动词的时态 讲义 -2026-2027学年英语初高中衔接语法复习专项

动词的时态 【要点读记】 一、时态的分类和构成 一般体 完成体 进行体 完成进行体 现在时 一般现在时 do/ does 现在完成时have/has done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 过去时 一般过去时 did 过去完成时 had done 过去进行时 was/were doing 过去完成进行时 had been doing 将来时 一般将来时 will/ shall do 将来完成时will/shall have done 将来进行时shall/ will be doing 将来完成进行时shall/ will have been doing 过去将来 一般过去将来时 should/ would do 过去将来完成时should/would have done 过去将来进行时should/would be doing 过去将来完成进行时should/would have been doing 二、时态的基本用法 （一）一般体：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时 1. 一般现在时：一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的动作性质或状态的时态。常和表示频率、时间的副词（短语）always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等连用。 （1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作。 She walks to school every morning with her friend. （2）表示客观事实、真理和自然现象。 The sun rises in the east every single day. （3）表示现在的情况或状态。 My uncle works in a big downtown hospital. （4）表示已经“列入日程”的将来的事件，尤其指计划中的和安排好的将来的动作，这些动词往往表示“出发，到达”等含义的词，如arrive, begin, go, leave, start, stay等。 The train leaves the station at eight tonight on the timetable. 2. 一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作、存在的状态，或过去反复发生的动作，句中一般都有表示过去具体时间的时间状语，如yesterday, the day before yesterday，last‑系列，‑ago系列，just now，the other day，in+过去年份，once upon a time等。 （1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或状态。 What did you buy in the supermarket last Sunday? （2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 He usually rode his bike to school three years ago. （3）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。 If I had more free time, I would join the English club. 3. 一般将来时：一般将来时用来表示将要发生的事，常用的时间状语有tomorrow, next..., soon, in the future, in+一段时间，before long, if/as soon as等主将从现。 （1）shall用于第一人称，常被will代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 will (shall) + 动词原形 We will(shall) go through these grammar exercises together in our next lesson. （2）be going to + 动词原形，表示将来。 ①主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。 What are you going to review for your monthly test this weekend? ②计划、安排要发生的事。 I’m going to the railway station to welcome my elder sister this afternoon. ③有迹象要发生的事。 Look at the bright lightning; there is going to be a heavy rain soon. （3）“be + 不定式”表将来，表示按计划安排的事或按职责、义务或要求必须去做的事等。We are to hand in our homework this Friday. （4）“be about to do”意为“马上做某事”，表示即将发生某事，该事将发生在很近的将来，不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来的时间状语连用。 The class is about to start, so please take your seats quickly. 注意： 1.be going to与will的区别 ①be going to既可指主观打算做某事，也可指客观迹象表明将要发生某事。 I'm going to adjust my daily study plan.（提前想好的长期打算） ②will往往指没有经过计划而临时出现的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意识。 I'll open the window right now.（当场临时做出的决定） 2. be to 和be going to的区别 ①be to（客观安排、官方规定） She is to give a speech in front of the whole grade. ②be going to（个人主观打算） She is going to prepare a speech for the class meeting. 3.在时间、条件状语从句中使用主将从现原则，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。 We will start our discussion when our monitor arrives. 4.一些非延续性表示位移的动词如come, go, leave,arrive等通常会用现在进行时表示将来。 My parents are flying to Shanghai the day after tomorrow. 5.祈使句 + and/or +一般将来时 Keep practicing every day and you will make great progress. 4. 过去将来时：过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 注意：这种时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中，表示从句的动作发生在主句之后。过去将来时同一般将来时类似，表达形式有： （1）would (should) +动词原形 She said she would visit her grandma during the holiday. （2）was/were going to +动词原形 They were going to take a trip, but the bad weather stopped them. （3）be to do +动词原形 He told us that we were to hand in our reports before Friday. （4）was/were about to +动词原形 I was about to close my notebook when my classmate asked me for help. （二）完成体：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时 1. 现在完成时：常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, before, ever, by now, in the last/ past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since, for+ 一段时间等。 （1）表示说话之前已经完成的动作，但这一动作对现在造成了影响或结果。 Have you handed in your exercise book yet? She has left her key at home and can’t enter the room. （2）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 We have kept in touch since we graduated from junior high school. 注意： 1.have gone to与have been to的区别 ①have gone to 表示“到某地去了”，人还没回来 He has gone to Guangzhou on business. ②have been to 表示“去过某地”，曾经去过现在已经回来了 I have been to the seaside city twice. 2.常用现在完成时的句型有： ①It is/has been +一段时间 + since 从句。 It has been two years since we joined the English club. ②This/ That/ It is the first/ second... Time + that从句（从句用现在完成时）。 This is the first time that I have visited this museum. ③It/ This is the best/ worst/ most interesting +名词+ that从句（从句用现在完成时） This is the most moving movie that I have ever watched. 3.关于现在完成时的时间状语问题 ①现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，一般过去时的句子里可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语。 We have bought a new watch. We bought a new watch last month. ②在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子，但是可以用before来表示"以前"的意义。 When did you finish your homework? I have visited this place before. ③非延续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候，通常不与表示时间段的时间状语连用,在这种情况下，应该用"It has been … since…"的句式来表达。 如：= It's two years since he graduated from school. √ He has graduated from school for two years. × ④非延续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，表示这种动作的否定状态的延续。 例：She hasn’t received his letter for nearly a year. 2. 过去完成时：由“had + 过去分词”构成，表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。在使用过去完成时时，一定要有过去的时间或动作作为参照。 常用的时间状语有：by +过去时间；by the end of+过去时间；by the time+did从句；before+过去时间；since+过去时间；hardly…when…；no sooner…than…；already, never, before。 (1)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 He had learned basic grammar before he entered senior high school. (2) 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作。 We had lived in this town before we moved to the city centre. (3)在宾语从句中，当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。常在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 When he told me the news, we had already known the truth. 注意： ①intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, wish 等动词可以用过去完成时表示过去未能实现的计划、设想、意图或希望等。 They had planned to go camping, but the rain stopped them. ② No sooner…than… 倒装结构。当No sooner位于句首时，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去式，且需要部分倒装，译为：一......就......。 No sooner had she finished her homework than she went out to play. ③ It was + 序数词/最高级 + that…句型中从句通常使用过去完成时。 It was the second time that I had visited this old library. 3.将来完成时：主要用于表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作，并对将来某一时间产生影响。使用将来完成时，必须有一个明确的将来时间作为参照。常与将来时间状语连用，一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 (1) 表示在将来某个时间点之前，已经做完的动作。 We will have finished all grammar review by the end of this summer vacation. (2) 表示从现在开始，持续到将来某一时间的动作。 I will have kept this English notebook for three years by next term. (3) 在时间、条件状语从句中，主句使用将来完成时，从句用一般现在时替代将来完成时。 By the time you arrive at my home, I will have prepared all the test papers. 注意： 将来完成时可用来对已经发生的事情做出肯定推测，译为“想必已经、一定已经”。 The students will have known the result of the final exam now. （三）进行体：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时 1. 现在进行时 表示现阶段或此时此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，也可描述即将发生的计划、带有感情色彩的反复行为。常与now, right now, at this moment, at present，in this month，these days，Look! Listen! 等时间状语连用。 (1)表示说话时正在进行的动作或状态。 What are they discussing over there? (2)表示现阶段正在进行，此刻不一定在做。 She is working as a part-time tutor in our community. (3)部分非延续性位移动词用于进行时态，往往表示“马上就，即将”，这类动词主要有come, go, leave, start, begin, stop, arrive, return等。 Is your cousin coming to visit us this weekend? (4)与 always / usually/constantly等频度副词连用，表示某一种感情色彩（生气、赞美等）。 He is always interrupting others when they speak. 注意：下列动词一般不能用于进行时态。 1）表示心理活动的动词一般不用于进行时态( love, believe, want, hope等)。 She knows the answer to this question. 2）表示属性或拥有的动词不能用于进行时态(have, own, belong to等)。 This big house belongs to my uncle. 3）表示感官的系动词不能用于进行时态 (smell, look, sound, taste等)。 The flower smells very sweet. 4）表示行为结果的动词一般不用于进行时态(accept, agree, decide, promise等)。 He agrees with our final plan. 2.过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或者某段时期正在发生、持续进行的动作；也可用来表达过去既定的计划安排、带有情绪色彩的反复行为。此时句中往往有表示过去的时间状语then, at that moment, at that time, at the time, this time yesterday, this morning , the whole morning, all day yesterday, this time last night, from 2 to 4 yesterday, when, while（前面句子有过去时的动词）等。没有时间状语时，需要根据上下文的语境体会。 1）表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。 He was reading English when his father came back. 2）部分非延续性位移动词用于进行时态，往往表示“马上就，即将”，表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，这类动词主要有come, go, leave, start, begin, stop, arrive, return等。 The plane was taking off soon. My friend said she was flying to Beijing the next week. 3）与 always / usually/constantly等频度副词连用，表示特定的情感。 He was always talking loudly when we studied together.（表示生气） 3.将来进行时 表示将来某个时间点或者某段时期正在发生、进行的动作；也可用来描述未来已定的安排、委婉询问对方的计划。常与表示将来时间的短语this time, tomorrow, at 10 o'clock next Monday, this time + 将来时间, at + 将来具体几点钟, when从句表将来等连用。 1）表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。 We will be having an English class at nine o’clock tomorrow morning. 2）表示从现在看已经确定好的未来安排。 She will be visiting her grandparents during the coming holiday. 3）用于委婉礼貌地询问对方的计划。 Will you be using your dictionary this afternoon? 对比：Will you use your laptop this afternoon? 进行时态不直接问“你要不要用”，而是询问“到时候你是否正处于使用的过程中”，语气更柔和客气，暗含潜台词：如果不用的话，我想借用一下。前者直白发问，像是审问、要求对方表态。 【要点专练】 1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano. A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played 2. She ______ the door before she goes away. A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking. 3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals. A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching 4. What _____ if I drink this? A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened 5. I will visit you if Father ______ me. A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let 6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down. A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would 7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon. A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came 8. They can't leave until they _____ their work. A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done 9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. " A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing 10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes. A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come 11．Lily gets up early in the morning and then ________ sports in the park. A．does B．to do C．doing D．do 12．There __________ an annual school sports meeting in the school next Monday. A．is going to have B．is going to is C．will be D．will have 13．Kate ________ any scarves in the shop. A．buy B．don’t buy C．doesn’t buy D．doesn’t buys 14．Our monitor always _________ others first. A．think of B．thinks about C．thinks over D．thinks of 15．Now Jerry ______ the exchange programme with his classmates in the meeting room. A．discussed B．is discussing C．was discussing D．has discussed 16．You’ll forgive him, ________? A．will you B．won’t you C．do you D．don’t you 17．–What were you doing at eight last night? – I in my office at that time. A．worked B．works C．was working 18．There ________ two volleyball matches tomorrow. A．will have B．is going to be C．are going to be D．are going to have 19．The little boy is crying because his toy ________ by someone a moment ago. A．was broken B．is broken C．broke 20．It ________ four years since my family ________ to Wuxi. A．is, has moved B．has been, has moved C．is, moved D．was, moved 21. We won't go unless you ______ soon. A. had come B. came C. will come D. come 22._____six years since I began studying English. A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are 23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times. A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into 24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ____last. " A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met 25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. " A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold C. it had not held D. they were holding it 26. Don't get off the bus until it ______. A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped 27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I ____it right here. But now it's gone. " A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put 28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink. A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying 29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow. A. come B. came C. will come D. coming 30. ______ you ______? A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married 31．Mary is not here now. She ____________ the library. A．goes to B．went to C．has been to D．has gone to 32． I ________ more than 50 books since I got my E-Book. A．read B．will read C．was reading D．have read 33．—Mike, what are you doing? —Oh, I _______ a poster for Earth Day. A．made B．was making C．will make D．am making 34．Come on, John! You are too slow! Look, the parade _________ for fifteen minutes! A．started B．has started C．has been on D．has been open 35．Mrs. Smith gardening as her hobby when she was fifty. A．took up B．took away C．takes up D．takes away 36．He is tired now. He ___ stay at home and  have a rest. A．has to B．had to C．need D．can’t 37．----How long _________ she _______ this book ? ----She _________it from the library two weeks ago. A．has, kept; borrowed B．has, kept; lent C．has, borrowed; borrowed 38．The shopping mall near our school ________ for 12 hours a day. It ________ at 9: 00 p. m. A．opens; closes B．opens; is closed C．is open; is close D．is open; closes 39．—You know much about the film. You saw it not long ago? —Yes. I ________ see it yesterday. It’s wonderful. A．didn’t B．did C．do D．have 40．He his hometown for more than 10 years. And now he misses it very much. A．has been away from B．has left C．left D．is away from 41. After a while an agreement _____. A. was arrived at B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived 42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m. A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive 43.______,that step is not safe! A. Look around B. Look up C. Look out D. Look down 44. "Have you _____ him to give up smoking?" "No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen." A. persuaded/tried B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded 45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use. A. Take B. make C. put D. send 46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know. A. will come/comes B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come 47. How much do you think that vase _____? A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost 48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look difficult. A. Hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. am hoping 49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.” “Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.” A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going C. Didn’t think/ are going D. hadn’t thought/ were going 50. It’s a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom. A. Haven’t got B. hasn’t got C. wouldn’t get D. doesn’t have got 参考答案 1~5 CCBCB 6~10 ABCAB 11~15 ACCDB 16~-20 BCCAC 21~25 DBBCA 26~30 DBABD 31~35 DDDCA 36~40 AADBA 41~45 ACCAC 46~50 ADBBB 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $