Unit 1 People of Achievement Using Language课文梳理及自测训练-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第一册

该高中英语单元学习任务单以“改变人类对宇宙认知的人”为主题，围绕爱因斯坦传记文本设计，目标是帮助学生掌握核心词汇、语法结构及语篇分析能力。学案通过“课文梳理-词汇短语-句型语法-自测训练-拓展应用”的递进式任务，构建从语言输入到综合输出的完整学习路径，体现知识建构的系统性。 亮点在于融合人物主题的深度学习设计，通过“课文自测段落填空”巩固独立主格、分词作状语等语法（语言能力），“拓展训练写作任务”（推荐中国励志人物）培养文化意识与思维品质。资料包含分层训练（首字母填空、完形、写作），为教师提供单元复习的针对性教学支持，助力学生提升语言综合运用能力与跨文化沟通素养。

Unit 1 Using Language 课文梳理及自测训练 ( — 1 — ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 全文翻译 改变人类对宇宙认知的人 阿尔伯特・爱因斯坦或许是现代物理学最伟大的科学家，常被认为是有史以来最聪慧的人之一。他对世界做出了无数贡献，其中最广为人知的是广义相对论以及著名公式 E=mc²。爱因斯坦不仅是一位天才，还是一位勇敢善良的人物，受到许多人的爱戴。 这位温和的天才于 1879 年 3 月 14 日出生在德国。16 岁时，他试图考入瑞士的大学，但入学考试综合科目分数较低而失利，尽管他数学和物理取得了优异成绩。又学习一年之后，他成功通过考试，于 1896 年进入大学，1900 年毕业。 在找了两年教师工作之后，爱因斯坦在瑞士专利局得到一份职员的工作。在那里工作期间，出于对知识强烈的热爱，他继续学习，于 1905 年取得物理学博士学位。同年，后来被科学界记录为 “奇迹之年”，他发表了四篇非同凡响的物理论文。此后，他渐渐闻名世界，被人们视为新的艾萨克・牛顿。四年之后，他得以辞去专利局的工作，进入一所大学全职从事科研。1922 年，因为对光电效应的解释，他被授予 1921 年诺贝尔物理学奖。 1933 年局势发生变化，希特勒在德国掌权。身为犹太人的爱因斯坦发现，学术机构的大门对他紧闭。因此，他不得不逃离德国。在欧洲停留一段时间后，他最终在美国普林斯顿高等研究院任职研究员。在那之后，他继续在物理与数学领域取得重大成就。 在大众眼中，他是一个长相略显古怪，但善良风趣的人。他留着浓密的小胡子，长长的白发，有时根根直立，仿佛刚遭受电击一般。虽然是天才，他有时却会忘记事情，比如朋友们的生日。尽管有这些怪癖，他深受亲友与邻居的喜爱。甚至还有一则故事，讲他如何帮助一个敲开他家门、请求辅导作业的小女孩。事实上，大街上经常有人拦住爱因斯坦，请他帮忙解答问题。经历许多次这样的场合之后，他终于开口说道：“不好意思！抱歉！人们总把我错认成爱因斯坦教授！” 1955 年 4 月 18 日，据报道爱因斯坦与世长辞，全世界都为这位杰出科学家的逝去而哀悼。 重点单词 1.theory /ˈθɪəri/n. 理论；学说 搭配：the general theory of relativity 广义相对论；in theory 在理论上 派生词：theoretical adj. 理论上的 2.genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/n. 天才；天资；天才人物 搭配：a genius for …… 方面的天赋 复数：geniuses（天才人物）；genii（精灵） 3.gentle /ˈdʒentl/adj. 温和的；文雅的；轻柔的 搭配：a gentle genius 性情温和的天才 派生词：gently adv. 温和地；gentleness n. 温和 4.patent /ˈpeɪtnt/n. 专利；专利证书 adj. 受专利保护的 搭配：patent office 专利局；apply for a patent 申请专利 5.passion /ˈpæʃn/n. 酷爱；激情；热爱 搭配：a passion for sth 对…… 的酷爱 派生词：passionate adj. 充满激情的 6.extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/adj. 非凡的；非同寻常的；意想不到的 派生词：extraordinarily adv. 极其，非凡地 7.gradually /ˈɡrædʒuəli/adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 词根：gradual adj. 逐渐的 8.academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/adj. 学术的；教学的 n. 学者 搭配：academic institutions 学术机构；academic achievement 学术成就 9.consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/n. 结果；后果 搭配：as a consequence 因此（=as a result） 派生词：consequently adv. 因此，所以 10.institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/n.（教育、专业）机构；研究院 搭配：Institute for Advanced Study 高等研究院 11.professor /prəˈfesə(r)/n. 教授 搭配：Professor Einstein 爱因斯坦教授 12.remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/adj. 非凡的；显著的；引人注目的 派生词：remark n./v. 评论，说起；remarkably adv. 显著地 13.device /dɪˈvaɪs/n. 装置；设备；仪器 形近：devise v. 设计，想出 14.sum /sʌm/ n. 金额；款项；总数；总和 v. 概括；总结 核心考点&搭配 sum up 总结；概括 To sum up,… 总而言之（写作高频开头） the sum of ……的总和 a large sum of +不可数名词 一大笔…… a large sum of money 一大笔钱 派生词 summary /ˈsʌməri/ n. 总结，概要 adj.简要的 搭配：in summary 总的来说 summarise (summarize) v. 概括，总结 sum：侧重数字、金额的总和 summary：侧重文字内容摘要总结 15.draft /drɑːft/n. 草稿；草案 v. 起草；草拟 搭配：a draft report 报告草稿；draft a plan 草拟方案 其余重点单词 16.numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/adj. 许多的，大量的 搭配：numerous contributions 无数贡献 17.contribution /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn/n. 贡献 搭配：make contributions to 对…… 做贡献（to 介词，接 doing） 18.formula /ˈfɔːmjələ/n. 公式；方程式 19.courageous /kəˈreɪdʒəs/adj. 勇敢的；有勇气的 20.photoelectric /ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈlektrɪk/adj. 光电的 搭配：photoelectric effect 光电效应 21.circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstɑːns/n.(复数 circumstances) 环境；境况；条件 22.flee /fliː/v.(fled,fled) 逃离；逃避 搭配：flee sp. 逃离某地 23.peculiarity /pɪˌkjuːliˈærəti/n. 怪癖；特点；奇特之处 24.encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/vt. 偶遇；邂逅；遭遇 25.mistaken /mɪˈsteɪkən/adj. 错误的 搭配：be mistaken for 被错认成…… 26.mourn /mɔːn/v. 哀悼；忧伤 搭配：mourn the loss 为逝去而哀悼 27.brilliant /ˈbrɪliənt/adj. 杰出的；才华横溢的；明亮的 重点短语 1.make contributions to 对…… 作出贡献 2.manage to do sth 设法做成某事 3.out of a passion for 出于对…… 的热爱 4.earn a doctorate 获得博士学位 5.come to power （政党、人）上台；掌权 6.as a consequence 因此，结果 7.take up a position as 担任…… 职位 8.full‑time 全职的 / 地 part‑time 兼职的 / 地 9.be mistaken for 被误认为…… 10.pass away 去世（委婉） 11.hundreds of thousands of 成千上万 重点句型 & 语法 1. 独立主格结构 He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well‑known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc². 他对世界做出无数贡献，其中最广为人知的是广义相对论和公式 E=mc²。 the most well‑known being：独立主格。逻辑主语 the most well‑known 和主句主语不一致，用名词 / 代词 + doing，作伴随补充。 2.非限制性定语从句 Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. who 引导非限制性定语从句，逗号隔开，指代人，不能用 that。 3.限制性定语从句 one of the smartest men who ever lived 有史以来最聪慧的人之一 先行词 men，who 在从句作主语。 4. 分词作状语、分词作后置定语 做状语：While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study… While working there = While he was working there 时间状语从句的省略：从句主语与主句主语一致，从句含有 be 动词，可以省略主语 + be，保留 doing/done。 作后置定语：…a courageous and kind figure loved by many people. loved 过去分词作后置定语，表被动，相当于 who was loved by many people. 5. It was reported that… 据报道……（it 形式主语） It was reported that Einstein had passed away… 据报道，爱因斯坦已经与世长辞。 it 是形式主语，真正主语是 that 引导主语从句。 同类句型：It is said/believed/ thought that… 6. 分词完成式 having done 做时间状语 Having spent time in Europe, he finally took up a position… 在欧洲待过一段时间之后，他最终任职于…… 注意： 逻辑主语必须和主句主语保持一致 having spent 的逻辑主语就是句子主语 he，是“他”在欧洲待过。 时间先后：having done 表示动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 7. 名词性从句：It is an honour that… / It was reported that… it 作形式主语，避免头重脚轻。 8. out of + 名词 出于……（表原因） out of a strong passion for knowledge 出于对知识强烈的热爱 out of curiosity 出于好奇；out of fear 出于恐惧 The Man Who Changed Our Understanding of the Universe 课文自测 Paragraph 1 Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men 1.______ ever lived. He made numerous 2. (contribute) to the world, the most well‑known 3. (be) the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc². Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure 4.______(love) by many people. Paragraph 2 This gentle genius 1. (bear) in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed 2. to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite 3. (obtain) exceptional scores in maths and physics. After 4. (study) for another year, he managed 5. (pass) the exam, entering university in 1896 and 6. (graduate) in 1900. Paragraph 3 After two years of looking for work 1.______ a teacher, Einstein took a job 2.______ a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While 3. (work) there, out of a strong passion 4. knowledge, he continued to study, 5.(earn) a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, 6. was later recorded as a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinary physics papers. Following this, he 7. (gradual) became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. After four years, he was able 8. (quit) his job at the patent office and enter research full‑time at a university. In 1922, he 9. (award) the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his 10. (explain) of the photoelectric effect. Paragraph 4 Circumstances changed in 1933, 1.______ Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, 2.______ was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a 3. (consequent), he had to flee Germany. 4. (spend) time in Europe, he finally took up a position 5.______ a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. Following that, he continued 6. (make) great 7. (achieve) in physics and mathematics. Paragraph 5 To the public, he was seen as a slightly odd‑looking but kind and funny man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, 1.______ sometimes stood on end as though he 2. (just receive) an electric shock. Although he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends’ birthdays. But despite his 3. (peculiar), he 4. (love) by his friends and neighbours. There is even a story about how he helped a little girl 5. knocked on his door and asked for help 6.______ her homework. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street 7.______ would stop him and ask him to help explain things. After many such occasions, he finally started saying, “Pardon me! Sorry! Always I 8._____(mistake) for Professor Einstein!” 拓展训练 一、首字母填空 1. Einstein made numerous c________ to modern physics. 2. D________ getting high marks in maths, he failed his first university entrance exam. 3. He had a strong p________ for theoretical physics in his youth. 4. He was a________ the Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. 5. As a c________ of the war, he was forced to leave his motherland. 6. He took up a p________ as a researcher at Princeton Institute. 7. Having spent years doing research, he achieved great a________ in science. 8. Weather p________, we will carry out our physics experiment tomorrow. 9. People on the street often m________ him for another famous professor. 二、阅读理解 Nikola Tesla, a pioneering inventor and electrical engineer, remains one of the most under‑recognized geniuses in scientific history. Unlike many of his contemporary scientists who pursued commercial profits, Tesla dedicated his lifetime research to benefiting public welfare rather than accumulating personal wealth. Born in 1856 in Croatia, Tesla displayed extraordinary intellectual capacity at an early age. He was capable of conducting complex mathematical calculations mentally without relying on written formulas, a rare gift that astonished his professors. After completing university education, he immigrated to the United States and cooperated with Edison, yet their conflicting academic beliefs soon led to separation. Throughout his career, Tesla accomplished numerous groundbreaking achievements. He pioneered alternating current (AC) technology, which revolutionized the global transmission of electric power. This breakthrough fundamentally transformed industry and ordinary people’s daily life, laying the framework for modern electrical systems. Nevertheless, due to his impractical financial planning and relentless pursuit of pure scientific research, he rarely obtained substantial economic returns from his world‑changing inventions. In his later years, Tesla lived a solitary and simple life. Despite facing continuous financial hardships and public misunderstanding, he never abandoned his scientific exploration. He firmly believed that technological progress should serve humanity universally instead of becoming a tool for individual profit. Although he passed away in poverty, his profound contributions have stood the test of time and continue to fuel the development of modern physics and engineering. 1. What distinguished Tesla from other scientists of his time? A. His ability to earn huge profits from inventions. B. His focus on public benefit rather than personal gain. C. His close cooperation with Edison throughout his life. D. His rich experience in financial management. 2. Which of the following is true about Tesla’s early life? A. He relied on written formulas to solve math problems. B. His talent impressed his teachers greatly. C. He received poor education in university. D. He moved to America immediately after birth. 3. Why did Tesla fail to gain much wealth from his inventions? A. His inventions were not practical enough. B. He lacked reasonable financial arrangements. C. His technology was rejected by the public. D. He devoted little time to scientific research. 4. The underlined word “fuel” in the last paragraph means ______. A. promote B. replace C. follow D. limit 5. What can we infer about Tesla from the passage? A. He achieved both fame and fortune in his lifetime. B. He gave up research due to poverty and misunderstanding. C. His spiritual value is far beyond material gains. D. His inventions were completely recognized in his era. 三、完形填空 Katherine Johnson was a brilliant mathematician whose work laid vital foundations for space‑flight programs in America. Growing up in a time of strict racial separation, she 1. countless barriers both as a woman and an African‑American. Back then, higher education for black children was 2. in her hometown. Eager for knowledge, young Katherine had to travel to another state to continue her schooling. She showed extraordinary 3. for mathematics at an early age. Numbers seemed to come 4. to her, and she skipped several grades. At 18, she 5. college with outstanding academic performance. For years, Katherine took on ordinary jobs to support her family. It was not until her thirties that she seized a precious 6. to work for NASA. At that time, female mathematicians were assigned to separate offices and their opinions were often 7. . Few male colleagues believed a woman could handle complex space‑related calculations. Against all doubts, Katherine devoted herself to her work. She checked figures repeatedly and refused to 8. accuracy for speed. When the first human‑orbital flight was scheduled, her manual calculations 9. the results from new electronic computers. Leaders turned to her, 10. whether the machine‑generated data could be trusted. Katherine’s final calculations proved correct and 11. the success of the historic mission. Katherine never 12. the unfair treatment she had suffered. Instead, she focused on what she could 13. . “I am not going to 14. on the doors that are closed,” she once said. “I’m going to walk through the ones that are open.” Her story 15. generations of young people: talent and perseverance can break down even the firmest barriers. 1. A. broke through B. looked into C. got over D. gave up 2. A. accessible B. limited C. adequate D. popular 3. A. preference B. motivation C. talent D. ambition 4. A. safely B. naturally C. blindly D. casually 5. A. entered B. quitted C. founded D. missed 6. A. task B. chance C. choice D. reward 7. A. adopted B. explored C. ignored D. evaluated 8. A. replace B. exchange C. charge D. sacrifice 9. A. matched B. predicted C. produced D. influenced 10. A. wondering B. admitting C. realizing D. assuming 11. A. witnessed B. guaranteed C. challenged D. delayed 12. A. lived through B. counted on C. dwelt on D. went through 13. A. control B. expect C. imagine D. promise 14. A. knock B. lean C. feed D. call 15. A. reminds B. comforts C. honors D. inspires 四、写作 假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Peter正在准备“世界励志人物”主题演讲，来信请你推荐一位值得世界了解的中国杰出人物。请你给他回信，内容包括： 1. 推荐人物 2. 人物事迹与精神品质 3. 你的深刻感悟 不少于80词，语意连贯。 $ 课文自测参考答案 Paragraph 1 1. who（定语从句） 2. contributions（名词复数，make contributions to 对……做贡献） 3. being（独立主格） 4. loved（过去分词作后置定语） Paragraph 2 1. was born（固定短语 be born in 出生于） 2. due（固定短语 due to 由于） 3. obtaining（despite介词后接doing） 4. studying（after介词后接doing） 5. to pass（固定搭配 manage to do 设法做成） 6. graduating（并列非谓语） Paragraph 3 1. as（固定搭配 look for work as 谋求……岗位） 2. as（take a job as 担任……工作） 3. working（状语从句省略） 4. for（固定短语 passion for 对……的热爱） 5. earning（现在分词作结果状语） 6. which（非限制性定语从句） 7. gradually（副词修饰动词） 8. to quit（be able to do 能够做） 9. was awarded（被动语态 be awarded 被授予） 10. explanation（名词，his后接名词） Paragraph 4 1. when（非限制性定语从句，先行词表时间） 2. who（非限制性定语从句修饰人） 3. consequence（固定短语 as a consequence 因此） 4. Having spent（having done非谓语，动作先于主句） 5. as（take up a position as 担任……职位） 6. to make（continue to do 继续做） 7. achievements（名词复数 make achievements 取得成就） Paragraph 5 1. which（非限制性定语从句修饰物） 2. had just received（as though虚拟语气） 3. peculiarities（名词复数，his后接名词） 4. was loved（一般过去时被动） 5. who/that（限制性定语从句） 6. with（固定搭配 help sb with sth 在某方面帮助某人） 7. who（限制性定语从句） 8. am mistaken（固定短语 be mistaken for 被误认为） 拓展训练答案 一、首字母填空 1. contributions 2. Despite 3. passion 4. awarded 5. consequence 6. position 7. achievements 8. permitting 9. mistook 二、阅读 1.B 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.C 1.B 细节改写难题（第一段核心对比） 2.B 细节判断（同义替换：astonished=impressed） 3.B 细节改写（impractical financial planning=lacked reasonable arrangements） 4.A 熟词生义 fuel v.推动、促进 5.C 主旨推理（一生清贫但价值永存） 三、完型填空 参考答案：1‑5：ABCBA 6‑10：BCDAA 11‑15：BCAAD 1. A. broke through 短语辨析：break through barriers 冲破障碍；look into 调查；get over 克服（困难病痛）；give up 放弃。 句意：作为女性与非裔美国人，她冲破无数阻碍。 考点：动词+名词固定搭配 break through barriers 高考高频。 2. B. limited 形容词词义：limited 受限制的；accessible 可获得的；adequate 充足的；popular 流行的。 句意：在她家乡，黑人孩子的高等教育是受限制的。对应后文她要去别的州求学。 3. C. talent 名词辨析：talent 天赋；preference 偏爱；motivation 动力；ambition 抱负。 固定搭配：show talent for… 展现……方面天赋。 句意：年纪很小，她就展现出惊人数学天赋。 4. B. naturally 副词辨析：naturally 天生地，自然而然地；safely 安全地；blindly 盲目地；casually 随意地。 固定短语：sth come naturally to sb 某事对某人来说轻而易举、与生俱来。 句意：数字对她而言仿佛与生俱来。 5. A. entered 动词辨析：enter college 进入大学；quit 放弃；found 建立；miss 错过。 句意：18岁，她以优异成绩考入大学。 6. B. chance 名词辨析：chance 机会；task 任务；choice 选择；reward 报酬。 固定搭配：seize a chance 抓住机遇。 句意：直到三十多岁，她才抓住宝贵机会进入NASA工作。 7. C. ignored 动词辨析：ignore 忽视；adopt 采纳；explore 探索；evaluate 评估。 句意：那时候女性数学家被分到独立办公室，她们的想法常常被忽视。对应下文男同事不信任女性。 8. D. sacrifice 动词辨析：sacrifice 牺牲；replace 取代；exchange 交换；charge 收费；指控。 固定搭配：sacrifice A for B 为B牺牲A。 refuse to sacrifice accuracy for speed拒绝为追求速度而牺牲精确度。高考高频动词。 9. A. matched 动词辨析：match 与……相匹配、吻合；predict 预测；produce 产出；influence 影响。 句意：她手工计算出来的数据和新式电子计算机输出结果相吻合。 10. A. wondering 动词辨析：wonder 疑惑，想知道；admit 承认；realize 意识到；assume 假定。 现在分词作伴随状语：领导们来找她，想知道机器给出的数据是否可靠。 11. B. guaranteed 动词辨析：guarantee 保障，确保；witness 见证；challenge 挑战；delay 推迟。 句意：凯瑟琳最终的计算准确无误，保障了这一历史性任务取得成功。 12. C. dwelt on 熟词生义（高考难点）：dwell‑dwelt‑dwelt；dwell on 老是纠结于，反复想着； live through 经历过；count on 依靠；go through 经历。 句意：凯瑟琳从不纠结自己遭受过的不公待遇。 13. A. control 动词辨析：control 掌控；expect 期待；imagine 想象；promise 承诺。 句意：相反，她专注于自己能够掌控的事情。 14. A. knock 固定搭配：knock on the door 敲门。 “我不会去敲打那些紧闭的大门，我会走向敞开的那扇门。” 15. D. inspires 动词辨析：inspire 激励；remind 提醒；comfort 安慰；honor 给予荣誉。 句意：她的故事激励一代又一代年轻人：天赋和毅力可以冲破最坚固的壁垒。 四、范文写作 Dear Peter, Delighted to hear that you are preparing for a speech about inspiring figures, I strongly recommend Fan Jinshi, a respectable guardian of Chinese Dunhuang culture. Despite growing up and receiving education in prosperous cities, she voluntarily devoted her whole life to the remote and harsh desert. For over sixty years, she has endured loneliness and severe living conditions, committing herself to protecting and researching ancient Dunhuang art. It is her perseverance, sense of responsibility and dedication to cultural heritage that has preserved countless precious relics from fading away. From her, I truly understand that true greatness lies not in fame or wealth, but in lifelong devotion to one’s duty and homeland. Her spirit is definitely worth learning and spreading. Yours, Li Hua — 1 — 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $