内容正文:
高中英语核心语法精讲:定语从句完全攻略
定语从句是高中英语语法中的“三座大山”之一(另两座是非谓语动词和名词性从句),在高考语法填空、短文改错、完形填空和阅读理解中都扮演着举足轻重的角色。它之所以难,不在于概念本身,而在于关系词的选择、限制性与非限制性的区别、介词与关系代词的搭配以及各种特殊句式。很多同学觉得“看得懂但一写就错”,根源就在于对定语从句的内在逻辑没有真正打通。
第一章 认识定语从句
1.1 什么是定语从句?
定语从句是在复合句中起定语作用的从句,用于修饰名词或代词。被修饰的词叫先行词,连接从句和先行词的词叫关系词。关系词不仅起连接作用,还在从句中充当句子成分。
例句:The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
先行词:the book;关系词:that;定语从句:that I bought yesterday,修饰 book。
定语从句分为两种:
· 限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定、不可缺少的作用,去掉后句意不完整,主从句之间不用逗号。
· 非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用,去掉后句意依然完整,主从句之间用逗号隔开。关系词一般不用 that,且不能省略。
1.2 关系词的分类
关系词分为:关系代词和关系副词。
关系词
指代对象
在从句中充当的成分
who
人
主语、宾语(口语中可用 whom)
whom
人
宾语
which
物
主语、宾语
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
whose
人或物
定语(相当于 of whom / of which)
as
人或物,或整个主句
主语、宾语、表语
when
时间名词
状语
where
地点名词
状语
why
reason
状语
牢记核心口诀:
“指人用 who/whom,指物用 which,人与物都能用 that;whose 做定语,何时何地 why 是状语。”
第二章 关系代词—— 选择的关键
2.1 who与whom的用法。
· who 在从句中作主语或宾语(口语中可代替 whom);
· whom 只作宾语,且在介词后必须用 whom。
· The girl who is singing is my sister. (作主语)
· The man (who/whom) you met is my uncle. (作宾语,可省略)
· The person to whom you spoke is the manager. (介词后不可用 who)
考点:介词后只能用 whom,不能用 who,这是短文改错的高频点。
误:The man to who I talked...
正:The man to whom I talked...
2.2 which 的用法。
which 指物,可作主语或宾语。
· The house which stands on the hill is very old. (作主语)
· The movie (which) we saw last night was boring. (作宾语,可省略)
注意:which 还可以指代整个主句的内容,用于非限制性定语从句,此时只能放主句之后。
· He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
2.3 that 的万能属性与限制。
that 可指人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,口语中作宾语时常可省略。然而,在很多情况下 that 不能与其他关系词随意互换。
必须用 that 的情况(口诀:两代限形最高序,还有人和疑问词):
1. 先行词是不定代词 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none 等时。
All that can be done has been done.
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被 the very, the only, the same, the last, the next 修饰时。
This is the very book that I’m looking for.
4. 先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the people and things that they remembered.
5. 主句是 who 或 which 开头的疑问句时。
Who is the man that is standing there?
不能用 that 的情况:
1. 介词后不能用 that(除非介词放在从句末尾)。
This is the house in which he lived. (不可用 in that)
2. 非限制性定语从句中不用 that。
3. 先行词是 those, he, anyone 等指人的代词时,习惯用 who。
Those who want to go must sign up.
2.4 whose 的用法。
whose 表示“……的”,既可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语,后接名词。指物时相当于 of which,指人时相当于 of whom。
· The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
· I like the house whose windows face south. (= the windows of which)
考点:很多同学看到物就本能地想用 which,但作定语时只能用 whose。改错中常在此处设陷阱。
2.5 as 引导的定语从句
as 作为关系代词,主要用于两种结构:
(1) the same...as 与 such...as
as 在从句中作主语、宾语等,与 the same / such 搭配。
· I have the same book as you have. (同类事物)
· He is not such a fool as he looks.
辨析:the same...as(同类) vs. the same...that(同一物)
· This is the same pen as I lost. (和我丢的那支一样,并非同一支)
· This is the same pen that I lost. (正是我丢的那支)
(2) as 指代整个主句
as 可指代整个句子内容,位置灵活,可放句首、句中、句尾。常见的如 as is known, as we all know, as is reported, as often happens 等。
· As is known to all, China is a developing country.
· He was late again, as is often the case.
which 与 as 指代整个主句的区别:
· as 有“正如”之意,表达的观点常是已知的,位置灵活;
· which 意为“这/那”,表示主句造成的结果或事实,只能放在主句后,不能放句首。
· He won the first prize, which made his parents proud. (只能用 which,不可放句首)
第三章 关系副词——从“时间地点原因”出发
3.1 when 的用法。
when 在从句中作时间状语,先行词为时间名词。
· I’ll never forget the day when I first came here.
关系副词 when = on which / in which 等,取决于介词搭配。
如:the day when = the day on which。
注意:并非所有时间名词后都用 when。如果从句缺少的是主语或宾语,要用关系代词 that / which。
· The day that/which we spent together was unforgettable. (spend 是及物动词,缺少宾语,所以用 which/that 而非 when)
3.2 where 的用法。
where 作地点状语,先行词为地点名词。
· This is the school where I studied three years ago.
where = in which / at which 等。
同样,若从句缺少主语或宾语,需用 which/that。
· The school which we visited is very famous. (visit 缺宾语,不用 where)
where 的抽象用法:当先行词是 case, situation, point, stage, condition, scene 等表示“情况、地步、阶段”的名词时,常用 where 引导定语从句。
· We have reached a point where a change is needed.
· He’s in a situation where he has to decide quickly.
这种用法高考极其热衷,是拉开分差的关键知识点。
3.3 why 的用法。
why 作原因状语,先行词只能是 reason。why = for which。
· The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.
· I don’t know the reason why she cried.
reason 后的定语从句关系词选择:
· 缺状语用 why / for which;
· 缺主语或宾语用 that / which。
· The reason that/which he gave was unbelievable. (gave 缺宾语)
另外,reason 作主语表语从句时常用 that 引导,注意不要和定语从句混淆:
· The reason is that he was ill. (表语从句用 that,不能用 because)
第四章 限制性与非限制性定语从句——断与不断的艺术
4.1 形式与意义的区别。
类型
逗号
作用
关系词省略
that用法
限制性定语从句
无逗号
限定修饰,不可缺
作宾语时可省
可用
非限制性定语从句
有逗号
补充说明,可去掉
不可省略
不可用
· My brother who works in Beijing is a doctor. (我有多个兄弟,限制性,说明在北京工作的那个是医生)
· My brother, who works in Beijing, is a doctor. (我只有一个兄弟,非限制性,补充他在北京工作)
4.2 非限制性定语从句的引导词
只能用 who, whom, which, whose, as, when, where 等,不能用 that。
· Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city.
· She gave me a gift, which made me very happy.
as 与 which 在非限制性定语从句中的区别前文已述,这是常考难点。 遇到“_____ is known to all” 类型的题目,句首只能用 As,不能用 Which。
第五章 介词+关系代词——定语从句的高级形式
5.1 基本结构。
介词 + which(物)/ whom(人)可代替关系副词 when, where, why,使表达更正式。
· The day on which I met him = The day when I met him
· The room in which we live = The room where we live
· The reason for which he refused = The reason why he refused
5.2 介词如何选择?
“介词+关系代词”中的介词根据以下原则确定:
1. 与先行词搭配:
the speed at which (at a speed)
the way in which (in the way)
2. 与从句中的动词、形容词搭配:
The man on whom you can depend (depend on)
The subject in which I am interested (be interested in)
3. 根据句意所需:
The ladder on which I was standing (站在上面)
注意:含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开,如 look after, take care of, look forward to 等,介词通常不提到关系代词前。
· 正:The baby who she is looking after is her nephew.
· 误:The baby after whom she is looking is... (一般不这样用)
5.3 特殊结构:名词/代词+介词+关系代词。
此为较高级表达,常用于非限制性定语从句。
· He has three daughters, two of whom are doctors.
· The factory produces half a million shoes a year, 80% of which are sold abroad.
这种“部分与整体”的结构在语法填空和写作中都是亮点。
第六章 定语从句与其他从句的辨析
6.1 定语从句与同位语从句。
这是高考改错和语法填空的“掉坑大王”。
从句类型
引导词
作用
先行词特征
定语从句
that / which 等在从句中充当成分
修饰限制
各种名词
同位语从句
that 在从句中不充当成分,只起连接作用
解释名词的具体内容
抽象名词:news, fact, idea, promise, suggestion, doubt 等
· The news that he told me is true. (定语从句,that 作 told 宾语)
· The news that he has won the game is true. (同位语从句,that 不充当成分)
判断方法:看从句是否完整。若从句不缺主、宾、表等成分,通常是同位语从句;若从句缺少成分,则是定语从句。另外,同位语从句的引导词除 that 外还有 whether, how, when 等,而定语从句不能用 whether。
6.2 定语从句与强调句
强调句型:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分。去掉 It is/was...that 后,句子结构依然完整。
· It was in the park that we met. (强调句)
· It was the park where we met. (定语从句,where 作地点状语)
区别:去掉 It was...that 后,强调句可还原成 We met in the park.,而定语从句则不能还原成完整句子(少了关系词代表的成分)。
第七章 高考真题精析
1. (2025·全国甲卷) The ancient town, ________ we visited last summer, has a history of over 800 years.
答案:which
解析: 非限制性定语从句,先行词 the ancient town 指物,从句中 visited 缺宾语,用 which。不可用 that。
2. (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) He is the only student in our class ________ has won the national prize.
答案:that
解析: 先行词 student 被 the only 修饰,关系词用 that 不用 who。
3. (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) We are living in an age ________ information is accessible to everyone.
答案:when
解析: 先行词 an age 是时间名词,从句不缺主宾,缺状语,用 when。
4. (2025·北京卷) The writer, many of ________ works focus on rural life, won a literature award.
答案:whose
解析: 先行词 writer,从句中 works 前缺定语,指“他的作品”,用 whose 引导非限制性定语从句。
5. (2025·天津卷) Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience for growth.
答案:where
解析: 先行词 activities,从句完整,表示在这些活动中获得经验,用 where (= in which)。
6. (2025·浙江卷) The reason ________ he explained for his absence was not accepted.
答案:that/which
解析: 从句中 explained 缺宾语,所以用 that/which,不用 why。reason 后定语从句关系词选择是经典考点。
7. (2025·全国甲卷改错) This is the museum which I told you about it last time.
答案:去掉 it
解析: which 已在从句中充当 about 的宾语,it 多余,定语从句中关系词和代词不能重复。
8. (2025·江苏卷) I will never forget the days ________ we spent together in the countryside.
答案:that/which
解析: spend 是及物动词,缺宾语,用关系代词 that/which,不能用 when。
9. (2025·全国乙卷语法填空) ________ is often the case, he arrived late again.
答案:As
解析: as 指代整个主句,意为“正如”,放句首。不能用 Which。
10. (2025·上海卷) The way ________ he solved the problem was quite effective.
答案:that / in which / 不填
解析: 当先行词是 the way 时,定语从句可用 that, in which 或省略关系词。不能用 how。
第八章 实战练习(共20题)
用适当的关系词填空(可能不止一个答案,写出最正式用法)。
1. The girl ______ is playing the piano is my cousin.
2. This is the factory ______ my father used to work.
3. I still remember the night ______ we first met.
4. The book ______ cover is red belongs to Tom.
5. All ______ we need is enough time.
6. The house in ______ he lived has been pulled down.
7. He has two sons, both of ______ are engineers.
8. It is the only method ______ can solve the problem.
9. We are facing a situation ______ we must take action immediately.
10. The reason ______ she gave for quitting was unclear.
11. China is not the country ______ it used to be.
12. They talked about the people and things ______ they saw in Africa.
13. She is such a kind girl ______ everyone likes.
14. He wrote an article ______ explained the phenomenon.
15. Do you know the man to ______ our teacher is talking?
16. This is the first place ______ I visited in Beijing.
17. Can you tell me the way ______ you learn English?
18. I don’t like the way ______ he treats his parents.
19. He passed the exam, ______ made his parents very happy.
20. ______ is known to us all, the earth goes around the sun.
参考答案与简析:
1. who/that(指人,主语)
2. where(work 不及物,缺状语)
3. when(缺状语)
4. whose(定语)
5. that(不定代词 all)
6. which(介词 in 后)
7. whom(指人,介词后)
8. that(only 修饰)
9. where(抽象地点)
10. that/which(gave 缺宾语)
11. that(关系代词作表语,也可省略)
12. that(既有人又有物)
13. as(such...as)
14. which/that(指物,非限制性也可 which)
15. whom(to 介词后)
16. that(序数词 first)
17. that / in which / 不填(way 定语从句)
18. that / in which / 不填(同上)
19. which(指代主句,放句尾)
20. As(句首指主句,只能用 As)
第九章 结语
定语从句看似繁杂,实则有一条清晰的主线:先判断从句缺什么成分,再依据先行词和特殊规则选定关系词。只要你能熟练区分“缺状语用关系副词,缺主语宾语表语用关系代词”,并掌握 that 的特殊规则、介词+关系代词、as 与 which 的区别、抽象地点 where 等高频考点,高考定语从句的题目就能十拿九稳。
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