2026-2027学年高一英语上学期初高中衔接：非谓语动词导学案

专题八 非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指在句中不作谓语的动词形式，包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词、过去分词）三类。它不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语和逻辑主语，在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分。非谓语动词是初高中衔接阶段语法学习的重点和难点，也是高考的高频考点。 一、动词不定式 1.动词不定式的构成 不定式的基本形式为"to + 动词原形"，有时可以不用 to。这里的 to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。动词不定式的否定形式是 not + (to +) 动词原形。 【提示】在下列情况中，不定式符号 to 要省略：① 情态动词（can, must, should 等）后；② 使役动词（make, let, have）和感官动词（see, hear, watch 等）后作宾补时；③ 介词 but / except 前若有实义动词 do 时。 2.动词不定式的基本用法 (1)作主语。动词不定式作主语常后置，用 it 作形式主语。如： It's not easy for us to speak English. 对我们来说讲英语不容易。 (2)作表语。多数情况下不定式作表语可转换为主语。如： Her work is to clean the office every day. 她的工作是每天打扫办公室。 = To clean the office every day is her work. 每天打扫办公室就是她的工作。 (3)作宾语。只能作某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。如： He wants to play basketball after class. 下课后他想去打篮球。 【注意】常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有 agree（同意）, plan（计划）, want（想要）, learn（学会）, expect（期望）, decide（决定）, wish（希望）, pretend（假装）, arrange（安排）, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）, prepare（准备）, hope（希望）, begin（开始）, would like（想）, manage（设法）, try（努力）, forget（忘记）, help（帮助）等。如： They agreed to leave at once. 他们同意立即离开。 You should learn to finish the work by yourself. 你应该学着独立完成作业。 (4)作宾语补足语。不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主动关系。如： My mother asked me to learn English well. 我妈妈让我学好英语。 (5)作定语。放在所修饰的词之后，说明所修饰词的内容等。如： Do you have anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗？ 【注意】① 不定式起形容词作用，修饰名词、代词，位置在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。如： She is the first to come to the classroom. 她是第一个来到教室的人。 ② 如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，或所修饰的名词是不定式动作发生的地点、工具等，不定式后面须保留必要的介词。如： I need some paper to write on. 我需要一些纸来写字。 ③ 当所修饰的名词是 time, place 或 way 时，不定式后面习惯上省略介词。如： My grandparents had no place to live (in) before liberation. 新中国成立前我的祖父母没有住的地方。 (6)作状语。不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致，可表原因或目的。如： I'm sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉麻烦你。（表原因） She went to the library to borrow some books. 她去图书馆借了一些书。（表目的） (7)不定式常和疑问词 what, which, when, where, how 连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正在告诉学生们做什么。 二、动名词 1.动名词的构成 动名词一般由"动词原形 + -ing"构成，形式与现在分词相同，但语法功能不同。 2.动名词的基本用法 (1)作主语。谓语动词通常用单数，常用 it 作形式主语。如： Reading in bed is bad for your eyes. 躺在床上看书对眼睛有害。 (2)作宾语。只作某些动词或短语的宾语（见下方【注意】）。如： He enjoys reading books in his free time. 他喜欢在空闲时间读书。 (3)作表语。用来说明主语的内容。如： Her hobby is collecting stamps. 她的爱好是集邮。 (4)作定语。用来表明所修饰名词的用途。如： There is a swimming pool behind the building. 楼房后面有一个游泳池。 We often read in the reading room. 我们经常在阅览室里读书。 (5)作宾语补足语。用于 keep, have 等动词后。如： Don't keep me waiting too long. 别让我等太久。 【注意】英语中有一些动词（短语）后面常跟动名词作宾语。初中阶段常见的有：finish, enjoy, mind, miss, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble / problems (in), spend ... (in), feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help 等。可按下面的顺口溜记忆： 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up） 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like） 喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind） 三、分词 1.分词的构成 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由"动词原形 + -ing"构成；过去分词的基本形式是"动词原形 + -ed"，但也有不规则的形式。现在分词有主动、进行之意；过去分词有被动、完成之意。 2.分词的基本用法 分词在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语，具体用法如下表： 用法 例句 说明 作定语 Do you know the girl standing under the tree? 你认识站在树下的那个女孩吗？ 现在分词作定语，其逻辑主语是所修饰的词 Please hand in your written exercises. 请交上你们的书面练习。 过去分词作定语，其逻辑宾语是所修饰的词 作状语 The students went out of the classroom talking and laughing. 学生们谈笑着走出了教室。 现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语为句子的主语 作表语 The boy is too frightened to move. 这个男孩太害怕了，以至于不能动了。 -ing 形容词表主语的性质、特征；-ed 形容词表主语的状态 作补语 Don't keep us waiting for a long time. 不要让我们等太久。 现在分词作宾补，宾语是它的逻辑主语 He'll have his hair cut after school. 放学后他要去理发。 过去分词作宾补，宾语是它的逻辑宾语 3.现在分词和过去分词的区别 (1)在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。如： a moving film 一部感人的电影 the moved people 被感动的人们 (2)在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如： developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 4.现在分词作宾补与不定式作宾补的区别 常见的动词如 see, watch, notice, hear 等，接不带 to 的不定式作宾补，表示已经完成或经常性的动作；接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行。如： I heard him singing in the classroom. 我听到他正在教室里唱歌。（"唱"这个动作正在进行） I heard him sing in the classroom. 我听到他在教室里唱歌了。（"唱"这个动作已经结束） I saw him going up the stairs. 我看见他正在上楼。（"上楼"这个动作正在进行） I saw him go up the stairs. 我看见他上楼了。（"上楼"这个动作已经完成） 四、非谓语动词解题策略 非谓语动词形式多、结构复杂、内涵丰富、功能较多，最能体现英语独特的形式特征。高中对非谓语动词的考查呈现出"情景化"和"设问角度多样化"的趋势。要真正领会和运用它，可以掌握以下三种途径。 1.复习句法知识，确定基本句型 非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，真正领悟它需要具备以下基础知识： (1) 具有句子结构知识，要分得清简单句与复合句、陈述句与祈使句； (2) 具有简单句最基本的五种句型知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语； (3) 具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词、双宾动词和复宾动词，一些最基础最常用的动词用法应当烂熟于胸； (4) 具备各种复合句的知识，能够正确分析长难句。 2.掌握基本结构，区分三种形式 非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动词的 -ing 形式和动词的 -ed 形式。非谓语动词在句中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但有语态和时态的变化。解题时，要认真分析句子结构，确定所填动词在句中作谓语还是非谓语；如果作非谓语，还要确定动词与逻辑主语的逻辑关系以及该动作与谓语动词发生时间的先后；同时要注意标点符号（特别是逗号）的作用。 [例1] Because humans continue to destroy their existing space, rare animals are thought ______ (die) out year by year. （单句语法填空） [解析] 句意：因为人类在不断破坏它们的生存空间，所以珍稀动物被认为正在逐年灭绝。考查固定结构 sb. be thought to do sth."某人被认为做某事"；不定式的动作"灭绝"正在不断发生，故用不定式的进行式 to be dying。 [答案] to be dying [例2] An explosion blew the roof off an unstable reactor north of Tokyo, ______ (raise) fears of a disaster at a nuclear plant ______ (damage) in the massive earthquake that hit Japan. （单句语法填空） [解析] 第一个空为非谓语动词作状语，表结果，raise 与其逻辑主语 explosion 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词；第二个空 damage 和 a nuclear plant 之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词。 [答案] raising; damaged 3.分析句子结构，确定正确形式 做题时，如果遇到动词形式的考查，可按以下步骤解题： (1) 分析句子结构，确定设空处在句中充当的成分（如状语、定语或宾补）； (2) 找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）； (3) 搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式； (4) 将该选项置于设空处，看能否字从意顺，是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。 [例3] The plane crashed in the air, ______ (kill) more than 100 people aboard. （单句语法填空） [解析] 句意：飞机在空中坠毁，飞机上的 100 多人遇难。空格处充当结果状语，和前面的句子存在主动关系。 [答案] killing 五、高考重点 1. 考查题型：主要在语法填空、完形填空、短文改错和书面表达中考查，其中语法填空占比最大。 2. 解题"三判断"：① 判断该空是否作谓语（作谓语→时态、语态；不作谓语→非谓语）；② 判断与逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系；③ 判断动作是进行、完成还是将来。 3. 高频考点：doing 表"主动、进行"；done 表"被动、完成"；to do 表"将来、目的"。常见固定搭配须熟记：it is + adj. + to do; have trouble (in) doing; be worth doing; be used to doing（习惯于）; used to do（过去常常）; be made to do（被动加 to）等。 4. 易混点：① 接 to do 与接 doing 作宾语的动词要区分（如 remember / forget / stop 等）；② 现在分词与过去分词作形容词时的意义差别（a boring film 令人无聊的电影 / a bored man 感到无聊的人）。 六、课后巩固训练 I.完成句子（根据汉语提示，每空一词） 1. Let's ______ (去散步), shall we? 2. —It's too hot. Would you mind ______ (我打开窗户)? —______ (当然不介意). Do it as you like, please. 3. —Have you ever read the book Harry Potter? —Yes, and I think it's very ______ (令人激动的). I want to read it again. 4. ______ (记住关掉) the lights when you leave the classroom. 5. On December 18, the US Defense Secretary signed a document officially ______ (结束了) the Iraq War. 6. The books written by Lu Xun are ______ (值得一读). 7. When I got home, I found my pet dog ______ (躺在地板上) dead. 8. The question is ______ (怎样解决这个问题). 9. Li Ming's wish is ______ (成为一名警察). 10. Your parents will be very happy ______ (收到你的信). II.用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. —Why don't you go out to play, Rose? —I'm afraid I can't. I have much homework ______ (do). 2. It was such a funny show that people couldn't help ______ (laugh) again and again. 3. Trees can stop the wind ______ (blow) the earth away. 4. —Dad, why should I stop ______ (play) computer games? —For your health, my boy. 5. —How about ______ (swim) in the river with us? —Sorry, I can't. My parents often tell me not ______ (do) that. 6. He was reading his book, completely ______ (lose) to the world. 7. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they were nowhere ______ (find). 8. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ (smoke) in the kitchen. 9. Mr. Read made up his mind to devote all he had to ______ (set) up some schools for poor children. 10. All the things ______ (consider), his proposal is of greater value than yours. III.语法填空（阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式） In the past, a job 1______ life was just something you did throughout your working life. But these days, there are many more 2______ (opportunity) to switch your career path, so it's normal to have many jobs 3______ (list) on your resume. It's accepted that our goals change, so quitting one job for another shows 4______ adaptable we are. According to an insurance firm, a worker in the UK will change employers every five years on average. In the US, it's even 5______ (short), with people staying with a single employer for just over four years. While it's good to pursue new work challenges, is quitting your job for no job at all career suicide? It's 6______ (risk), but it can give you a chance 7______ (follow) your dreams. Of course it is scary — there is the fear of the unknown, 8______ for some, no job is better than a thankless one. Certainly, the recent COVID-19 pandemic 9______ (make) people think twice about their career priorities so far, and with workers forced back to the office, some of them may be tempted to leave their job without having a new role to go to. But no job means no money, so quitting needs careful thought, 10______ it could lead you down a whole new career path. IV.单句改错（每句有一处错误，请找出并改正） 1. I can't help to laugh when I watch the funny show. 2. The book is well worth to read. 3. He used to live in the city, but now he is used to live in the country. 4. The teacher made the students to clean the classroom yesterday. 5. Do you mind open the window? It's a bit hot here. 6. I saw him to cross the road just now. 7. The boy was heard sing in the next room. 8. She spent two hours to finish her homework last night. 9. My father suggested to go for a walk after dinner. 10. The meeting held next week is very important for us. 七、参考答案与解析 I. 完成句子 1. go for a walk let's 后接动词原形，"去散步"为 go for a walk。 2. my opening the window；Of course not mind 后接动名词，代词用所有格 my；"当然不介意"用 Of course not。 3. exciting 修饰事物"书"用 -ing 形容词 exciting（令人激动的）。 4. Remember to turn off "记住去做某事"用 remember to do；turn off 关掉。 5. ending 此处 现在分词作后置定语，修饰 document，表主动进行，用 ending。 6. worth reading be worth doing 主动表被动，"值得一读"用 worth reading。 7. lying on the floor find + 宾语 + 现在分词，表"发现某人正在……"，"躺"用 lying。 8. how to solve the problem 疑问词 + 不定式作表语，"怎样解决问题"用 how to solve the problem。 9. to become a policeman 不定式作表语表将来，"成为警察"用 to become a policeman。 10. to hear from you 不定式作状语表原因，"收到你的信"用 to hear from you / to receive your letter。 II. 用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. to do have sth. to do 有某事要做，不定式作后置定语。 2. laughing can't help doing 禁不住做某事。 3. blowing stop ... doing 阻止……做某事。 4. playing stop doing 停止做某事（区别于 stop to do 停下来去做另一件事）。 5. swimming；to do How about doing？提建议；tell sb. not to do 告诉某人不要做某事。 6. lost lost to the world 为过去分词作状语，"沉浸于/忘我"。 7. to be found nowhere to be found 固定搭配，"无处可寻"。 8. smoking find sb. doing 发现某人正在做某事。 9. setting devote ... to doing 中的 to 是介词，后接动名词。 10. considered 独立主格 / 过去分词作状语，things 与 consider 为被动关系。 III. 语法填空 1. for a job for life 为固定搭配，意为"终身职业"，与后文"如今可以更换职业路径"形成对比，填 for。 2. opportunities many more 后接可数名词复数。 3. listed jobs 与 list 为被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。 4. how how + adj. + 主语 + 谓语，构成感叹性宾语从句。 5. shorter even 后接比较级，"更短"用 shorter。 6. risky 系动词 is 后接形容词 risky（有风险的）。 7. to follow a chance to do 做某事的时机 / 机会。 8. but 前后为转折关系，"但对有些人来说"。 9. has made so far 与现在完成时连用，主语 pandemic 为单数。 10. or "否则 / 或者说"，连接并列句，表另一种可能的结果。 IV. 单句改错 1. to laugh → laughing can't help doing 禁不住做某事。 2. to read → reading be worth doing 主动表被动。 3. live → living be used to doing 习惯于做某事（to 为介词）。 4. to clean → clean make sb. do 主动省略 to，变被动才加 to。 5. open → opening mind doing 介意做某事。 6. to cross → cross see sb. do 看见某人做某事（全过程）。 7. sing → to sing 主动 hear sb. do，变被动须加 to：be heard to do。 8. to finish → finishing spend ... (in) doing 花费时间做某事。 9. to go → going suggest doing 建议做某事。 10. held → to be held next week 表将来，且 meeting 与 hold 为被动，用 to be held。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $