专题11 阅读理解新考向之篇章结构题（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考阅读理解篇章结构题，覆盖整体宏观结构、段落功能、写作手法等六大核心考点，按“命题透视-思维建模-考点精讲-真题溯源”系统架构，通过考点梳理、方法指导（如文本思维模型）、真题训练等环节，帮助学生构建解题框架，突破难点。 资料创新构建科普说明文、议论文等七大文本思维模型，结合逻辑信号词与拆解步骤培养思维品质，通过“体裁定结构法”等策略提升语言能力，配套分层真题与模拟题训练，助力学生高效掌握解题范式，为教师把控复习节奏提供精准指导。

专题11 阅读理解篇章结构题题 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点： 篇章结构题 知识解构 知识点1篇章整体宏观结构题 知识点2段落功能作用题 知识点3写作手法 / 论证方式题 知识点4图文结构图匹配题 知识点5段落内部层次顺序题 知识点6开篇引入方式题 考向破译 考向 01 考查篇章整体宏观结构题 考向02 考查段落功能作用题 考向 03 考查写作手法 / 论证方式题 考向04 考查图文结构图匹配题 考向 05 考查段落内部层次顺序题 考向06 考查开篇引入方式题 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 分类 命题角度 典型设问方式 体裁 命题陷阱律 考情预判 一、整体篇章框架题 1. 多段落综合结构2. 全文宏观行文脉络 ①How are paragraphs 2–6 organized?②What is the organization of the whole passage? 科普说明文、社会议论文、新闻评论 1. 混淆 “总分” 与 “问题解决” 框架2. 颠倒事件时间 / 逻辑先后顺序 1. 加大多段落综合结构考查，不再局限单段2. 融合现象 + 矛盾双线索行文，区分度提升 二、段落功能作用题 1. 开头段作用2. 中间过渡段功能3. 结尾段写作意图 ①What is the function of Para.1?②Why does the author open with a story?③What does the last paragraph serve to do? 所有体裁通用，议论文、叙事科普为重 1. 混淆 “引入话题” 和 “举例论证”2. 把 “升华主旨” 误判为简单总结 侧重生活热点文本，以影视剧、实验案例开篇类题型增多 三、段落微观组织题 1. 单段内部展开方式2. 段间逻辑关系（对比 / 因果 / 举例） ①How is Paragraph 2 developed?②What logic is used between Para3 and Para4? 科普科研类说明文 1. 分不清 “正反对比” 与 “并列分点”2. 忽略隐性因果逻辑词 侧重科研类文本，考查研究过程分层逻辑成为热点 四、论证 / 说明手法题 对比论证、举例说明、数据佐证、时间顺序、分类说明 How does the author develop his opinion? 议论文、科技说明文 1. 混淆 “对比” 和 “举例” 两种手法2. 忽略全文多重手法叠加 复合型手法增多，不再单一考查某一种写作方式 五、结构图匹配题 总分 / 总分总、问题 - 解决、对立观点分层、递进式层级 Which diagram best shows the passage structure? 生活科普、教育类说明文 1. 颠倒主次层级（把分论点当成总起）2. 混淆并列、递进分支关系 图表树形图稳定必考，分层更复杂，增设次要点 Sp 层级 六、段落排序还原题 背景段、批判段、反驳段逻辑排序 What is the proper order of A/B/C three paragraphs? 医学、环境类科普短文 1. 将反驳段放在批判段之前2. 遗漏背景铺垫段前置逻辑 短语段排序成为新热点，侧重科研争议类文本 七、开篇引入方式题 设问引入、故事场景、数据预测、引用案例 How does the author introduce the topic? 新闻报道、生活杂文 混淆 “预测数据” 和 “客观统计数据” 两种开篇 趣味设问、生活化故事开篇题型占比持续上涨 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 文本大类 行文思维模型 拆解步骤 逻辑信号词 对应解题方法 模型 1：科普说明文（现象 - 研究 - 发现 - 价值） 现象引入（P1）→研究方法 / 实验过程（P2）→实验数据 & 研究结论（P3）→研究意义 / 应用前景（P 末） 1. 圈出首段核心现象2. 定位实验、试验类段落3. 抓取数据、结果句4. 锁定尾段价值升华句 To investigate, experiment, data, result, implication, application 现象 — 方法 — 发现 — 匹配法 模型 2：问题解决型说明文 提出社会 / 生活问题（P1）→分析危害 / 成因（P2-P3）→多条解决措施（P4-Pn）→总结呼吁 1. 定位问题总起句2. 区分 “危害” 与 “对策” 两大板块3. 标记多条并列措施4. 识别收尾总结段 problem, risk, however, solution, measure, avoid 问题 - 解决二分法 模型 3：对立观点议论文 中心争议（P1）→正方观点 + 论据（P2）→反方观点 + 论据（P3）→作者中立评价 / 综合思考（P4）→结尾总结 1. 提取核心辩论话题2. 分割正反两大观点段落3. 区分他人观点与作者态度4. 锁定文末总结句 argue, in contrast, however, on the other hand, view 双观点分层建模法 模型 4：对比型杂文（两类事物对照） 总起提出对比对象（P1）→多角度正反对比（P2-P4）→作者偏好 / 总结（尾段） 1. 找出两类对比主体2. 逐段圈对比逻辑词3. 梳理每一组对比维度4. 抓取作者倾向句 in contrast, while, however, prefer, instead 双线对照梳理法 模型 5：步骤流程类说明文 总述介绍方法（P1）→First/Second/Finally 分步骤罗列（中间段）→总结建议（尾段） 1. 标记序数逻辑词2. 按顺序拆分独立步骤3. 区分总起与分述层级 first, second, third, finally, additionally 时序分层法 模型 6：社会现象评论（热潮 + 矛盾 + 对策） 社会热点现象（P1-P2）→与之冲突的现实现状（P3）→成因分析（P4）→政策 / 改善建议（尾段） 1. 划分 “现象”“矛盾” 两大板块2. 定位原因分析段落3. 提取文末建议 trend, however, gap, reason, measure, policy 趋势 - 矛盾 - 成因三段建模法 模型 7：案例引入议论文 故事 / 影视 / 实验案例开篇（P1）→延伸核心话题（P2）→多角度论证（P3-P5）→结尾升华 1. 单独剥离开篇案例段2. 区分引入段与主体论证段3. 梳理论证分层逻辑 scene, story, example, therefore, thus 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 篇章结构题 知●识●解●构 知识点1 篇章整体宏观结构题 1. 考查核心：针对多段落组合 / 全文完整行文脉络设题，要求判断整篇或指定连续几段的完整逻辑链条，是篇章结构最高频考点。 2. 典型题干 · How are paragraphs 2 to 6 organized? · What is the overall organization of the passage? 3. 主流文本固定宏观框架 3. 科普文：现象→研究方法→实验结果→应用前景；新突破→技术原理→实测效果→发展价值 3. 问题类说明文：提出问题→分析危害→解决措施 3. 社会评论：社会热潮→对立现实→成因分析→政策建议 3. 议论文：争议话题→正反两方观点→作者总结评价 4. 解题核心思路 逐段概括段意，按 “起因 - 发展 - 结果 / 观点 - 论据 - 结论” 划分逻辑阶段，匹配选项逻辑链条；易错陷阱为颠倒时间、因果先后，混淆总分、问题解决两类框架。 知识点2 段落功能作用题 1. 考查核心：单独判定首段、中间过渡段、尾段的写作功能，区分引入、铺垫、承上启下、例证、反驳、总结、呼吁等作用。 2. 典型题干 4. What is the function of the first paragraph? 4. What does the last paragraph serve to do? 4. Why does the writer open with a TV drama story? 3. 段落固定功能分类 4. 首段：故事 / 案例 / 设问引入话题；抛出矛盾、制造阅读兴趣；铺垫背景 4. 中间段：承上启下；举例佐证前文观点；转折反驳；分点展开细节 4. 尾段：总结全文主旨；升华意义；提出建议、呼吁行动；预判未来发展 4. 解题核心思路 结合段落文本位置 + 前后逻辑关系双重判断，警惕混淆 “举例引入” 与 “直接点明主旨” 两大干扰项。 知识点3 写作手法 / 论证方式题 1. 考查核心：识别作者展开观点、说明事物的表达手段，分为议论文论证手法、说明文说明手法两类。 2. 典型题干 4. How does the author develop the argument? 4. What method is used in Paragraph 3 to support the idea? 3. 高频写作 / 论证手法分类 文体 常用手法 识别标志词 议论文 正反对比论证、举例论证、因果论证 in contrast, for example, as a result 说明文 时间顺序、分类说明、数据佐证、现象分析法 first, data, figure, such as 4. 解题核心思路 锁定段落核心观点，观察作者用何种素材支撑观点；易错点为区分 “单纯举例” 和 “正反对照” 复合手法。 知识点4 图文结构图匹配题 1. 考查核心：以树形分层图表呈现文章层级关系，要求匹配 CP（中心论点）、P（分论点）、Sp（次要点）、C（结尾总结）的从属、并列结构，是高考特色题型。 2. 典型题干：Which diagram best shows the structure of the passage? 3. 四大常考分层模型 3. 单层总分：总段 1 个，后文全部并列分述 3. 两级分层：总论点→两大分论点，每个分论点下设次要点 3. 三段递进：引入段→主体论证段→总结段 3. 对立分层：中心争议→正方、反方两个并列分支→总结 4. 解题核心思路 给每段标注功能标签，区分总起、分述、总结，判断层级从属关系；陷阱常颠倒主次、混淆并列 / 递进分支。 知识点5 段落内部层次顺序题 1. 考查核心：两类考法①单一段落内部句群分层逻辑；②多打乱语段（A/B/C）还原正确排布顺序。 2. 典型题干 4. The second paragraph is mainly organized by… 4. What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B and C? 3. 段落内部逻辑规律 4. 单段：观点句前置，后跟例证、数据、解释类支撑句 4. 多语段排序固定逻辑：背景起源段前置→客观描述居中→批判质疑→反驳回应段后置 4. 解题核心思路 依靠指代词、转折词、逻辑承接词定位前后关联；排序题优先锁定背景、起源类语段放在首位。 知识点6 开篇引入方式题 1. 考查核心：单独分析文章第一段引入主题的写作技巧，判断作者开篇手段。 2. 典型题干：How does the author introduce the topic at the beginning? 3. 六大主流开篇方式 3. 故事 / 影视场景引入；2. 数据 / 预测引入；3. 设问提问引入；4. 对比反差引入；5. 引用名言 / 案例引入；6. 现实现象直接引入 4. 解题核心思路 只聚焦首段写作素材，区分 “客观统计数据” 和 “未来预测”、“真实事例” 和 “虚拟假设场景” 等易混淆开篇形式。 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查篇章整体宏观结构题 核心考点：识别文章宏观框架，考查对全文行文逻辑、段落功能、文本体裁结构的整体把握。 命题形式：What is the structure/organization of the passage? / How is the passage developed? 解题密钥：体裁定结构法 · 说明文：总 - 分 - 总 / 总 - 分（现象→原因 / 方法→结论；提出问题→分析问题→解决问题） · 议论文：论点→论据（举例 / 对比 / 因果）→结论 · 记叙文：时间顺序 / 事件发展顺序（起因→经过→结果） · 新闻 / 科普：导语（核心信息）→细节展开→背景 / 补充 【典例1】 In April 2026, Sony AI announced a major new scientific breakthrough from its flagship research initiative, Project Ace. This news made headlines all over the world. Research on the advanced autonomous table tennis robot Ace had its complete findings officially published in Nature, a top journal, attracting very wide attention from global technology experts and AI researchers. Everyone in the field was excited about it. For many years in the past, traditional table tennis robots had quite clear technical limitations. They could only operate under simplified conditions, such as lower ball speed and reduced spin, which were not challenging enough for real games. Most early robots simply relied on fixed ball paths from serving machines and failed to deal with flexible, changeable strategies from real human players who could change their plans anytime. As a result, unfortunately, no previous robot could ever compete fairly with well-trained athletes under official competition rules. That is why they never won official matches. In contrast, however, the Ace robot is equipped with very professional hardware and a high-precision perception system which works like human eyes. A flexible high-speed robotic arm enables it to adjust hitting angles and strength instantly with great accuracy, just like a real player or even better. Meanwhile, multiple synchronous high-speed cameras act as very sensitive visual sensors, very accurately capturing the ball’s real-time speed, flight path and complex spin with extremely low delay in no time. This advanced hardware allows the robot to observe the court and respond far faster than human beings, and never tires. Ace also adopts a core physical AI technology called model-free reinforcement learning. This is a new way of training robots. Instead of following preset movements, the robot continuously collects match data in real time, analyzes opponents’ playing styles, and adjusts its own strategies independently during real-time games. It can flexibly deal with very fast attacks and tricky spins in dynamic matches. This makes it a true competitor. In formal tests, which were very strict, all games exactly followed full International Table Tennis Federation rules and were supervised by professional referees. Ace defeated three out of five strong elite (精英) players in standard matches. Nevertheless, it still suffered defeats against professional players, reflecting the big gap that still exists between the robot and top human athletes. It is truly still recognized as the first physical robot in history to reach real human expert-level performance in standard competitive sports. This is a huge step for robot sports. This success highlights the truly great potential of physical AI in handling real-world dynamic tasks like sports. Its core technologies can be applied to smart factories, household service robots and high-precision medical equipment, driving the rapid development of future intelligent technology. These uses will improve our lives a lot. 1．How are the paragraphs from two to six organized? A．Problem description→data analysis→expert opinions→summary B．Past failures→present solution→test results→future uses C．Historical overview→technical details→player interviews→limitations D．Cause and effect→comparison→personal view→prediction 【答案】1．B 【导语】本文介绍了索尼乒乓球机器人Ace突破传统机器人技术短板，依托先进硬件与AI技术在正式比赛中对战人类选手，也说明了该项实体人工智能技术的应用前景。 【详解】1．推理判断题。第二段“For many years in the past, traditional table tennis robots had quite clear technical limitations.(在过去多年里，传统乒乓球机器人存在明显的技术短板)”介绍以往机器人的缺陷；第三、四段介绍Ace机器人的硬件与核心技术，即当下的解决方案；第五段“In formal tests, which were very strict, all games exactly followed full International Table Tennis Federation rules and were supervised by professional referees.(在严格的正式测试中，所有比赛完全遵循国际乒联规则，并由专业裁判监督)”展示测试结果；第六段“Its core technologies can be applied to smart factories, household service robots and high-precision medical equipment, driving the rapid development of future intelligent technology. These uses will improve our lives a lot.(其核心技术可应用于智能工厂、家用服务机器人以及高精度医疗设备领域，推动未来智能科技快速发展。这些应用也将极大改善我们的生活)”介绍技术未来的用途。由此可知文章二至六段落结构为：过去的不足→如今的解决方案→测试结果→未来应用。 原文片段：索尼乒乓球机器人 Ace 文章 2-6 段；题干：How are the paragraphs from two to six organized? 原文逻辑：二段传统机器人缺陷（过去失败）→三四段 Ace 硬件与 AI 方案（当下解决方案）→五段正式对战测试结果→六段技术未来应用； 答案 B Past failures→present solution→test results→future uses 【典例2】 All humans are born small, weak and completely dependent on others, and it takes years for them to become self-reliant. This means that children rely on adults to provide for them and protect them, and they face great danger when adults cannot or will not do this. While governments and organizations work to secure minors, the sheer (纯粹的) number and complexity of the issues some children face require a different approach. The numerous risks faced by children often relate to social issues. For example, crises such as wars and natural disasters often separate children from their families, which leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and lacking basic care. Other dangers occur specifically in wartime. For example, some armed forces use children as soldiers or rely on them for other forms of labor, which exposes the children to physical danger and trauma (创伤) from witnessing or participating in violence. Children are also often killed or injured in war, sometimes due to schools or hospitals being bombed. Forcing children to fight and targeting them (or targeting buildings where they are likely to be) are considered human rights violations (违反), but this does not stop the practice. Even in peacetime, some cultural practices can harm children. For example, forcing children to work or to marry young can expose them to danger and deprive them of an education. Since children face so many dangers, a variety of responses are necessary to address all of them. UNICEF takes several approaches to children directly and indirectly. This includes trying to prevent children from being separated from their families, and, if separation occurs, reuniting families. It also includes work toward making sure all births are registered so that the children have legal rights. UNICEF also supports research, proposes laws that protect children and contributes to humanitarian projects. Addressing cultural, political and economic challenges can help prevent dangers to children before they occur. Additionally, charities and other nonprofits work to keep children around the world safe. Some provide humanitarian (人道主义) aid to ensure that children have access to food, clean water and medical care. Others encourage people to sponsor children growing up in poverty, which gives them the means to attend school. Sometimes people even communicate with their sponsored children through letters. This is more personal than simply collecting money and makes people more willing to donate. By supporting these organizations, ordinary people can help children around the world become safer. Children are sensitive to a lot of dangers, and these dangers vary a bit by location and circumstances. Thus, a many-sided approach is necessary to ensure that all children enjoy a safe, happy childhood, so they can grow into healthy adults. 6．What is the structural feature of this passage? A．Problem-Solution with General-Particular. B．Time Order with Compare-Contrast. C．Cause-Effect with Classification Structure. D．General-Particular with Problem-Solution. 【答案】 6．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了儿童面临的多种危险及保护儿童的多种措施。 6．推理判断题。文章前两段指出儿童面临诸多危险这一问题，如第二段“The numerous risks faced by children often relate to social issues.(儿童面临的众多风险通常与社会问题有关)”；随后介绍了联合国儿童基金会等采取的解决措施，如第四段“UNICEF takes several approaches to children directly and indirectly.(联合国儿童基金会直接和间接地对儿童采取了几种方法)”以及第五段“Additionally, charities and other nonprofits work to keep children around the world safe.(此外，慈善机构和其他非营利组织致力于保护世界各地儿童的安全)”，整体呈现出“问题-解决”以及“总-分”的结构特征。A选项“Problem-Solution with General-Particular(问题-解决以及总-分结构)”符合文章结构特点。故选A。 原文片段：儿童各类危险与保护措施说明文； 题干：What is the structural feature of this passage? 原文逻辑：前两段提出儿童遭受各类风险（问题），第四、五段介绍 UNICEF 与慈善机构的保护办法（解决）；整体先总述儿童处境，再分述危险、对策，结构为 Problem-Solution with General-Particular；答案 A 考向2 考查段落功能作用题 核心考点：判断某一段落（首段、尾段、过渡段）在文中的作用，区分 “引入、铺垫、转折、总结、例证” 等功能。 解题密钥：位置 + 逻辑词判定法 1. 首段：引出话题 / 提出论点 / 交代背景 / 激发阅读兴趣 2. 中间段：承上启下 / 补充细节 / 举例论证 / 对比分析 3. 尾段：总结全文 / 升华主旨 / 提出建议 / 呼应开头 【典例1】 In All Her Fault, the latest TV drama released this month, Marrisa Irvine rushes to pick up her child from a playdate , but there is a problem as soon as she gets there: the person who answers the door has no idea who her child is — or who she is. ‌“I think you’ve got the wrong house,” they say. ........ The workplace and the media deepen this double standard. Mothers are seen as less hardworking employees once they have children, while fathers are seen as more reliable and mature. On screen and online, mothers who lose their temper are labelled as ‌“crazy” or ‌“toxic”, while fathers doing even the least are celebrated as heroes. So it is not that fathers are naturally more responsible or less at fault. Rather, society has written motherhood as a full-time responsibility that must be perfect, and fatherhood as optional extra credit. Until we rewrite this story and share care and blame more fairly, mothers will continue to stand in the harsh light of criticism while many fathers remain in the shadows. 16．The passage mainly organized by opening with a TV drama scene and then ________. A．listing several real examples of moms being blamed, and finally accepting this as simply part of being a parent B．explaining why moms are born caregivers and implying that intensive mothering is a natural and desirable ideal C．focusing on dads going above and beyond, using them to argue that men face more unfair judgment than women D．contrasting how family, work and media treat moms and dads as caregivers, and calling for rewriting the story 【答案】16．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过一部电视剧的情节引入，探讨了社会对母亲和父亲在育儿责任上的双重标准：母亲被视为理所当然的主要照顾者，承担着“密集母职”的完美期待和随之而来的指责；而父亲则被视为辅助者，其少量参与便获得赞扬。文章呼吁公平地分担育儿责任和指责。 16．推理判断题。根据文章结构，第一段以电视剧情节引入“母亲被指责”的现象；第二至第七段分别从家庭角色分工(default parent和extra helper)、社会观念(intensive mothering)、职场偏见和媒体呈现等多个维度，对比母亲和父亲在育儿中的不同处境与评价；末段总结这一对比，并呼吁改变。由此可见，文章通过开篇引入戏剧场景，然后系统对比家庭、职场和媒体对待父母双方的方式，最后发出呼吁。选项D“contrasting how family, work and media treat moms and dads as caregivers, and calling for rewriting the story(对比家庭、职场和媒体如何对待作为照顾者的母亲和父亲，并呼吁重新书写故事)”准确概括了这一组织方式。故选D项。 原文：影视剧《All Her Fault》引入母亲育儿双重标准议论文；题干：The passage mainly organized by opening with a TV drama scene and then ______. 解析：第一段用剧集引入话题，中间多段对比父母社会评价差异，尾段呼吁公平分担责任；答案 D 【典例2】 “This technology solves two core pain points of agricultural carbon reduction: high cost and low efficiency,” said Professor Li Ming, the lead researcher of the team. “It can not only help farmers reduce costs and increase production, but also make a huge contribution to the national ‘dual carbon’ goal.” At present, the bacterial agent has been piloted in 12 major grain-producing provinces across the country, with a total application area of 153,000 hectares. 84．What is the main function of the last paragraph? A．To explain the detailed production process of the bacterial agent B．To introduce the wide global application of the new technology C．To summarize the core working principle of the bacterial agent D．To present expert evaluation and promotion status of the innovation 【答案】 84．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国农业大学科研团队2026年发布的新型农田固碳微生物菌剂，阐述了其固碳原理、核心优势与试点应用情况，为农业碳中和提供了低成本、高效率的解决方案。 84．推理判断题。根据最后一段““This technology solves two core pain points of agricultural carbon reduction: high cost and low efficiency,” said Professor Li Ming, the lead researcher of the team. “It can not only help farmers reduce costs and increase production, but also make a huge contribution to the national ‘dual carbon’ goal.” At present, the bacterial agent has been piloted in 12 major grain-producing provinces across the country, with a total application area of 153,000 hectares. (该团队首席研究员李明教授表示：“这项技术解决了农业减碳的两大核心痛点：高成本和低效率。它不仅能帮助农民降本增产，还能为国家‘双碳’目标做出巨大贡献。”目前，该菌剂已在全国12个粮食主产省开展试点，总应用面积达15.3万公顷。)”可知，最后一段主要呈现了专家对该技术的评价和这项创新技术的试点推广现状。故选D项。 原文：新型农田固碳菌剂说明文；题干：What is the main function of the last paragraph? 解析：尾段引用教授评价，同时介绍全国 12 省试点推广现状； 答案 D 考向3 考查写作手法 / 论证方式题 核心考点：识别作者构建文本的具体手法，属于篇章结构的高阶考查。 解题密钥：手法特征匹配法 · 举例论证：用具体事例支撑观点 · 对比论证：通过正反 / 新旧 / 优劣对比突出观点 · 因果论证：分析原因→推导结果 · 分类说明：按类别 / 维度展开介绍 · 时间 / 空间顺序：按时间线、方位顺序组织内容 【典例1】 Imagine being a tiny baby snail (蜗牛), just floating around the vast ocean for months until you find a suitable place to grow into an adult. This is the life of Kellet’s whelks. Historically, these sea snails lived only in the warm waters of Southern California and Mexico. However, in recent years, some have moved 300 kilometers north, to much colder waters, and scientists wanted to find out if they had truly adapted to the colder northern environment. To investigate this, researchers collected Kellet’s whelks from both southern and northern parts of the Pacific Coast of California. They brought all the snails to a special tank and kept them in controlled conditions. The adult snails were allowed to have babies. Scientists then studied the babies’ DNA because they had spent their entire lives in the same environment, making sure any observed differences were due to their genes, not their life experiences. The study revealed significant genetic differences between the northern and southern snails. A large number of genes (2,770) were working differently in the northern snails, with 64% of these genes being more active. These distinct gene patterns allowed researchers to accurately tell if a baby snail’s parents were from the north or south just by looking at its DNA．These results strongly suggest that the northern snails have adapted to their new, colder habitat. This adaptation involved mutations — if their genes hadn’t changed, the researchers wouldn’t have been able to tell the snails apart. But why did these whelks move north and how did they adapt? Changing ocean currents carried some baby snails northward, and occasional warmer water bursts made it easier for them to survive there initially. Over time, snails that already had slight DNA differences helping them handle colder temperatures were more likely to survive and multiply. This research can help us understand how other ocean animals might respond to a changing climate and support sustainable fishing practices for species like Kellet’s whelks. 80．How is the text structured? A．Problem — Analysis — Solutions — Actions. B．Phenomenon — Methods — Findings — Implication. C．Argument — Evidence — Explanation — Conclusion. D．Observation — Assumption — Comparison — Application. 【答案】 80．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了近年来，克莱特蛾螺向北迁移至冷水域。科学家通过对比幼螺 DNA，发现它们已通过基因突变适应新环境，该研究有助于理解海洋生物应对气候变化的机制。 80．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章的文本结构为现象：海螺栖息地北移；方法：对比南北海螺幼体 DNA；发现：北方海螺出现显著基因差异；意义：助力理解海洋生物适应气候变化。即现象—方法—发现—意义的结构。故选B项。 原文：海螺北迁适应冷水说明文；题干：How is the text structured? 行文逻辑：第一段提出海螺北移现象→二三段介绍 DNA 实验研究方法→四段给出基因差异研究发现→末段阐述研究对气候研究的价值；答案 B Phenomenon — Methods — Findings — Implication 【典例2】 Exercise should be seen as essential, but there is more to a healthy life The role of exercise in promoting good general health, and helping to prevent heart disease, strokes and diabetes is well established. No wonder, then, that long-distance running keeps growing in popularity. Popular tracks and parks have never been busier, with groups in stretchy Lycra (人造弹性纤维品牌) and fitness trackers on their wrists. The internet is awash with (充斥着) exercise videos, while figures earlier this year showed that gym memberships have climbed to a record 11.5m. The 16.9% of people aged 16 or over in Britain who belong to a gym is one of the highest proportions in Europe. The older teenagers and young adults of generation Z are a key demographic behind this social trend. And recent news from the world’s biggest cancer conference, in Chicago, shows how right they are to take the health benefits of fitness seriously. A landmark trial compared the outcomes of patients in several countries who were placed on a programme of structured exercise — assisted by a personal trainer — with those offered standard health advice. The results showing that exercise could be as effective as drugs, without the side-effects, in preventing the recurrence of colon cancer, were described by Prof Sir Stephen Powis, the national medical director of NHS England, as “really exciting”. The expectation is that the study will influence treatment guidelines worldwide — including in the increasingly fitness-conscious UK. But there is another narrative about exercise in Britain that is hard to harmonize with the one above. This is that we are a chronically unwell, overweight and sedentary population, whose health problems are only partly linked to the Europe-wide demographic challenge of ageing. These difficulties are widely recognised to be psychological as well as physical, with particular concerns around the worsening mental health of children and young people, which is widely linked to the rise in smartphone use. Which of these accounts of British fitness habits is more accurate depends which part of the population is being carefully examined. Government figures show that the age gap — with 16-to 24-year-olds the most physically active age group — is not the only one. There is also a significant socioeconomic difference. Students and adults in managerial and professional jobs are much more likely to keep active than manual workers or people who are long-term unemployed. As with other indicators of health, such as weight or smoking, there is a clear correlation with income. Richer people with more education and higher social status are more likely to be well. Could gen Z counter this trend with its more general embrace of fitness, which some point out is far cheaper than pub-going? It is too soon to be sure. Some young people believe their gym-going habits are as much about economic insecurity and status anxiety as they are about commitment to health. But as ministers finalise their 10-year plan for the NHS, which is expected to place a strong emphasis on prevention, they have an opportunity to build on, and shape, the way that exercise is offered and experienced. That being physically active is good for you is reinforced by the latest cancer study. But an obsession with personal appearance can be draining. A public health approach to exercise should seek to maximise the gains and minimise the harms associated with fitness culture. 39．Which of the following best describes the structure of the passage? A．Presentation of a social trend → introduction of conflicting evidence →analysis of causes → proposal for policy intervention. B．Critical evaluation of a health myth → case study support →contradiction of counterarguments → call for further research. C．Comparison of fitness habits in different countries → identification of demographic patterns →discussion of economic impacts → policy recommendations. D．Narrative of personal fitness experiences → statistical data validation (验证) → exploration of psychological factors → criticism of medical guidelines. 【答案】 39．A 【导语】本文是一篇新闻评论。文章主要介绍了英国社会中健身热潮与健康隐患并存的双重现状，深入分析了背后的人群差异、驱动因素，并对公共健康层面如何引导健身文化提出了思考。 39．推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，文章开篇通过“健身房会员数达1150万、Z世代推动健身趋势”等数据与现象，呈现英国健身热潮这一社会趋势;随后转而揭示“英国仍有大量人群久坐、体重超标、健康不佳”的现实，与前文的健身热潮形成冲突，引入矛盾证据;接着深入分析健康差异的成因，包括年龄分层及社会经济差异，展开原因分析;最后针对英国NHS的十年规划，提出借助运动有益的研究成果，同时规避健身文化潜在危害的公共健康引导方向，提出政策干预建议。故选A。 原文：英国人健身矛盾现象评论；题干：Which of the following best describes the structure of the passage? 行文逻辑：开篇展示全民健身热潮社会趋势→第四段转折抛出久坐人群的矛盾证据→五六段分析年龄、贫富差异成因→尾段给出 NHS 政策改进建议；答案 A Presentation of a social trend → introduction of conflicting evidence →analysis of causes → proposal for policy intervention 考向4 考查图文结构图匹配题 核心考点：匹配总 - 分、总分总、并列分层、问题 - 解决、现象 - 分析类段落树形结构图；题干：Which diagram shows the structure of the passage? 解题密钥：分层标记法 1. 标记每段核心功能（总起 CP / 分论点 P / 次要点 Sp / 结尾总结 C） 2. 判断层级：单层并列、两级分层、三段式递进 【典例1】 P1 Some people have lot of hair while others have a little. Some people have no hair on the top of their head; they are bald. The important thing is -- are you happy with the hair you have? P2 Problem hair is often a result of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle. P3 To ensure your hair looks its best, pay attention to what you eat. Lack of protein and iron makes your hair less shiny. So, you need adequate amounts of green vegetables, fruits and dairy products. Drink eight to ten glasses of water a day. This will help keep your hair from becoming dry. Avoid eating sweets or high-fat foods. They can slow hair growth. P4 Stress in your life can also secretly rob your hair of its shiny beauty. Relaxing music and more rest are both remedies for stress. P5 In addition, remember to rinse your hair thoroughly after you shampoo it. Brushing your hair regularly will help it grow. It will also make it look healthy. Do not rub your hair too quickly when you dry it. It could damage your hair. P6 Last, be sure to choose the right hair products. The choices you make are they key to healthy hair. 60．Which of the following structures matches the passage above? A． B． C． D． 【答案】 60．D 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了如何正确地护理头发。 60．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提到了不同人的头发类型引出文章话题，然后在第二段中点明头发问题是由不健康的饮食和生活方式导致的，然后第三、四、五、六段分别从不同角度介绍了如何正确地护理头发。故D项正确。 原文：头发护理说明文（P1 引入；P2 总述发质差源于饮食生活；P3 饮食、P4 压力、P5 洗护、P6 护发产品四个并列分点）；对应结构图 D（P1→P2→P3/P4/P5/P6 四层并列分支） 【典例2】 Wilderness “In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation. Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others. I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm. This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. 76．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) : Conclusion A．B．C．D． 【答案】 76．D 【分析】本文为说明文，本文客观阐述了不同的人对于怎么利用荒原持有的不同的观点。 76．文章结构题。通读文章可知，作者就荒野保护的问题客观中立地阐述了对立双方的观点，文章第一段提出中心论点；第二、三两段分别阐述了两种不同的观点；第四段是作者自己的观点；最后一点是文章的结论。推出选D。 原文：荒野开发争议议论文（CP 荒野保护争议；P1 环保派观点；P2 开发派观点；P3 作者思考；C 总结呼吁深入探讨）；答案 D（CP 分两支 P1、P2，共同连接 P3，再到结论 C） 考向5 考查段落内部层次顺序题 核心考点：打乱多段文本，还原段落逻辑顺序；判断正确排布；题干：What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? 解题密钥：逻辑衔接词定位 1. 背景起源段放最前（stem from/early discovery） 2. 批评质疑段居中（critics argue） 3. 反驳回应段后置（counter/however 反驳前文批评） 【典例1】 If you were a Plutonian and knew just when to look up a few weeks ago, you would have seen an amazing sight. There, in the eternally black sky, a shiny metal machine the size of a small car would have suddenly appeared near the tiny sun, flashed swiftly from horizon to horizon, and then, just as suddenly, disappeared into the darkness. You might have raised an alien tentacle (触手) and scratched your ET head at this UFO encounter. You would have asked your Plutonian friends, “What was that?” and “Are we not alone in the universe?” And you would have looked back at the sky with renewed curiosity. That shiny machine was the New Horizons research probe, and the information it has beamed (定向传送) back to us since, clear across the solar system, makes intelligent life on Pluto highly unlikely. But here on Earth, the builders of that small craft (航空器) have been asking those same questions for thousands of years. Space travel has enabled us to see the entire world with unprecedented clarity. However, New Horizons’ successful high-speed fly-by of Pluto has inspired us once more to ask: “What’s next?” And, perhaps, an even more fundamental question: “Why is it that we even explore space at all?” Exploration is a fundamental, necessary part of being human. It’s natural for babies to gain the ability to walk, well before we can talk. The following experience of tottering (跌跌撞撞) around and directly stimulating our senses with endless unexpected new information, enables our development. Teens are naturally driven to rebel and leave home for the same reason. As adults, we have extended those initial steps to explore our entire planet. Our earliest ancestors, on foot first and then by cart and boat, pursued their curiosity out of Africa 60, 000 years ago. They explored, settled the farthest reaches of Australia, and made it to the last continent, Antarctica, in the mid-1800s. And with the innovative experimentation of the Wright brothers, we finally started directly exploring the third dimension (维度) in l903, just one long lifetime ago. There is nothing sacred (不可侵犯的) about space exploration. It is just the latest version of an ancient pattern: using our most advanced technology to discover and then push back the edges of our experience and imagination. As people with just ten fingers and ten toes, we are not good at imagining large numbers. We speak easily of “billions” and “light years,” but the vastness of space and the length of time make the actual chances of finding alien life right now incredibly slim. But so it was with each new major step of exploration before we took it. Yet the accumulation of knowledge has allowed an unprecedented number of us to live in all corners of the Earth. Lunar and Martian exploration and settlement are just the inevitable continuation of the ancient nature of human exploration itself. And there is no hurry. We will get there. 16．Which of the following best shows the development of the article? A．①②③—④⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ B．①②③—④⑤⑥—⑦⑧—⑨ C．①②—③④—⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ D．①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨ 【答案】16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新视野号探测器掠过冥王星的事件，阐述人类探索太空的本质是 16．推理判断题。文章首先通过一个假设的情景引入（①②），随后提出了关于太空探索的问题和为什么我们要探索太空（③④），接着讨论了人类探索未知的天性以及历史上的探索活动（⑤⑥），最后探讨了太空探索的意义和未来的探索方向（⑦⑧⑨），所以文章发展脉络是①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨。故选D项。 原文人类太空探索文分层：①②假设冥王星视角引入；③④抛出太空探索核心问题；⑤⑥从婴儿、人类迁徙追溯探索天性；⑦⑧⑨展望月球火星探索；分层①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨，匹配对应结构选项 D 【典例2】 For over 15 years, Carlos Chaccour has researched a novel strategy to combat malaria: using ivermectin, a common antiparasitic (抗寄生虫的) drug, to make human blood toxic to mosquitoes that feed on it. His team’s recent large-scale trial in Kenya provides the first evidence that this approach can work at a community level. Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group given albendazole. This is considered a significant, high-quality indication of ivermectin’s potential, especially for school-aged children who often lack protection from bed nets. A  Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. He suggests future enhancements, such as more doses or longer-lasting formulations, could improve efficacy. Additionally, ivermectin’s ability to treat other diseases like scabies adds value. B  Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. C  The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. Previous studies, including his 2010 research, demonstrated that mosquitoes feeding on blood from ivermectin-treated volunteers had higher death rates. However, translating this into a meaningful reduction in malaria has proven challenging, with earlier trials showing mixed results. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. Nonetheless, researchers agree that further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether ivermectin can become a useful tool in the global fight against malaria. 22．What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? A．C→B→A. B．B→A→C. C．C→A→B. D．B→C→A. 【答案】 22．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伊维菌素通过毒杀蚊虫降低疟疾传播，肯尼亚的试验显示其效果，但批评者认为效果有限且适用人群受限，世卫组织暂未推荐该治疗方法，呼吁更多证据支持。 22．推理判断题。通读方框内容，尤其是段落A中“Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. (Chaccour反驳说，肯尼亚的试验是概念的证明，强调了高社区覆盖率和在蚊子繁殖高峰季节及时分发的重要性。)”、段落B中“Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations (批评人士认为，26%的下降虽然有希望，但幅度不大，可能不足以证明广泛部署是合理的，尤其是考虑到目前的限制)”和段落C中“The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. (这个概念源于Chaccour的早期发现，即伊维菌素可以杀死以处理过的血液为食的昆虫。)”可知，段落C介绍伊维菌素作用的起源及早期研究，属于背景信息，应排第一，承接首段的研究发现，段落B提出批评观点，从客观角度对研究发现作出评价，应排第二，段落A是Chaccour的反驳，讨论试验的积极意义及未来改进方向，其反驳是针对段落B的批评，应排第三。故选A项。 原文伊维菌素疟疾材料三段 A/B/C；C 介绍药物研发起源与早期实验（背景前置）；B 提出专家质疑缺陷（中间批判）；A 作者针对批评进行反驳（后置回应）；正确顺序 C→B→A，答案 A 考向6 考查开篇引入方式题 核心考点：判断作者开篇写作手法（讲故事、举案例、引用数据、预测、抛出问题、对比）；题干：How does the author introduce the topic? 解题密钥：锁定首段句式 · 数据 / 预测开篇：will reach/estimate · 事例引入：场景、故事片段 · 设问开篇：问句抛出核心话题 【典例1】 A large beverage (饮料) company will be using over 4.1 billion kilograms of plastic a year by the year 2030, unless it stops using single-use plastic, according to a recent report from the conservation organization Oceana. Oceana also estimates that by 2030, an annual 602 million kilograms of the company’s plastic packaging will be polluting the world’s ocean and waterways. The report says that this amount is enough to fill the stomachs of 18 million blue whales. Oceana made its estimates using the company’s own reported data on its use of plastic packaging between 2018 and 2023, and a forecast of the company’s future sales growth based on past trends. A 2024 study found that a main product by the company is already the world’s worst plastic-polluting brand. .......... 13．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By raising questions. B．By citing a book. C．By making a prediction. D．By reporting historical statistics. 【答案】13．C 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。介绍了某大型饮料公司一次性塑料使用带来的污染问题、环保组织Oceana的建议等，体现了塑料污染对环境与健康的危害。 【详解】13．推理判断题。根据第一段“A large beverage (饮料) company will be using over 4.1 billion kilograms of plastic a year by the year 2030, unless it stops using single-use plastic, according to a recent report from the conservation organization Oceana. (根据环保组织Oceana的最新报告，除非停止使用一次性塑料，否则到2030年，一家大型饮料公司每年将使用超过41亿公斤的塑料)”可知，作者通过预测该公司2030年的塑料使用 量引出话题。故选C项。 大型饮料塑料污染文章首段预测 2030 年塑料使用量；题干：How does the author introduce the topic of the text?；答案 C By making a prediction 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组训练 名校模拟试题 Passage1 【来源】上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年12月月考英语试题 Caesar was right: thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. Whatever their personalities, thin people share one trait: they are very serious about everything. They live as if life were a project that must always be improved. In the first place, they aren’t much fun. Give them a coffee break and they jog around the block. Offer them a quiet evening and they fix the screen door. They say things like ‌“there aren’t enough hours in the day.” Fat people often feel the day is already long enough. Thin people make me tired. Their fast metabolisms keep them moving all the time, rubbing their bony hands together and looking for new problems to ‌“tackle”. I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow. Some people say the idea of the ‌“jolly fat person” is only a myth, and that fat people are secretly unhappy. I disagree. They may not laugh all day, but they are usually kinder than the thin and nervous. Thin people don’t understand the power of a hot-fudge sundae for reducing stress. They don’t like soft, sweet things because they themselves are not soft or gentle. They are like carrots: hard, straight, and a little boring. They like to go straight to ‌“the heart of the matter,” while fat people are willing to leave things a bit unclear and vague, which is closer to how life really is. Thin people are always trying to ‌“face the truth”; fat people know there is no simple truth and no single ‌“key point” about anything. Thin people believe strongly in logic and neat plans. Fat people see many sides of a problem and know that life is often unfair and cannot be fully controlled. That is why thin people are often serious and tense. They talk about plans, rules, and self-control. Fat people, however, are convivial. They will forgive you, comfort you, and make you laugh. When you feel sad, you don’t want someone hard and strict. You want someone soft who will listen, relax with you, and make room for you — and fat people will always take you in. 9．Why does the writer say fat people know ‌“if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow”? A．They try to steer clear of a serious way of thinking. B．They accept uncertainty as a normal part of life. C．They turn down any intelligence to deal with complex issues. D．They tend to avoid uncomfortable truth in life. 10．In the last paragraph, the word ‌“convivial” is closest in meaning to ______. A．be ready to let go of other people’s mistakes B．joyful and socially warm towards others C．being funny in other people’s eyes D．getting excited in making people feel better 11．Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A．It humorously defends a relaxed, accepting way of living against a culture that worships control and efficiency. B．It proves that a person’s weight directly determines his or her moral quality and intelligence. C．It argues that modern people should pay more attention to their physical health than to emotional comfort. D．It explains why logical thinking is sometimes less important than emotional support in all kinds of situations. 12．How does the writer organize the passage? A．By first listing medical facts about thinness and fatness and then drawing a scientific conclusion. B．By starting with complaints about thin people and then employing contrasts to show a preference for fat people. C．By telling a sad personal story about weight problems and then suggesting several ways to lose weight. D．By describing both the thin and the fat differently and then ending with a balanced, neutral summary of both. 【答案】9．B 10．B 11．A 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对比瘦人和胖人的不同生活态度和方式，幽默地捍卫了一种放松、接受的生活方式，反对崇拜控制和效率的文化。 【详解】9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow.(我更喜欢那些缓慢、放松、随和的胖子，他们知道如果你今天打扫了某样东西，它明天又会变脏)”和第三段中“They like to go straight to ‌“the heart of the matter,” while fat people are willing to leave things a bit unclear and vague, which is closer to how life really is. .(他们喜欢直奔“问题的核心”，而胖人则愿意把事情弄得有点含糊不清，这更接近生活的真实状态)”可推知，胖人并不追求徒劳的、绝对的整洁或完美，因为他们明白生活中许多事情是周而复始、无法被完全掌控的。这体现了胖人能够坦然接受生活中的不完美和不确定性，将其视为正常的一部分。由此可推知，作者说胖人明白“如果你今天打扫干净，明天又会变脏”是因为他们把不确定性视为生活的常态。故选B项。 10．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“Fat people, however, are convivial. They will forgive you, comfort you, and make you laugh.(然而，胖人是convivial的。他们会原谅你，安慰你，逗你笑)”可知，划线词后的句子“他们会原谅你，安慰你，逗你笑”是对该词含义的具体解释。这些行为描述的是一个在社交中令人愉快、给人温暖和欢乐的形象。故划线词convivial的意思是“令人愉快的，友好的”，与B项“joyful and socially warm towards others”同义。故选B项。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Caesar was right: thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. Whatever their personalities, thin people share one trait: they are very serious about everything.(凯撒说得对：瘦人需要被监视。我成年后的大部分时间都在观察他们，我不喜欢我所看到的。无论他们的个性如何，瘦人都有一个共同特点：他们对一切都非常认真)”、第二段“I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow.(我更喜欢那些缓慢、放松、随和的胖人，他们知道如果你今天把某样东西清理干净，明天它又会变脏)”以及最后一段“Fat people, however, are convivial. They will forgive you, comfort you, and make you laugh.(然而，胖人是欢乐友好的。他们会原谅你，安慰你，逗你笑)”可知，本文主要通过对瘦人与胖人在生活态度、性格特点、思维方式等方面的对比，幽默地批判了瘦人所代表的追求控制、效率和严肃的文化，为胖人所代表的放松、包容、顺其自然的生活方式进行辩护。故A项“It humorously defends a relaxed, accepting way of living against a culture that worships control and efficiency.(它幽默地捍卫了一种放松、接受的生活方式，反对崇拜控制与效率的文化)”能概括文章主旨。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。文章开篇第一句“Caesar was right: thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see.(凯撒说得对：瘦人需要被监视。我成年后的大部分时间都在观察他们，我不喜欢我所看到的)”直接表达了对瘦人的抱怨。随后，文章通篇将瘦人与胖人在生活态度、性格、思维方式等方面进行对比(如第一段“They live as if life were a project that must always be improved.(他们活得好像生活是一个必须不断改进的项目)”与“Fat people often feel the day is already long enough.(胖人常常觉得一天已经够长了)”的对比；第二段“Their fast metabolisms keep them moving all the time...looking for new problems to “tackle”.(他们快速的新陈代谢让他们一直动个不停……寻找新的问题去“解决”)”与“I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow.(我更喜欢那些缓慢、放松、随和的胖人，他们知道如果你今天把某样东西清理干净，明天它又会变脏)”的对比)，并在对比中明显流露出对胖人的偏爱(如“I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people”)。由此可推断出，文章的组织结构是“先抱怨瘦人，然后通过对比来展现对胖人的偏好”。故选B项。 Passage 2 【来源】2025 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟卷（上海卷） Adolescents around the world have experienced a decline in their mental health over the past decade. Recent UK data suggests that one in six 7-16- year- olds and one in four 17-19- year- olds have a probable mental health condition, a clear rise from the one in nine and one in ten recorded in 2017, respectively. As 48% of those with a mental health condition first experience relevant symptoms before the age of 18, this increased mental health burden will negatively impact society and the economy, as well as adolescent and adult life. Many have raised concerns that this trend has been caused, at least in part, by increased adolescent social media use, which has revolutionized how adolescents live, learn and interact:93% of 12-17-year-olds now report having a social media profile. To address these concerns, academic investigation of social media use and adolescent mental health has increased substantially in recent years. Research teams have recruited adolescent populations in schools, universities or as part of broader community-based samples to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal (纵向的) links between increased smartphone or social media use and scores on questionnaires of depression, anxiety, disordered eating and other mental health symptoms. These studies have primarily found small positive associations. Some researchers have used these to argue that there exists a causal link between social media use and mental health declines (that is, “screen time, perhaps especially social media, may have larger effects on adolescent girls’ mental health than on boys’ and that is indeed what we found, with social media significantly correlated with depressive symptoms…” ) Such arguments, in turn, have been used to call for restrictive policy regulations to limit smartphone and social media use in adolescent age groups. However, many researchers have also questioned the strength of the current evidence base and highlighted that existing studies do not support the idea that there is a causal relationship linking social media use to mental health. Indeed, the literature provides many conflicting results. Researchers have not only debated about a lack of longitudinal or causal evidence, but have also disagreed about how to deal with the substantial individual differences present, which have been linked to factors such as age, gender and ethnicity. 17．According to the first paragraph, what has happened to adolescents in the last years? A．There’s an increase in their mental health condition. B．15% more 17-19-year-olds have mental issues. C．48% of them have mental health problems. D．Their mental condition has burdened society. 18．The second paragraph is mainly organized by ________ A．comparing historical and modern investigations focusing on social media use. B．presenting the research response to the concerns and its typical findings. C．listing the contributors of teenagers’ declining mental health. D．criticizing the methodologies of certain academic studies. 19．Which of the following is NOT employed by researchers intending to find the link between social media use and its impact on teenagers? A．Gender is counted as a factor. B．Various mental troubles are considered. C．The adolescent samples cover different sectors. D．The teenagers’ academic scores are taken into account. 20．It can be inferred from the text that future high-quality research on this topic should prioritize ________ A．ignoring individual differences like age and gender. B．establishing clearer causal links, not just correlations. C．covering a larger sample crossing geographical borders. D．focusing only on a limited number of mental problems. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．D 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕青少年心理健康状况下降这一现象展开，介绍了社交媒体使用与青少年心理健康之间的关联研究，包括相关担忧、研究发现以及学界对研究结论的争议。 【详解】17．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Adolescents around the world have experienced a decline in their mental health over the past decade. Recent UK data suggests that one in six 7-16-year-olds and one in four 17-19-year-olds have a probable mental health condition, a clear rise from the one in nine and one in ten recorded in 2017, respectively.(过去十年间，全球青少年的心理健康状况有所下降。英国最新数据显示，6分之一的7-16岁青少年和4分之一的17-19岁青少年可能存在心理健康问题，相比2017年分别记录的9分之一和10分之一，有明显上升)”可知，近年来青少年中存在心理健康问题的人数有所增加。故选A项。 18．推理判断题。根据第二段中“To address these concerns, academic investigation of social media use and adolescent mental health has increased substantially in recent years. Research teams have recruited adolescent populations in schools, universities or as part of broader community-based samples to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal (纵向的) links between increased smartphone or social media use and scores on questionnaires of depression, anxiety, disordered eating and other mental health symptoms. These studies have primarily found small positive associations. Some researchers have used these to argue that there exists a causal link between social media use and mental health declines (that is, “screen time, perhaps especially social media, may have larger effects on adolescent girls’ mental health than on boys’ and that is indeed what we found, with social media significantly correlated with depressive symptoms…”) Such arguments, in turn, have been used to call for restrictive policy regulations to limit smartphone and social media use in adolescent age groups.(为应对这些担忧，近年来有关社交媒体使用与青少年心理健康的学术研究已大幅增加。研究团队从中小学、高校中，或是从范围更广的社区样本里选取青少年作为研究对象，旨在探究智能手机及社交媒体使用时间的增加，与抑郁、焦虑、饮食失调等各类心理健康症状的问卷得分之间存在的横向和纵向关联。这些研究大多发现二者存在微弱的正相关关系。部分研究者据此认为，社交媒体的使用与青少年心理健康状况的下滑之间存在因果联系（即 “屏幕使用时间，尤其是社交媒体使用时间，对少女心理健康产生的影响可能大于少男，而我们的研究也确实发现，社交媒体使用与抑郁症状之间存在显著的相关性……”）。这类观点进而被用来呼吁出台限制性政策法规，对青少年群体的智能手机和社交媒体使用行为加以约束。)”可知，该段首先提出“为应对担忧开展研究”，接着介绍研究的对象、目的、主要发现，最后说明研究发现带来的观点和政策呼吁，整体是“提出研究回应担忧—介绍研究情况—呈现研究发现及影响”的逻辑。故选B项。 19．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Research teams have recruited adolescent populations in schools, universities or as part of broader community-based samples(研究团队招募了学校、大学以及更广泛的社区样本中的青少年群体)”可知，样本涵盖不同领域，C项“青少年样本涵盖不同领域”被采用；根据“identify cross-sectional and longitudinal links between increased smartphone or social media use and scores on questionnaires of depression, anxiety, disordered eating and other mental health symptoms(确定智能手机或社交媒体使用增加与抑郁、焦虑、饮食失调和其他心理健康症状问卷得分之间的横向和纵向关联)”可知，考虑了多种心理问题，B项“各种心理问题被考虑在内”被采用；根据第三段中的“disagreed about how to deal with the substantial individual differences present, which have been linked to factors such as age, gender and ethnicity(在如何处理存在的重大个体差异方面存在分歧，这些差异与年龄、性别和种族等因素有关)”可知，性别是被考虑的因素之一，A项“性别被视为一个因素”被采用；选项D“The teenagers’ academic scores are taken into account.(青少年的学业成绩被考虑在内)”未提及，该项未被采用。故选D项。 20．推理判断题。根据第三段“However, many researchers have also questioned the strength of the current evidence base and highlighted that existing studies do not support the idea that there is a causal relationship linking social media use to mental health. Indeed, the literature provides many conflicting results. Researchers have not only debated about a lack of longitudinal or causal evidence, but have also disagreed about how to deal with the substantial individual differences present, which have been linked to factors such as age, gender and ethnicity.(然而，许多研究人员也对现有证据体系的可信度提出了质疑，并强调现有研究无法证实社交媒体的使用与心理健康之间存在因果关联。事实上，相关文献中存在诸多相互矛盾的研究结果。研究人员不仅针对目前缺乏纵向研究证据和因果关系证据的问题展开了争论，对于如何处理研究中存在的显著个体差异也存在分歧，而这些个体差异与年龄、性别、种族等因素相关)”可知，当前研究的核心问题是“缺乏明确的因果证据”，仅存在相关性，且结果矛盾。由此可推断，未来高质量的研究应优先解决这一问题，即建立更清晰的因果联系，而非仅停留在相关性层面。故选B项。 Passage 3 【来源】【来源】上海市松江二中2025-2026学年高三上学期9月开学考试英语试题 3Steps to Introducing a New Pet to Your Current Pets Adding a new pet to your family can be an exciting and rewarding experience. However, taking the necessary steps to ensure a smooth and successful introduction between your new pet and your current furry friends is essential. Following these steps will help foster positive relationships and minimize potential conflicts. Prepare the Environment Before bringing your new pet home, set up a separate space with all the necessary supplies such as food and water bowls, bedding, litter box, toys, and scratching posts. This space will be a safe haven for your new pet to retreat to and gradually adjust to their new surroundings. Scent Introduction Animals rely heavily on their sense of smell to familiarize themselves with their environment and each other. To start the introduction process, swap bedding or toys between your current pets and the new pet. This scent exchange will help them become familiar with each other’s scent, reducing the novelty when they finally meet face-to-face.Controlled Visual Introduction Allow your pets to see each other without direct physical contact. Use a baby gate or a pet barrier to separate them initially. This controlled visual introduction will enable them to observe each other’s behaviors and body language, promoting a gradual acclimation and reducing potential stress. Gradual Interaction Once your pets have become accustomed to each other’s scents and shown positive behavior during the controlled visual introductions, you can gradually interact face-to-face. Start by allowing short and supervised periods of physical contact, gradually increasing the duration as they become more comfortable with each other. To find out more about pet guides, you can visit our site. Equal Attention and Affection Ensure that you give equal attention and affection to all your pets. It’s crucial to reassure your current pets that they are still loved and valued, even with the presence of a new companion. Maintaining their regular routines and showering them with attention, you help prevent feelings of jealousy or insecurity. Supervised Playtime Supervised playtime is an excellent way for your pets to bond and establish positive associations with each other. Engage them in interactive play sessions, providing toys and treats to redirect their focus onto enjoyable activities rather than potential conflicts. Always monitor their interactions closely and intervene if any signs of aggression or tension arise. If you encounter significant challenges or ongoing conflicts during the introduction process, don’t hesitate to seek professional help. 33．The article is primarily organized by ________. A．comparing different pet introduction methods B．listing the benefits of pet adoption C．analyzing causes of pet conflicts and the potential risks D．presenting a sequential guide to pet introduction 34．According to the article, why is scent exchange between pets recommended before their face-to-face meeting? A．Because it helps eliminate aggressive behavior completely. B．Because it allows pets to be familiar with each other’s smell, reducing tension. C．Because it encourages pets to play together more actively. D．Because it replaces the need for visual introduction. 35．The article would be LEAST helpful to which reader? A．Someone who just adopted a second dog. B．A family introducing a kitten to their older cat. C．A zookeeper introducing a new animal to an existing exhibit. D．A person bringing a new rabbit into a home with existing pets. 【答案】33．D 34．B 35．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍让新宠物融入现有宠物的步骤，包括准备环境、气味熟悉、可控视觉接触等，还提及平等关注、看管玩耍及遇困难寻专业帮助，助促进宠物和谐。 【详解】33．推理判断题。根据第一段“Following these steps will help foster positive relationships and minimize potential conflicts.(按照这些步骤操作将有助于建立良好的关系，并减少潜在的冲突)”以及正文按“准备环境→气味熟悉→可控视觉接触→逐步互动→平等关注→看管玩耍”的先后顺序，分步骤给出指南，核心是“按顺序呈现宠物相处引导方法”。可知，这篇文章主要是按照逐步介绍宠物的顺序来进行组织的。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据第三段“Animals rely heavily on their sense of smell to familiarize themselves with their environment and each other. To start the introduction process, swap bedding or toys between your current pets and the new pet. This scent exchange will help them become familiar with each other’s scent, reducing the novelty when they finally meet face-to-face.(动物们非常依赖嗅觉来熟悉它们的环境以及彼此。在开始引入新宠物的过程时，可以将你现有的宠物和新宠物之间的垫料或玩具进行交换。这种气味的交换将有助于它们熟悉彼此的气味，从而减少它们最终面对面相遇时的陌生感)”可知，建议在宠物们面对面接触之前先进行气味交流是因为这能让宠物们熟悉彼此的气味，从而缓解紧张情绪。故选B。 35．推理判断题。根据第一段“Adding a new pet to your family can be an exciting and rewarding experience. However, taking the necessary steps to ensure a smooth and successful introduction between your new pet and your current furry friends is essential. Following these steps will help foster positive relationships and minimize potential conflicts.(给家庭增添一只新宠物往往是一次令人兴奋且富有意义的经历。然而，为了确保新宠物与现有的宠物们能够顺利且成功地相处，采取必要的措施是非常重要的。遵循以下步骤有助于促进良好的关系，并减少可能出现的冲突)”可知，选项C（动物园管理员给现有展区引入新动物），场景是“动物园展区”，与文章“家庭环境”、“宠物（通常指家养猫狗兔等）”的核心场景不符，且动物园动物的相处引导可能涉及更专业的物种习性、展区设计等，文章内容对其帮助最小。故选C。 Passage 4 【来源】【来源】上海市华东师范大学松江实验高级中学2025-2026学年上学期12月月考卷 You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are you’ll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook. Lonely Planet is one of the world’s largest travel guide brands, publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts all devoted to travel. Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you don’t miss the best things. They also provide the reviews of hostels, hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination. This can be great if you’re a nervous traveler, or if you haven’t traveled by yourself before. If you’re in a country where you don’t speak the language, sometimes there’s nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel that’s cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer. But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity (自发性) out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook, you’ll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over, because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route. Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle, wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar. 25．The Lonely Planet guidebook can bring you the following advantages EXCEPT that ______. A．you can easily find a nice place to stay in a strange city B．it provides lots of useful information about your destination C．it can help you save time and money when traveling D．you can speak a foreign language when opening a guidebook 26．People criticize the guidebook because ______. A．it is not as useful as most travelers expect B．travelers may not get the chance to have unexpected adventures C．tourist destinations will be crowded if everyone follows the same route D．local people keep modern lifestyles under its influence 27．What do we know about the Lonely Planet guidebook from the text? A．It’s very useful to a person who’s nervous about touring an unfamiliar place. B．It’s a world-famous brand only producing guidebooks for travelers. C．It’s very useful to a tourist who wants to experience a traditional lifestyle. D．It is loved by all travelers because of the convenience it brings to travelers. 28．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? (①～⑦ stand for Paragraph 1～Paragraph 7) A． B． C． D． 【答案】25．D 26．B 27．A 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍Lonely Planet旅行指南的优势及人们对它的批评。 【详解】25．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“If you’re in a country where you don’t speak the language, sometimes there’s nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel that’s cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer.(如果你在一个语言不通的国家，有时候没有什么比坐上出租车打开旅游指南更好的了。你只需要指着地图，就可以让出租车司机找到一家便宜又干净的旅馆，那里有友好的工作人员和冰啤酒)”可知，指南是通过地图帮助沟通，并非让读者会说外语。故选D项。 26．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity (自发性) out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen.(他们说指南剥夺了旅行中的乐趣和自发性，而旅行的乐趣之一就在于任何事都可能发生)”可知，人们批评指南是因为它让旅行者失去了意外冒险的机会。故选B项。 27．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“This can be great if you’re a nervous traveler, or if you haven’t traveled by yourself before.(如果你是一个容易紧张的旅行者，或者你以前从未独自旅行过，这会很棒)”可知，Lonely Planet对在陌生地方旅行感到紧张的人很有用。故选A项。 28．篇章结构题。文章结构为：第一段引出Lonely Planet；第二段介绍其品牌规模；第三到第五段阐述其优势；第六七段讲述对它的批评，即①②总起，③④⑤讲优势，⑥⑦讲批评。故选C项。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题11 阅读理解篇章结构题题 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点： 篇章结构题 知识解构 知识点1篇章整体宏观结构题 知识点2段落功能作用题 知识点3写作手法 / 论证方式题 知识点4图文结构图匹配题 知识点5段落内部层次顺序题 知识点6开篇引入方式题 考向破译 考向 01 考查篇章整体宏观结构题 考向02 考查段落功能作用题 考向 03 考查写作手法 / 论证方式题 考向04 考查图文结构图匹配题 考向 05 考查段落内部层次顺序题 考向06 考查开篇引入方式题 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 分类 命题角度 典型设问方式 体裁 命题陷阱律 考情预判 一、整体篇章框架题 1. 多段落综合结构2. 全文宏观行文脉络 ①How are paragraphs 2–6 organized?②What is the organization of the whole passage? 科普说明文、社会议论文、新闻评论 1. 混淆 “总分” 与 “问题解决” 框架2. 颠倒事件时间 / 逻辑先后顺序 1. 加大多段落综合结构考查，不再局限单段2. 融合现象 + 矛盾双线索行文，区分度提升 二、段落功能作用题 1. 开头段作用2. 中间过渡段功能3. 结尾段写作意图 ①What is the function of Para.1?②Why does the author open with a story?③What does the last paragraph serve to do? 所有体裁通用，议论文、叙事科普为重 1. 混淆 “引入话题” 和 “举例论证”2. 把 “升华主旨” 误判为简单总结 侧重生活热点文本，以影视剧、实验案例开篇类题型增多 三、段落微观组织题 1. 单段内部展开方式2. 段间逻辑关系（对比 / 因果 / 举例） ①How is Paragraph 2 developed?②What logic is used between Para3 and Para4? 科普科研类说明文 1. 分不清 “正反对比” 与 “并列分点”2. 忽略隐性因果逻辑词 侧重科研类文本，考查研究过程分层逻辑成为热点 四、论证 / 说明手法题 对比论证、举例说明、数据佐证、时间顺序、分类说明 How does the author develop his opinion? 议论文、科技说明文 1. 混淆 “对比” 和 “举例” 两种手法2. 忽略全文多重手法叠加 复合型手法增多，不再单一考查某一种写作方式 五、结构图匹配题 总分 / 总分总、问题 - 解决、对立观点分层、递进式层级 Which diagram best shows the passage structure? 生活科普、教育类说明文 1. 颠倒主次层级（把分论点当成总起）2. 混淆并列、递进分支关系 图表树形图稳定必考，分层更复杂，增设次要点 Sp 层级 六、段落排序还原题 背景段、批判段、反驳段逻辑排序 What is the proper order of A/B/C three paragraphs? 医学、环境类科普短文 1. 将反驳段放在批判段之前2. 遗漏背景铺垫段前置逻辑 短语段排序成为新热点，侧重科研争议类文本 七、开篇引入方式题 设问引入、故事场景、数据预测、引用案例 How does the author introduce the topic? 新闻报道、生活杂文 混淆 “预测数据” 和 “客观统计数据” 两种开篇 趣味设问、生活化故事开篇题型占比持续上涨 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 文本大类 行文思维模型 拆解步骤 逻辑信号词 对应解题方法 模型 1：科普说明文（现象 - 研究 - 发现 - 价值） 现象引入（P1）→研究方法 / 实验过程（P2）→实验数据 & 研究结论（P3）→研究意义 / 应用前景（P 末） 1. 圈出首段核心现象2. 定位实验、试验类段落3. 抓取数据、结果句4. 锁定尾段价值升华句 To investigate, experiment, data, result, implication, application 现象 — 方法 — 发现 — 匹配法 模型 2：问题解决型说明文 提出社会 / 生活问题（P1）→分析危害 / 成因（P2-P3）→多条解决措施（P4-Pn）→总结呼吁 1. 定位问题总起句2. 区分 “危害” 与 “对策” 两大板块3. 标记多条并列措施4. 识别收尾总结段 problem, risk, however, solution, measure, avoid 问题 - 解决二分法 模型 3：对立观点议论文 中心争议（P1）→正方观点 + 论据（P2）→反方观点 + 论据（P3）→作者中立评价 / 综合思考（P4）→结尾总结 1. 提取核心辩论话题2. 分割正反两大观点段落3. 区分他人观点与作者态度4. 锁定文末总结句 argue, in contrast, however, on the other hand, view 双观点分层建模法 模型 4：对比型杂文（两类事物对照） 总起提出对比对象（P1）→多角度正反对比（P2-P4）→作者偏好 / 总结（尾段） 1. 找出两类对比主体2. 逐段圈对比逻辑词3. 梳理每一组对比维度4. 抓取作者倾向句 in contrast, while, however, prefer, instead 双线对照梳理法 模型 5：步骤流程类说明文 总述介绍方法（P1）→First/Second/Finally 分步骤罗列（中间段）→总结建议（尾段） 1. 标记序数逻辑词2. 按顺序拆分独立步骤3. 区分总起与分述层级 first, second, third, finally, additionally 时序分层法 模型 6：社会现象评论（热潮 + 矛盾 + 对策） 社会热点现象（P1-P2）→与之冲突的现实现状（P3）→成因分析（P4）→政策 / 改善建议（尾段） 1. 划分 “现象”“矛盾” 两大板块2. 定位原因分析段落3. 提取文末建议 trend, however, gap, reason, measure, policy 趋势 - 矛盾 - 成因三段建模法 模型 7：案例引入议论文 故事 / 影视 / 实验案例开篇（P1）→延伸核心话题（P2）→多角度论证（P3-P5）→结尾升华 1. 单独剥离开篇案例段2. 区分引入段与主体论证段3. 梳理论证分层逻辑 scene, story, example, therefore, thus 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 篇章结构题 知●识●解●构 知识点1 篇章整体宏观结构题 1. 考查核心：针对多段落组合 / 全文完整行文脉络设题，要求判断整篇或指定连续几段的完整逻辑链条，是篇章结构最高频考点。 2. 典型题干 · How are paragraphs 2 to 6 organized? · What is the overall organization of the passage? 3. 主流文本固定宏观框架 3. 科普文：现象→研究方法→实验结果→应用前景；新突破→技术原理→实测效果→发展价值 3. 问题类说明文：提出问题→分析危害→解决措施 3. 社会评论：社会热潮→对立现实→成因分析→政策建议 3. 议论文：争议话题→正反两方观点→作者总结评价 4. 解题核心思路 逐段概括段意，按 “起因 - 发展 - 结果 / 观点 - 论据 - 结论” 划分逻辑阶段，匹配选项逻辑链条；易错陷阱为颠倒时间、因果先后，混淆总分、问题解决两类框架。 知识点2 段落功能作用题 1. 考查核心：单独判定首段、中间过渡段、尾段的写作功能，区分引入、铺垫、承上启下、例证、反驳、总结、呼吁等作用。 2. 典型题干 4. What is the function of the first paragraph? 4. What does the last paragraph serve to do? 4. Why does the writer open with a TV drama story? 3. 段落固定功能分类 4. 首段：故事 / 案例 / 设问引入话题；抛出矛盾、制造阅读兴趣；铺垫背景 4. 中间段：承上启下；举例佐证前文观点；转折反驳；分点展开细节 4. 尾段：总结全文主旨；升华意义；提出建议、呼吁行动；预判未来发展 4. 解题核心思路 结合段落文本位置 + 前后逻辑关系双重判断，警惕混淆 “举例引入” 与 “直接点明主旨” 两大干扰项。 知识点3 写作手法 / 论证方式题 1. 考查核心：识别作者展开观点、说明事物的表达手段，分为议论文论证手法、说明文说明手法两类。 2. 典型题干 4. How does the author develop the argument? 4. What method is used in Paragraph 3 to support the idea? 3. 高频写作 / 论证手法分类 文体 常用手法 识别标志词 议论文 正反对比论证、举例论证、因果论证 in contrast, for example, as a result 说明文 时间顺序、分类说明、数据佐证、现象分析法 first, data, figure, such as 4. 解题核心思路 锁定段落核心观点，观察作者用何种素材支撑观点；易错点为区分 “单纯举例” 和 “正反对照” 复合手法。 知识点4 图文结构图匹配题 1. 考查核心：以树形分层图表呈现文章层级关系，要求匹配 CP（中心论点）、P（分论点）、Sp（次要点）、C（结尾总结）的从属、并列结构，是高考特色题型。 2. 典型题干：Which diagram best shows the structure of the passage? 3. 四大常考分层模型 3. 单层总分：总段 1 个，后文全部并列分述 3. 两级分层：总论点→两大分论点，每个分论点下设次要点 3. 三段递进：引入段→主体论证段→总结段 3. 对立分层：中心争议→正方、反方两个并列分支→总结 4. 解题核心思路 给每段标注功能标签，区分总起、分述、总结，判断层级从属关系；陷阱常颠倒主次、混淆并列 / 递进分支。 知识点5 段落内部层次顺序题 1. 考查核心：两类考法①单一段落内部句群分层逻辑；②多打乱语段（A/B/C）还原正确排布顺序。 2. 典型题干 4. The second paragraph is mainly organized by… 4. What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B and C? 3. 段落内部逻辑规律 4. 单段：观点句前置，后跟例证、数据、解释类支撑句 4. 多语段排序固定逻辑：背景起源段前置→客观描述居中→批判质疑→反驳回应段后置 4. 解题核心思路 依靠指代词、转折词、逻辑承接词定位前后关联；排序题优先锁定背景、起源类语段放在首位。 知识点6 开篇引入方式题 1. 考查核心：单独分析文章第一段引入主题的写作技巧，判断作者开篇手段。 2. 典型题干：How does the author introduce the topic at the beginning? 3. 六大主流开篇方式 3. 故事 / 影视场景引入；2. 数据 / 预测引入；3. 设问提问引入；4. 对比反差引入；5. 引用名言 / 案例引入；6. 现实现象直接引入 4. 解题核心思路 只聚焦首段写作素材，区分 “客观统计数据” 和 “未来预测”、“真实事例” 和 “虚拟假设场景” 等易混淆开篇形式。 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查篇章整体宏观结构题 核心考点：识别文章宏观框架，考查对全文行文逻辑、段落功能、文本体裁结构的整体把握。 命题形式：What is the structure/organization of the passage? / How is the passage developed? 解题密钥：体裁定结构法 · 说明文：总 - 分 - 总 / 总 - 分（现象→原因 / 方法→结论；提出问题→分析问题→解决问题） · 议论文：论点→论据（举例 / 对比 / 因果）→结论 · 记叙文：时间顺序 / 事件发展顺序（起因→经过→结果） · 新闻 / 科普：导语（核心信息）→细节展开→背景 / 补充 【典例1】 In April 2026, Sony AI announced a major new scientific breakthrough from its flagship research initiative, Project Ace. This news made headlines all over the world. Research on the advanced autonomous table tennis robot Ace had its complete findings officially published in Nature, a top journal, attracting very wide attention from global technology experts and AI researchers. Everyone in the field was excited about it. For many years in the past, traditional table tennis robots had quite clear technical limitations. They could only operate under simplified conditions, such as lower ball speed and reduced spin, which were not challenging enough for real games. Most early robots simply relied on fixed ball paths from serving machines and failed to deal with flexible, changeable strategies from real human players who could change their plans anytime. As a result, unfortunately, no previous robot could ever compete fairly with well-trained athletes under official competition rules. That is why they never won official matches. In contrast, however, the Ace robot is equipped with very professional hardware and a high-precision perception system which works like human eyes. A flexible high-speed robotic arm enables it to adjust hitting angles and strength instantly with great accuracy, just like a real player or even better. Meanwhile, multiple synchronous high-speed cameras act as very sensitive visual sensors, very accurately capturing the ball’s real-time speed, flight path and complex spin with extremely low delay in no time. This advanced hardware allows the robot to observe the court and respond far faster than human beings, and never tires. Ace also adopts a core physical AI technology called model-free reinforcement learning. This is a new way of training robots. Instead of following preset movements, the robot continuously collects match data in real time, analyzes opponents’ playing styles, and adjusts its own strategies independently during real-time games. It can flexibly deal with very fast attacks and tricky spins in dynamic matches. This makes it a true competitor. In formal tests, which were very strict, all games exactly followed full International Table Tennis Federation rules and were supervised by professional referees. Ace defeated three out of five strong elite (精英) players in standard matches. Nevertheless, it still suffered defeats against professional players, reflecting the big gap that still exists between the robot and top human athletes. It is truly still recognized as the first physical robot in history to reach real human expert-level performance in standard competitive sports. This is a huge step for robot sports. This success highlights the truly great potential of physical AI in handling real-world dynamic tasks like sports. Its core technologies can be applied to smart factories, household service robots and high-precision medical equipment, driving the rapid development of future intelligent technology. These uses will improve our lives a lot. 1．How are the paragraphs from two to six organized? A．Problem description→data analysis→expert opinions→summary B．Past failures→present solution→test results→future uses C．Historical overview→technical details→player interviews→limitations D．Cause and effect→comparison→personal view→prediction 原文片段：索尼乒乓球机器人 Ace 文章 2-6 段；题干：How are the paragraphs from two to six organized? 原文逻辑：二段传统机器人缺陷（过去失败）→三四段 Ace 硬件与 AI 方案（当下解决方案）→五段正式对战测试结果→六段技术未来应用； 答案 B Past failures→present solution→test results→future uses 【典例2】 All humans are born small, weak and completely dependent on others, and it takes years for them to become self-reliant. This means that children rely on adults to provide for them and protect them, and they face great danger when adults cannot or will not do this. While governments and organizations work to secure minors, the sheer (纯粹的) number and complexity of the issues some children face require a different approach. The numerous risks faced by children often relate to social issues. For example, crises such as wars and natural disasters often separate children from their families, which leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and lacking basic care. Other dangers occur specifically in wartime. For example, some armed forces use children as soldiers or rely on them for other forms of labor, which exposes the children to physical danger and trauma (创伤) from witnessing or participating in violence. Children are also often killed or injured in war, sometimes due to schools or hospitals being bombed. Forcing children to fight and targeting them (or targeting buildings where they are likely to be) are considered human rights violations (违反), but this does not stop the practice. Even in peacetime, some cultural practices can harm children. For example, forcing children to work or to marry young can expose them to danger and deprive them of an education. Since children face so many dangers, a variety of responses are necessary to address all of them. UNICEF takes several approaches to children directly and indirectly. This includes trying to prevent children from being separated from their families, and, if separation occurs, reuniting families. It also includes work toward making sure all births are registered so that the children have legal rights. UNICEF also supports research, proposes laws that protect children and contributes to humanitarian projects. Addressing cultural, political and economic challenges can help prevent dangers to children before they occur. Additionally, charities and other nonprofits work to keep children around the world safe. Some provide humanitarian (人道主义) aid to ensure that children have access to food, clean water and medical care. Others encourage people to sponsor children growing up in poverty, which gives them the means to attend school. Sometimes people even communicate with their sponsored children through letters. This is more personal than simply collecting money and makes people more willing to donate. By supporting these organizations, ordinary people can help children around the world become safer. Children are sensitive to a lot of dangers, and these dangers vary a bit by location and circumstances. Thus, a many-sided approach is necessary to ensure that all children enjoy a safe, happy childhood, so they can grow into healthy adults. 6．What is the structural feature of this passage? A．Problem-Solution with General-Particular. B．Time Order with Compare-Contrast. C．Cause-Effect with Classification Structure. D．General-Particular with Problem-Solution. 原文片段：儿童各类危险与保护措施说明文； 题干：What is the structural feature of this passage? 原文逻辑：前两段提出儿童遭受各类风险（问题），第四、五段介绍 UNICEF 与慈善机构的保护办法（解决）；整体先总述儿童处境，再分述危险、对策，结构为 Problem-Solution with General-Particular；答案 A 考向2 考查段落功能作用题 核心考点：判断某一段落（首段、尾段、过渡段）在文中的作用，区分 “引入、铺垫、转折、总结、例证” 等功能。 解题密钥：位置 + 逻辑词判定法 1. 首段：引出话题 / 提出论点 / 交代背景 / 激发阅读兴趣 2. 中间段：承上启下 / 补充细节 / 举例论证 / 对比分析 3. 尾段：总结全文 / 升华主旨 / 提出建议 / 呼应开头 【典例1】 In All Her Fault, the latest TV drama released this month, Marrisa Irvine rushes to pick up her child from a playdate , but there is a problem as soon as she gets there: the person who answers the door has no idea who her child is — or who she is. ‌“I think you’ve got the wrong house,” they say. ........ The workplace and the media deepen this double standard. Mothers are seen as less hardworking employees once they have children, while fathers are seen as more reliable and mature. On screen and online, mothers who lose their temper are labelled as ‌“crazy” or ‌“toxic”, while fathers doing even the least are celebrated as heroes. So it is not that fathers are naturally more responsible or less at fault. Rather, society has written motherhood as a full-time responsibility that must be perfect, and fatherhood as optional extra credit. Until we rewrite this story and share care and blame more fairly, mothers will continue to stand in the harsh light of criticism while many fathers remain in the shadows. 16．The passage mainly organized by opening with a TV drama scene and then ________. A．listing several real examples of moms being blamed, and finally accepting this as simply part of being a parent B．explaining why moms are born caregivers and implying that intensive mothering is a natural and desirable ideal C．focusing on dads going above and beyond, using them to argue that men face more unfair judgment than women D．contrasting how family, work and media treat moms and dads as caregivers, and calling for rewriting the story 原文：影视剧《All Her Fault》引入母亲育儿双重标准议论文；题干：The passage mainly organized by opening with a TV drama scene and then ______. 解析：第一段用剧集引入话题，中间多段对比父母社会评价差异，尾段呼吁公平分担责任；答案 D 【典例2】 “This technology solves two core pain points of agricultural carbon reduction: high cost and low efficiency,” said Professor Li Ming, the lead researcher of the team. “It can not only help farmers reduce costs and increase production, but also make a huge contribution to the national ‘dual carbon’ goal.” At present, the bacterial agent has been piloted in 12 major grain-producing provinces across the country, with a total application area of 153,000 hectares. 84．What is the main function of the last paragraph? A．To explain the detailed production process of the bacterial agent B．To introduce the wide global application of the new technology C．To summarize the core working principle of the bacterial agent D．To present expert evaluation and promotion status of the innovation 原文：新型农田固碳菌剂说明文；题干：What is the main function of the last paragraph? 解析：尾段引用教授评价，同时介绍全国 12 省试点推广现状； 答案 D 考向3 考查写作手法 / 论证方式题 核心考点：识别作者构建文本的具体手法，属于篇章结构的高阶考查。 解题密钥：手法特征匹配法 · 举例论证：用具体事例支撑观点 · 对比论证：通过正反 / 新旧 / 优劣对比突出观点 · 因果论证：分析原因→推导结果 · 分类说明：按类别 / 维度展开介绍 · 时间 / 空间顺序：按时间线、方位顺序组织内容 【典例1】 Imagine being a tiny baby snail (蜗牛), just floating around the vast ocean for months until you find a suitable place to grow into an adult. This is the life of Kellet’s whelks. Historically, these sea snails lived only in the warm waters of Southern California and Mexico. However, in recent years, some have moved 300 kilometers north, to much colder waters, and scientists wanted to find out if they had truly adapted to the colder northern environment. To investigate this, researchers collected Kellet’s whelks from both southern and northern parts of the Pacific Coast of California. They brought all the snails to a special tank and kept them in controlled conditions. The adult snails were allowed to have babies. Scientists then studied the babies’ DNA because they had spent their entire lives in the same environment, making sure any observed differences were due to their genes, not their life experiences. The study revealed significant genetic differences between the northern and southern snails. A large number of genes (2,770) were working differently in the northern snails, with 64% of these genes being more active. These distinct gene patterns allowed researchers to accurately tell if a baby snail’s parents were from the north or south just by looking at its DNA．These results strongly suggest that the northern snails have adapted to their new, colder habitat. This adaptation involved mutations — if their genes hadn’t changed, the researchers wouldn’t have been able to tell the snails apart. But why did these whelks move north and how did they adapt? Changing ocean currents carried some baby snails northward, and occasional warmer water bursts made it easier for them to survive there initially. Over time, snails that already had slight DNA differences helping them handle colder temperatures were more likely to survive and multiply. This research can help us understand how other ocean animals might respond to a changing climate and support sustainable fishing practices for species like Kellet’s whelks. 80．How is the text structured? A．Problem — Analysis — Solutions — Actions. B．Phenomenon — Methods — Findings — Implication. C．Argument — Evidence — Explanation — Conclusion. D．Observation — Assumption — Comparison — Application. 原文：海螺北迁适应冷水说明文；题干：How is the text structured? 行文逻辑：第一段提出海螺北移现象→二三段介绍 DNA 实验研究方法→四段给出基因差异研究发现→末段阐述研究对气候研究的价值；答案 B Phenomenon — Methods — Findings — Implication 【典例2】 Exercise should be seen as essential, but there is more to a healthy life The role of exercise in promoting good general health, and helping to prevent heart disease, strokes and diabetes is well established. No wonder, then, that long-distance running keeps growing in popularity. Popular tracks and parks have never been busier, with groups in stretchy Lycra (人造弹性纤维品牌) and fitness trackers on their wrists. The internet is awash with (充斥着) exercise videos, while figures earlier this year showed that gym memberships have climbed to a record 11.5m. The 16.9% of people aged 16 or over in Britain who belong to a gym is one of the highest proportions in Europe. The older teenagers and young adults of generation Z are a key demographic behind this social trend. And recent news from the world’s biggest cancer conference, in Chicago, shows how right they are to take the health benefits of fitness seriously. A landmark trial compared the outcomes of patients in several countries who were placed on a programme of structured exercise — assisted by a personal trainer — with those offered standard health advice. The results showing that exercise could be as effective as drugs, without the side-effects, in preventing the recurrence of colon cancer, were described by Prof Sir Stephen Powis, the national medical director of NHS England, as “really exciting”. The expectation is that the study will influence treatment guidelines worldwide — including in the increasingly fitness-conscious UK. But there is another narrative about exercise in Britain that is hard to harmonize with the one above. This is that we are a chronically unwell, overweight and sedentary population, whose health problems are only partly linked to the Europe-wide demographic challenge of ageing. These difficulties are widely recognised to be psychological as well as physical, with particular concerns around the worsening mental health of children and young people, which is widely linked to the rise in smartphone use. Which of these accounts of British fitness habits is more accurate depends which part of the population is being carefully examined. Government figures show that the age gap — with 16-to 24-year-olds the most physically active age group — is not the only one. There is also a significant socioeconomic difference. Students and adults in managerial and professional jobs are much more likely to keep active than manual workers or people who are long-term unemployed. As with other indicators of health, such as weight or smoking, there is a clear correlation with income. Richer people with more education and higher social status are more likely to be well. Could gen Z counter this trend with its more general embrace of fitness, which some point out is far cheaper than pub-going? It is too soon to be sure. Some young people believe their gym-going habits are as much about economic insecurity and status anxiety as they are about commitment to health. But as ministers finalise their 10-year plan for the NHS, which is expected to place a strong emphasis on prevention, they have an opportunity to build on, and shape, the way that exercise is offered and experienced. That being physically active is good for you is reinforced by the latest cancer study. But an obsession with personal appearance can be draining. A public health approach to exercise should seek to maximise the gains and minimise the harms associated with fitness culture. 39．Which of the following best describes the structure of the passage? A．Presentation of a social trend → introduction of conflicting evidence →analysis of causes → proposal for policy intervention. B．Critical evaluation of a health myth → case study support →contradiction of counterarguments → call for further research. C．Comparison of fitness habits in different countries → identification of demographic patterns →discussion of economic impacts → policy recommendations. D．Narrative of personal fitness experiences → statistical data validation (验证) → exploration of psychological factors → criticism of medical guidelines. 原文：英国人健身矛盾现象评论；题干：Which of the following best describes the structure of the passage? 行文逻辑：开篇展示全民健身热潮社会趋势→第四段转折抛出久坐人群的矛盾证据→五六段分析年龄、贫富差异成因→尾段给出 NHS 政策改进建议；答案 A Presentation of a social trend → introduction of conflicting evidence →analysis of causes → proposal for policy intervention 考向4 考查图文结构图匹配题 核心考点：匹配总 - 分、总分总、并列分层、问题 - 解决、现象 - 分析类段落树形结构图；题干：Which diagram shows the structure of the passage? 解题密钥：分层标记法 1. 标记每段核心功能（总起 CP / 分论点 P / 次要点 Sp / 结尾总结 C） 2. 判断层级：单层并列、两级分层、三段式递进 【典例1】 P1 Some people have lot of hair while others have a little. Some people have no hair on the top of their head; they are bald. The important thing is -- are you happy with the hair you have? P2 Problem hair is often a result of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle. P3 To ensure your hair looks its best, pay attention to what you eat. Lack of protein and iron makes your hair less shiny. So, you need adequate amounts of green vegetables, fruits and dairy products. Drink eight to ten glasses of water a day. This will help keep your hair from becoming dry. Avoid eating sweets or high-fat foods. They can slow hair growth. P4 Stress in your life can also secretly rob your hair of its shiny beauty. Relaxing music and more rest are both remedies for stress. P5 In addition, remember to rinse your hair thoroughly after you shampoo it. Brushing your hair regularly will help it grow. It will also make it look healthy. Do not rub your hair too quickly when you dry it. It could damage your hair. P6 Last, be sure to choose the right hair products. The choices you make are they key to healthy hair. 60．Which of the following structures matches the passage above? A． B． C． D． 原文：头发护理说明文（P1 引入；P2 总述发质差源于饮食生活；P3 饮食、P4 压力、P5 洗护、P6 护发产品四个并列分点）；对应结构图 D（P1→P2→P3/P4/P5/P6 四层并列分支） 【典例2】 Wilderness “In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation. Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others. I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm. This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. 76．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) : Conclusion A．B．C．D． 原文：荒野开发争议议论文（CP 荒野保护争议；P1 环保派观点；P2 开发派观点；P3 作者思考；C 总结呼吁深入探讨）；答案 D（CP 分两支 P1、P2，共同连接 P3，再到结论 C） 考向5 考查段落内部层次顺序题 核心考点：打乱多段文本，还原段落逻辑顺序；判断正确排布；题干：What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? 解题密钥：逻辑衔接词定位 1. 背景起源段放最前（stem from/early discovery） 2. 批评质疑段居中（critics argue） 3. 反驳回应段后置（counter/however 反驳前文批评） 【典例1】 If you were a Plutonian and knew just when to look up a few weeks ago, you would have seen an amazing sight. There, in the eternally black sky, a shiny metal machine the size of a small car would have suddenly appeared near the tiny sun, flashed swiftly from horizon to horizon, and then, just as suddenly, disappeared into the darkness. You might have raised an alien tentacle (触手) and scratched your ET head at this UFO encounter. You would have asked your Plutonian friends, “What was that?” and “Are we not alone in the universe?” And you would have looked back at the sky with renewed curiosity. That shiny machine was the New Horizons research probe, and the information it has beamed (定向传送) back to us since, clear across the solar system, makes intelligent life on Pluto highly unlikely. But here on Earth, the builders of that small craft (航空器) have been asking those same questions for thousands of years. Space travel has enabled us to see the entire world with unprecedented clarity. However, New Horizons’ successful high-speed fly-by of Pluto has inspired us once more to ask: “What’s next?” And, perhaps, an even more fundamental question: “Why is it that we even explore space at all?” Exploration is a fundamental, necessary part of being human. It’s natural for babies to gain the ability to walk, well before we can talk. The following experience of tottering (跌跌撞撞) around and directly stimulating our senses with endless unexpected new information, enables our development. Teens are naturally driven to rebel and leave home for the same reason. As adults, we have extended those initial steps to explore our entire planet. Our earliest ancestors, on foot first and then by cart and boat, pursued their curiosity out of Africa 60, 000 years ago. They explored, settled the farthest reaches of Australia, and made it to the last continent, Antarctica, in the mid-1800s. And with the innovative experimentation of the Wright brothers, we finally started directly exploring the third dimension (维度) in l903, just one long lifetime ago. There is nothing sacred (不可侵犯的) about space exploration. It is just the latest version of an ancient pattern: using our most advanced technology to discover and then push back the edges of our experience and imagination. As people with just ten fingers and ten toes, we are not good at imagining large numbers. We speak easily of “billions” and “light years,” but the vastness of space and the length of time make the actual chances of finding alien life right now incredibly slim. But so it was with each new major step of exploration before we took it. Yet the accumulation of knowledge has allowed an unprecedented number of us to live in all corners of the Earth. Lunar and Martian exploration and settlement are just the inevitable continuation of the ancient nature of human exploration itself. And there is no hurry. We will get there. 16．Which of the following best shows the development of the article? A．①②③—④⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ B．①②③—④⑤⑥—⑦⑧—⑨ C．①②—③④—⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ D．①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨ 原文人类太空探索文分层：①②假设冥王星视角引入；③④抛出太空探索核心问题；⑤⑥从婴儿、人类迁徙追溯探索天性；⑦⑧⑨展望月球火星探索；分层①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨，匹配对应结构选项 D 【典例2】 For over 15 years, Carlos Chaccour has researched a novel strategy to combat malaria: using ivermectin, a common antiparasitic (抗寄生虫的) drug, to make human blood toxic to mosquitoes that feed on it. His team’s recent large-scale trial in Kenya provides the first evidence that this approach can work at a community level. Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group given albendazole. This is considered a significant, high-quality indication of ivermectin’s potential, especially for school-aged children who often lack protection from bed nets. A  Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. He suggests future enhancements, such as more doses or longer-lasting formulations, could improve efficacy. Additionally, ivermectin’s ability to treat other diseases like scabies adds value. B  Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. C  The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. Previous studies, including his 2010 research, demonstrated that mosquitoes feeding on blood from ivermectin-treated volunteers had higher death rates. However, translating this into a meaningful reduction in malaria has proven challenging, with earlier trials showing mixed results. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. Nonetheless, researchers agree that further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether ivermectin can become a useful tool in the global fight against malaria. 22．What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? A．C→B→A. B．B→A→C. C．C→A→B. D．B→C→A. 原文伊维菌素疟疾材料三段 A/B/C；C 介绍药物研发起源与早期实验（背景前置）；B 提出专家质疑缺陷（中间批判）；A 作者针对批评进行反驳（后置回应）；正确顺序 C→B→A，答案 A 考向6 考查开篇引入方式题 核心考点：判断作者开篇写作手法（讲故事、举案例、引用数据、预测、抛出问题、对比）；题干：How does the author introduce the topic? 解题密钥：锁定首段句式 · 数据 / 预测开篇：will reach/estimate · 事例引入：场景、故事片段 · 设问开篇：问句抛出核心话题 【典例1】 A large beverage (饮料) company will be using over 4.1 billion kilograms of plastic a year by the year 2030, unless it stops using single-use plastic, according to a recent report from the conservation organization Oceana. Oceana also estimates that by 2030, an annual 602 million kilograms of the company’s plastic packaging will be polluting the world’s ocean and waterways. The report says that this amount is enough to fill the stomachs of 18 million blue whales. Oceana made its estimates using the company’s own reported data on its use of plastic packaging between 2018 and 2023, and a forecast of the company’s future sales growth based on past trends. A 2024 study found that a main product by the company is already the world’s worst plastic-polluting brand. .......... 13．How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A．By raising questions. B．By citing a book. C．By making a prediction. D．By reporting historical statistics. 大型饮料塑料污染文章首段预测 2030 年塑料使用量；题干：How does the author introduce the topic of the text?；答案 C By making a prediction 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组训练 名校模拟试题 Passage1 【来源】上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年12月月考英语试题 Caesar was right: thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. Whatever their personalities, thin people share one trait: they are very serious about everything. They live as if life were a project that must always be improved. In the first place, they aren’t much fun. Give them a coffee break and they jog around the block. Offer them a quiet evening and they fix the screen door. They say things like ‌“there aren’t enough hours in the day.” Fat people often feel the day is already long enough. Thin people make me tired. Their fast metabolisms keep them moving all the time, rubbing their bony hands together and looking for new problems to ‌“tackle”. I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow. Some people say the idea of the ‌“jolly fat person” is only a myth, and that fat people are secretly unhappy. I disagree. They may not laugh all day, but they are usually kinder than the thin and nervous. Thin people don’t understand the power of a hot-fudge sundae for reducing stress. They don’t like soft, sweet things because they themselves are not soft or gentle. They are like carrots: hard, straight, and a little boring. They like to go straight to ‌“the heart of the matter,” while fat people are willing to leave things a bit unclear and vague, which is closer to how life really is. Thin people are always trying to ‌“face the truth”; fat people know there is no simple truth and no single ‌“key point” about anything. Thin people believe strongly in logic and neat plans. Fat people see many sides of a problem and know that life is often unfair and cannot be fully controlled. That is why thin people are often serious and tense. They talk about plans, rules, and self-control. Fat people, however, are convivial. They will forgive you, comfort you, and make you laugh. When you feel sad, you don’t want someone hard and strict. You want someone soft who will listen, relax with you, and make room for you — and fat people will always take you in. 9．Why does the writer say fat people know ‌“if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow”? A．They try to steer clear of a serious way of thinking. B．They accept uncertainty as a normal part of life. C．They turn down any intelligence to deal with complex issues. D．They tend to avoid uncomfortable truth in life. 10．In the last paragraph, the word ‌“convivial” is closest in meaning to ______. A．be ready to let go of other people’s mistakes B．joyful and socially warm towards others C．being funny in other people’s eyes D．getting excited in making people feel better 11．Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A．It humorously defends a relaxed, accepting way of living against a culture that worships control and efficiency. B．It proves that a person’s weight directly determines his or her moral quality and intelligence. C．It argues that modern people should pay more attention to their physical health than to emotional comfort. D．It explains why logical thinking is sometimes less important than emotional support in all kinds of situations. 12．How does the writer organize the passage? A．By first listing medical facts about thinness and fatness and then drawing a scientific conclusion. B．By starting with complaints about thin people and then employing contrasts to show a preference for fat people. C．By telling a sad personal story about weight problems and then suggesting several ways to lose weight. D．By describing both the thin and the fat differently and then ending with a balanced, neutral summary of both. Passage 2 【来源】2025 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟卷（上海卷） Adolescents around the world have experienced a decline in their mental health over the past decade. Recent UK data suggests that one in six 7-16- year- olds and one in four 17-19- year- olds have a probable mental health condition, a clear rise from the one in nine and one in ten recorded in 2017, respectively. As 48% of those with a mental health condition first experience relevant symptoms before the age of 18, this increased mental health burden will negatively impact society and the economy, as well as adolescent and adult life. Many have raised concerns that this trend has been caused, at least in part, by increased adolescent social media use, which has revolutionized how adolescents live, learn and interact:93% of 12-17-year-olds now report having a social media profile. To address these concerns, academic investigation of social media use and adolescent mental health has increased substantially in recent years. Research teams have recruited adolescent populations in schools, universities or as part of broader community-based samples to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal (纵向的) links between increased smartphone or social media use and scores on questionnaires of depression, anxiety, disordered eating and other mental health symptoms. These studies have primarily found small positive associations. Some researchers have used these to argue that there exists a causal link between social media use and mental health declines (that is, “screen time, perhaps especially social media, may have larger effects on adolescent girls’ mental health than on boys’ and that is indeed what we found, with social media significantly correlated with depressive symptoms…” ) Such arguments, in turn, have been used to call for restrictive policy regulations to limit smartphone and social media use in adolescent age groups. However, many researchers have also questioned the strength of the current evidence base and highlighted that existing studies do not support the idea that there is a causal relationship linking social media use to mental health. Indeed, the literature provides many conflicting results. Researchers have not only debated about a lack of longitudinal or causal evidence, but have also disagreed about how to deal with the substantial individual differences present, which have been linked to factors such as age, gender and ethnicity. 17．According to the first paragraph, what has happened to adolescents in the last years? A．There’s an increase in their mental health condition. B．15% more 17-19-year-olds have mental issues. C．48% of them have mental health problems. D．Their mental condition has burdened society. 18．The second paragraph is mainly organized by ________ A．comparing historical and modern investigations focusing on social media use. B．presenting the research response to the concerns and its typical findings. C．listing the contributors of teenagers’ declining mental health. D．criticizing the methodologies of certain academic studies. 19．Which of the following is NOT employed by researchers intending to find the link between social media use and its impact on teenagers? A．Gender is counted as a factor. B．Various mental troubles are considered. C．The adolescent samples cover different sectors. D．The teenagers’ academic scores are taken into account. 20．It can be inferred from the text that future high-quality research on this topic should prioritize ________ A．ignoring individual differences like age and gender. B．establishing clearer causal links, not just correlations. C．covering a larger sample crossing geographical borders. D．focusing only on a limited number of mental problems. Passage 3 【来源】【来源】上海市松江二中2025-2026学年高三上学期9月开学考试英语试题 3Steps to Introducing a New Pet to Your Current Pets Adding a new pet to your family can be an exciting and rewarding experience. However, taking the necessary steps to ensure a smooth and successful introduction between your new pet and your current furry friends is essential. Following these steps will help foster positive relationships and minimize potential conflicts. Prepare the Environment Before bringing your new pet home, set up a separate space with all the necessary supplies such as food and water bowls, bedding, litter box, toys, and scratching posts. This space will be a safe haven for your new pet to retreat to and gradually adjust to their new surroundings. Scent Introduction Animals rely heavily on their sense of smell to familiarize themselves with their environment and each other. To start the introduction process, swap bedding or toys between your current pets and the new pet. This scent exchange will help them become familiar with each other’s scent, reducing the novelty when they finally meet face-to-face.Controlled Visual Introduction Allow your pets to see each other without direct physical contact. Use a baby gate or a pet barrier to separate them initially. This controlled visual introduction will enable them to observe each other’s behaviors and body language, promoting a gradual acclimation and reducing potential stress. Gradual Interaction Once your pets have become accustomed to each other’s scents and shown positive behavior during the controlled visual introductions, you can gradually interact face-to-face. Start by allowing short and supervised periods of physical contact, gradually increasing the duration as they become more comfortable with each other. To find out more about pet guides, you can visit our site. Equal Attention and Affection Ensure that you give equal attention and affection to all your pets. It’s crucial to reassure your current pets that they are still loved and valued, even with the presence of a new companion. Maintaining their regular routines and showering them with attention, you help prevent feelings of jealousy or insecurity. Supervised Playtime Supervised playtime is an excellent way for your pets to bond and establish positive associations with each other. Engage them in interactive play sessions, providing toys and treats to redirect their focus onto enjoyable activities rather than potential conflicts. Always monitor their interactions closely and intervene if any signs of aggression or tension arise. If you encounter significant challenges or ongoing conflicts during the introduction process, don’t hesitate to seek professional help. 33．The article is primarily organized by ________. A．comparing different pet introduction methods B．listing the benefits of pet adoption C．analyzing causes of pet conflicts and the potential risks D．presenting a sequential guide to pet introduction 34．According to the article, why is scent exchange between pets recommended before their face-to-face meeting? A．Because it helps eliminate aggressive behavior completely. B．Because it allows pets to be familiar with each other’s smell, reducing tension. C．Because it encourages pets to play together more actively. D．Because it replaces the need for visual introduction. 35．The article would be LEAST helpful to which reader? A．Someone who just adopted a second dog. B．A family introducing a kitten to their older cat. C．A zookeeper introducing a new animal to an existing exhibit. D．A person bringing a new rabbit into a home with existing pets. Passage 4 【来源】【来源】上海市华东师范大学松江实验高级中学2025-2026学年上学期12月月考卷 You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are you’ll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook. Lonely Planet is one of the world’s largest travel guide brands, publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts all devoted to travel. Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you don’t miss the best things. They also provide the reviews of hostels, hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination. This can be great if you’re a nervous traveler, or if you haven’t traveled by yourself before. If you’re in a country where you don’t speak the language, sometimes there’s nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel that’s cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer. But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity (自发性) out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook, you’ll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over, because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route. Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle, wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar. 25．The Lonely Planet guidebook can bring you the following advantages EXCEPT that ______. A．you can easily find a nice place to stay in a strange city B．it provides lots of useful information about your destination C．it can help you save time and money when traveling D．you can speak a foreign language when opening a guidebook 26．People criticize the guidebook because ______. A．it is not as useful as most travelers expect B．travelers may not get the chance to have unexpected adventures C．tourist destinations will be crowded if everyone follows the same route D．local people keep modern lifestyles under its influence 27．What do we know about the Lonely Planet guidebook from the text? A．It’s very useful to a person who’s nervous about touring an unfamiliar place. B．It’s a world-famous brand only producing guidebooks for travelers. C．It’s very useful to a tourist who wants to experience a traditional lifestyle. D．It is loved by all travelers because of the convenience it brings to travelers. 28．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? (①～⑦ stand for Paragraph 1～Paragraph 7) A． B． C． D． 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $