专题04 选词填空之熟词生义及构词法（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考选词填空核心考点，系统整合熟词僻义、一词多性、构词法及固定搭配四大模块，依据命题规律构建“考情分析-知识解构-解题建模-真题演练”的复习框架，通过考点梳理、方法指导与真题训练，帮助学生建立语境词义判定的思维路径，实现复习的系统性与针对性。 资料创新采用“语境-构词双维突破法”，如熟词僻义分类积累本、构词法词缀速记表等工具，培养学生语言能力与思维品质，设置考向破译实例与分层练习，助力教师精准把控复习节奏，有效提升学生在有限时间内的词义辨析与语境应用能力，为高考备考提供高效实战支撑。

专题04 选词填空之熟词生义及构词法 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点聚焦 考查根据上下文语境及构词法知识判定词义 知识解构 知识点1 熟词僻义 知识点2 一词多义一词多性 知识点3 构词法知识 知识点2 词汇固定搭配 考向破译 考向01 考查熟词僻义 考向02 考查一词多义一词多性 考向03 考查构词法知识 考向02 考查词汇固定搭配 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 年份 词汇填空考点分布 2025上海春考 名词考查3；动词考查3；形容词考查2；非谓语考查2；其中构词法1 2024上海春考 名词考查3；动词考查5；形容词考查2；其中构词法3 2023上海春考 名词考查4；动词考查4；形容词考查3；其中构词法0 2022上海秋考 名词考查5；动词考查2；形容词考查2；其中构词法1 2022上海春考 名词考查4；动词考查3；形容词考查3；其中构词法1 2021上海秋考 名词考查2；动词考查5；形容词考查3；其中构词法2；分词2 2021上海春考 名词考查2；动词考查6；形容词考查2；其中构词法2；分词2 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 项目 考点分析 解题技巧 熟词僻义 1. 高频基础词汇考查冷门引申含义，单纯基础词义代入句子逻辑不通；2. 核心变形考点：名词转动词、动词转名词、实词抽象化引申；3. 常结合文本语境褒贬色彩、特定场景（学术 / 生活 / 商务）出题；4. 极易和一词多性结合考查，同一单词不同词性对应不同僻义 1. 基础义代入句意不通时，立刻放弃本义，切换记忆中的引申僻义；2. 背诵单词时同步标注名词、动词互相转换的特殊用法；3. 根据上下文情感倾向筛选匹配的引申义；4. 整理真题熟词僻义积累本，分类记忆 一词多性 1. 同一个单词兼具名词、动词、形容词、副词多种词性，不同词性词义完全不同；2. 命题核心：不看词性直接选词导致语义错误；3. 常和句子语法结构、主谓宾定状补成分绑定考查 1. 第一步划分句子主干，判断空格所需词性（名 / 动 / 形 / 副）；2. 定位提示词：冠词 / 物主代词后填名词；情态动词 /to 后填动词；名词前多用形容词；动词修饰用副词；3. 筛选选项中符合目标词性的释义匹配原文 构词法（词缀） 1. 通过前缀、后缀判定单词词性，快速排除干扰项；2. 前缀改变词义（否定、方向），后缀固定决定词性；3. 降低生词理解难度，即便不认识词根也可判断词性 1. 后缀速记判定：-ly 副词；-tion/-ance/-ness 名词；-ful/-able/-al 形容词；-ate/-ise 动词；-ist 表人、-ism 表理论；2. 看到否定前缀 un-/in-/dis-/im-，反向理解单词含义； 3. 先依靠词缀筛掉词性不符选项，缩小答案范围 固定搭配 1. 三大核心考点：动词短语、介词搭配、形容词固定搭配；2. 非谓语搭配：形容词 + to do、动词 + doing/to do；3. 并列结构 and/but 前后搭配、词性保持统一；4. 介词 to/of/in/on 是搭配标志性提示词 1. 重点积累动词 + 介词、形容词 + 介词固定词组；2. 看到空格旁出现介词，优先匹配对应固定搭配；3. 遇到并列连词，对照前后词语搭配规律；4. 单独整理易混搭配，区分 to 后接原形还是 doing 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点二、考查根据上下文语境及构词法知识判定词义 知●识●解●构 知识点1 熟词僻义 许多常见的单词有着我们平时熟知的基本意思，但在高考 “小猫钓鱼” 题型中，会考查这些单词比较生僻、不常用的释义。例如 “address” 一词，常见意思是 “地址”，但它还有 “演讲；称呼” 等僻义，很可能在题目中就考查这些相对冷门的意思。 难点：考生往往容易受限于对单词常规意思的记忆，在看到熟悉单词时，习惯性地按照常用义去理解，从而难以准确判断其在具体语境中的正确用法，导致选错答案。 考查目的：旨在考查学生对词汇掌握的深度，看是否真正全面了解单词的不同含义，能够灵活运用词汇知识，根据语境准确辨析单词的恰当意思。 序号 单词 常见义 僻义 1 address n. 地址 v. 处理，应对；发表演说 2 approach v. 接近，靠近 n. 方法，途径；v. 着手处理 3 charge v. 收费；充电 v. 指控，控告；n. 掌管，负责 4 company n. 公司 n. 陪伴，同伴；剧团 5 deliver v. 递送，传送 v. 发表（演讲）；履行（诺言）；接生 6 employ v. 雇佣 v. 使用，利用（方法、手段） 7 figure n. 数字；人物；身材 v. 认为，估计；理解，弄明白 8 game n. 游戏，比赛 adj. 有冒险精神的；n. 猎物，野味 9 hit v. 打，击 v. 达到（某水平）；n. 轰动一时的人 / 物 10 issue n. 问题，议题 v. 发布，发行；流出，涌出 11 launch v. 发射（火箭） v. 发起，推出（活动 / 产品）；启动 12 minute n. 分钟 adj. 微小的，细微的（/maɪˈnjuːt/） 13 observe v. 观察 v. 遵守（规则）；庆祝（节日）；评论 14 press v. 按压，压 n. 新闻界，媒体；v. 催促，敦促 15 rate n. 比率，速度 v. 评价，评估；被认为，被评价为 16 run v. 跑，奔跑 v. 经营，管理；运转；持续，延续 17 stand v. 站立 v. 容忍，忍受；n. 立场，观点；摊位 18 strike v. 打击，撞击 v. 突然想到；罢工；给… 留下印象 19 value n. 价值 v. 重视，珍视；估价 20 will modal v. 将要，会 n. 意志，决心；遗嘱 知识点2 一词多性/一词多义 不少英语单词具备多种词性以及不同的词义，比如 “record”，既可以作名词表示 “记录；唱片”，又能作动词表示 “记录；录制”。在题目语境中，需要依据句子结构、语法规则以及上下文语义等来判断该单词应取哪种词性和相应的词义。 难点：要准确判断单词的词性和对应的词义，需要综合考虑多方面因素，对学生的语法功底以及语义理解能力要求较高。学生容易混淆单词不同词性下的用法，出现张冠李戴的情况。 考查目的：检验学生对词汇的灵活运用能力，能否准确分析句子结构，结合语境准确把握单词的词性和合适的词义，从而使句子语法正确、语义通顺。高考英语多义词的深度辨析，涵盖科技、环保、教育等核心主题，呈现词性变化与语境逻辑的深度关联： 一、科技类多义词 1. reason 含义 1（n.）：原因 → The reason for the delay of the robot test is system failure.（2024 浦东二模） 含义 2（v.）：推理，推论 → Researchers reasoned that AI would cut research costs greatly.（2025 徐汇一模） 真题关联：2023 全国卷 Ⅲ 阅读 D 篇，reason 作动词表推论，用于科研数据分析，上海高考阅读高频复刻该考法。 2. process 含义 1（n.）：过程，工序 → The whole process of 3D printing takes two hours.（2024 虹口一模） 含义 2（v.）：处理（数据、信息） → Computers process massive environmental data every second.（2025 杨浦二模） 真题关联：上海春考阅读常考 process data 固定搭配，完形多次区分名词 “流程” 与动词 “处理信息”。 3. track 含义 1（n.）：轨道，轨迹 → The satellite travels along its fixed track in space.（2023 松江二模） 含义 2（v.）：追踪，监测 → This smart device tracks the change of energy consumption.（2025 奉贤一模） 真题关联：2024 上海高考阅读 C 篇科技主题，track 作动词 “监测” 为解题核心熟词僻义。 4. model 含义 1（n.）：模型，样板 → Scientists built a digital model of the new spacecraft.（2024 嘉定一模） 含义 2（v.）：模仿，效仿；建模 → The robot’s movement is modeled on human arms.（2025 普陀二模） 真题关联：上海翻译高频考点 model A on B “仿照 A 制作 B”，科技类翻译每年均有涉及。 5. program 含义 1（n.）：程序；项目 → This software program can sort experimental data automatically.（2023 黄浦二模） 含义 2（v.）：给… 编程；预设 → The machine is programmed to stop when overheated.（2025 金山一模） 真题关联：上海完形填空常区分名词 “程序” 和动词 “编程设定”，属于科技核心多义词。 6. conduct 含义 1（v.）：实施，开展（实验） → Experts conduct a series of AI performance tests.（2024 长宁二模） 含义 2（v.）：传导（热 / 电） → Metal conducts heat faster than plastic materials.（2025 静安一模） 真题关联：上海高考语法填空、阅读双高频，科技文本两大核心词义交替考查。 二、环保类多义词（6 组） 1. yield 含义 1（v.）：产出，出产（作物 / 能源） → The eco-farm yields organic vegetables all year round.（基础） 含义 2（v.）：屈服，让步 → The factory refused to yield to demands for lower pollution.（2025 闵行二模） 真题关联：2022 北京完形 yield to pressure “向压力妥协”，上海环保阅读多次复用该搭配。 2. consume 含义 1（v.）：消耗（能源、资源） → Old cars consume far more fossil fuels than new energy vehicles.（2024 青浦一模） 含义 2（v.）：食用，饮用 → Local residents consume less disposable tableware now.（2025 崇明二模） 真题关联：上海高考环保阅读必考 “消耗资源” 义，翻译常考 consume energy 固定搭配。 3. reserve 含义 1（n.）：自然保护区 → This wildlife reserve protects rare aquatic plants.（2023 宝山二模） 含义 2（v.）：保留，预留 → We reserve green land for native species to survive.（2025 徐汇二模） 真题关联：上海春考阅读环保篇章，一词两义同时出现，区分词义是答题关键。 4. exhaust 含义 1（n.）：废气，尾气 → Car exhaust is a major source of air pollution.（2024 松江一模） 含义 2（v.）：耗尽，用光（资源） → Overfishing exhausts the ocean’s fish resources.（2025 虹口二模） 真题关联：2024 上海高考翻译考过 exhaust natural resources，环保话题高频动词僻义。 5. balance 含义 1（n.）：平衡（生态） → We must keep the balance of the whole ecosystem.（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：权衡，平衡（发展与环保） → The government balances economy and environmental protection.（2025 杨浦二模） 真题关联：上海完形填空高频，常考 balance A and B “兼顾 A 与 B”。 6. dump 含义 1（v.）：倾倒（垃圾） → Factories are banned to dump waste into rivers.（2023 嘉定二模） 含义 2（n.）：垃圾场，废弃物堆放点 → The old dump will be turned into a green park.（2024 普陀一模） 真题关联：上海环保类阅读高频熟词，词义简单但词性转换易失分。 三、社会文化类多义词 1. address 含义 1（n.）：地址 → Please write down your residential address on the form.（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：解决（社会问题）；发表演说 → The policy addresses youth employment problems.（2025 静安二模） 真题关联：上海翻译、完形常年考查 address 作动词 “处理、解决”，社会话题核心僻义。 2. stand 含义 1（v.）：站立 → Students stand up to greet the speaker.（基础用法） 含义 2（n.）：立场，态度；v. 忍受 → He took a firm stand against unfair social rules.（2024 长宁一模） 真题关联：上海高考完形必考 take a stand 搭配，社会观点类阅读高频。 3. issue 含义 1（n.）：社会议题，问题 → Income gap is a hot social issue nowadays.（2024 金山二模） 含义 2（v.）：发布，颁布（政策、公告） → The city issued new rules on public civility.（2025 奉贤一模） 真题关联：上海春考阅读、语法填空反复考查 issue 动词 “发布” 义。 4. charge 含义 1（v.）：收费 → Museums charge visitors for special exhibitions.（基础用法） 含义 2（n.）：掌管；v. 指控 → The manager is in charge of community volunteer work.（2025 黄浦二模） 真题关联：上海完形填空经典多义词，in charge of 每年模考卷必出。 5. cover 含义 1（v.）：覆盖 → Green plants cover most of the community park.（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：报道（社会新闻）；足够支付 → Journalists cover the local cultural events every week.（2023 青浦二模） 真题关联：上海高考阅读媒体、社会话题高频，cover 表 “新闻报道” 极易被忽略。 6. observe 含义 1（v.）：观察 → Researchers observe residents’ daily cultural habits.（2024 崇明一模） 含义 2（v.）：遵守；庆祝（节日） → All citizens observe traditional festivals together.（2025 宝山二模） 真题关联：上海翻译高频考点，observe laws “遵守法规”、observe festivals “过节” 两类引申义。 7. novel 含义 1（n.）：小说 → "She wrote a novel about ancient China."（基础用法） 含义 2（adj.）：新颖的 → "A novel approach to solving the problem was proposed."（2025 年徐汇一模） 真题关联：2023 年上海阅读 C 篇中，"novel technology" 表 "新技术"，涉及文化创新。 四、经济商业类多义词 1. yield 补充经济拓展义（同环保词，新增经济词义） 含义 3（n.）：收益，利润 → The green investment brings stable annual yield.（2025 闵行二模） 真题关联：上海高三经济类阅读三重词义（产出 / 让步 / 收益）全部覆盖，区分难度高。 2. figure 含义 1（n.）：数字，数额 → The report shows the trade figures of green industry.（2024 徐汇一模） 含义 2（v.）：认为，估算 → Experts figure the market will grow rapidly.（2025 松江二模） 真题关联：上海完形填空必考一词多性，figure 动词义常年是易错点。 3. run 含义 1（v.）：奔跑（基础义） 含义 2（v.）：经营，运营（企业） → He runs an eco-friendly small business downtown.（2024 静安二模） 真题关联：上海中译英翻译超高频，run a company/shop 每年模考重复考查。 4. rate 含义 1（n.）：比率，费率 → The growth rate of new energy industry keeps rising.（2023 杨浦二模） 含义 2（v.）：评价，定级 → Customers rate the green products highly.（2025 嘉定一模） 真题关联：上海语法填空、阅读高频，rate 作动词 “评价” 熟词僻义极易丢分。 5. discount 含义 1（n.）：折扣 → "Shoppers can enjoy a 20% discount during the sale."（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：忽视 → "Experts discount the idea of a quick economic recovery."（2024 年虹口一模） 真题关联：2022 年江苏卷阅读 D 篇中，"discount environmental factors" 表 "忽视环境因素"，涉及经济评估。 知识点3 构词法（派生/转化/合成/缀合） 难点：要求学生熟悉各类构词法规则，能够准确识别单词的构成部分以及理解其新的词义和用法，对单词的拆解和理解能力有一定要求，否则很难判断其在句子中是否合适。 考查目的：考查学生词汇积累的广度以及对构词知识的掌握情况，看是否能利用构词法知识去推测生词的意思，拓展词汇量，进而正确选用合适的单词完成填空。 常用构词法知识： （1）、名词后缀 1）-ster，-eer，-er（or）意为：从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人。 例词：gamester，gangster，engineer，profiteer，mountaineer，driver，teacher，director，actor，professor 2）-let意为：小或者不重要的东西。例词：booklet，leaflet，starlet 3）-ism意为：道义，主义，学说等。例词：idealism， impressionism，racism 4）-ess意为：女性。例词：actress，poetess，hostess 5）-hood意为：时期。例词：boyhood，childhood，manhood 6）-ship意为：才能，状态，资格，品质等。例词：leadership，friendship，membership，sportsmanship 7）-ful意为：量。例词：cupful，handful， mouthful，spoonful 8）-tion，-ion意为：①状态，行动等。例词：action，oppression，possession，education，starvation ②机构等。例词： organization，foundation 9）-ment意为：状态，行动等。例词：movement，enslavement，pavement 10）-al意为：动作。例词：arrival，refusal，revival，recital，removal 11）-age意为：程度，数量等。例词：coverage，shrinkage，breakage，hostage 12）-ness；-ity（ty）意为：状态，品质。例词：happiness，usefulness，selfishness，activity，sanity，changeability （2）、动词后缀 1）-ify意为：转为，变为。例词：beautify, simplify, classify 2）-ize；-en意为：使……，变得……。例词：modernize，popularize，symbolize，ripen，widen，threaten 3）-ate意为：增加，使……。例词：originate，initiate （3）、形容词后缀 1）-ful意为：充满，有。例词：useful，pitiful， hopeful，helpful，forgetful，thankful， fearful 2）-less意为：没有，无。例词：speechless，childless，harmless，hopeless，meaningless 3）-ly意为：有……品质的。例词：beastly，manly， brotherly，friendly 4）-like意为：像……的。例词： childlike，tigerlike 5）-y；-ish意为：像……一般的。例词：sandy， silky，hairy，leafy，watery，foolish，girlish，blackish 6）-some意为：像……一样的；引起……的；有……品质的。例词：troublesome，tiresome，bothersome 7）-able（ible）意为：能……的；可以……的。例词： changeable，readable，drinkable，comfortable，expansible 8）-ed意为：有……的。例词：wooded，pointed，odd-shaped 9）-al意为：有……属性的，……类型的。例词：cultural，personal，regional，musical 10）-ary（ory）意为：属于……的，与……相连的。例词：revolutionary，imaginary 11）-ous意为：富含……的；有……品质的；像……的。例词：glorious，gracious 12）-ic（ical）意为：……类的；属于……的。例词： historic，historical，dramatic，heroic 13）-ive意为：有……属性的；有某种倾向的。例词： talkative，restrictive，defensive，constructive，sensitive （4）、副词后缀 1）-ly意为：以……方式。例词：happily，attentively，strangely 2）-ward（s）意为：表示方式或动作的方向。例词：backward（s），homeward（s），eastward（s） 3）-wise意为：①按照……方式。例词：crabwise，clockwise ②就……而言。例词：weatherwise ，educationwise 知识点4 固定搭配 英语中有大量的固定搭配，如：classify...as; take into accout; commit onself to等。在选词填空中，会考查学生对这些固定搭配的熟悉程度，需要根据句子中已有的部分去匹配相应的固定搭配单词。 难点：固定搭配数量繁多，记忆起来有一定难度，而且容易出现混淆。同时在题目中，可能搭配的部分被拆分在不同位置，需要仔细梳理句子结构和语义才能准确识别。 考查目的：检测学生对英语中常用固定搭配的记忆和运用能力，看能否敏锐捕捉到句子中涉及固定搭配的线索，以此选择正确的单词，使句子表达符合英语的语言习惯。 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查熟词僻义 单词常见词义代入不通，需结合语篇选取冷门延伸释义。 例 1 （2025~2026学年闵行区二模19空） A. access B. exhibits C. chapter D. share E. randomly F. encounters G. delivered H. transformed I. thorough J. primitively K. novel An estimated 97 percent of museum artifacts (手工艺品) remain in storage at anygiven time, and the (19)______ of works on display may decline further as museums keep adding new items - unless they build more exhibition space.If visitors would like to get a closer look at an artifact or even touch it, ...... 答案 19. D 19.D. share 解析：主语“the... of works on display”需要名词。 “share”此处为名词，意为“份额、比例”。前文提到97%的藏品在库存中，因此“展出的作品比例可能进一步下降”符合逻辑。 词框选项：D. share 基础熟义：v. 分享；共享 僻义（考点）：n. 份额、占比 分析：本空跟在定冠词 the 后，需名词。share 此处不再是动词 “分享”，而是名词熟词僻义 “份额”，the share of works on display 展出藏品的占比，符合语境 “博物馆藏品 97% 入库，展出藏品占比持续下降”。 例 2 （2025~2026学年崇明区二模19空） A. autonomous B. firmly C. integral D. launch E. leap F. live-stream G. marketplace H. measure I. precise J. skillfully K. subsequently “The focus has moved from the factory floor to the commercial channel, where the real ____19____ of a company’s health is no longer how many robots it can build, but how many it can successfully integrate into real-world scenes,” Zhang said. 【答案】 19. H 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：张说：“重点已经从工厂车间转移到商业渠道，在商业渠道中，衡量一家公司健康的真正标准不再是它能制造多少机器人，而是它能成功地将多少机器人集成到现实世界中。”根据空前的“the real”和空后的“of a company’s health”可知，此处需要一个名词。measure意为“衡量标准”，符合句意。故选H。 选项：H. measure 基础熟义：v. 测量，度量 僻义（考点）：n. 衡量标准，评判依据 分析：基础认知中 measure 多作动词表 “测量尺寸”；本空位于 the real 后，需要名词，取僻义 “评判标准”。句意：评判一家企业发展状况的真正标准，不再是机器人产量。 例 3 （2025~2026学年普陀区二模11空） A. access B. address C. competence D. considerable E. exposure F. hazardous G. idealized H. normalize I. safeguard J. prioritize K. vital Social media: A double-edged Sword for Adolescents Social media is offering significant opportunities alongside critical challenges. On the positive side, social platforms provide spaces for self-expression and meaningful connections. Adolescents can ____11____ mental health resources online, engage in supportive communities, and share personal stories. 【答案】11. A 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：青少年可以在网上获得心理健康资源，加入互助社群，并分享个人故事。结合“在线资源、获取使用”的语境，此处表示“获取、使用”，应选access，情态动词can后接动词原形，故选A。 词框选项：A. access 基础熟义：n. 通道，入口 僻义（考点）：v. 获取、使用（资源） 答案：A 分析：学生大多只记住 access 名词含义 “通道”；本空前有情态动词 can，必须填动词，考查动词僻义 “获取线上心理资源”，为上海阅读、选词高频僻义。 考向2 考查一词多性/多义 同一单词兼具两种及以上词性，不同词性词义完全不同，需依靠句子成分判断词性再匹配词义。 例 1 例题：（2025~2026学年青浦区二模11空） A. plainly B. equivalent C. dismissed D. clue E. integrated F. imprecisely G. boost H. reassessment I. running J. reserve K. reprogramming The Surprising Truth about Body Fat If you melted down the average UK adult, you would find around 22 kilograms of creamy yellow fat. It’s    11    to around 88 pieces of butter and enough to fill two-thirds of a small suitcase or cast into 446 dinner candles. 答案：B 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：这相当于大约88块黄油，足以填满三分之二个小行李箱，或者铸成446支晚餐蜡烛。结合前文“around 22 kilograms of creamy yellow fat”和后文“88 pieces of butter”，此处表示“等价于、相当于”，名词equivalent（对应选项B）符合语境，固定搭配be equivalent to表示“与……等价”。故选B。 词框：B. equivalent 词性 1 adj. 等价的（形容词） 词性 2 n. 等价物、等量（名词） 分析解析：equivalent 兼具形容词、名词双词性；本句固定搭配 be equivalent to，此处 equivalent 作名词，意为 “等量的东西”。基础易混淆点：学生常只记形容词用法，忽略名词词性，造成判断失误。 例 2 （2025~2026学年奉贤区二模13空） A. openness B. translating C. ancient D. reduced E. dramatic F. personally G. fixed H. suggest I. balance J. emotionally K. copying Completed in the late 1990s, Wu Xing is a five-movement orchestral piece (管弦乐曲) inspired by the traditional Chinese concept that views the universe as a dynamic ____13____ of five forces: metal, wood, water, fire and earth 【答案】13. I 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：《五行》创作于20世纪90年代末，是一部受中国传统观念启发的五乐章管弦乐曲，该观念将宇宙视为由金、木、水、火、土五种力量构成的动态平衡。根据空前的“a dynamic”及空后的“of five forces”可知，空处应用名词单数形式作介词as的宾语，此处表示五种力量构成的动态“平衡”，名词balance“平衡”符合语境，a dynamic balance表示“一种动态平衡”。故选I。 词框：I. balance 词性 1 n. 平衡（名词） 词性 2 v. 平衡，权衡（动词） 分析：balance 名动同形一词多性；本空前有形容词 dynamic，只能填入名词，取 “动态平衡”；若出现在主谓之间则作动词，如 balance work and life，是上海卷高频一词多性词汇。 例 3 （2025~2026学年浦东新区二模20空） A. balance B. breathing C. expanding D. figure E. labeled F. meeting G. precision H. skilled I. transition J. unexpected K. unfolded And perhaps that is where the Shanghai experiment lands most thoughtfully as a reminder that the future of an ancient art depends on how carefully its devoted protectors ____20____ progress and preservation. Robotics can enrich the stage, but it should not replace the human instinct and emotional intelligence on which Peking Opera’s survival depends. 【答案】 20. A 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：或许，上海的这场实验最具深意的地方在于，它提醒我们，一门古老艺术的未来，取决于其忠实的守护者如何谨慎地平衡进步与保护。空处作谓语，结合“progress and preservation”可知，此处指品更进步与保护，动词balance“平衡”符合题意。故选A。 词框：A. balance 词性 1 v. 平衡（动词） 词性 2 n. 平衡（名词） 分析：本句主语 protectors 后缺少谓语动词，balance 此处作动词 “平衡、兼顾”，和奉贤二模 13 空同一单词，分别考查名词、动词两种词性，典型一词多性对比考题。 考向3 考查构词法（派生/转化/合成/缀合） 依托词根词缀变形，同根不同词性单词混在选项，通过句子成分判断词形（名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 分词）。 如：单词带有前缀 un-/im-/dis-、后缀 - tion/-less/-able/-ive 等；由名词 / 动词变形而来。 例 1 （2025~2026学年金山区二模11空） A. boosts B. challenging C. efficiently D. gains E. individually F. interacts G. internal H. matters I. memorized J. targets K. various AI That Talks to Itself Learns Faster and Smarter Talking to yourself may feel uniquely human, but it turns out this habit can also help machines learn. (11) ______ dialogue helps people organize ideas, weigh choices, and make sense of emotions. New research shows that a similar process can improve how AI learns and adapts. 【答案】11. G 【11 题详解】考查形容词。句意：内部对话帮助人们梳理想法、权衡选择并理解情绪。空处修饰名词 dialogue，对应后文 inner speech（内心独白），形容词internal（内部的）符合语境。故选 G。 【11 题详解】考查形容词。句意：内部对话帮助人们梳理想法、权衡选择并理解情绪。空处修饰名词 dialogue，对应后文 inner speech（内心独白），形容词internal（内部的）符合语境。故选 G。 词框：G. internal 构词：inter-(内部) + nal（形容词后缀）派生形容词 分析：派生构词，前缀 inter - 表 “内部的”，后缀 - al 构成形容词，修饰名词 dialogue；同根派生词 intern（实习生，名词）不会出现在本题，命题人利用同根变形区分词性设陷阱。 例 2 （2025~2026学年静安区二模19空） A. fine B. licensed C. plasticity D. imposing E. ordering F. circles G. pat H. reinvent I. matters J. demanding K. reward With time and repetition, those same actions become fluent and calming, allowing the brain to shift into a restorative flow state. This challenge-to-mastery process helps maintain neural ___19___. 【答案】 19. C 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种从挑战到掌握的过程有助于保持神经的可塑性。根据“This challenge-to-mastery process helps maintain neural”以及句意“可塑性”可知应填名词plasticity，作宾语。故选C。 例 3 （2025~2026学年青浦区二模14空） A. plainly B. equivalent C. dismissed D. clue E. integrated F. imprecisely G. boost H. reassessment I. running J. reserve K. reprogramming Due to limited research resources, early studies could only    14    describe fat as a single store for extra calories, failing to recognize its role as a smart regulator of our body. Fat, it turns out, isn’t a single thing. 【答案】F 【14题详解】 考查副词。句意：由于研究资源有限，早期研究只能不精确地将脂肪描述为储存多余卡路里的单一器官，未能认识到它作为人体智能调节器的作用。结合“limited research resources”和“failing to recognize its role”，可知早期研究对脂肪的描述不够准确，副词imprecisely（对应选项F），表示“不精确地、不准确地”，修饰动词describe，符合语境。故选F。 考向4 考查固定搭配 动词短语、介词搭配、名词固定词组、形容词固定搭配，不熟悉搭配直接无法选出答案。 例 1 （2025~2026学年闵行区二模17空） A. access B. exhibits C. chapter D. share E. randomly F. encounters G. delivered H. transformed I. thorough J. primitively K. novel By giving the public nearly unrestricted (17)______ to the objects, the manager of the museum hoped that the space would allow visitors to form a closer bond with the collection. 答案： 17.A 解析：固定搭配“give access to”（提供接触/进入的机会）。前文提到“unrestricted”（无限制的），与“access”搭配恰当，表示“几乎无限制地接触展品”。 词框：A. access 固定搭配：access to sth. 接触 / 使用某物的机会 分析：固定名词搭配 access to，介词 to 为标志，是上海完形、选词填空常年必考搭配；只要空格后紧跟介词 to，优先考虑 access。 例 2 （2025~2026学年松江区二模14空） Third, blue hour combines tones of a photo into an integrated whole. I once struggled to keep colors in my photos in 14 _______for the best possible results but failed. 【答案】 14. F 【14 题详解】考查名词。句意：我曾经努力让照片中的色彩保持和谐以获得最佳效果，但失败了。固定短语 in harmony 表示 “和谐、协调”，名词harmony符合题意。故选 F。 词框：F. harmony 固定搭配：in harmony 和谐、协调 解析：介词固定短语 in + 名词，构成固定介词词组；无冠词、介词搭配是高频命题形式，in harmony 为固定短语，不可替换其他名词。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 语篇选词填空 Passage 1 2022年7月上海高考英语真题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A pursuits B.interests C.comparable D.innovation E.schedule F.options G.realization H routes I.subjects J.recipes K.motivated Creativity Is a Human Quality That Exists in US When you think about creativity,it might be highly creative people like Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein who spring to mind.They were all considered to be"Geniuses”for their somewhat unique talents that led to global (31)______ in their fields. Their type of creativity is what's known as"Big C creativity”(or historical) and is not very common in everyday life. Not all of us can create works of art or music or scientific theories that are new to the world. But while we can’t all be Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein, many people do enjoy creative activity through hobbies such as water colour painting or playing the piano. And these types of (32) ______ are often what people think of when asked what being creative looks like. Our finished pieces may not be (33) _______ with the likes of the great masters, but often the process is therapeutic and the end result can be aesthetically pleasing. On top of hobbies and (34)_______, we all possess creative attributes that can help as we solve life's problems and make decisions. It is this type of creativity that enables us to plan different(35)_________ to get to the same destination, or how to fit in a trip to the supermarket when our (36)________ looks full. It might not sound very creative, but this aspect of creativity relies on our ability to consider(37) ________ and assess their suitability, as well as how to make decisions based on personal prior experience or what we have learnt formally or informally. These examples are known as "Small C creativity”or “personal everyday creativity. While Big C creativity is valued and celebrated, It is often Small C creativity that has allowed humans to flourish over thousands of years.it sets us apart from other animals and it is also the type of creativity which can be fostered through our education system and beyond into the workplace. Traditionally, research tells us that creativity has been largely associated with the arts. Our previous research has shown that teachers are often able to give examples of creative activity in arts(38)________, but find it harder to do so when asked to describe creativity in subjects such as science. But there is a growing(39) _______that opportunities to be creative are found across a broader range of subjects.For instance,engineering provides opportunities to be creative through problem solving. and history gives the opportunity to think creatively about why events happened, and what(40)________ those involved. 【答案】31-40 DACBH LFIGK 【导读】本文围绕两种创造力展开论述，区分 “大 C 创造力” 与 “小 C 创造力”。莫扎特、达芬奇等伟人实现的划时代创新属于罕见的 “大 C 创造力”；普通人绘画、弹琴等爱好，以及日常生活规划路线、平衡日程、权衡选择等解决问题的思维，都属于人人具备的 “小 C 日常创造力”。 文章指出，千百年来推动人类发展的正是日常创造力，这种创造力可以通过教育和职场培养。传统观念认为创造力只存在于艺术学科，但如今人们逐渐意识到工程、历史等各类学科都能锻炼创造性思维，例如工程依靠解决问题创新，历史可通过探究事件背后的驱动因素锻炼思辨创造力。 一、词框词义 A. pursuits n. 消遣活动，爱好，事业 B. interests n. 兴趣；利益 C. comparable adj. 可相提并论的，可比的 D. innovation n. 创新，革新 E. schedule n. 日程表，计划表 F. options n. 选择，备选方案 G. realization n. 认识，领悟，意识 H. routes n. 路线，途径 I. subjects n. 学科；主题 J. recipes n. 食谱，配方 K. motivated adj. 有动力的，受激发的 二、标准答案 31.D 32.A 33.C 34.B 35.H 36.E 37.F 38.I 39.G 40.K 多余干扰项：J recipes 三、逐题标准解析 31. D innovation 考查名词。形容词 global 后需名词；句意为莫扎特、达芬奇、爱因斯坦凭借独特天赋，在各自领域带来世界级创新成果。D innovation n. 创新，革新，global innovation 世界性创新，契合科学、艺术伟人的成就语境。故选 D。 32. A pursuits 考查名词。these types of 后接复数名词，指代前文水彩绘画、弹钢琴这类创意爱好活动；A pursuits 特指休闲、兴趣类活动，creative pursuits 创意消遣活动，为固定搭配。故选 A。 33. C comparable 考查形容词。固定搭配 be comparable with 意为 “可与…… 相媲美、能和…… 对比”；句意：我们的作品无法和艺术大师的作品相提并论。C comparable adj. 可比较的，符合搭配与文意。故选 C。 34. B interests 考查名词。and 连接并列名词，与 hobbies（爱好）并列；句意：除各类爱好与兴趣之外，我们每个人都具备创造特质。B interests n. 兴趣，和 hobbies 构成同义并列。故选 B。 35. H routes 考查名词。different 后接复数名词；后文 to get to the same destination（抵达同一目的地）对应出行路线。H routes n. 路线、途径，different routes 不同路线，贴合规划出行场景。故选 H。 36. E schedule 考查名词。形容词性物主代词 our 后接名词；句意：日程表排得满满当当，还要挤出时间去超市。E schedule n. 日程安排，full schedule 繁忙日程，为高频固定搭配。故选 E。 37. F options 考查名词。consider 后接名词作宾语；后文 assess their suitability（评估它们的合适程度），说明前文指多种备选方案。F options n. 选择、备选方案，符合做决定时权衡多种选择的语境。故选 F。 38. I subjects 考查名词。后文对比 science（理科），本句指教师很容易举出艺术类学科中的创意活动例子。I subjects n. 学科，arts subjects 艺术学科，和后文理科科目形成对应。故选 I。 39. G realization 考查名词。a growing 后接抽象名词；句意：人们越来越意识到，创意机会存在于更多学科之中。G realization n. 认知、领悟，a growing realization 越来越普遍的认识，贴合观点转变语境。故选 G。 40. K motivated 考查形容词。what 引导从句，从句缺少表语；句意：历史学科可以创造性思考事件成因，以及是什么激励了当事人。K motivated adj. 受鼓舞的、有动力的，what motivated those involved 是什么激发了当事人，语义通顺。故选 K。 多余选项说明 J. recipes（食谱、配方）全文围绕创意、爱好、学科、生活决策展开，无任何饮食、配方相关语境，全程无匹配空格，为多余干扰项。 Passage 2 2025年1月上海高考英语真题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A.anchor B.comparing C.calorie D.charge E.operator  F.calculates  G. insufficient H.live  I. plug J. specializing  K. tailor-made Carbon labelling isn't new, but it is gaining a lot more traction of late-especially when it comes to travel. Carbon labels should be an easy way of (11)       products or services to see which are the most sustainable at a glance by providing a comprehensive, numbered footprint. Increasing numbers of businesses across a variety of sectors are getting onboard with the idea. For example, in the last month alone, exercise tracking app Strava announced a new tool to calculate carbon savings from going for runs, walks, cycles and e-bike rides. But perhaps one of the industries in which the concept could be most complicated is travel. It is one of the most carbon-intensive recreational activities any of us will ever take, and one for which the majority of us have (12)        ideas of the impact. If you break it all down, which is really worse: an all-inclusive cruise round the Bahamas? Or a trip to an eco-lodge in Costa Rica that involves a 24-hour round-trip on a plane? As an ordinary individual, it feels like an impossible task to figure out if one holiday is“better” than another. Many a pioneering (13)      started doing the hard work of measuring the impact of trips, down to the smallest element, and posting the results on their packages several years ago. Much Better Adventures led the (14)      , trialing the idea at the beginning of 2021-the first international travel company to do so. “Do I think it will be everywhere? I do,”Sam Bruce, the business's co-founder, told me at the time. “It should go beyond travel and they should be on all products that we buy; carbon labels should be the new (15)______. In Much Better Adventures' case, the label includes carbon emissions from all local transport accommodation, activities, guides, staff and office operations. Pura Aventura, (16)       in holidays to Latin America, Spain and Portugal, wasn't far behind, though with a different slant. “The complexity we have is that all our trips are (17)       - so we can't say we've got 50 trips and let's measure the carbon of each one," said cofounder and CEO Thomas Power. “Every trip is different. You need a (18)      tool - so we built it into our database. The company doesn't just measure the trip itself, but includes the travel to get there, door-to- door: “We want to know where you live, where the airport is, which flight you're taking," says Thomas. “We can(19)      into the database your postcode, Gatwick airport, your short- haul flight - and then the carbon factor (20)       the journey and the amount of carbon produced. 【导读】本文围绕旅行行业的碳标签展开。碳标签通过标注碳足迹，方便消费者对比各类产品、服务的环保程度，如今越来越多行业开始推行该机制。 旅游业碳排放测算尤为复杂，大众对不同旅行方式的环境影响普遍认知不足。多家先锋旅游企业率先测算旅行全流程碳排放并标注在产品页面，其中 Much Better Adventures 是行业标杆，覆盖交通、住宿、工作人员等全部环节碳排放。 另一家主营拉美线路的旅游公司主打定制化行程，为此搭建专属实时测算数据库，录入客户住址、航班等全部出行信息，系统自动计算全程碳排放量。作者认为碳标签应当像食品卡路里标识一样，普及到全部商品，成为通用环保标注。 一、词框单词释义 A. anchor n. 支柱；v. 固定、引领 B. comparing v-ing 对比，比较 C. calorie n. 卡路里 D. charge n. 基准标识；费用；负责 E. operator n. 经营者，运营企业 F. calculates v. 计算 G. insufficient adj. 不足的，不充分的 H. live adj. 实时的；现场的 I. plug v. 接入，插入 J. specializing v-ing 专攻，专营 K. tailor-made adj. 定制化的，量身打造的 二、参考答案 11.B 12.G 13.E 14.A 15.C 16.J 17.K 18.H 19.I 20.F 多余干扰项：D charge 三、逐题规范解析 11. B comparing 考查动名词。空格前为介词 of，后接动名词；后半句 “快速看出哪一种更环保”，说明碳标签作用是对比各类产品与服务。B comparing 意为 “对比、比较”，符合语境。故选 B。 12. G insufficient 考查形容词，修饰名词 ideas。前文指出旅游业碳排放计算十分复杂，普通人很难分清不同旅行方式的污染差异，因此人们对旅行带来的环境影响认知是不足的。G insufficient 意为 “不充分的、不足的”。故选 G。 13. E operator 考查名词。many a + 单数名词，空格指旅游行业率先测算旅行碳排放的经营者、旅游企业。E operator 意为 “运营方、行业经营者”，贴合旅游公司语境。故选 E。 14. A anchor 考查名词。固定搭配 lead the anchor 作领军者、带头标杆；后文介绍该企业是全球首家推行碳标签的国际旅游公司，是行业先行者。A anchor 此处喻指 “领军标杆”。故选 A。 15. C calorie 考查名词。句意：碳标签应当普及到所有商品，成为新一代的卡路里标识（类比食品卡路里标签，成为标配环保标识）。C calorie 卡路里，对应食品通用环保标注，类比逻辑通顺。故选 C。 16. J specializing 考查现在分词作后置定语。修饰主语 Pura Aventura，后文提到该公司主营拉美、西班牙、葡萄牙旅行线路，即专营这类度假产品。specialize in 固定搭配 “专营、专攻”，J specializing 符合语法。故选 J。 17. K tailor-made 考查形容词作表语。后文 “每一趟行程都各不相同”，说明所有旅行线路都是量身定制的。K tailor-made 意为 “定制化的”，契合原文语义。故选 K。 18. H live 考查形容词修饰名词 tool。行程因人而异，因此需要一套实时测算工具，并嵌入企业数据库。H live 此处意为 “实时的”，live tool 实时测算工具。故选 H。 19. I plug 考查动词原形，情态动词 can 后接动词；固定搭配 plug into 接入（系统、数据库）。句意：我们可以把你的邮编、机场、短途航班信息录入数据库。I plug 意为 “接入、录入”。故选 I。 20. F calculates 考查动词，主语 carbon factor 为单数，谓语用三单；后文 “行程以及产生的碳排放量”，对应系统自动计算碳数值。F calculates 意为 “计算”，贴合全文碳测算主题。故选 F。 多余选项说明 D. charge（费用；掌管；充电）全文无 “收费、负责” 相关语境，无匹配空格，为多余干扰项。 题组二 名校试题 Passage 1 【来源】2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟英语试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．amateur    B．bathed    C． bouncing    D．crawl E. defining    F. further    G. intervening    H. literally I. livestream    J. missions    K. undisturbed Going Back to the Moon On 17 January, after years of delays, the towering SLS rocket that will carry the first astronauts to the Moon in over half a century finally rolled out of the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center. The Artemis vehicle, 1 in early morning sunshine, headed for its launch pad. More delays and a roll back to the assembly building for repairs came later, but for me this was a 2 moment. I sat in front of my television for hours with my cat draped across my lap, watching NASA’s 3 of the rocket’s progress to the pad. The cat was totally unimpressed, and I know that for those who, like her, are not ‘into space’, watching a rocket’s oh-so-slow 4 to its destination was probably about as stimulating as watching a tortoise watching paint dry. But I was deeply moved. Why? Because I’ve waited 5 decades to see that rocket heading for its pad. I wasn’t even born when Apollo 8 rounded the Moon, and I was just starting school when the later Apollo 6 reached the Moon, and have vivid memories of the whole school sitting on the hard, cold floor in front of The School Television. It was watching the grainy footage of those astronauts 7 about on that TV screen that first lit the pilot light of my fascination with space. When Apollo 17 left the Moon, I was sad — but excited too. After all, everyone was saying we’d be back soon and that nuclear-powered spaceships would be carrying astronauts to Mars in 1982, by which time I’d be a teenager. But that future never happened. After Apollo 17, we abandoned the Moon, leaving the flags and footprints of the Apollo heroes 8 for decades. I grew up to become a(n) 9 astronomer and science writer, covering one cancelled lunar exploration programme after another. As I wrote article after article telling kids how astronauts could be back on the Moon “soon”, I felt the return to the Moon getting 10 away, not closer as it was supposed to. But watching that SLS rolling to its pad, I was able to really believe that it won’t be long before I’ll finally be able to go out into my yard, look up at the Moon shining above and say, “There are people flying around that …” 【答案】 1．B 2．E 3．I 4．D 5．H 6．J 7．C 8．K 9．A 10．F 【导语】文章讲述了作者从童年受阿波罗任务启发而对太空产生迷恋，到经历数十年探月计划屡屡取消的失望，最终目睹此次火箭就位，对重返月球这一愿景重燃信心。 【详解】1．考查非谓语动词。句意：阿耳忒弥斯飞行器沐浴在清晨的阳光下，驶向发射台。句中已有谓语headed，空处应填非谓语动词。bathed为过去分词，与其逻辑主语The Artemis vehicle构成被动关系，且（be）bathed in为固定搭配，意为“沐浴在……之中”，此处用过去分词短语说明飞船行进时的被阳光照耀的状态。 2．考查形容词。句意：之后又经历了多次延误以及将火箭运回装配大楼进行维修，但对我来说，这是一个决定性时刻。空格后为名词moment，空处应填形容词作定语修饰moment。根据下文作者的情感描述及对童年太空记忆的回顾，可知这一刻对作者具有重要意义，defining为形容词，意为“起决定性作用的”，符合语境。 3．考查名词。句意：我坐在电视机前几个小时，猫趴在我腿上，观看NASA对火箭向发射台行进过程的直播。空格前的“NASA’s”为名词所有格，空处应填入名词，作现在分词watching的宾语。根据上文“sat in front of my television for hours”可知，作者坐在电视机前数小时，应是在观看直播，livestream为名词，意为“直播”。 4．考查名词。句意：猫完全不感兴趣，而且我知道，对于那些像它一样对太空不感冒的人来说，观看火箭慢吞吞地爬向目的地，其刺激程度大概堪比观看一只乌龟看油漆变干。空格前有名词所有格“a rocket’s”，空处应填入名词，作动名词watching的宾语。根据句意，描述火箭向目的地“缓慢移动”的过程，应用名词crawl，意为“缓慢行进、爬行”，与后文 tortoise呼应，形容火箭挪动速度极慢。 5．考查副词。句意：因为我足足等了几十年，才亲眼见到那枚火箭驶向发射台。此处literally为副词，起强调作用，意为“确实地、实实在在”，修饰谓语动词have waited，突出等待的时间极其漫长，表达作者长久期盼后的强烈感慨。 6．考查名词。句意：阿波罗8号绕月飞行那年，我甚至还未出世；后续阿波罗系列登月任务实施时，我才刚入学。至今我仍清晰记得，全校师生挤在学校电视机前，坐在冰凉坚硬的地板上观看直播的画面。空处应填名词作主语，Apollo仅为任务代号，后面应加具体名词，且根据常识，阿波罗8号之后，美国有一系列绕月和登月的任务，空处应填missions，为名词复数形式，表达“多项任务”之意。 7．考查动词。句意：正是电视屏幕上那些宇航员蹦蹦跳跳的模糊画面，第一次点燃了我对太空的迷恋。空处位于介词of之后，应填入动名词作介词宾语，且能与空前的those astronauts构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表明those astronauts所做的动作是“蹦蹦跳跳”，符合描述宇航员在月球上低重力环境下行走时的弹跳姿态。 8．考查形容词。句意：阿波罗17号任务结束后，我们就此搁置了登月探索，将阿波罗英雄们的旗帜和脚印数十年无人打扰地留在那里。空前leaving为现在分词，the flags and footprints of the Apollo heroes为leaving的宾语，空处应填形容词作宾语补足语，描述旗帜和脚印处于“未被干扰”的状态。undisturbed为形容词作宾补，意为“未被惊扰的”，符合句意。 9．考查形容词。句意：我长大后成为了一名业余天文学家和科普作家，接连报道了一项又一项中途夭折的探月计划。空后为名词astronomer，空处应填形容词作定语。amateur为形容词，意为“业余的”，与后文“covering one cancelled lunar exploration programme after another”所体现的专业写作工作形成对比，符合语境。 10．考查副词。句意：我一篇又一篇撰文，向孩子们讲述宇航员“很快”就能重返月球，可我却感到重返月球变得越来越遥远，而不是像预期的那样越来越近。后文“not closer as it was”与空前内容形成对比，空处填入副词further表示程度，getting further away意为“越来越远”，further与后文的closer形成对照。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年第二学期高三英语考前质量检测英语题 A．mechanism     B．employ    C． effective    D．chemicals    E. accelerating    F. existing G. projected    H. trapped    I. alone        J. outrun    K. artificially Last July was the hottest recorded month in human history. Heat waves smashed temperature records worldwide and even brought summer temperatures to Chile and Argentina during the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. It’s more than just a matter of sweaty discomfort. In the U.S. 11 , it kills more people each year than floods, tornadoes and hurricanes combined. As climate change worsens, access to 12 cooled spaces is rapidly becoming a health necessity. Yet standard air-conditioning systems have 13 us in a vicious cycle: the hotter it is, the more people use the AC — and the more energy is used as a result. Nicole Miranda, an engineer researching sustainable cooling at the University of Oxford says: “it’s not only a vicious cycle, but it’s a(n) 14 one.” According to 2018 data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the worldwide annual energy demand from cooling is 15 to more than triple by 2050. It’s becoming increasingly clear that humans cannot 16 climate change with the same air-conditioning technology we’ve been using. One well-known problem with current AC systems is their reliance on refrigerant 17 , many of which are potential greenhouse gases. About 80 percent of a standard AC unit’s climate-warming emissions currently come from the energy used to power it, says Nihar Shah, director of the Global Cooling Efficiency Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Standard air-conditioning systems simultaneously (同时地) cool and dehumidify through a relatively inefficient 18 : in order to condense (使冷凝) water out of the air, they overcool that air past the point of comfort. Many new designs therefore separate the dehumidification and cooling processes, which avoids the need to overcool. Even with some of the best technologies available, the gains in efficiency alone might not be enough to offset the widely expected increase in air-conditioning use. It will not work to simply replace every 19 air conditioner with a better model and call it a day. Instead, a truly cooler future will have to 20 other strategies that rely on urban planning and building design to minimize the need for cooling in the first place. 【答案】 11．I 12．K 13．H 14．E 15．G 16．J 17．D 18．A 19．F 20．B 【导语】文章主要讲述了传统空调加剧气候变暖，亟需技术革新与规划并行。 【详解】11．考查副词。句意：在美国，仅它每年造成的死亡人数就超过了洪水、龙卷风和飓风的总和。根据下文“it kills more people each year than floods, tornadoes and hurricanes combined”可知，此处强调仅在美国本土，高温致死人数就已惊人。用副词alone置于名词后，表示“仅仅，单就……来说”。 12．考查副词。句意：随着气候变化的恶化，获得人为地降温的空间正迅速成为健康的必需品。根据上文“As climate change worsens”和下文“cooled spaces”可知，由于气温升高，人们需要依靠人工手段（如使用空调）来获得凉爽，artificially“人为地”，修饰形容词cooled，作状语。 13．考查动词。句意：然而，标准的空调系统将我们困入了一个恶性循环：天气越热，人们使用空调的频率就越高——进而导致能源消耗量越大。根据下文“a vicious cycle”可知，人类被困在其中无法轻易摆脱。用H选项trapped“困住”，与have构成现在完成时。 14．考查形容词。句意：牛津大学研究可持续制冷的工程师妮可·米兰达表示：“这不仅是一个恶性循环，更是一个加速的恶性循环。”根据上文“it’s not only a vicious cycle”及下文“According to 2018 data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the worldwide annual energy demand from cooling is ______ to more than triple by 2050”可知，这个循环的速度在加快。用E选项accelerating“加速的”，修饰one（指代cycle），作定语。 15．考查动词。句意：根据国际能源署2018年的数据，预计到2050年，全球每年的制冷能源需求将增长两倍以上。根据下文“to more than triple by 2050”可知，这是对未来的预测。用G选项projected“预计”，构成固定搭配be projected to do sth.“预计做某事”。 16．考查动词。句意：越来越明显的是，人类无法用我们一直在使用的空调技术来超过气候变化（的速度）。本空位于情态动词cannot后，用动词原形，根据下文“climate change with the same air-conditioning technology”可知，旧技术无法跟上气候变化的速度。用J选项outrun“跑赢，超过”。 17．考查名词。句意：当前空调系统存在一个广为人知的问题，即它们依赖制冷剂化学品，其中许多都是潜在的温室气体。根据下文“many of which are potential greenhouse gases”可知，制冷剂属于化学物质。用D选项chemicals“化学物质”，作reliance on的宾语。 18．考查名词。句意：标准空调系统通过一种相对低效的机制同时进行制冷和除湿：为了将水分从空气中冷凝出来，它们会将空气过度冷却至舒适温度以下。根据下文“condense water out of the air, they overcool that air”可知，这是一种运作机制。用A选项mechanism“机制，机理”，作through的宾语。 19．考查形容词。句意：仅仅用更好的型号替换每一台现有的空调，然后就此止步，是行不通的。根据下文“with a better model”可知，被替换的是现有的旧机器。用F选项existing“现存的”，修饰名词air conditioner，作定语。 20．考查动词。句意：相反，要实现一个真正更凉爽的未来，就必须采取其他策略，依靠城市规划和建筑设计，从源头上最大限度地减少对制冷的需求。根据下文“other strategies”可知，此处指采用或实施策略。用B选项employ“使用，采用”，位于have to后，用动词原形。 Passage 3 【来源】上海南洋中学2025-2026学年第二学期高三年级期中英语试卷 A．accidentally    B．alert     C． curiosity    D．critical    E. defensive    F. disproved G. documented     H. immediate    I. initiating    J. stimulus    K. typically Wanted: Volunteers who can throw new light on “photosneezia” mystery Scientists are attempting to unpick the mystery of the “photic sneeze” — a reflex (反射动作) that causes people to sneeze, in response to bright light — and they need help from the public. “It 21 follows a tickling sensation (痒感). The sneeze is not 22 , and it will take a few seconds,” said Manuel Spitschan, an experimental psychologist at the University of Oxford, who is launching a study into the phenomenon. Much as photic sneezing is a(n) 23 , it can have serious consequences, particularly for ophthalmologists (眼科医生). “And you have other safety 24 professions in which sneezing in response to bright light isn’t helpful, like fighter pilots or truck drivers, anywhere you can’t really lose control of something.” Reports of photosneezia have been 25 throughout the ages. The Greek philosopher Aristotle wondered in his Book of Problems: why does the heat of the sun cause sneezing? His assumption was that sweat inside the nose caused it, but the 17th century English philosopher Francis Bacon 26 this theory by facing the sun with his eyes closed and finding that it did not make him sneeze. His theory was that the sun’s light made the eyes water, causing moisture to drip down the nose, 27 a sneeze. Various modern theories have also been put forward, but none is easily testable. One theory is that optic (视觉的) nerve fibers could 28 activate neighboring nerve fibers as they join in the brain. Curiously, the reflex can also be started during eye surgery, meaning needle-bearing anesthetists (麻醉师) must be 29 to sneezes to avoid damaging patients’ eyes. The goal of the Oxford Photic Sneeze Survey, which Spitschan is coordinating, is to better understand what drives the photic sneeze reflex. “There are approximately 110 papers in the scientific literature that discus this phenomenon, but there’s very little empirical (实证的) data,” he said. “We are hoping to find the ideal 30 to cause the sneeze.” 【答案】 21．K 22．H 23．C 24．D 25．G 26．F 27．I 28．A 29．B 30．J 【导语】文章主要围绕“光喷嚏反射”这一现象展开，介绍了其表现、可能的危害、历史上的相关研究及牛津大学的相关调查目的。 【详解】21．考查副词。句意：它通常伴随着一种痒感。空处修饰动词follows，需用副词，结合语境，此处指光喷嚏反射通常会有痒感作为前兆，副词typically（通常；典型地）符合题意。 22．考查形容词。句意：喷嚏不是即时的，会需要几秒钟。空处作表语，结合后半句“it will take a few seconds”可知，此处指喷嚏不会立刻发生，形容词immediate（即时的；立即的）符合题意。 23．考查名词。句意：尽管光喷嚏是一种令人好奇的事物，但它可能会产生严重的后果，尤其是对眼科医生而言。空处前有不定冠词a(n)修饰，需用名词作表语，结合上文“Scientists are attempting to unpick the mystery of the “photic sneeze””可知，光喷嚏是一种令人好奇的现象，名词curiosity（好奇的事物）符合题意。 24．考查形容词。句意：还有其他对安全至关重要的职业，在这些职业中，因强光打喷嚏是无益的，比如战斗机飞行员或卡车司机，在这些职业中，你真的不能失去对某些事物的控制。空处修饰名词professions，需用形容词，结合“fighter pilots or truck drivers”可知，这些职业对安全要求极高，形容词critical（至关重要的）符合题意。 25．考查动词。句意：历代都有关于光喷嚏反射的记载。空处前有been，结合语境可知，此处为现在完成时的被动语态，需用过去分词，结合“Reports of photosneezia”可知，光喷嚏反射的现象在历史上一直有记载，过去分词documented（记载；记录）符合题意。 26．考查动词。句意：他的假设是鼻子里的汗水导致了这种现象，但17世纪英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根通过闭着眼睛面对太阳，发现这并没有让他打喷嚏，从而反驳了这一理论。空处作谓语，文章叙述历史上的研究，用一般过去时，结合“finding that it did not make him sneeze”可知，培根的实验反驳了亚里士多德的理论，动词disproved（反驳；证明……是错误的）符合题意。 27．考查非谓语动词。句意：他的理论是，太阳的光线使眼睛流泪，泪水滴落到鼻子里，引发喷嚏。结合“the sun’s light made the eyes water, causing moisture to drip down the nose”可知，此处指这种情况引发了喷嚏，动词initiate（引发；启动）符合，和逻辑主语the sun’s light made the eyes water, causing moisture to drip down the nose是主动关系，用现在分词initiating作结果状语 28．考查副词。句意：一种理论是，视觉神经纤维在进入大脑时可能会意外激活邻近的神经纤维。空处修饰动词activate，需用副词，结合“activate neighboring nerve fibers as they join in the brain”可知，此处指视觉神经纤维可能意外激活其他神经纤维，副词accidentally（意外地；偶然地）符合题意。 29．考查形容词。句意：奇怪的是，这种反射也可能在眼科手术中发生，这意味着手持针头的麻醉师必须警惕喷嚏，以避免损伤患者的眼睛。空处作表语，结合“avoid damaging patients’ eyes”可知，麻醉师需要警惕喷嚏的发生，形容词alert（警惕的；警觉的）符合题意。 30．考查名词。句意：我们希望找到引发喷嚏的理想刺激物。空处前有定冠词the和形容词ideal修饰，需用名词，结合前文研究光喷嚏反射的目的可知，此处指找到能引发喷嚏的理想刺激物，名词stimulus（刺激物）符合题意，复数形式表泛指。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 选词填空之熟词生义及构词法 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点聚焦 考查根据上下文语境及构词法知识判定词义 知识解构 知识点1 熟词僻义 知识点2 一词多义一词多性 知识点3 构词法知识 知识点2 词汇固定搭配 考向破译 考向01 考查熟词僻义 考向02 考查一词多义一词多性 考向03 考查构词法知识 考向02 考查词汇固定搭配 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 年份 词汇填空考点分布 2025上海春考 名词考查3；动词考查3；形容词考查2；非谓语考查2；其中构词法1 2024上海春考 名词考查3；动词考查5；形容词考查2；其中构词法3 2023上海春考 名词考查4；动词考查4；形容词考查3；其中构词法0 2022上海秋考 名词考查5；动词考查2；形容词考查2；其中构词法1 2022上海春考 名词考查4；动词考查3；形容词考查3；其中构词法1 2021上海秋考 名词考查2；动词考查5；形容词考查3；其中构词法2；分词2 2021上海春考 名词考查2；动词考查6；形容词考查2；其中构词法2；分词2 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 项目 考点分析 解题技巧 熟词僻义 1. 高频基础词汇考查冷门引申含义，单纯基础词义代入句子逻辑不通；2. 核心变形考点：名词转动词、动词转名词、实词抽象化引申；3. 常结合文本语境褒贬色彩、特定场景（学术 / 生活 / 商务）出题；4. 极易和一词多性结合考查，同一单词不同词性对应不同僻义 1. 基础义代入句意不通时，立刻放弃本义，切换记忆中的引申僻义；2. 背诵单词时同步标注名词、动词互相转换的特殊用法；3. 根据上下文情感倾向筛选匹配的引申义；4. 整理真题熟词僻义积累本，分类记忆 一词多性 1. 同一个单词兼具名词、动词、形容词、副词多种词性，不同词性词义完全不同；2. 命题核心：不看词性直接选词导致语义错误；3. 常和句子语法结构、主谓宾定状补成分绑定考查 1. 第一步划分句子主干，判断空格所需词性（名 / 动 / 形 / 副）；2. 定位提示词：冠词 / 物主代词后填名词；情态动词 /to 后填动词；名词前多用形容词；动词修饰用副词；3. 筛选选项中符合目标词性的释义匹配原文 构词法（词缀） 1. 通过前缀、后缀判定单词词性，快速排除干扰项；2. 前缀改变词义（否定、方向），后缀固定决定词性；3. 降低生词理解难度，即便不认识词根也可判断词性 1. 后缀速记判定：-ly 副词；-tion/-ance/-ness 名词；-ful/-able/-al 形容词；-ate/-ise 动词；-ist 表人、-ism 表理论；2. 看到否定前缀 un-/in-/dis-/im-，反向理解单词含义； 3. 先依靠词缀筛掉词性不符选项，缩小答案范围 固定搭配 1. 三大核心考点：动词短语、介词搭配、形容词固定搭配；2. 非谓语搭配：形容词 + to do、动词 + doing/to do；3. 并列结构 and/but 前后搭配、词性保持统一；4. 介词 to/of/in/on 是搭配标志性提示词 1. 重点积累动词 + 介词、形容词 + 介词固定词组；2. 看到空格旁出现介词，优先匹配对应固定搭配；3. 遇到并列连词，对照前后词语搭配规律；4. 单独整理易混搭配，区分 to 后接原形还是 doing 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点二、考查根据上下文语境及构词法知识判定词义 知●识●解●构 知识点1 熟词僻义 许多常见的单词有着我们平时熟知的基本意思，但在高考 “小猫钓鱼” 题型中，会考查这些单词比较生僻、不常用的释义。例如 “address” 一词，常见意思是 “地址”，但它还有 “演讲；称呼” 等僻义，很可能在题目中就考查这些相对冷门的意思。 难点：考生往往容易受限于对单词常规意思的记忆，在看到熟悉单词时，习惯性地按照常用义去理解，从而难以准确判断其在具体语境中的正确用法，导致选错答案。 考查目的：旨在考查学生对词汇掌握的深度，看是否真正全面了解单词的不同含义，能够灵活运用词汇知识，根据语境准确辨析单词的恰当意思。 序号 单词 常见义 僻义 1 address n. 地址 v. 处理，应对；发表演说 2 approach v. 接近，靠近 n. 方法，途径；v. 着手处理 3 charge v. 收费；充电 v. 指控，控告；n. 掌管，负责 4 company n. 公司 n. 陪伴，同伴；剧团 5 deliver v. 递送，传送 v. 发表（演讲）；履行（诺言）；接生 6 employ v. 雇佣 v. 使用，利用（方法、手段） 7 figure n. 数字；人物；身材 v. 认为，估计；理解，弄明白 8 game n. 游戏，比赛 adj. 有冒险精神的；n. 猎物，野味 9 hit v. 打，击 v. 达到（某水平）；n. 轰动一时的人 / 物 10 issue n. 问题，议题 v. 发布，发行；流出，涌出 11 launch v. 发射（火箭） v. 发起，推出（活动 / 产品）；启动 12 minute n. 分钟 adj. 微小的，细微的（/maɪˈnjuːt/） 13 observe v. 观察 v. 遵守（规则）；庆祝（节日）；评论 14 press v. 按压，压 n. 新闻界，媒体；v. 催促，敦促 15 rate n. 比率，速度 v. 评价，评估；被认为，被评价为 16 run v. 跑，奔跑 v. 经营，管理；运转；持续，延续 17 stand v. 站立 v. 容忍，忍受；n. 立场，观点；摊位 18 strike v. 打击，撞击 v. 突然想到；罢工；给… 留下印象 19 value n. 价值 v. 重视，珍视；估价 20 will modal v. 将要，会 n. 意志，决心；遗嘱 知识点2 一词多性/一词多义 不少英语单词具备多种词性以及不同的词义，比如 “record”，既可以作名词表示 “记录；唱片”，又能作动词表示 “记录；录制”。在题目语境中，需要依据句子结构、语法规则以及上下文语义等来判断该单词应取哪种词性和相应的词义。 难点：要准确判断单词的词性和对应的词义，需要综合考虑多方面因素，对学生的语法功底以及语义理解能力要求较高。学生容易混淆单词不同词性下的用法，出现张冠李戴的情况。 考查目的：检验学生对词汇的灵活运用能力，能否准确分析句子结构，结合语境准确把握单词的词性和合适的词义，从而使句子语法正确、语义通顺。高考英语多义词的深度辨析，涵盖科技、环保、教育等核心主题，呈现词性变化与语境逻辑的深度关联： 一、科技类多义词 1. reason 含义 1（n.）：原因 → The reason for the delay of the robot test is system failure.（2024 浦东二模） 含义 2（v.）：推理，推论 → Researchers reasoned that AI would cut research costs greatly.（2025 徐汇一模） 真题关联：2023 全国卷 Ⅲ 阅读 D 篇，reason 作动词表推论，用于科研数据分析，上海高考阅读高频复刻该考法。 2. process 含义 1（n.）：过程，工序 → The whole process of 3D printing takes two hours.（2024 虹口一模） 含义 2（v.）：处理（数据、信息） → Computers process massive environmental data every second.（2025 杨浦二模） 真题关联：上海春考阅读常考 process data 固定搭配，完形多次区分名词 “流程” 与动词 “处理信息”。 3. track 含义 1（n.）：轨道，轨迹 → The satellite travels along its fixed track in space.（2023 松江二模） 含义 2（v.）：追踪，监测 → This smart device tracks the change of energy consumption.（2025 奉贤一模） 真题关联：2024 上海高考阅读 C 篇科技主题，track 作动词 “监测” 为解题核心熟词僻义。 4. model 含义 1（n.）：模型，样板 → Scientists built a digital model of the new spacecraft.（2024 嘉定一模） 含义 2（v.）：模仿，效仿；建模 → The robot’s movement is modeled on human arms.（2025 普陀二模） 真题关联：上海翻译高频考点 model A on B “仿照 A 制作 B”，科技类翻译每年均有涉及。 5. program 含义 1（n.）：程序；项目 → This software program can sort experimental data automatically.（2023 黄浦二模） 含义 2（v.）：给… 编程；预设 → The machine is programmed to stop when overheated.（2025 金山一模） 真题关联：上海完形填空常区分名词 “程序” 和动词 “编程设定”，属于科技核心多义词。 6. conduct 含义 1（v.）：实施，开展（实验） → Experts conduct a series of AI performance tests.（2024 长宁二模） 含义 2（v.）：传导（热 / 电） → Metal conducts heat faster than plastic materials.（2025 静安一模） 真题关联：上海高考语法填空、阅读双高频，科技文本两大核心词义交替考查。 二、环保类多义词（6 组） 1. yield 含义 1（v.）：产出，出产（作物 / 能源） → The eco-farm yields organic vegetables all year round.（基础） 含义 2（v.）：屈服，让步 → The factory refused to yield to demands for lower pollution.（2025 闵行二模） 真题关联：2022 北京完形 yield to pressure “向压力妥协”，上海环保阅读多次复用该搭配。 2. consume 含义 1（v.）：消耗（能源、资源） → Old cars consume far more fossil fuels than new energy vehicles.（2024 青浦一模） 含义 2（v.）：食用，饮用 → Local residents consume less disposable tableware now.（2025 崇明二模） 真题关联：上海高考环保阅读必考 “消耗资源” 义，翻译常考 consume energy 固定搭配。 3. reserve 含义 1（n.）：自然保护区 → This wildlife reserve protects rare aquatic plants.（2023 宝山二模） 含义 2（v.）：保留，预留 → We reserve green land for native species to survive.（2025 徐汇二模） 真题关联：上海春考阅读环保篇章，一词两义同时出现，区分词义是答题关键。 4. exhaust 含义 1（n.）：废气，尾气 → Car exhaust is a major source of air pollution.（2024 松江一模） 含义 2（v.）：耗尽，用光（资源） → Overfishing exhausts the ocean’s fish resources.（2025 虹口二模） 真题关联：2024 上海高考翻译考过 exhaust natural resources，环保话题高频动词僻义。 5. balance 含义 1（n.）：平衡（生态） → We must keep the balance of the whole ecosystem.（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：权衡，平衡（发展与环保） → The government balances economy and environmental protection.（2025 杨浦二模） 真题关联：上海完形填空高频，常考 balance A and B “兼顾 A 与 B”。 6. dump 含义 1（v.）：倾倒（垃圾） → Factories are banned to dump waste into rivers.（2023 嘉定二模） 含义 2（n.）：垃圾场，废弃物堆放点 → The old dump will be turned into a green park.（2024 普陀一模） 真题关联：上海环保类阅读高频熟词，词义简单但词性转换易失分。 三、社会文化类多义词 1. address 含义 1（n.）：地址 → Please write down your residential address on the form.（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：解决（社会问题）；发表演说 → The policy addresses youth employment problems.（2025 静安二模） 真题关联：上海翻译、完形常年考查 address 作动词 “处理、解决”，社会话题核心僻义。 2. stand 含义 1（v.）：站立 → Students stand up to greet the speaker.（基础用法） 含义 2（n.）：立场，态度；v. 忍受 → He took a firm stand against unfair social rules.（2024 长宁一模） 真题关联：上海高考完形必考 take a stand 搭配，社会观点类阅读高频。 3. issue 含义 1（n.）：社会议题，问题 → Income gap is a hot social issue nowadays.（2024 金山二模） 含义 2（v.）：发布，颁布（政策、公告） → The city issued new rules on public civility.（2025 奉贤一模） 真题关联：上海春考阅读、语法填空反复考查 issue 动词 “发布” 义。 4. charge 含义 1（v.）：收费 → Museums charge visitors for special exhibitions.（基础用法） 含义 2（n.）：掌管；v. 指控 → The manager is in charge of community volunteer work.（2025 黄浦二模） 真题关联：上海完形填空经典多义词，in charge of 每年模考卷必出。 5. cover 含义 1（v.）：覆盖 → Green plants cover most of the community park.（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：报道（社会新闻）；足够支付 → Journalists cover the local cultural events every week.（2023 青浦二模） 真题关联：上海高考阅读媒体、社会话题高频，cover 表 “新闻报道” 极易被忽略。 6. observe 含义 1（v.）：观察 → Researchers observe residents’ daily cultural habits.（2024 崇明一模） 含义 2（v.）：遵守；庆祝（节日） → All citizens observe traditional festivals together.（2025 宝山二模） 真题关联：上海翻译高频考点，observe laws “遵守法规”、observe festivals “过节” 两类引申义。 7. novel 含义 1（n.）：小说 → "She wrote a novel about ancient China."（基础用法） 含义 2（adj.）：新颖的 → "A novel approach to solving the problem was proposed."（2025 年徐汇一模） 真题关联：2023 年上海阅读 C 篇中，"novel technology" 表 "新技术"，涉及文化创新。 四、经济商业类多义词 1. yield 补充经济拓展义（同环保词，新增经济词义） 含义 3（n.）：收益，利润 → The green investment brings stable annual yield.（2025 闵行二模） 真题关联：上海高三经济类阅读三重词义（产出 / 让步 / 收益）全部覆盖，区分难度高。 2. figure 含义 1（n.）：数字，数额 → The report shows the trade figures of green industry.（2024 徐汇一模） 含义 2（v.）：认为，估算 → Experts figure the market will grow rapidly.（2025 松江二模） 真题关联：上海完形填空必考一词多性，figure 动词义常年是易错点。 3. run 含义 1（v.）：奔跑（基础义） 含义 2（v.）：经营，运营（企业） → He runs an eco-friendly small business downtown.（2024 静安二模） 真题关联：上海中译英翻译超高频，run a company/shop 每年模考重复考查。 4. rate 含义 1（n.）：比率，费率 → The growth rate of new energy industry keeps rising.（2023 杨浦二模） 含义 2（v.）：评价，定级 → Customers rate the green products highly.（2025 嘉定一模） 真题关联：上海语法填空、阅读高频，rate 作动词 “评价” 熟词僻义极易丢分。 5. discount 含义 1（n.）：折扣 → "Shoppers can enjoy a 20% discount during the sale."（基础用法） 含义 2（v.）：忽视 → "Experts discount the idea of a quick economic recovery."（2024 年虹口一模） 真题关联：2022 年江苏卷阅读 D 篇中，"discount environmental factors" 表 "忽视环境因素"，涉及经济评估。 知识点3 构词法（派生/转化/合成/缀合） 难点：要求学生熟悉各类构词法规则，能够准确识别单词的构成部分以及理解其新的词义和用法，对单词的拆解和理解能力有一定要求，否则很难判断其在句子中是否合适。 考查目的：考查学生词汇积累的广度以及对构词知识的掌握情况，看是否能利用构词法知识去推测生词的意思，拓展词汇量，进而正确选用合适的单词完成填空。 常用构词法知识： （1）、名词后缀 1）-ster，-eer，-er（or）意为：从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人。 例词：gamester，gangster，engineer，profiteer，mountaineer，driver，teacher，director，actor，professor 2）-let意为：小或者不重要的东西。例词：booklet，leaflet，starlet 3）-ism意为：道义，主义，学说等。例词：idealism， impressionism，racism 4）-ess意为：女性。例词：actress，poetess，hostess 5）-hood意为：时期。例词：boyhood，childhood，manhood 6）-ship意为：才能，状态，资格，品质等。例词：leadership，friendship，membership，sportsmanship 7）-ful意为：量。例词：cupful，handful， mouthful，spoonful 8）-tion，-ion意为：①状态，行动等。例词：action，oppression，possession，education，starvation ②机构等。例词： organization，foundation 9）-ment意为：状态，行动等。例词：movement，enslavement，pavement 10）-al意为：动作。例词：arrival，refusal，revival，recital，removal 11）-age意为：程度，数量等。例词：coverage，shrinkage，breakage，hostage 12）-ness；-ity（ty）意为：状态，品质。例词：happiness，usefulness，selfishness，activity，sanity，changeability （2）、动词后缀 1）-ify意为：转为，变为。例词：beautify, simplify, classify 2）-ize；-en意为：使……，变得……。例词：modernize，popularize，symbolize，ripen，widen，threaten 3）-ate意为：增加，使……。例词：originate，initiate （3）、形容词后缀 1）-ful意为：充满，有。例词：useful，pitiful， hopeful，helpful，forgetful，thankful， fearful 2）-less意为：没有，无。例词：speechless，childless，harmless，hopeless，meaningless 3）-ly意为：有……品质的。例词：beastly，manly， brotherly，friendly 4）-like意为：像……的。例词： childlike，tigerlike 5）-y；-ish意为：像……一般的。例词：sandy， silky，hairy，leafy，watery，foolish，girlish，blackish 6）-some意为：像……一样的；引起……的；有……品质的。例词：troublesome，tiresome，bothersome 7）-able（ible）意为：能……的；可以……的。例词： changeable，readable，drinkable，comfortable，expansible 8）-ed意为：有……的。例词：wooded，pointed，odd-shaped 9）-al意为：有……属性的，……类型的。例词：cultural，personal，regional，musical 10）-ary（ory）意为：属于……的，与……相连的。例词：revolutionary，imaginary 11）-ous意为：富含……的；有……品质的；像……的。例词：glorious，gracious 12）-ic（ical）意为：……类的；属于……的。例词： historic，historical，dramatic，heroic 13）-ive意为：有……属性的；有某种倾向的。例词： talkative，restrictive，defensive，constructive，sensitive （4）、副词后缀 1）-ly意为：以……方式。例词：happily，attentively，strangely 2）-ward（s）意为：表示方式或动作的方向。例词：backward（s），homeward（s），eastward（s） 3）-wise意为：①按照……方式。例词：crabwise，clockwise ②就……而言。例词：weatherwise ，educationwise 知识点4 固定搭配 英语中有大量的固定搭配，如：classify...as; take into accout; commit onself to等。在选词填空中，会考查学生对这些固定搭配的熟悉程度，需要根据句子中已有的部分去匹配相应的固定搭配单词。 难点：固定搭配数量繁多，记忆起来有一定难度，而且容易出现混淆。同时在题目中，可能搭配的部分被拆分在不同位置，需要仔细梳理句子结构和语义才能准确识别。 考查目的：检测学生对英语中常用固定搭配的记忆和运用能力，看能否敏锐捕捉到句子中涉及固定搭配的线索，以此选择正确的单词，使句子表达符合英语的语言习惯。 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查熟词僻义 单词常见词义代入不通，需结合语篇选取冷门延伸释义。 例 1 （2025~2026学年闵行区二模19空） A. access B. exhibits C. chapter D. share E. randomly F. encounters G. delivered H. transformed I. thorough J. primitively K. novel An estimated 97 percent of museum artifacts (手工艺品) remain in storage at anygiven time, and the (19)______ of works on display may decline further as museums keep adding new items - unless they build more exhibition space.If visitors would like to get a closer look at an artifact or even touch it, ...... 例 2 （2025~2026学年崇明区二模19空） A. autonomous B. firmly C. integral D. launch E. leap F. live-stream G. marketplace H. measure I. precise J. skillfully K. subsequently “The focus has moved from the factory floor to the commercial channel, where the real ____19____ of a company’s health is no longer how many robots it can build, but how many it can successfully integrate into real-world scenes,” Zhang said. 例 3 （2025~2026学年普陀区二模11空） A. access B. address C. competence D. considerable E. exposure F. hazardous G. idealized H. normalize I. safeguard J. prioritize K. vital Social media: A double-edged Sword for Adolescents Social media is offering significant opportunities alongside critical challenges. On the positive side, social platforms provide spaces for self-expression and meaningful connections. Adolescents can ____11____ mental health resources online, engage in supportive communities, and share personal stories. 考向2 考查一词多性/多义 同一单词兼具两种及以上词性，不同词性词义完全不同，需依靠句子成分判断词性再匹配词义。 例 1 例题：（2025~2026学年青浦区二模11空） A. plainly B. equivalent C. dismissed D. clue E. integrated F. imprecisely G. boost H. reassessment I. running J. reserve K. reprogramming The Surprising Truth about Body Fat If you melted down the average UK adult, you would find around 22 kilograms of creamy yellow fat. It’s    11    to around 88 pieces of butter and enough to fill two-thirds of a small suitcase or cast into 446 dinner candles. 例 2 （2025~2026学年奉贤区二模13空） A. openness B. translating C. ancient D. reduced E. dramatic F. personally G. fixed H. suggest I. balance J. emotionally K. copying Completed in the late 1990s, Wu Xing is a five-movement orchestral piece (管弦乐曲) inspired by the traditional Chinese concept that views the universe as a dynamic ____13____ of five forces: metal, wood, water, fire and earth 例 3 （2025~2026学年浦东新区二模20空） A. balance B. breathing C. expanding D. figure E. labeled F. meeting G. precision H. skilled I. transition J. unexpected K. unfolded And perhaps that is where the Shanghai experiment lands most thoughtfully as a reminder that the future of an ancient art depends on how carefully its devoted protectors ____20____ progress and preservation. Robotics can enrich the stage, but it should not replace the human instinct and emotional intelligence on which Peking Opera’s survival depends. 考向3 考查构词法（派生/转化/合成/缀合） 依托词根词缀变形，同根不同词性单词混在选项，通过句子成分判断词形（名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 分词）。 如：单词带有前缀 un-/im-/dis-、后缀 - tion/-less/-able/-ive 等；由名词 / 动词变形而来。 例 1 （2025~2026学年金山区二模11空） A. boosts B. challenging C. efficiently D. gains E. individually F. interacts G. internal H. matters I. memorized J. targets K. various AI That Talks to Itself Learns Faster and Smarter Talking to yourself may feel uniquely human, but it turns out this habit can also help machines learn. (11) ______ dialogue helps people organize ideas, weigh choices, and make sense of emotions. New research shows that a similar process can improve how AI learns and adapts. 例 2 （2025~2026学年静安区二模19空） A. fine B. licensed C. plasticity D. imposing E. ordering F. circles G. pat H. reinvent I. matters J. demanding K. reward With time and repetition, those same actions become fluent and calming, allowing the brain to shift into a restorative flow state. This challenge-to-mastery process helps maintain neural ___19___. 例 3 （2025~2026学年青浦区二模14空） A. plainly B. equivalent C. dismissed D. clue E. integrated F. imprecisely G. boost H. reassessment I. running J. reserve K. reprogramming Due to limited research resources, early studies could only    14    describe fat as a single store for extra calories, failing to recognize its role as a smart regulator of our body. Fat, it turns out, isn’t a single thing. 考向4 考查固定搭配 动词短语、介词搭配、名词固定词组、形容词固定搭配，不熟悉搭配直接无法选出答案。 例 1 （2025~2026学年闵行区二模17空） A. access B. exhibits C. chapter D. share E. randomly F. encounters G. delivered H. transformed I. thorough J. primitively K. novel By giving the public nearly unrestricted (17)______ to the objects, the manager of the museum hoped that the space would allow visitors to form a closer bond with the collection. 例 2 （2025~2026学年松江区二模14空） Third, blue hour combines tones of a photo into an integrated whole. I once struggled to keep colors in my photos in 14 _______for the best possible results but failed. 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 语篇选词填空 Passage 1 2022年7月上海高考英语真题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A pursuits B.interests C.comparable D.innovation E.schedule F.options G.realization H routes I.subjects J.recipes K.motivated Creativity Is a Human Quality That Exists in US When you think about creativity,it might be highly creative people like Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein who spring to mind.They were all considered to be"Geniuses”for their somewhat unique talents that led to global (31)______ in their fields. Their type of creativity is what's known as"Big C creativity”(or historical) and is not very common in everyday life. Not all of us can create works of art or music or scientific theories that are new to the world. But while we can’t all be Mozart, da Vinci or Einstein, many people do enjoy creative activity through hobbies such as water colour painting or playing the piano. And these types of (32) ______ are often what people think of when asked what being creative looks like. Our finished pieces may not be (33) _______ with the likes of the great masters, but often the process is therapeutic and the end result can be aesthetically pleasing. On top of hobbies and (34)_______, we all possess creative attributes that can help as we solve life's problems and make decisions. It is this type of creativity that enables us to plan different(35)_________ to get to the same destination, or how to fit in a trip to the supermarket when our (36)________ looks full. It might not sound very creative, but this aspect of creativity relies on our ability to consider(37) ________ and assess their suitability, as well as how to make decisions based on personal prior experience or what we have learnt formally or informally. These examples are known as "Small C creativity”or “personal everyday creativity. While Big C creativity is valued and celebrated, It is often Small C creativity that has allowed humans to flourish over thousands of years.it sets us apart from other animals and it is also the type of creativity which can be fostered through our education system and beyond into the workplace. Traditionally, research tells us that creativity has been largely associated with the arts. Our previous research has shown that teachers are often able to give examples of creative activity in arts(38)________, but find it harder to do so when asked to describe creativity in subjects such as science. But there is a growing(39) _______that opportunities to be creative are found across a broader range of subjects.For instance,engineering provides opportunities to be creative through problem solving. and history gives the opportunity to think creatively about why events happened, and what(40)________ those involved. Passage 2 2025年1月上海高考英语真题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A.anchor B.comparing C.calorie D.charge E.operator  F.calculates  G. insufficient H.live  I. plug J. specializing  K. tailor-made Carbon labelling isn't new, but it is gaining a lot more traction of late-especially when it comes to travel. Carbon labels should be an easy way of (11)       products or services to see which are the most sustainable at a glance by providing a comprehensive, numbered footprint. Increasing numbers of businesses across a variety of sectors are getting onboard with the idea. For example, in the last month alone, exercise tracking app Strava announced a new tool to calculate carbon savings from going for runs, walks, cycles and e-bike rides. But perhaps one of the industries in which the concept could be most complicated is travel. It is one of the most carbon-intensive recreational activities any of us will ever take, and one for which the majority of us have (12)        ideas of the impact. If you break it all down, which is really worse: an all-inclusive cruise round the Bahamas? Or a trip to an eco-lodge in Costa Rica that involves a 24-hour round-trip on a plane? As an ordinary individual, it feels like an impossible task to figure out if one holiday is“better” than another. Many a pioneering (13)      started doing the hard work of measuring the impact of trips, down to the smallest element, and posting the results on their packages several years ago. Much Better Adventures led the (14)      , trialing the idea at the beginning of 2021-the first international travel company to do so. “Do I think it will be everywhere? I do,”Sam Bruce, the business's co-founder, told me at the time. “It should go beyond travel and they should be on all products that we buy; carbon labels should be the new (15)______. In Much Better Adventures' case, the label includes carbon emissions from all local transport accommodation, activities, guides, staff and office operations. Pura Aventura, (16)       in holidays to Latin America, Spain and Portugal, wasn't far behind, though with a different slant. “The complexity we have is that all our trips are (17)       - so we can't say we've got 50 trips and let's measure the carbon of each one," said cofounder and CEO Thomas Power. “Every trip is different. You need a (18)      tool - so we built it into our database. The company doesn't just measure the trip itself, but includes the travel to get there, door-to- door: “We want to know where you live, where the airport is, which flight you're taking," says Thomas. “We can(19)      into the database your postcode, Gatwick airport, your short- haul flight - and then the carbon factor (20)       the journey and the amount of carbon produced. 题组二 名校试题 Passage 1 【来源】2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟英语试题 Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．amateur    B．bathed    C． bouncing    D．crawl E. defining    F. further    G. intervening    H. literally I. livestream    J. missions    K. undisturbed Going Back to the Moon On 17 January, after years of delays, the towering SLS rocket that will carry the first astronauts to the Moon in over half a century finally rolled out of the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center. The Artemis vehicle, 1 in early morning sunshine, headed for its launch pad. More delays and a roll back to the assembly building for repairs came later, but for me this was a 2 moment. I sat in front of my television for hours with my cat draped across my lap, watching NASA’s 3 of the rocket’s progress to the pad. The cat was totally unimpressed, and I know that for those who, like her, are not ‘into space’, watching a rocket’s oh-so-slow 4 to its destination was probably about as stimulating as watching a tortoise watching paint dry. But I was deeply moved. Why? Because I’ve waited 5 decades to see that rocket heading for its pad. I wasn’t even born when Apollo 8 rounded the Moon, and I was just starting school when the later Apollo 6 reached the Moon, and have vivid memories of the whole school sitting on the hard, cold floor in front of The School Television. It was watching the grainy footage of those astronauts 7 about on that TV screen that first lit the pilot light of my fascination with space. When Apollo 17 left the Moon, I was sad — but excited too. After all, everyone was saying we’d be back soon and that nuclear-powered spaceships would be carrying astronauts to Mars in 1982, by which time I’d be a teenager. But that future never happened. After Apollo 17, we abandoned the Moon, leaving the flags and footprints of the Apollo heroes 8 for decades. I grew up to become a(n) 9 astronomer and science writer, covering one cancelled lunar exploration programme after another. As I wrote article after article telling kids how astronauts could be back on the Moon “soon”, I felt the return to the Moon getting 10 away, not closer as it was supposed to. But watching that SLS rolling to its pad, I was able to really believe that it won’t be long before I’ll finally be able to go out into my yard, look up at the Moon shining above and say, “There are people flying around that …” Passage 2 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年第二学期高三英语考前质量检测英语题 A．mechanism     B．employ    C． effective    D．chemicals    E. accelerating    F. existing G. projected    H. trapped    I. alone        J. outrun    K. artificially Last July was the hottest recorded month in human history. Heat waves smashed temperature records worldwide and even brought summer temperatures to Chile and Argentina during the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. It’s more than just a matter of sweaty discomfort. In the U.S. 11 , it kills more people each year than floods, tornadoes and hurricanes combined. As climate change worsens, access to 12 cooled spaces is rapidly becoming a health necessity. Yet standard air-conditioning systems have 13 us in a vicious cycle: the hotter it is, the more people use the AC — and the more energy is used as a result. Nicole Miranda, an engineer researching sustainable cooling at the University of Oxford says: “it’s not only a vicious cycle, but it’s a(n) 14 one.” According to 2018 data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the worldwide annual energy demand from cooling is 15 to more than triple by 2050. It’s becoming increasingly clear that humans cannot 16 climate change with the same air-conditioning technology we’ve been using. One well-known problem with current AC systems is their reliance on refrigerant 17 , many of which are potential greenhouse gases. About 80 percent of a standard AC unit’s climate-warming emissions currently come from the energy used to power it, says Nihar Shah, director of the Global Cooling Efficiency Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Standard air-conditioning systems simultaneously (同时地) cool and dehumidify through a relatively inefficient 18 : in order to condense (使冷凝) water out of the air, they overcool that air past the point of comfort. Many new designs therefore separate the dehumidification and cooling processes, which avoids the need to overcool. Even with some of the best technologies available, the gains in efficiency alone might not be enough to offset the widely expected increase in air-conditioning use. It will not work to simply replace every 19 air conditioner with a better model and call it a day. Instead, a truly cooler future will have to 20 other strategies that rely on urban planning and building design to minimize the need for cooling in the first place. Passage 3 【来源】上海南洋中学2025-2026学年第二学期高三年级期中英语试卷 A．accidentally    B．alert     C． curiosity    D．critical    E. defensive    F. disproved G. documented     H. immediate    I. initiating    J. stimulus    K. typically Wanted: Volunteers who can throw new light on “photosneezia” mystery Scientists are attempting to unpick the mystery of the “photic sneeze” — a reflex (反射动作) that causes people to sneeze, in response to bright light — and they need help from the public. “It 21 follows a tickling sensation (痒感). The sneeze is not 22 , and it will take a few seconds,” said Manuel Spitschan, an experimental psychologist at the University of Oxford, who is launching a study into the phenomenon. Much as photic sneezing is a(n) 23 , it can have serious consequences, particularly for ophthalmologists (眼科医生). “And you have other safety 24 professions in which sneezing in response to bright light isn’t helpful, like fighter pilots or truck drivers, anywhere you can’t really lose control of something.” Reports of photosneezia have been 25 throughout the ages. The Greek philosopher Aristotle wondered in his Book of Problems: why does the heat of the sun cause sneezing? His assumption was that sweat inside the nose caused it, but the 17th century English philosopher Francis Bacon 26 this theory by facing the sun with his eyes closed and finding that it did not make him sneeze. His theory was that the sun’s light made the eyes water, causing moisture to drip down the nose, 27 a sneeze. Various modern theories have also been put forward, but none is easily testable. One theory is that optic (视觉的) nerve fibers could 28 activate neighboring nerve fibers as they join in the brain. Curiously, the reflex can also be started during eye surgery, meaning needle-bearing anesthetists (麻醉师) must be 29 to sneezes to avoid damaging patients’ eyes. The goal of the Oxford Photic Sneeze Survey, which Spitschan is coordinating, is to better understand what drives the photic sneeze reflex. “There are approximately 110 papers in the scientific literature that discus this phenomenon, but there’s very little empirical (实证的) data,” he said. “We are hoping to find the ideal 30 to cause the sneeze.” 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $