真题精析·语法填空满分攻略（2017·全国二卷）任务单-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习学案系统覆盖语法填空核心考点，包括非谓语动词、时态语态、词性转换等高频考点，以真题再现为起点，通过易错点剖析、知识点总结、真题演练构建“真题-考点-方法”逻辑链，借助任务单引导学生自主梳理词汇短语、推导语法规则，形成系统化知识网络。 亮点在于自主诊断与分层提升设计，如易错点分析配历年真题自测题，学生可通过错因归因表定位薄弱环节，结合默写任务巩固核心词汇，培养语言能力与思维品质。同话题阅读拓展文化视野，教师可依据学情数据实施精准指导，助力学生自主复习能力提升与个性化备考。

真题精析·语法填空满分攻略（2017·全国二卷） 话题：伦敦地铁——世界上第一条地下客运铁路 一、真题再现 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61_______ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62_______ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63_______ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64_______ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines 65_______ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66_______ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 67_______ every day. Later, engineers 68_______ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels（隧道）, which became known as the tube. This development was only possible with the 69 _______(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most 70_______ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public. 二、核心词汇及短语 1. underground /ˌʌndəˈɡraʊnd/ adj. 地下的 n. 地铁 Example: The first underground passenger railway opened in London in 1863. 2. passenger /ˈpæsɪndʒə(r)/ n. 乘客；旅客 Example: The underground railway carried thousands of passengers every day. 3. railway /ˈreɪlweɪ/ n. 铁路；铁道 Example: The railway quickly proved to be a great success. 4. crowd /kraʊd/ n. 人群 v. 拥挤 Example: The railway allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads. 5. complete /kəmˈpliːt/ v. 完成 adj. 完整的 Example: It took three years to complete the railway. 6. dig up /dɪɡ ʌp/ phr. 挖开；掘起 Example: The construction included digging up the road. 7. lay /leɪ/ v. 铺设；放置（laid， laid） Example: The method included laying the track. 8. track /træk/ n. 轨道；跑道 Example: Workers laid the track for the new railway. 9. roof /ruːf/ n. 屋顶；顶部 Example: They built a strong roof over the top. 10. steam engine /stiːm ˈendʒɪn/ n. 蒸汽机 Example: Steam engines were used to pull the carriages. 11. carriage /ˈkærɪdʒ/ n. 车厢；马车 Example: Steam engines pulled the carriages along the track. 12. unpleasant /ʌnˈpleznt/ adj. 令人不快的；不舒服的 Example: It must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers. 13. tunnel /ˈtʌnl/ n. 隧道；地下通道 Example: Engineers constructed railways in a system of deep tunnels. 14. tube /tjuːb/ n. 管道；地铁（伦敦） Example: The deep tunnels became known as the tube. 15. introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn/ n. 引入；采用；介绍 Example: This development was only possible with the introduction of electric-powered engines. 16. electric-powered /ɪˈlektrɪk ˈpaʊəd/ adj. 电动的；电力驱动的 Example: Electric-powered engines and lifts made the development possible. 17. prove /pruːv/ v. 证明；证实 Example: The railway proved extremely popular with the public. 18. avoid doing /əˈvɔɪd ˈduːɪŋ/ phr. 避免做某事 Example: The railway allowed people to avoid terrible crowds. 19. become known as /bɪˈkʌm nəʊn æz/ phr. 被称为；以……闻名 Example: The system of deep tunnels became known as the tube. 20. be popular with /biː ˈpɒpjələ wɪð/ phr. 受……欢迎 Example: The railway proved extremely popular with the public. 三、易错点分析及知识点总结 这道题里有三个地方是同学们错误率最高的，我把它们整理出来，每个易错点后面都配了一道来源于历年高考真题的单句语法填空。 易错点一：非谓语动词（现在分词作并列状语/动名词作宾语） 原题： 63. laying 错误答案： lay / laid / to lay 错因分析： "This included digging up the road, 63 (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top"中，句子已有谓语"included"，"digging up""laying""building"是三个并列的动名词短语作"included"的宾语，构成"include doing A， doing B and doing C"结构。故填"laying"，与前面的"digging"和后面的"building"保持一致。 知识点总结： （1）动名词（doing）作宾语：放在介词或某些动词（如include， avoid， enjoy， finish等）后面。 （2）并列结构一致性：A， B and C中，三个成分形式应保持一致。 （3）常见接动名词作宾语的动词：include， avoid， enjoy， finish， practice， suggest， consider等。 【真题1】（2017·全国II卷） This included digging up the road, ________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 答案与解析：laying。与"digging"和"building"并列，都用动名词形式。 【真题2】（2016·全国I卷） I enjoy ________ (read) books in my spare time. 答案与解析：reading。"enjoy doing"为固定结构。 【真题3】（2015·全国II卷） He suggested ________ (take) a walk after dinner. 答案与解析：taking。"suggest doing"为固定结构。 易错点二：谓语动词时态（一般过去时被动语态） 原题： 65. were used 错误答案： used / are used / have been used 错因分析： "Steam engines 65 (use) to pull the carriages"中，主语"Steam engines"与"use"之间为被动关系（蒸汽机被用来拉动车厢）。文章叙述的是1863年左右的历史事件，应用一般过去时。主语为复数，故填"were used"。 知识点总结： （1）被动语态：be + 过去分词。 （2）一般过去时被动语态：was/were + 过去分词。 （3）一般过去时的标志：上下文有明确的过去时间或历史事件。 【真题1】（2017·全国II卷） Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages. 答案与解析：were used。主语复数，过去时，被动语态。 【真题2】（2016·全国I卷） The bridge ________ (build) in the 18th century. 答案与解析：was built。主语单数，过去时，被动语态。 【真题3】（2015·全国I卷） These beautiful flowers ________ (water) by my mother yesterday. 答案与解析：were watered。主语复数，过去时（yesterday），被动语态。 易错点三：词性转换（形容词→副词） 原题： 66. fairly 错误答案： fair / fairness / unfair 错因分析： "it must have been 66 (fair) unpleasant for the passengers"中，"unpleasant"是形容词，需用副词修饰形容词作状语。"fair"的副词形式为"fairly"，意为"相当；颇"。故填"fairly"。 知识点总结： （1）副词修饰形容词/副词/动词，作状语。 （2）形容词变副词规则： 直接加-ly：fair → fairly， recent → recently 以-y结尾变-i加-ly：happy → happily， easy → easily 以-le结尾变-ly：terrible → terribly， gentle → gently 【真题1】（2017·全国II卷） It must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers. 答案与解析：fairly。修饰形容词"unpleasant"用副词。 【真题2】（2016·全国I卷） He spoke ________ (clear) so that everyone could understand him. 答案与解析：clearly。修饰动词"spoke"用副词。 【真题3】（2015·全国II卷） The weather was ________ (extreme) cold last winter. 答案与解析：extremely。修饰形容词"cold"用副词。 四、同话题时事热点阅读 下面是一篇完整的阅读理解材料，与"地铁交通/城市发展"同话题，难度适中。加粗词汇为必背核心词，请在阅读时重点关注。 The Evolution of Urban Rail Systems: From Steam to AI The world's first underground passenger railway, which opened in London in 1863, marked a turning point in urban transportation history. This innovative system, powered by steam engines pulling wooden carriages through smoke-filled tunnels, was a remarkable achievement for its time. Despite the uncomfortable conditions—passengers endured noise, soot, and poor ventilation—the railway proved immensely popular, carrying over 25,000 people daily within six months of its opening. This early success demonstrated the public's appetite for efficient mass transit and set the stage for the global expansion of underground rail networks. 世界上第一条地下客运铁路于1863年在伦敦开通，标志着城市交通史上的一个转折点。这个创新的系统由蒸汽机牵引木质车厢穿过充满烟雾的隧道，在当时是一项非凡的成就。尽管条件并不舒适——乘客忍受着噪音、煤烟和通风不良——但铁路仍然极为受欢迎，开通后六个月内每日载客量超过25000人。这一早期的成功证明了公众对高效公共交通的渴望，并为地下铁路网络的全球扩张奠定了基础。 Today, urban rail systems have evolved far beyond their steam-powered ancestors. Modern subways are equipped with sophisticated signaling systems, climate control, and fully automated trains that can operate without human drivers. The integration of artificial intelligence and big data has revolutionized how these systems are managed, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimized scheduling that minimizes delays and maximizes efficiency. In cities like Shanghai, London, and Tokyo, underground networks now stretch for hundreds of kilometers, carrying millions of passengers daily and serving as the backbone of the public transportation system. 如今，城市轨道交通系统已经远远超越了它们以蒸汽为动力的祖先。现代地铁配备了复杂的信号系统、气候控制和可以在没有人类驾驶员的情况下运行的完全自动化列车。人工智能与大数据的融合彻底改变了这些系统的管理方式，实现了实时监控、预测性维护和优化调度，从而最大限度地减少延误和最大化效率。在上海、伦敦和东京等城市，地下网络现在延伸数百公里，每天运送数百万乘客，是公共交通系统的骨干。 