科普说明文专项练习-2027届高中英语二轮复习专题

**基本信息** 聚焦科普说明文高频题型，构建“题型-方法-文本逻辑”三维训练体系，通过20道典例系统培养细节定位、逻辑推理等核心能力，提升语言理解与科学思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |词句猜测|2题|上下文语境分析法（如A篇“imperceptible”通过“tiny”推断）|依托文本微观信息，建立词汇与语境的语义关联| |主旨大意|3题|段落核心观点提炼法（如B篇第三段聚焦“捕食驱动微生物变化”）|遵循“现象-研究-结论”科普文结构，把握段落逻辑重心| |细节理解|8题|原文精准定位法（如D篇14题定位“图像与声音配对技术”）|对应科普文事实性信息，训练信息筛选与匹配能力| |推理判断|7题|原文合理推断法（如E篇19题由“余热回收”推测后续内容）|基于文本证据链，培养科学逻辑推理与预测能力|

高三科普说明文专练 (2027长沙市珺玮高级中学) A Sound travels as vibrations (振动) through the air. Conventional microphones function by picking up these vibrations. Scientists wondered if they could make microphones that see those vibrations rather than hear them. Now researchers in China have built such a device. Led by physicist Yao Xuri from Beijing Institute of Technology, the team has built a device that photographs the tiny, imperceptible vibrations that sound waves generate on objects. According to Yao, “This technique enables sound detection using everyday items under natural lighting.” This is hardly the first attempt to make a microphone that works with light. Alexander Graham Bell built one back in 1880. He called it a photophone. It operated by using sound waves to deform a mirror, causing reflected light to flash along with the sound. These flashes were then changed back into sound. Modern attempts have been trying to copy this, using high-speed cameras or precise lasers (激光), but such systems are often complex and costly. The Chinese team has adopted an alternative approach: single-pixel (单像素) imaging. “Unlike ordinary cameras which rely on millions of sensors, single-pixel imaging uses just one,” Yao noted. It scans a scene to collect visual data, which is then processed by computers to reconstruct an image. Through this technique, Yao’s team detected how sound waves had shaken a paper card or leaf. A computer then decoded the data into audible sound. The device successfully captured spoken numbers in both Chinese and English and decoded an excerpt from Beethoven’s Für Elise. “This method creates a relatively small amount of data, making it easy to store or upload,” Yao noted. The team is refining the device’s capacity to detect human heartbeat and heart rate, a development that could enable non-contact patient monitoring in medical settings. Currently, the technology only works from about half a meter away, and detecting sound in noisy environments remains a key challenge. That will take more advanced technology and extensive field testing. But if they succeed, we might not just listen to the world around us — we might watch it speak. 1. The underlined word “imperceptible” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A. inaudible B. inaccessible C. unpredictable D. unnoticeable 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Research background. B. Study design. C. Technical approaches. D. Key challenges. 3. How does the single-pixel imaging device differ from ordinary cameras? A. It works at a super high speed. B. It processes data with a computer. C. It uses precise lasers to scan scenes. D. It collects data with only one sensor. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the technology? A. Expectant. B. Doubtful. C. Concerned. D. Uncertain. （2026福建南平高三下开学考试） B Coral reefs, long hailed as centers of marine biodiversity, are now being revealed as powerful conductors of microscopic life in the waters around them. A pioneering study led by Dr. Herdis Steinsdóttir demonstrates that reefs actively shape daily rhythms in nearby microbial communities, changing their makeup and numbers over each 24-hour period. Published in Science Advances, the research monitored microbes in the northern Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. By comparing waters close to reefs with open ocean areas during both winter and summer, and collecting samples every six hours, the team uncovered clear daily and seasonal patterns previously missed. They employed advanced methods like genetic sequencing and high-resolution imaging to track bacteria, microalgae, and microscopic predators with great detail. Key findings emerged. Reef waters consistently had lower counts of bacteria and microalgae compared to open waters, pointing to active removal by reef life. In contrast, populations of heterotrophic protists — tiny predators that consume bacteria — reached their highest levels at night, sometimes increasing by 80%. This nighttime spike emphasizes predation (捕食) as a major force driving changes in microbial communities. Another major discovery involved Symbiodiniaceae, the microscopic algae (微观藻类) that live in symbiosis with corals. Their genetic markers peaked around midday in reef waters, suggesting a daily cycle tied to light availability and coral biological activity. This highlights the reef’s active, not passive, role in organizing microbial life. As co-author Dr. Frada stated, “Reefs generate daily patterns that repeat with the seasons and affect how energy moves through the system.” Importantly, the study found that these daily microbial rhythms were as powerful as seasonal changes, stressing the critical need to consider time of day in ecological studies. By combining genetic, imaging, and environmental data, the research provided a comprehensive, time-based picture of microbial life around reefs. It not only deepens our understanding of reefs’ broader ecological influence but also paves the way for new conservation approaches that use an understanding of microbial rhythms to protect these vital ecosystems. 5. What is the main finding of the study led by Dr. Steinsdottir? A. Coral reefs are facing unprecedented threats from microbial activities. B. Microbial populations near reefs show changes only with the seasons. C. Reefs actively create daily rhythmic patterns in nearby microbial populations. D. Reefs passively host a diverse but stable community of microbes year-round. 6. What can be inferred about heterotrophic protists from paragraph 3? A. They are most active during the day B. They are a primary food source for corals. C. They are less abundant in reef waters than in the open ocean. D. Their population rise helps control bacterial numbers at night. 7. Why does the author quote Dr. Frada in paragraph 4? A. To emphasize the passive nature of coral reefs. B. To highlight the seasonal stability of reef ecosystems. C. To stress the active role of reefs in shaping microbial cycles. D. To explain the sampling methodology already used in the study. 8. What is the significance of the discovery that daily rhythms are as strong as seasonal ones? A. It proves that seasonal changes are irrelevant to reef studies. B. It suggests that time of day is a crucial factor in ecological research. C. It shows that all marine ecosystems operate on identical daily cycles. D. It indicates that microbial activity is unrelated to environmental changes. （2026福建南平高三下开学考试） C Not all birds sing, but those that do—some several thousand species—do it a lot. All over the world, as soon as light filters over the horizon, songbirds start singing. They sing to defend their territory and to impress potential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behavioral neuroscientist at the University of Southern Denmark. The big question for her was this: Why do birds sing so much? “For some reason,” Adam says, birds have “a crazy drive to sing.” This means hours every day for some species, and that takes a lot of energy. Plus, singing can be dangerous. “As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” she says. “Like, where you are, that you even exist, where your territory is —all of that immediately is out in the open for predators, for everybody.” In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, Adam and her colleagues offer a new explanation for why birds take that risk. They suggest that songbirds may not have much choice. They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality song. These findings could be related to human voices too. “If you apply the bird results to the humans,” says Adam, “anytime you stop speaking, for whatever reason, you might experience a loss in vocal performance.” To figure out whether the muscles that produce birdsong require daily exercise, Adam designed a series of experiments on zebra finches —little Australian songbirds with striped heads and a bloom of orange on their cheeks. Through these experiments. Adam’s conclusion is that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance song. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, their vocalizations get less attractive to females—and that’s bad.” This may help explain songbirds’ constant singing. It’s a kind of daily vocal practice to keep their instruments in tip-top shape. It’s a good rule to live by, whether you’re a bird or a human—practice makes perfect, at least when it comes to singing one’s heart out. 9. What does Iris Adam try to figure out? A. Why all the birds don’t sing. B. Why songbirds sing so well. C. Why songbirds sing so much. D. Why birds have vocal muscles. 10. What do the underlined words “that risk” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Defending territory. B. Impressing partners. C. Singing all to death. D. Threatening lives. 11. Which of the following agrees with Adam’s experiment conclusion? A. Regular singing helps to exercise songbirds’ vocal muscles. B. Songbirds have to sing their heart out to win their partners. C. Zebra finches are born to have excellent vocal instruments. D. Good vocal muscles are more attractive to female songbirds. 12. What can be the best title for the text? A. A New Study of Songbirds B. The Way That Songbirds Sing C. Practice Makes a Perfect Song D. The Reason Why Birds Sing Much （2026福建厦门市第十中学） D The universe, with its countless stars and galaxies, can be visually impressive, especially when we use high-powered telescopes to peer beyond the range of human vision. But what if we could hear those objects as well? That may sound impossible at first — how can sound travel through the vacuum of space? Isn’t the universe silent? Far from it, says Kim Arcand, an expert on data visualization at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Her team has found ways to strengthen distant sound waves that would otherwise be undetectable by human ears. They’ve also employed creative processing — taking visual data from infrared and X-ray telescopes and assigning notes to that data-to show celestial (天体的) phenomena via sounds. These “sonifications” (可听化) provide a new way for people to experience those awe-inspiring objects. Arcand, working with colleagues at the Smithsonian, Harvard and NASA, together with a Canadian science outreach team called SYSTEM Sounds, has been making these custom-made audio tracks that bring celestial images to life. An obvious match-up is to pair brighter parts of an image with louder sounds or to present longer wavelengths of light with lower-pitched sounds, and shorter ones with higher-pitched. Now, many of the tracks can be heard on YouTube, paired up with the images that inspired them, 16 of those sonifications have been put into an album called Universal Harmonies, which will be available on CD and streaming platforms beginning March 10. Aside from bringing science to a wider audience, Arcand also believes that sonification can bolster the science itself by allowing more people to contribute to our understanding of the universe. One of her goals, she says, is to show that “people who are blind or low-vision ... can also become part of the scientific enterprise.” For University of Toronto astrophysicist Matt Russo, who runs SYSTEM Sounds together with musician Andrew Santaguida, sonification has been a chance to bring together his two great passions — astronomy and music. It’s both an art and a science. “It was just instantly obvious that it was fun and rewarding,” he says. 13. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Patterns of sound waves. B. Advantages of visualization. C. Processes of data analysis. D. Approaches to sonifications. 14. How did Arcand’s team turn the images of universe into sounds? A. By uploading images onto streaming platforms. B. By pairing images with sounds through creative technology. C. By identifying and connecting different sound waves. D. By processing audio data with the help of SYSTEM Sounds. 15. What does the underlined word “bolster” probably mean in paragraph 4? A. Support. B. Prove. C. Mirror. D. Lead. 16. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. How Does Sound Come into Being? B. What Does the Universe Sound Like? C. Universe: The Mystery Uncovered D. SYSTEM Sounds: A Pioneer in Space （浙江省杭州高级中学高三阶段考试） E The streets, sidewalks and roofs of cities all absorb heat during the day, making some urban areas across the United States up to 6 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than rural ones during the day — and 22 degrees Fahrenheit hotter at night. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as the city heat spreads downward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and other underground infrastructure also constantly bleed heat into the surrounding earth, creating hotspots. Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms. According to a new study of downtown Chicago, underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the ground around them expand and contract enough to cause potential damage. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says the study’s author Alessandro F. Rotta Loria, a civil and environmental engineer at Northwestern University. The findings, published in Communications Engineering, expose a “silent hazard” to civil infrastructure in cities with softer ground — especially those near water — Rotta Loria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change. Similar to climate change above the surface, these underground changes occur over long periods of time. “These effects took decades, a century, to develop,” Rotta Loria says, adding that elevated underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate (逐渐消失) on their own. But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. 17. What can we learn about the “urban heat islands”? A. They only exist in the United States. B. They can damage the ground around. C. They can develop underground structures. D. They have no impact on the surrounding environment. 18. Why does Alessandro F. Rotta Loria mention “silent hazard” in paragraph 3? A. To discuss structural issues. B. To categorize climate change. C. To explain underground heat. D. To emphasize the neglected reality. 19. What will the author probably write about in the paragraph that follows? A. The cost of maintaining structures. B. The future of tunnels and basements. C. The reusing approaches of heat energy. D. The evolution of underground environment. 20. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Urban Silent Islands in the Making B. A Silver Lining of Global Warming C. A Silent Crisis in Downtown Chicago D. Warming Underground, Weakening Surface 答案详解 A 【答案】D A D A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍中国团队研发的单像素成像拾音设备，通过“看见”声波振动实现收音，具有潜在医疗应用前景并面临现存挑战。 【1题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“the team has built a device that photographs the tiny, imperceptible vibrations that sound waves generate on objects.(该团队制造了一种设备，可以拍摄声波在物体上产生的微小、imperceptible振动)”可知，这种振动非常微小，是人们难以察觉的，因此“imperceptible”意为“不明显的、难以察觉的”。故选D项。 【2题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“This is hardly the first attempt to make a microphone that works with light. Alexander Graham Bell built one back in 1880.He called it a photophone. It operated by using sound waves to deform a mirror, causing reflected light to flash along with the sound. These flashes were then changed back into sound. Modern attempts have been trying to copy this, using high-speed cameras or precise lasers (激光),but such systems are often complex and costly. (这并不是第一次尝试制造用光工作的麦克风。亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔早在1880年就制造了一个，他称之为光电话。它利用声波使反射镜变形，使反射光随声音一起闪烁，然后这些闪烁被转换回声音。现代的尝试一直在模仿这一技术，使用高速相机或精确的激光，但这样的系统通常复杂且昂贵)”可知，本段主要介绍了相关研究的背景。故选A项。 【3题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Unlike ordinary cameras which rely on millions of sensors, single-pixel imaging uses just one(与依赖数百万个传感器的普通相机不同，单像素成像只使用一个传感器)”可知，单像素成像设备与普通相机的区别在于它只用一个传感器收集数据。故选D项。 【4题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But if they succeed, we might not just listen to the world around us — we might watch it speak.(但如果他们成功了，我们可能不仅能倾听周围的世界，还能“看见”它说话)”可知，作者对这项技术的未来充满期待。故选A项。 B 【答案】C D C B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍Steinsdóttir博士团队的研究，揭示珊瑚礁对周边微生物群落日常节律的积极塑造作用及研究意义。 【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A pioneering study led by Dr. Herdis Steinsdóttir demonstrates that reefs actively shape daily rhythms in nearby microbial communities, changing their makeup and numbers over each 24-hour period.(赫迪斯·斯坦斯多蒂尔博士领导的一项开创性研究表明，珊瑚礁积极塑造周边微生物群落的日常节律，每24小时改变它们的组成和数量)”可知，该研究的主要发现是珊瑚礁积极创造周边微生物群落的日常节律模式。故选C项。 【6题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In contrast, populations of heterotrophic protists — tiny predators that consume bacteria — reached their highest levels at night, sometimes increasing by 80%. This nighttime spike emphasizes predation (捕食) as a major force driving changes in microbial communities.(相比之下，异养原生生物——以细菌为食的小型捕食者——的数量在夜间达到最高水平，有时会增加80%。这种夜间激增凸显了捕食是推动微生物群落变化的主要力量)”可推断，异养原生生物的数量上升有助于在夜间控制细菌数量。故选D项。 【7题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“This highlights the reef’s active, not passive, role in organizing microbial life. As co-author Dr. Frada stated, “Reefs generate daily patterns that repeat with the seasons and affect how energy moves through the system.”(这凸显了珊瑚礁在组织微生物生命方面的积极作用，而非被动作用。正如合著者弗拉达博士所说：“珊瑚礁产生随季节重复的日常模式，并影响能量在系统中的流动方式。”)”可知，作者引用弗拉达博士的话是为了强调珊瑚礁在塑造微生物节律中的积极作用。故选C项。 【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Importantly, the study found that these daily microbial rhythms were as powerful as seasonal changes, stressing the critical need to consider time of day in ecological studies.(重要的是，该研究发现这些微生物的日常节律与季节变化同样强烈，强调了在生态研究中考虑一天中时间因素的迫切需要)”可知，这一发现的意义在于表明一天中的时间是生态研究中的关键因素。故选B项。 C 【答案】C D A D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经学家艾瑞斯·亚当对于为什么鸟唱得这么多歌的研究。 【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“The big question for her was this: Why do birds sing so much?(对她来说，最大的问题是：为什么鸟唱得这么多歌？)”可知，爱瑞丝·亚当想弄明白为什么鸟唱得这么多歌。故选C。 【10题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段“This means hours every day for some species, and that takes a lot of energy. Plus, singing can be dangerous.(对一些物种来说，这意味着每天需要几个小时，这需要大量的能量。另外，唱歌可能很危险)”和第三段““As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” she says. “Like, where you are, that you even exist, where your territory is —all of that immediately is out in the open for predators, for everybody.”(她说:“只要你一唱歌，你就暴露了自己。比如，你在哪里，你甚至存在，你的领土在哪里——所有这些都立即暴露在捕食者面前，对所有鸟类来说。”)”可知，鸣禽每天长时间的歌唱不仅会耗掉它们大量的能量，而且还可能因歌唱暴露自己而带来不确定的生命风险。故划线词意思是“威胁生命”。故选D。 【11题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Through these experiments. Adam’s conclusion is that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance song. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, their vocalizations get less attractive to females—and that’s bad.”(通过这些实验。亚当的结论是：“鸣禽需要锻炼发声肌肉，才能唱出最好的歌曲。如果他们不唱歌，他们就会失去表演能力，他们的声音对雌性的吸引力就会降低——这很糟糕。”)”可知，经常唱歌有助于锻炼鸣禽的发声肌肉。故选A。 【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“The big question for her was this: Why do birds sing so much?(对她来说，最大的问题是：为什么鸟唱得这么多歌？)”结合本文通过实验来解释鸣为什么会不厌其烦地歌唱。故D选项“鸟儿唱歌的原因”最符合文章标题。故选D。 D 【答案】D B A B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了拥有无数恒星和星系的宇宙在视觉上给人留下了深刻的印象，尤其是当我们使用高倍望远镜观察人类视觉范围之外的事物时。但如果我们也能听到这些物体呢？史密森天体物理天文台的数据可视化专家金·阿坎德和她的团队采用了创造性的处理方法——从红外和X射线望远镜中获取视觉数据，并对这些数据进行注释——通过声音来展示天体现象。这些“声音”为人们体验这些令人敬畏的物体提供了一种新的方式。 【13题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Far from it, says Kim Arcand, an expert on data visualization at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Her team has found ways to strengthen distant sound waves that would otherwise be undetectable by human ears. They’ve also employed creative processing — taking visual data from infrared and X-ray telescopes and assigning notes to that data-to show celestial (天体的) phenomena via sounds. These “sonifications” (可听化) provide a new way for people to experience those awe-inspiring objects.”（史密森天体物理天文台的数据可视化专家金·阿坎德说，事实远非如此。她的团队已经找到了增强人类耳朵无法探测到的远距离声波的方法。他们还采用了创造性的处理方法——从红外和x射线望远镜中获取视觉数据，并对这些数据进行注释——通过声音来展示天体现象。这些“声音”为人们体验这些令人敬畏的物体提供了一种新的方式。）可知，第二段的主要讲的是可听化的方法。故选D项。 【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“An obvious match-up is to pair brighter parts of an image with louder sounds or to present longer wavelengths of light with lower-pitched sounds, and shorter ones with higher-pitched.”（一种明显的匹配方法是将图像中较亮的部分与较响的声音配对，或者将波长较长的光与较低的声音配对，将波长较短的光与较高的声音配对。）可知，阿坎德的团队通过创造性的技术将图像与声音配对将宇宙的图像转化为声音的。故选B项。 【15题详解】词义猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Aside from bringing science to a wider audience,”（除了将科学带给更广泛的受众之外……）以及划线单词句中“…by allowing more people to contribute to our understanding of the universe.”（让更多的人为我们对宇宙的理解做出贡献）可推知，此处为声音化可以让更多的人为我们对宇宙的理解做出贡献，从而加强科学本身。故可猜测划线单词bolster为“加强，支持”的意思，结合选项A项Support“支持”意思一致。故选A项。 【16题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍史密森天体物理天文台的数据可视化专家金·阿坎德和她的团队采用了创造性的处理方法——从红外和X射线望远镜中获取视觉数据，并对这些数据进行注释——通过声音来展示天体现象。这些“声音”为人们体验这些令人敬畏的物体提供了一种新的方式。结合第一段中“But what if we could hear those objects as well? That may sound impossible at first — how can sound travel through the vacuum of space? Isn’t the universe silent?”（但如果我们也能听到这些物体呢？这听起来似乎不可能——声音怎么能在真空的太空中传播呢？难道宇宙不是寂静的吗？）可知，B项“宇宙的声音是怎样的？”适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选B项。 E 【答案】B D C D 【导语】文章主要讲述城市地下累积热量引发地面形变、威胁市政设施，同时这种余热具备回收利用的价值。 【17题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Such temperature changes make the ground around them expand and contract enough to cause potential damage.(这种温度变化会让周边土壤发生胀缩，进而产生潜在的破坏作用。)”可知，城市热岛会对周边地层造成损坏。 【18题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The findings, published in Communications Engineering, expose a “silent hazard” to civil infrastructure...There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize.(发表在《通信工程》期刊上的这些研究结果揭示了一项针对民用基础设施的“无声隐患”……地下气候变化早已引发建筑结构问题，我们却一直没有察觉)”可知，作者提出“无声隐患”，是为了强调该地下升温带来的危害长期被人们忽视的客观事实。 【19题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat.(受访的其他研究人员表示这些废弃热量可以被回收利用，既能降低地下温度又能节约能耗，可改造地铁、地下室设施来回收热量)”推测，下一段最有可能具体介绍热能回收的方式方法。 【20题详解】主旨大意题。文章先介绍城市热岛不仅存在于地表，地下也会形成高温区域；再说明地下热量造成土体胀缩、损毁建筑设施，是被人们忽视的隐患；最后提出地下余热能够回收再利用。D选项“地下升温，地表受损”能概括文章主旨，为最佳标题。 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $