 (3)annoyance n. 恼怒，烦恼；使人烦恼的事 to one's annoyance 使某人生气的是 (4)annoying adj. 讨厌的；恼人的 【写作佳句】She was so annoyed that she could no longer contain her anger and shouted at her mother. 她气得再也控制不住自己的怒火，对着母亲大喊大叫。 单句语法填空 (1)The manager was annoyed with me because I made a big mistake in my work. (2)(2020·全国卷Ⅱ) Who hasn't received an email so annoying(annoy) that it ruined an entire day? 一句多译 他发现他们没有等他，他感到十分恼火。 (3)To his_annoyance,__he found they hadn't waited for him.(annoyance) (4)What_annoyed_him_was_that he found they hadn't waited for him.(what引导的主语从句) (5)Itannoyed_him_that he found they hadn't waited for him.(it作形式主语) 知识点17. stressed out　焦虑的 【教材原句】How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry? 又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到心力交瘁、心烦气躁呢？(教材P58) (1)stress n.　压力；重音；重要性 vt. 加压力于；使紧张；强调 lay/place/put stress on sth. 强调某事；给某物压力 under stress 在压力下 (2)stressed adj. 焦虑不安的，心力交瘁的 stressful adj. 压力重的；紧张的 【写作佳句】For most of the girls, it is a stressful job. 对于大部分女孩子来说，这是一份压力大的工作。 单句语法填空 ①Although the importance of education is stressed, teaching can be a tired and stressful job because teachers have to work under great stress every day.(stress) ②Those who are stressed out are often nervous, angry or ill. ③People under a lot of stress may experience headaches and sleeping difficulties.That's why we need to relax ourselves at times. 完成句子 ④上周末, 我们以“劳动最美”为主题发起了一场活动, 并强调了亲自动手劳动的重要性。 Last weekend, we started a campaign with the theme “Working is the most beautiful” and stressed the importance of working with our own hands. ⑤(2023·全国乙卷)研究表明, 它们可以通过改善情绪、减轻压力和提高记忆力来促进人们的健康。 Studies have shown that they can promote people's wellbeing by improving their mood(心情), reducing stress and helping their memory. 知识点18. relate　vi.相联系，有关联；涉及；认同　vt.叙述，使……有联系 【教材原句】Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution.有些类型的癌症与交通污染有关。(教材P59) (1)relate...to...　把……和……联系起来 relate to 涉及；和……相关；谈到；理解 (2)related adj. 　有关的；相关的 be related to 有关系的；有关联的 (3)relation n. 关系；联系；亲属 in relation to 关于；与……相比 【写作佳句】 ①Paper-cutting is closely related to the traditional culture of China, and has a history of more than 1, 500 years. 剪纸有一千五百多年的历史, 与中国的传统文化紧密联系在一起。 单句语法填空 ①Have you read the report in/with relation to the explosion in the newspaper? ②We often relate yuanxiao with/to Lantern Festival. 完成句子 ③你可以讲一些关于传统节日起源的故事和一些关于中国文化的传说。 You can tell stories related to the origins of traditional festivals and some legends concerning Chinese culture. 知识点19. suit　vt.适合；使适宜　n．一套外衣；套装 【教材原句】(教材P59)Do whichever of these things that suit you. 做任何适合你的事情。 (1)suit sb.(fine)　　　　合某人的意；对某人很合适 suit sth. to sb./sth. 使某物适合某人/某物 suit one's needs 适合某人的需要 (2)suitable adj. 适合的，适宜的 be suitable for sb./sth. 适合于某人/某物 be suitable to do sth. 适合做某事 【写作佳句】 Having been a responsible volunteer for many times in China，I believe that I'm the suitable person that you want. 我在中国做过很多次负责任的志愿者，我相信我就是你们想要的合适人选。(应用文之申请信) 单句语法填空/一句多译 ①If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution that suits (suit) everyone. ②There is no doubt that a good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils. ③因为我精通英语, 我的确认为我适合这项志愿者工作。 a. I do believe I am suitable for this voluntary work, because I have a good knowledge of English.(suitable) b. I do believe this voluntary work suits me, because I have a good knowledge of English.(suit) 知识点20. involve　vt.包含，需要；牵涉，涉及；使参加(卷入) 【教材原句】Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs. 工厂化养殖业包括将农场动物饲养在建筑物内以增加肉或蛋的产量。 (教材P62) (1)involve sb.in (doing) sth. 使某人卷入(做)某事 involve doing... 包括做某事；参与做某事 (2)involved adj. 有关的；卷入的；复杂的 be/get involved in 参与；卷入；专注于…… be/get involved with 涉及；与……有关 (3)involvement n. 连累；牵连；卷入 【写作佳句】China's Ministry of Culture released the Fifth National List of Representative Elements of Intangible Cultural Heritage of China on Thursday, adding 185 items to the list, including the skills involved in making luosifen. 周四, 中国文化部发布了第五次全国非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录, 增加了185个项目, 其中包括制作螺蛳粉的技能。 单句语法填空 ①Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth. ②Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involved spending(spend)quite a lot of time with children. 应用文写作之申请信 ③得知你们欢迎来自不同国家的学生，我想参加夏令营。 Learning that you welcome students from different countries，I'd like to be involved in the summer camp． 知识点21. cruel　adj.残忍的 【教材原句】 (1)be cruel to　　　　　　　 对……残忍 It is cruel of sb.to do... 某人做……真残忍。 (2)cruelty n. 残忍 (3)cruelly adv. 残忍地 【写作佳句】Cruelty to children or animals is a crime in many countries.在许多国家，虐待儿童或动物是犯罪行为。 单句语法填空 (1)The man was sentenced to six years in prison for treating his parents cruelly(cruel). (2)Some people won't eat meat because they think it is cruel to animals. 句式升级 (3)The boys were cruel to kick the dog. →It__was__cruel__of__the__boys to kick the dog.(it作形式主语) 知识点22. claim　vt.要求；声称；断言；主张；认领；索取 n.声称；(根据权利而提出的)要求 【教材原句】People who fight for animal rights claim that these animals suffer terrible stress.为动物权利而战的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。(教材P62) (1)claim to do...　　　　　　 声称做…… It is claimed that... 据称…… (2)make a claim 声称；断言 【写作佳句】 A great number of graduates claimed to have more job interviews before graduation.许多毕业生主张毕业前有更多的求职面试。 单句语法填空 (1)The program claims to__let(let) children “Learn from Classics, Act in Practice”． (2)They made a claim on the insurance company for the stolen luggage. 句式升级 (3)Some people claim that surfing the Internet is a waste of time. →It__is__claimed__that surfing the Internet is a waste of time.(it作形式主语) 知识点23. scenic　adj.景色优美的 scene n.　　(戏剧的)一场；场面；景色；现场；事发地点 on the scene 在现场；当场；在台上 behind the scenes 在幕后；暗中 appear/come on the scene 出场；登场 【写作佳句】 This scenic spot attracts tens of thousands of tourists every year.这个景点每年都会吸引好几万的游客。 [温馨提示] scene作先行词且在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where或in which来引导。 单句语法填空 (1)Nine people died on the scene and one more person died in hospital in the plane crash. (2)The moment the police received the call, they rushed to the scene where a traffic accident happened. 完成句子 (3)没有人知道他是如何被谋杀的，但很多幕后人士都能猜出原因。 Nobody knows how he was murdered, but a good many people behind_the_scenes can guess why. 知识点24. 倍数表达法 【教材原句】They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal.他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。(教材P53) 倍数的表达法： (1)倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as... (2)倍数＋adj./adv.(比较级)＋than... (3)倍数＋the size/height/length/width...＋of... (4)倍数＋what从句 【写作佳句】He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago.　他现在挣的钱比十年前多5倍。 单句语法填空 (1)The new bridge is three times the width(wide) of the wooden one. 一句多译 这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长。 (2)This table is three times as__long__as__that__one． (3)This table is three times the__length__of__that__one． 知识点25. without用于含蓄虚拟语气 【教材原句】Without forests, we would have no air to breathe... 没有森林,我们就没有呼吸的空气……(教材P53) (1)有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过条件从句来表示,而是用一些词、短语或通过上下文暗示来说明,这种句子使用的便是含蓄虚拟语气。 (2)当句子用介词without引出一个假设的条件时,句子的谓语动词就要用虚拟语气。 (3)without用于表示虚拟条件时,谓语动词有如下三种形式: ①与现在事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might do ”形式; ②与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might have done  ”形式; ③与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might do”形式。 【特别提醒】 1. 并不是without所在的句子谓语动词一定要用虚拟语气。如果它表示一种真实的情况,就不能用虚拟语气。 How did you finish your work so fast without any help? 没有任何协助,你是如何这么快完成工作的? 2. 用于含蓄虚拟语气的词或短语还有otherwise、but for等。 •But for the quick action, it would have hurt them.如果不是行动迅速,它就伤到他们了。 •My parents gave me the money. Otherwise, I couldn’t have afforded the trip. 我父母给了我钱。否则,我可付不起这次旅费。 单句语法填空 (1)Without my English teacher’s encouragement and assistance, I would have given (give) up studying English. (2)I couldn’t__have gone__ (go) through the hard times but for my teacher’s generous and timely help. 完成句子 (3)我想借此机会表达你对我慷慨帮助的感激之情, 没有你的帮助, 我不会取得如此快的进步。 I'd like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to you for your generous help, without which I wouldn't have made such rapid progress. 知识点26. while表示对比，意为“然而，却” 【教材原句】Up to 90 people can travel in one bus, while the same number will need at least 18 cars. 一辆公共汽车最多可以乘坐90人，而同样数量的人至少需要18辆小汽车。(教材P59) (1)while用作并列连词时，表示对比、转折，意为“然而，却”。 (2)while用作从属连词时，主要分为以下情况： ①引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……的时候”，句中的动词要用延续性动词； ②引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”，从句常置于主句之前。 【写作佳句】 ①Tom is very good at science, while his brother is absolutely hopeless. 汤姆很擅长理科，而他的弟弟却无可救药。 ②We must work hard to gain more knowledge while we are young.　 趁着现在还年轻，我们必须刻苦学习，获取更多的知识。 写出下列句中while的含义 (1)While I find the designer a little annoying, I often help him out.虽然，尽管 (2)My sister is working hard while my brother has dropped out.然而 (3)The boy made some good friends while studying in France.在……期间 句式升级 (4)While I was reading this passage, I picked up no more than several mistakes. →While_reading_this__passage,__I picked up no more than several mistakes.(省略句) 知识点27. as引导原因状语从句 【教材原句】As factory farms do not use many workers, the costs are low and the production is high. 因为工厂化农场用工人不多，所以成本低，产量高。(教材P62) as作从属连词的用法总结： (1)引导原因状语从句时，表示“因为，由于”。 (2)引导时间状语从句时，表示“当……的时候；随着……；一边……一边……”。 (3)引导方式状语从句时，表示“按照，如，像”。 (4)引导让步状语从句时，表示“虽然，尽管”，但要把表语、状语或谓语动词提到从句前。 (5)引导比较状语从句时，表示“像……一样地”。 (6)引导定语从句时，表示“正如”，常放于主语之前。 【写作佳句】 ①As the world's population continues to grow, the supply of food becomes a growing concern. 随着世界人口持续增长，粮食的供应成了人们越来越关心的事情。 ②He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had.　他不用像他父亲那样不停地搬家了。 写出下列句中as的含义 (1)The consumer smiled politely as the boss apologized for his carelessness.当……的时候 (2)Hot as the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired.虽然，尽管 (3)As he was so busy, he had no time to play with his children.因为，由于 (4)You'd better do as the teacher has told you.按照 句型转换 (5)It is known to us all that the mountain is home to a wide range of wild animals. →As_is_known_to_us__all,__the mountain is home to a wide range of wild animals.(as引导定语从句) →What is known to us all is that the mountain is home to a wide range of wild animals.(what引导主语从句) 二、语法清单 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 【感知·语法规律】 Lucy, ①whose father is our English teacher, is a lovely girl ②that/who is loved by us all. She is also warm­hearted and helps those ③who are less fortunate. Yesterday, she went to the bookstore ④where she often buys books. On her way, she found a little boy ⑤who/that was crying. He said he got separated with his mother, ⑥who was busy buying vegetables. So Lucy comforted the boy and accompanied him until his mother found them, ⑦which made both of them grateful to her. 【精讲·语法知识】 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 在复合句中用来限制、描绘或说明主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的从句叫定语从句；定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。按照关系词在定语从句中所作的成分，可将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。 一、定语从句的关系词 1．关系词在定语从句中的作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当一定的句子成分。 2．关系词的分类：①关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；②关系副词when, where, why等。 3．引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有which, who, whom, whose, as；关系副词有where, when。 单句语法填空 ①They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals. ②If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution which/that_ suits everyone. ③We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true. ④By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. ⑤There are several reasons why school uniforms are a good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart. ⑥Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. ①They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals. ②If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution ________ suits everyone. ③We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. ④By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world ________ I am now a new character. ⑤There are several reasons ________ school uniforms are a good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart. ⑥Dr. Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1．作用不同 限制性定语从句用于修饰先行词，具有限制作用，使先行词的含义更具体、更明确，因此不可缺少，否则主句的意思就不完整或将失去意义。非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充性的说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。 ❶People who take physical exercise regularly live longer.经常进行体育锻炼的人更长寿。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义不完整)(限制性定语从句) ❷His daughter, who is in Shenzhen now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在深圳，下星期回家。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)(非限制性定语从句) 单句语法填空 ①Later, he worked in Africa, where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment. ②Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation. ①Later, he worked in Africa, ________ many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment. ②Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food ________ is provided by Mom with appreciation. 2．形式不同 限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号和主句隔开。 ❶The book that/which you borrowed last week is really moving.上周你借的那本书真令人感动。 ❷This is an important present, which I received yesterday.这是一件重要的礼物，我是昨天收到它的。 3．先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个主句或其中一部分。 ❶This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是the best novel) ❷He changed his mind，which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(非限制性定语从句，which指整个主句) 单句语法填空 ①You can be the one ________ directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. ②She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit. ③Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson. ①You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. ②She and her family bicycle to work, _which　 helps them keep fit. ③Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, when he gave it to his grandson. 4．关系词的使用情况不同 (1)that，why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，而要用which代替that, for which代替why。 ❶他通过了考试，这使他的老师感到欣慰。 【误】He passed the exam, that made his teacher relieved. 【正】He passed the exam, which made his teacher relieved. ❷I have told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the party.我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会的原因了。 (2)关系代词替代情况不同 ①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who/that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who/that代替。 ❶This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句) ❷The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.那个年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的好印象。(非限制性定语从句) ②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词可用who，that或whom；但在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。 她有一个弟弟，是一名医生。 【误】She has a younger brother，that is a doctor. 【正】She has a younger brother, who is a doctor. 单句语法填空 ①When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That meant beating out Miller King, _who　was the best player at our school. ②When walking down the street, I came across David, whom_ I hadn't seen for years. ①When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That meant beating out Miller King, ________ was the best player at our school. ②When walking down the street, I came across David, ________ I hadn't seen for years. (3)关系代词省略情况不同 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句中的所有关系代词均不可省略。 ❶This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.这是我几天前看过的一部好电影。(限制性定语从句) ❷The summer holiday, which we have been looking forward to, is drawing near.我们一直盼望着的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句) 5．翻译顺序不同 含限制性定语从句的句子先译从句，后译先行词，即将从句放在先行词前译；而非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译先行词，后译从句，形成两个并列分句。 ❶Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句) ❷Lucy has an elder brother, who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥，他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句) Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Is he the man _who/that wants to see you? 2．They rushed over to help the man whose__ car had broken down. 3．The package which/that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 4．Finally, the thief handed everything _that_ he had stolen to the police. 5．He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water. 6．He talked about the teachers and the school that_ he visited. 7．We don't know the reason why_ he didn't show up. 8．There comes a time .when you have to make a choice. 9．This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 10．As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history. 11．They arrived at a farm house, in front of _which_ sat a small boy. 12．There are a lot of students here, none of whom like the film. 1．Is he the man ________ wants to see you? 2．They rushed over to help the man ________ car had broken down. 3．The package ________ you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 4．Finally, the thief handed everything ________ he had stolen to the police. 5．He is the very man ________ helped the girl out of the water. 6．He talked about the teachers and the school ________ he visited. 7．We don't know the reason ________ he didn't show up. 8．There comes a time ________ you have to make a choice. 9．This novel, ________ I have read three times, is very touching. 10．________ everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history. 11．They arrived at a farm house, in front of ________ sat a small boy. 12．There are a lot of students here, none of ________ like the film. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which　allowed me to keep my high social status. 2．Further up, the weather changes—low clouds envelope the mountainsides, which　 are covered with thick grass. 3．I have a good command of English and Chinese, which　 is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. 4．I'm Li Hua, an outgoing boy, _who　_ is studying in London. 5．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which　 she opened with her late husband Les. 6．They were well trained by their masters _who/that　 had great experience with caring for these animals. 7．“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demerit, whose_ company provided the statistics for the report. 8．They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among _whom　 I soon found myself. 9．There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. 10．While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations _which/that can arise. 1．During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, ________ allowed me to keep my high social status. 2．Further up, the weather changes—low clouds envelope the mountainsides, ________ are covered with thick grass. 3．I have a good command of English and Chinese, ________ is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. 4．I'm Li Hua, an outgoing boy, ________ is studying in London. 5．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les. 6．They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals. 7．“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demerit, ________ company provided the statistics for the report. 8．They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among ________ I soon found myself. 9．There was a time ________ people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. 10．While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations ________ can arise. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 Yesterday I helped an old man who/that lose his way. 2．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。 I have a storybook whose cover is red./I have a storybook, the cover of which is red./I have a storybook, of which the cover is red. 3．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。 She will never forget the day when (＝on which) she got married. 4．那就是我迟到的原因。 That is the reason why/for which I was late. 5．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。 I have two sisters, both of whom are teachers. 6．众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 As we all know, smoking is harmful to our health. 1．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4．那就是我迟到的原因。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6．众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 观点对比类议论文要求学生要通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非来确定某一观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种观点或主张。正反观点对比类议论文是从正反两个方面说明某个观点，进而表达自己的看法。 开篇要引入话题：文章的开头用简练的语言自然引入要讨论的话题。 中间分述观点： 文章的主体部分对人们持有的不同观点进行客观的介绍。有时为了达到层次分明的效果，可采用“总括句＋观点1＋观点2”的“总——分”模式。 结尾简述个人看法： 在文章的结尾根据写作的实际需要可简要、恰当地发表个人的看法。 这类文章常分四段进行论述： 第一段——说明辩论的主题； 第二段——介绍正方的观点及其理由； 第三段——介绍反方的观点及其理由； 第四段——陈述自己的观点。 (有时也可以分为三段：第一段说明辩论的主题；第二段表明正方和反方的观点及理由；第三段表明作者自己的观点。) 【积累·写作素材】 议论文(1)——正反观点型 一、文章结构 1．开头：提出问题； 2．主体：陈述不同的观点及其理由； 3．结尾：说明自己的观点。 二、段落框架 1．第一段 开门见山，提出主题(1－2句) (1)We had a heated discussion about/on... (2)Different people hold different opinions. (3)Opinions are divided... (4)People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards... (5)People have different opinions on this problem. (6)People take different views on this question. 2．第二段 表达不同观点 (1)．..of them hold the opinion that... (2)．..of them are in favor of the idea that... (3)People who are for/against the idea think that... (4)Some people believe that...Others argue that... (5)However，...of them hold a different view./...of them hold the opposite opinion. (6)However，each coin has two sides. (7)Different from those...，people think... (8)On the other hand，people object that... 3．第三段 说明自己的观点 (1)As far as I am concerned... (2)In my opinion... (3)It’s my opinion that... (4)In a word，only through...can we have a bright future. 议论文(2)——利弊对比型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)。 1．说明事物现状； 2．事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)； 3．你对现状(或前景)的看法。 议论文(3)——解决问题型 一、段落框架 第一段：引出现象，并指出这种现象的后果 常用句型： (1) Recently the rise in problem of/phenomenon of...has caused/aroused/captured public/popular/wide/worldwide concern. (2) Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus/has been brought into public attention. (3)Nowadays，there is a growing concern about the problem/phenomenon that... (4)Nowadays，an increasing number of people come to realize/be aware of the importance of... (5)Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem of... 第二段：提出解决的办法 常用句型： (1) We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing，___________________________________  (解决方法一)．For another， ________________________   (解决方法二)．Finally，________________________ (解决方法三)． (2)It is essential that proper action/effective measures should be taken to reverse this situation/stop the trend. (3)It is hoped/suggested that considerable/great efforts should be made to... (4)There is no easy/immediate solution/approach to the issue of...but...might be beneficial/helpful. 第三段：总结这样做的好处 常用句型：Only in this way can we... 【万能句式】 1）开头句： It goes without saying that...不言而喻 It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说 As the proverb says,...正如谚语所说 It has to be noticed that... It's generally recognised that...人们普遍认为 It's likely that...很可能 It's hardly ... that ... ...并不... It's hardly too much to say that... 毫不夸张地说 2）衔接句： A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是... As is often the case,...情况经常是... As stated in the previous paragraph,... 如前段所述，... But the problem is not so simple. Therefore, we should take more details into consideration. But it's pity that... In spite of the fact that... Further, we hold the opinion that...此外，我们认为... However, the difficulty lies in... What calls for special attention is that... Similarly, we should pay attention to this from the very beginning. 3）引出观点句： There are several reasons for ..., but in general, they come down to three major ones. There are many factors that may account for ..., but the following are the most typical ones. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. The reasons are as follows. 4）结尾句： I will conclude by saying that...最后我要说 I can reach a conclusion that... Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...我们有理由相信 All things considered, it may be safely said that...可以有把握地说 Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisible for us to do ...更可取的是 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that... The figures/statistics lead us to the conclusion that... It can be concluded from the discussion that... From my point of view, it would be better if... To a certain/some extent, ... 5）灵活句式： sb. cannot emphasize the importance if ... too much There is no need for sb. to do sth. On no account can we do sth. What will happen to sb. if ...? For the past+一段时间，sb. have (done sth./been doing sth.) It pays to do sth. 做...是值得的 sth. is closely related to ... ...与...息息相关 do one's utmost to do= spare no effort to do sth. have a great influence on sb. Nothing can prevent us from doing Upon doing sth, ... 一...就... Hardly had sb. done sth. when sb. did No sooner had sb. done sth. than sb. did Only then could...直到那时 Nothing is more ... than to do sth. There is no denying that... There is no doubt that... It is universally acknowledged that... As is known to us,... It is no wonder that ... No wonder that... So +adj. be sb./sth. that ... 如此...以至于... adj. as sb./sth. be,... 虽然...但是... The+比较级, the +比较级 It's time +主语+动词过去式 It's time for sth. It's time for sb. to do sth. 【写作模板】 模板一 不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________. 模板二 利弊型议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___. 模板三 答辩型议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____. 模板四 谚语警句型议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job. 【示例·分步写作】 现在人工智能越来越影响我们日常生活中的方方面面。请围绕这一话题写一篇文章。 应包含以下要点： 1. 人工智能带来的便利，例如在交通、家电和通信方面。 2. 它可能引发的潜在问题或挑战，如工作岗位被取代和隐私担忧。 3. 您对于如何充分利用人工智能并避免其负面影响的观点。 4. 80词左右。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 议论文（需包含利弊分析+个人观点） 人称 以第三人称为主 时态 主要时态应用一般现在时态 框架 开头：背景引入（人工智能普及现象） 主体1：便利性（交通/家电/通信） 主体2：问题（岗位替代/隐私风险） 结尾：个人建议（扬长避短） 第二步：要点翻译 1. 人工智能带来的便利，例如在交通、家电和通信方面。(convenience) Artificial Intelligence (AI) brings convenience in daily life, such as in transportation, home appliances, and communication. 2. 它可能引发的潜在问题或挑战，如工作岗位被取代和隐私担忧。( potential) It may cause potential problems, like job displacement and privacy concerns. 3. 对于如何充分利用人工智能并避免其负面影响的观点。( make the best of ) We should make the best of AI wisely to avoid its negative effects.   第三步：词句升级 1.用分词短语简化句子： 原句：Artificial Intelligence (AI) brings convenience in daily life, such as in transportation, home appliances, and communication. 升级：Artificial Intelligence (AI), increasingly influencing every aspect of our daily lives, has brought great convenience, such as smart transportation, intelligent home appliances, and efficient communication tools. 3. 用定语从句连接问题： 原句：It may cause potential problems, like job displacement and privacy concerns. 升级：However, it also raises challenges, such as jobs being replaced by robots and personal data being exposed, which worry many people. 4. 用状语从句表达观点： 原句：We should use AI wisely to avoid its negative effects. 升级：To make the most of AI, we need to set clear rules for its use and develop skills that robots cannot replace, ensuring a balance between convenience and safety. 第四步：连句成篇 Artificial Intelligence: A Double-Edged Sword Artificial Intelligence (AI), increasingly influencing our daily lives, has brought great convenience. It powers smart transportation like self-driving cars, intelligent home appliances that simplify housework, and communication tools that connect people instantly. However, AI also poses challenges: jobs in manufacturing and service may be replaced by robots, and there are concerns about personal data privacy. To address these, we should embrace AI as a tool, not a replacement. Governments and companies must regulate its use to protect privacy, while individuals should focus on developing creative and emotional skills. Only by balancing innovation and caution can we fully enjoy AI’s benefits without losing control. 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$