Looking to the future, the next generation of urban rail systems promises even greater advancements. Hyperloop technology, magnetic levitation trains, and solar-powered stations are just a few of the innovations on the horizon. These developments aim to make urban transit faster, greener, and more accessible to all members of society. However, challenges remain, including the prohibitive costs of construction, the disruption caused by new projects, and the need to ensure safety and security in crowded stations. As one urban planner observed, "The future of cities depends on how well we can move people efficiently and sustainably. Our rail systems are not just about transportation; they are about shaping the way we live, work, and connect with one another." 展望未来，下一代城市轨道交通系统承诺带来更大的进步。超级高铁技术、磁悬浮列车和太阳能车站只是即将出现的创新中的一部分。这些发展旨在使城市交通更快、更环保，对社会所有成员更可及。然而，挑战依然存在，包括高昂的建设成本、新项目造成的干扰，以及在拥挤的车站确保安全的必要性。正如一位城市规划师所说："城市的未来取决于我们如何高效、可持续地运输人员。我们的铁路系统不仅仅是交通工具；它们关乎塑造我们生活、工作和相互联系的方式。" 阅读核心词汇（背诵掌握）： marked /mɑːkt/ v. 标志；标志着 innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/ adj. 创新的 smoke-filled /sməʊk fɪld/ adj. 充满烟雾的 remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/ adj. 非凡的；显著的 immensely /ɪˈmensli/ adv. 极大地；非常 demonstrated /ˈdemənstreɪtɪd/ v. 证明；展示 appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ n. 胃口；欲望 global /ˈɡləʊbl/ adj. 全球的 evolved /ɪˈvɒlvd/ v. 演变；进化 equipped /ɪˈkwɪpt/ v. 配备；装备 integration /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/ n. 融合；整合 revolutionized /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪzd/ v. 彻底改变 minimizes /ˈmɪnɪmaɪzɪz/ v. 使最小化 backbone /ˈbækbəʊn/ n. 骨干；支柱 advancements /ədˈvɑːnsmənts/ n. 进步；发展 innovations /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃnz/ n. 创新 horizon /həˈraɪzn/ n. 地平线；前景 accessible /əkˈsesəbl/ adj. 可及的；易接近的 prohibitive /prəˈhɪbətɪv/ adj. 高得令人望而却步的 disruption /dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ n. 干扰；中断 security /sɪˈkjʊərəti/ n. 安全 五、默写 第一组（来自真题语篇，共15题）： 1. 地下的 _______________ 2. 乘客 _______________ 3. 铁路 _______________ 4. 人群 _______________ 5. 完成 _______________ 6. 挖开 _______________ 7. 铺设 _______________ 8. 轨道 _______________ 9. 屋顶 _______________ 10. 蒸汽机 _______________ 11. 车厢 _______________ 12. 令人不快的 _______________ 13. 隧道 _______________ 14. 引入 _______________ 15. 证明 _______________ 第二组（来自阅读拓展，共5题）： 16. 创新的 _______________ 17. 非凡的 _______________ 18. 融合 _______________ 19. 前景；地平线 _______________ 20. 安全 _______________ 【参考答案】 （一）语法填空真题详解（按61-70题顺序） 61. crowds 考查名词复数。"crowd"为可数名词，且由"terrible"可知，这里强调人多，应用复数形式"crowds"。 62. from 考查介词。与上文的"to"对应，此处意为"乘地铁上下班"，"to and from work"为固定搭配。 63. laying 考查非谓语动词。动名词短语作"included"的宾语，与"digging up"和"building"并列。故填"laying"。 64. the 考查冠词。根据语境"这包括挖路，铺设轨道，然后在所挖的顶部建造一个结实的屋顶"，此处表特指，因此填"the"。 65. were used 考查谓语动词时态和语态。根据语境"蒸汽机被用来拉动车厢"。文章叙述的是过去的事，且主语"Steam engines"与"use"为动宾关系，应用一般过去时被动语态"were used"。 66. fairly 考查词性转换。此处修饰形容词"unpleasant"，应填副词"fairly"。 67. it 考查代词。此处意为"然而，很快证实铁路是很大的成功，且在六个月内，超过25，000人每天都在使用它"。"it"指代句子的主语"the railway"。 68. managed 考查谓语动词时态。根据上下文可知作者在描述过去的事情，应用动词的一般过去式"managed"。 69. introduction 考查词性转换。根据语境"只有随着电力发动机和电梯的引入，这种改善才有可能"，"with"后应接名词作其宾语，故填"introduction"。 70. successful 考查词性转换。根据语境"伦敦中央地铁是这些新线中最成功的之一"，"one of the most"后面接形容词的最高级形式，"success"的形容词为"successful"。 （二）易错点配套真题答案 易错点一配套真题： 1. laying（2017·全国II卷） 2. reading（2016·全国I卷） 3. taking（2015·全国II卷） 易错点二配套真题： 1. were used（2017·全国II卷） 2. was built（2016·全国I卷） 3. were watered（2015·全国I卷） 易错点三配套真题： 1. fairly（2017·全国II卷） 2. clearly（2016·全国I卷） 3. extremely（2015·全国II卷） （三）默写答案 1. underground 2. passenger 3. railway 4. crowd 5. complete 6. dig up 7. lay 8. track 9. roof 10. steam engine 11. carriage 12. unpleasant 13. tunnel 14. introduction 15. prove 16. innovative 17. remarkable 18. integration 19. horizon 20. security 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $