内容正文:
2027高三英语一轮复习语法核心讲义
谓语动词VS非谓语动词
一、非谓语做题规则
黄金规则:
一个简单句,有且只能有一套谓语。无连词、无从句引导词,第二个动词必须变非谓语。
四步做题流程
1. 找主句主语
2. 检查本句是否已有谓语(时态/被动/情态/完成)
3. 检查两动词之间有无合法连接(and/but/or/when/that/which等)
4. 有连词=可加谓语;无连词=禁止谓语,必用非谓语
做题口诀
有谓无连用非谓,主动进行doing追;
被动完成done配对,目的将来to do随;
整句无谓时态堆,连词成对谓语归。
二、基础定义:谓语 VS 非谓语
(一)谓语动词:句子主干
核心特征:体现时态、语态、三单、情态,能独立作句子谓语,在“讲述一件发生在某时间的事”。
谓语形态(出现任意一个=谓语)
· 一般时态:do / does / did
被动时态:am/is/are/was/were + done
· 完成时态:have / has / had done
被动时态:have/has/had been + done
· 情态谓语:can/should/must/will + 动词原形
被动时态:can/should/must/will be + done
(二)非谓语动词:修饰成分
核心特征:无语法时态(无时态变形)、无三单变化、不能单独作谓语;仅存在逻辑时间关系,时间逻辑依附主句谓语,只负责修饰名词、句子或充当名词性成分。
非谓语基本形态:
to do:表目的、将来、意外结果
doing:主动、进行、伴随、自然结果
done:被动、完成、状态
例句
(1)He came here to learn English.(to do 目的)
(2)Reading books is helpful.(doing 主语)
(3)Seen from the hill, the park is beautiful.(done 被动状语)
三、高考难点:谓语被动 VS 非谓语done
误区:看到被动含义就填 was/were done,造成双谓语病句。
1. 区分公式
谓语被动 = be + done(有be、有时态、做主干)
非谓语被动 = 单独done(无be、无时态、只修饰)
2. 例句
① The book was written by Lu Xun.(谓语被动)
解析:整句无其他动词,was为be动词,承担时态,是句子主干。
② The book written by Lu Xun is popular.(非谓语done)
解析:主句已有真正谓语is,无连词,不能再加谓语;written仅作后置定语。
3. 考试陷阱
❌ 错误:The bridge was built last year looks great.(双谓语)
✅ 正确:The bridge built last year looks great.(built非谓语修饰主语)
定律:句子已有谓语,被动绝对不能用be done,只能用done。
四、难点:现在分词doing VS 过去分词done
1. 判定口诀
doing = 主句主语主动、正在、同步
done = 主句主语被动、已经完成、状态
2. 三非谓语三大成分精准剖析(定语/状语/伴随)
一、 状语区分(Adverbial)
状语修饰整个句子或谓语动词,表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果等。核心考点:逻辑主语必须是句子的主语!
1. 主动 vs 被动
Doing:逻辑主语是动作的发出者。
Walking in the park, he met an old friend.(他主动走)
Done:逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(小镇被看)
2. ⚠️ 知识拓展:时间先后关系(Doing vs Having done)
考试难点:当非谓语动作明显发生在谓语动词之前时,必须用完成式:
Doing:与谓语同时发生或一般性动作。
Hearing the news, she cried.(听到消息和哭几乎同时)
Having done:在谓语动作之前已经完成。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.(先写完作业,后出去玩。不能用 Finishing)
Having been done:被动 + 在谓语之前完成。
Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake.(已经被告诉过多次了,他还是犯错)
二、 定语区分(Attributive)
定语修饰名词。核心考点:除了主被动,还要看“正在进行”还是“将来/完成”。
1. 前置定语(单个词放在名词前)
Doing:表主动、正在进行或常态。
a sleeping boy(正在睡的男孩)
boiling water(正在沸腾的水)
Done:表被动、已经完成。
a broken cup(被打碎的杯子)
the invited guests(被邀请的客人)
2. ⚠️ 知识拓展:后置定语(短语放在名词后)
当非谓语带有宾语或状语时,必须后置。此时要加入“将来”的概念:
To do:表将来、目的、或“被要求/被安排去做”。
The next train to arrive will be from London.(下一列将要到达的火车。不能用 arriving)
I have a lot of work to do.(我有许多工作要做)
Doing:表主动、正在进行。
The girl standing under the tree is my sister.(正站在树下的女孩)
Done:表被动、已经完成。
The house built last year is very big.(去年建的房子)
3. ⚠️ 易错难点:特定名词的固定搭配
有些抽象名词(如 ability, chance, way, opportunity)后面习惯接 to do:
He has no ability to solve the problem.(不能用 solving)
三、 伴随状语区分(Accompanying Adverbial)
伴随状语其实是状语的一种特殊形式,表示与谓语动词同时发生的次要动作或状态。
1. 核心判断标准
Doing:主语主动发出的伴随动作。
He sat in the chair, reading a newspaper.(坐着,同时主动看报)
Done:主语被动承受的伴随状态。
He sat in the chair, surrounded by fans.(坐着,处于被粉丝包围的状态)
2. ⚠️ 进阶难度:伴随 vs 结果
很多同学分不清“伴随”和“结果”,关键看逻辑关系:
Doing 表伴随:两个动作地位平等,同时进行。
She walked along the street, humming a song.(走路和哼歌同时进行,伴随)
Doing 表结果:后面的动作是前面动作自然而然导致的结果(常带有 so that 的意味)。
The child fell, striking his head against the door.(摔倒了,结果撞到了头。不能用 struck,因为撞头是摔倒的自然结果,且主语是主动撞)
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.(父母双亡,结果留下他成了孤儿)
3. ⚠️ 进阶考点:With 复合结构
当伴随状语带有自己的逻辑主语时,变成 with 结构,这是最高频的考点:
With + 宾语 + doing(主动/进行)
With the boy leading the way, we found the house easily.
With + 宾语 + done(被动/完成)
With the problem solved, we went home happily.
With + 宾语 + to do(将来/未发生)
With so much homework to do, I can't go out to play.(作业还没做,不能出去玩)
3. 逻辑主语匹配原则
非谓语的主语 = 主句主语
______ (see) from the hill, I find the park beautiful.
正确:Seeing(主语是人,主动看)
______ (see) from the hill, the park is beautiful.
正确:Seen(公园被看,被动)
五、拓展难点:三类高阶非谓语(高考拔高必考)
1. having done(主动完成:先做完,再做主句动作)
Having finished his homework, he went out.
解析:前后动作存在严格先后顺序,“完成作业”为先、主动动作,因此必须用 having done,精准体现时间先后,不可用普通 done。
2. being done(正在被…:进行被动非谓语)
The problem being discussed now is important.
解析:now 标明动作正在进行,problem 与 discuss 为被动关系。being done 是唯一能表达“正在被……”的非谓语结构,区别于普通 done(只表完成被动)。
3. 结果类非谓语(高考必考区分)
doing:顺其自然、伴随产生的常规结果(意料之中)
to do(only to do):出乎意料、遗憾、落空的反常结果(意料之外)
He fell off the bike, breaking his leg.(自然结果)
He hurried home, only to find nobody in.(意外落空)
六、高考六大易错陷阱
高频丢分重灾区,全部为高考原题考点。
陷阱1:双谓语必杀错(无连词叠加动词)
❌ He sat there cried.
✅ He sat there, crying.
有谓语sat,无连词,第二个动词必须非谓语。
陷阱2:谓语被动滥用
已有谓语的句子,永远不能填 was/were done。
❌ 错误:The speech was given by the expert impressed me.
(双谓语:was given/impressed,无连词,语法错误)
✅ 正确:The speech given by the expert impressed me.
(impressed是主句谓语,被动修饰用非谓语done)
陷阱3:did(谓语过去式)≠ done(非谓语被动)
did:过去式,纯正谓语,承载句子过去时态,作句子主干
done:过去分词,非谓语,无独立时态,仅表被动/完成状态,只能修饰、不能做主句谓语
谓语用法:He finished the work yesterday.(finished为did型谓语过去式)
非谓语用法:The work finished yesterday is useful.
✅(finished为非谓语done,表被动完成;is为真正主句谓语)
❌ (学生误以为finished是过去式谓语,造成双谓语错误)
陷阱4:介词后只认doing
after / before / by / without / in + doing(绝对不用done/to do)
❌ 错误:Before finish homework, he didn’t go out.
✅ 正确:Before finishing homework, he didn’t go out.
陷阱5:有连词才可双谓语
❌ I opened the door, saw a cat.
✅ I opened the door and saw a cat.(and并列双谓语合法)
陷阱 6:感官动词 see/hear/watch 主被动完整区分
主动语态两种结构
see sb do sth:看见某人完整做完全过程
see sb doing sth:看见某人正在做(片段、进行动作)
✅ We saw him play basketball.(目睹全程)
✅ We saw him playing basketball.(路过撞见正在打球)
被动语态对应规则(高考扣分核心)
原主动为 see sb do → 被动必须还原 to → be seen to do
原主动为 see sb doing → 被动不变,仍用 doing → be seen doing
✅ He was seen to play basketball.(被目睹完整打球过程)
✅ He was seen playing basketball.(被撞见正在打球)
七、高考必考的 3 大盲区
一:独立主格结构(逻辑主语不一致)
考点: 当非谓语动词的逻辑主语 ≠ 主句主语时,必须保留自己的主语,构成“名词/代词 + 非谓语”。
公式: 名词/代词 + doing / done / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phrase
例句:
❌ Permitting, we will go hiking. (错误,weather 和主句主语 we 不一致,缺少独立主语)
✅ Weather permitting, we will go hiking. (独立主格,weather 主动发出 permit)
✅ The task finished, we went home. (独立主格,task 与 finish 被动完成)
✅ He being ill, we had to cancel the meeting. (being 不可省,表原因)
考场绝杀: 看到逗号前后主语不同,且无连词 → 必选独立主格,绝不选普通分词!
二:非谓语“固定搭配”必考
只接 to do:
afford, agree, arrange, attempt, decide, demand, desire, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, want, wish
tend to, be likely to, be supposed to
只接 doing:
admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest
can't help doing, can't stand doing, feel like doing
to do vs doing 意义不同:
remember/forget/regret to do (未做) vs doing (已做)
stop to do (停下来去做) vs stop doing (停止正在做的事)
try to do (努力做) vs try doing (尝试做)
三:特殊句型中的非谓语(高频陷阱)
1.There be 句型:
✅ There is a book lying on the desk. (lying 是定语,is 是谓语)
❌ There is a book lay on the desk. (双谓语错误)
2.It 形式主语/宾语:
✅ It is no use arguing with him. (固定句型,doing)
✅ I find it hard to get along with him. (to do 作真宾语)
3.祈使句 + and/or:
✅ Work hard, and you will succeed. (and 后是谓语)
✅ Work hard, or you will fail. (or 后是谓语)
❌ Work hard, succeeding. (错误,祈使句+逗号+分词,逻辑不通)
例句:
(1)Time ______, we will visit the museum. (permit)
正确: permitting (独立主格,Time ≠ we)
(2)I regret ______ you that your application was rejected. (inform)
正确: to inform (regret to do = 遗憾要去做,未做)
(3)There ______ a lot of noise ______ from the next room. (be, come)
正确:is; coming (There be 句型,coming 作定语)
(4)______ from space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (see)
正确: Seen (逻辑主语 earth,被动)
(5)______ from space, I can see the earth clearly. (see)
正确: Seeing (逻辑主语 I,主动)
八、语法填空满分三步做题流程
括号内动词原形,严格按顺序判断
第一步:判谓语/非谓语
无谓语 → 填谓语(时态+语态+三单)
有谓语、无连词 → 必填非谓语
第二步:非谓语三选一
目的/将来/意外结果 → to do
主句主动、同步进行 → doing
主句被动、完成状态 → done
第三步:被动精准区分
缺主干、需要被动 → be done(谓语)
有主干、需要被动 → done / being done(非谓语)
一轮分层专项练习题(基础+拔高)
一、基础组(夯实判断逻辑)
1. He often ______ (go) to the library to study.
2. ______ (study) hard, you will make progress.
3. The building ______ (build) last year looks new.
4. I decided ______ (change) my bad habits.
5. She sat by the window, ______ (listen) to music.
二、拔高组(易错陷阱专项)
6. ______ (see) from the top, the city is amazing.
7. The teacher came in, ______ (follow) by some students.
8. He is the person ______ (inspire) me to keep moving.
9. ______ (finish) his homework, he went out to play.
10. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting now is important.
九、标准答案+逐题超详精讲
1. goes(谓语)
解析:句子无谓语,often一般现在时,主语he三单,填谓语。
2. Studying(非谓语doing)
解析:后半句有谓语will make,无连词;主语you主动学习,用doing作状语。
3. built(非谓语done)
解析:主句有谓语looks,building与build被动,done作后置定语。
4. to change(非谓语to do)
解析:固定搭配decide to do,不定式作宾语。
5. listening(非谓语doing)
解析:sat为谓语,无连词,主语主动听音乐,doing伴随状语。
6. Seen(非谓语done)
解析:主句主语city被眺望,被动关系,用done。
7. followed(非谓语done)
解析:老师被学生跟随,被动伴随,用done。
8. inspiring(非谓语doing)
解析:先行词 person 与 inspire 为主动关系,doing 作后置定语(等价于定语从句 who inspires me),表“激励人的人”。
9. Having finished(非谓语having done)
解析:主动动作先完成,再发生主句动作,先后顺序用完成式。
10. being discussed(非谓语being done)
解析:now提示正在进行,problem被讨论,进行被动非谓语。
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