高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文（一） -2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

**基本信息** 聚焦高考英语科普说明文阅读理解，通过4篇典型话题文章（16题），系统提炼细节理解、推理判断等题型解题方法，构建“定位-分析-排除”逻辑体系，提升语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |细节理解题|8题|定位原文关键信息，排除无依据选项|以原文事实为核心，建立“题干-原文-选项”对应关系| |推理判断题|4题|依据原文合理推断，避免绝对化表述|基于文本信息进行逻辑分析，培养严谨推断能力| |词义猜测题|2题|结合上下文语境，通过同义/反义关系推断|利用语境线索构建词汇意义理解路径| |主旨标题题|2题|归纳文章核心观点，排除片面/夸大选项|从话题引入到结论升华，把握篇章结构逻辑|

高考英语阅读理解C篇（科普说明文） 话题：AI辅助植物科研、 话题：城市夜间光污染、 话题：新型海水淡化技术、 话题：运动与大脑认知研究 Passage 1 话题：AI助力植物野外科研 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 For decades, field botanists spent countless hours identifying wild plant species, recording data by hand and sorting samples after long‑distance trips. Complex plant features and huge amounts of field data often slowed down research progress. In recent years, artificial intelligence tools have stepped in to transform traditional plant‑survey methods. Newly‑developed mobile AI models can recognize plant species from ordinary phone photos. After simple training with local plant databases, the system tells possible species within seconds. It also helps researchers mark growth locations and record environmental information automatically. However, scientists warn that AI cannot completely replace human experts. When facing similar‑looking rare species, machine recognition may produce confusing results. Human judgment is still required to check and correct AI outputs. A research team carried out a one‑year field test in mountainous national parks. Volunteers used both traditional methods and AI‑assisted tools to collect plant information. The data showed that AI greatly cut down time spent on basic identification work. Yet for unknown or newly‑found plants, human researchers remained irreplaceable. The study suggests AI acts more like a powerful assistant rather than a full substitute. It frees scientists from repeated simple work so that they can focus more on analyzing ecological relationships and protecting threatened plant populations. 1. What is the traditional difficulty for field botanists? A. Lacking modern transportation for field trips. B. Heavy workload in identifying and recording plants. C. No enough public interest in wild plant protection. D. Limited funding for building large plant gardens. 2. What is the major weakness of the present plant‑recognition AI? A. It fails to process photos taken by ordinary phones. B. It cannot mark the exact locations of plant samples. C. It may make mistakes when identifying similar rare plants. D. It needs professional photographers to take input pictures. 3. What can we infer from the one‑year field‑test result? A. AI completely takes the place of human botanists in the wild. B. AI improves efficiency for basic plant‑identification tasks. C. New plant species can be discovered only by AI systems. D. Mountain parks refuse to adopt AI tools for biological research. 4. What does the underlined word “substitute” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A. replacement B. barrier C. challenge D. reward Passage 2 话题：城市夜间光污染的生态影响 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Bright streetlights, advertising screens and building lights have created convenient night‑time conditions for city citizens. But growing light pollution brings hidden influences on local wildlife. Researchers have closely studied how constant artificial light disturbs creatures’ natural biological clocks. Many insect species depend on natural light signals for migration and reproduction. Under city bright night conditions, some moths lose their normal flying directions. They circle around bright lamps instead of searching for food or suitable places to lay eggs. Gradually, local insect numbers drop. Since insects form important parts of food chains, such changes will further affect birds and small mammals in urban areas. City planners used to believe brighter public lighting meant greater safety for citizens. Now experts point out that over‑bright lighting is unnecessary. Researchers carried out comparative experiments. When some street lamps were adjusted to softer, dimmer modes, local insect groups recovered slightly, while human public safety was not weakened. Light pollution does not demand total darkness in cities. The key lies in reasonable light management. Proper lamp design, timing control and reduced unnecessary brightness can balance human needs and the survival of urban wildlife. 1. What problem does light pollution cause for some moths? A. They cannot find enough human‑made shelters. B. They lose normal flying and living behaviors. C. Their body size becomes much smaller. D. They are forced to migrate out of cities forever. 2. What finding comes from the researchers’ comparative experiments? A. Dimmed street lamps benefit insects without risking public safety. B. Total darkness can completely recover local insect populations. C. Brighter streetlights greatly improve citizens’ sense of safety. D. Insects refuse to stay in areas with any man‑made lighting. 3. What can be inferred about light pollution from the text? A. It should be solved by removing all city street lights. B. Its influences on food chains deserve people’s attention. C. It mainly comes from household lights inside apartments. D. Its harm to human health has already been well‑proven. 4. Which of the following is the suitable title for the text? A. Benefits of Bright City Night Lighting B. Insect Species Facing Complete Die‑out C. Balancing City Lighting and Wildlife Needs D. New Rules for Urban Public Safety Management Passage 3 话题：新型低成本海水淡化技术 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Fresh water shortage troubles many coastal regions around the world. Sea water covers most of our planet, but removing salt from seawater usually requires huge amounts of energy. Traditional desalination equipment depends heavily on electric power, which increases operating costs and produces carbon waste. Scientists have developed a new solar‑driven desalination device. It uses sunlight as its main energy source instead of large electric machines. Special material layers turn solar energy into heat, speeding up water evaporation. Salt is left behind while water steam is collected and turned into drinkable fresh water. Early lab tests showed satisfying performance. However, real‑world coastal environments brought new challenges. Sea wind, dust and salt crystal buildup would lower the equipment’s working efficiency. Researchers improved surface structures so that salt could fall off automatically. Such design cuts maintenance work for coastal users. The new system is not meant to replace large industrial desalination factories. It suits small communities and remote coastal villages which cannot get steady power supply. Scientists are further reducing production costs. They hope this technology can offer practical fresh‑water solutions for places suffering from water stress. 1. What is the main disadvantage of traditional seawater desalination? A. It cannot produce large quantities of fresh water. B. It consumes much energy and causes high costs. C. Its produced fresh water contains too much salt. D. It is totally forbidden in most coastal countries. 2. What improvement do researchers make to the new solar device? A. Making it completely free from sea wind influence. B. Helping salt separate from equipment surfaces automatically. C. Connecting it to local large‑scale power stations. D. Enabling it to work normally without any sunlight. 3. For which group is the new solar desalination device especially suitable? A. Big coastal industrial cities with rich electricity. B. Remote small coastal communities short of power. C. Inland mountain areas far away from seawater. D. Ocean‑going ships carrying huge power generators. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward the new desalination technology? A. Doubtful B. Uninterested C. Objective D. Critical Passage 4 话题：适度运动对大脑认知能力的影响 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Many people take physical exercise mainly for weight control or physical fitness. Recent neuroscience studies show that regular moderate exercise also brings positive changes to human brain performance. It influences memory, reaction speed and the ability to focus attention. Researchers organized a three‑month controlled experiment. Two groups of young adults took part. Group A kept 30‑minute moderate aerobic exercise three times per week, such as fast walking or cycling. Group B maintained their usual inactive lifestyle. At the end of the period, test results suggested that members from Group A achieved higher scores in memory and concentration tasks. Scientists explain that proper physical activity improves blood flow to brain tissues. It also encourages the production of certain brain chemicals which support nerve‑cell growth. Yet researchers remind citizens that more exercise does not equal better brain function. Too much exhausting sports may create physical stress and weaken cognitive performance instead. The research does not advise people to carry out high‑intensity training. It supports the idea that steady, moderate movement matters most. Even simple daily activities can serve as easy ways to maintain brain health for ordinary people. 1. What is the main discovery of the three‑month experiment? A. All young adults can improve memory without exercise. B. Moderate regular exercise helps people’s memory and focus. C. Cycling is the only sport suitable for improving brain health. D. Inactive people have no chance to get better concentration. 2. Which factor accounts for exercise’s positive brain effects according to paragraph 3? A. Increased blood flow and helpful brain chemicals. B. Rapid loss of body weight after sports. C. Complete removal of pressure from daily life. D. Sharp rise in people’s sleeping hours. 3. What warning message do the scientists give in the study? A. Physical exercise has nothing to do with mental state. B. Ordinary citizens should avoid all kinds of aerobic sports. C. Excessive tiring exercise may harm cognitive ability. D. Young adults must take exercise over three hours every day. 4. What does the underlined word “moderate” in paragraph 2 mean in the text? A. long‑time B. proper‑level C. extreme D. competitive 参考答案与详细解析 Passage1答案：1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 1. B 解析：细节理解。定位第一段“spent countless hours identifying wild plant species, recording data by hand”，传统植物科研的困难是识别、记录植物工作量繁重。 A：缺少野外交通，原文未提及； C：公众对植物保护兴趣不足，无依据； D：建设植物园经费有限，文中没有。 2. C 解析：细节理解。定位第二段“When facing similar‑looking rare species, machine recognition may produce confusing results”，AI识别外形相近稀有植物时会出错。 A：不能处理普通手机照片，与原文矛盾； B：无法标记位置，原文说可以自动标记； D：需要专业摄影师拍照，文中无信息。 3. B 解析：推理判断题。定位第三段“The data showed that AI greatly cut down time spent on basic identification work”，AI提升基础物种识别的工作效率。 A：野外完全取代植物学家，与“cannot completely replace human experts”相反； C：只有AI可以发现新物种，表述绝对； D：山地公园拒绝使用AI工具，原文没有。 4. A 解析：词义猜测。substitute所在句“AI acts more like a powerful assistant rather than a full substitute”，AI是助手而非完全的替代者。replacement替代；barrier障碍；challenge挑战；reward回报。 B、C、D语义均不符合上下文。 Passage2答案：1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 1. B 解析：细节理解。定位第二段“some moths lose their normal flying directions…instead of searching for food or suitable places to lay eggs”，光污染让飞蛾丧失正常飞行与生存行为。 A：找不到人造庇护所，原文无； C：体型变得更小，没有提到； D：永远迁出城市，表述过度。 2. A 解析：细节理解。定位第三段“When some street lamps were adjusted to softer, dimmer modes, local insect groups recovered slightly, while human public safety was not weakened”，调暗路灯有益于昆虫，同时不损害公共安全。 B：完全黑暗就能恢复昆虫种群，绝对化； C：越亮路灯越提升安全感，不是实验结论； D：昆虫拒绝任何人工灯光，与原文不符。 3. B 解析：推理判断。定位第二段“Since insects form important parts of food chains, such changes will further affect birds and small mammals”，光污染会影响食物链，值得人们关注。 A：移除全部路灯解决问题，和末段观点相反； C：光污染主要来自室内家用灯，原文主要讲街灯、广告牌； D：对人体健康危害已充分证实，文中讲的是野生动物。 4. C 解析：主旨标题。全文探讨城市照明和野生动物生存之间的平衡。 A：城市夜景照明的好处，偏离核心； B：昆虫物种濒临彻底灭绝，夸大事实； D：城市公共安全管理新规，话题跑偏。 Passage3答案：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.C 1. B 解析：细节理解。定位第一段“Traditional desalination equipment depends heavily on electric power, which increases operating costs and produces carbon waste”，传统海水淡化耗能大、成本高。 A：不能产出大量淡水，原文没有； C：产出淡水盐分过高，无依据； D：多数沿海国家禁止使用，文中未提及。 2. B 解析：细节理解。定位第三段“Researchers improved surface structures so that salt could fall off automatically”，改良设计让盐自动从设备表面脱落。 A：完全不受海风影响，表述绝对； C：接入大型发电站，这是老设备的特点； D：没有阳光也可以工作，该设备依靠太阳能。 3. B 解析：细节理解。定位第四段“It suits small communities and remote coastal villages which cannot get steady power supply”，适合电力不稳定的偏远沿海小聚落。 A：电力充足的沿海工业大城市，对应的是大型工厂； C：远离大海的内陆山区，没有海水来源； D：携带巨型发电机远洋轮船，文中没有。 4. C 解析：观点态度。作者既介绍优势，也客观讲出现实挑战、适用局限，立场客观objective。 A怀疑的；B不感兴趣的；D批判的，均不符合文本基调。 Passage4答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.B 1. B 解析：细节理解。定位第二段“test results suggested that members from Group A achieved higher scores in memory and concentration tasks”，有规律适度运动有益于记忆和注意力。 A：不运动也能提升记忆，和实验结果相反； C：骑自行车是唯一健脑运动，only表述绝对； D：不运动的人无法提高专注力，过度推断。 2. A 解析：细节理解。定位第三段“proper physical activity improves blood flow to brain tissues. It also encourages the production of certain brain chemicals which support nerve‑cell growth”，血流量增加以及有益的大脑化学物质带来积极效果。 B：减重，不是健脑原因； C：彻底消除生活压力，文中无； D：睡眠时间大幅增加，原文没有信息。 3. C 解析：推理判断。定位第三段“Too much exhausting sports may create physical stress and weaken cognitive performance instead”，过度疲惫的运动可能损害认知能力。 A：运动与精神状态无关，与全文主题相反； B：普通人应当避免所有有氧运动，错误； D：年轻人每天必须运动三小时以上，无依据。 4. B 解析：词义猜测。moderate exercise对应后文fast walking or cycling，指强度适中的运动，proper‑level适度的。long‑time长时间的；extreme极端的；competitive竞技的。A、C、D不符合语境。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $