Unit 6 Earth and Beyond（下）-2026-2027学年八年级英语上册知识点精讲（仁爱科普版）

Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 知识点精讲（下） 。单元核心词汇 development;industry;death;although;common;publish; born;prove;strange;freeze ⊙单元同步语法 形容词比较级与最高级 。单元文章对话 重点句型讲练 A 教材同步词汇全解全练 重点1 单元词汇 1.development/t'velepment/n.发展；发育；开发 词形变化：develop(v.发展)；developed(adj.发达的)；developing(adj.发展中的) 词根词缀：de-(向下)+velop(包)+-ment(名词后缀) 搭配：with the development of随着...的发展 例句：With the development of science,our life becomes better.随着科学的发 展，我们的生活变得更好了。 2.industry/'Indestri/n.工业；产业；行业 词形变化：industrial(adj.工业的)；industrially(adv.) 词根词缀：in-(在内)+dustri(建造)+-y(名词后缀) 搭配：heavy industry重工业；light industry轻工业 例佝：This city is famous for its industry..这个城市以工业闻名。 3.death/de/n.死亡 词形变化：die(v.死)；dead(adj.死的)；dying(adj.垂死的) 词根词缀：与die同源，元音变化构成名词 搭配：cause of death死因；death rate死亡率 例句：The death of the old man made everyone sad.老人的去世让每个人难过。 4.although/b:'au/conj.虽然；尽管 词形变化：同义词Ithough(便口语化) 词根词缀：al-(全部)+though(虽然) 搭配：although..yet.尽管.…但是..（不与but连用） 例佝：Although it rained heavily,they still went to school..尽管下大雨，他们还是去 上学了。 5.common/'kpmen/ad.共同的；常见的；普通的 词形变化：commonly(adw.通常)；uncommon(adj.不常见的) 词根词缀：com-(共同)+mon(服务)→共同服务→共同的 搭配：in common共同的；common sense常识 例佝：They have a lot in common.他们有很多共同点。 6.publish/'pnblf/v.出版；发表 词形变化：publisher(n.出版商)；publication(n.出版物)；published(过去式/过去 分词) 词根词缀：publ(人民)+-sh(动词后缀)一使人民知道一出版 搭配：publish a book出版一本书；publish an article发表文章 例佝：The writer published his first novel last year..那位作家去年出版了他的第一 本小说。 7.borm/bo:n/v.(bear的过去分词)出生；adj.天生的 词形变化：bear(v.生育；承担)；borne(过去分词，用于主动语态)；born(用于被 动语态) 词根词缀：bear的过去分词特殊形式 搭配：be born in/on出生于..；be born with天生具有 例佝：She was born in a small village.她出生在一个小村庄。 8.prove/pru:v/v.证明；证实 词形变化：proof(n.证据)；proved(过去式)；proved/proven(过去分词) 词根词缀：prob(测试)+-e→测试后证实 搭配：prove sb.wrong证明某人错了；prove to be结果是 例佝：The experiment proved his idea.实验证明了他的想法。 9.strange/strernd:3adj.奇怪的；陌生的 词形变化：strangely(adM.奇怪t地)；stranger(n.陌生人) 词根词缀：来自拉丁语extraneus(外来的)一外来的→陌生的 搭配：be strange to对..陌生；it's strange that....很奇怪 例佝：The man looks strange.那个男人看起来很奇怪。 10.freeze /fri:z/v.结冰；冻住；使冻结 词形变化：frozen(adj.冷冻的；结冰的)；freezing(adj.极冷的；n.冰点)；froze (过去式)；frozen(过去分词) 词根词缀：freez-(冻结)+-e;与frost同源 搭配：freeze to death冻死；freezing point冰点 例佝：Nater freezes at0C.水在零摄氏度结冰。 考点通关 单元词汇 (一)单句填空 (用所给词的适当形式填空) 1.The rapid (develop)of our town surprised everyone. 2.This city is known for its (industry） 3.The (death)of the old man made us sad. 4. (although)it is difficult,we will try our best. 5.English is a (common)language in many countries 6.The newspaper (publish)every morning. 7.He was (born)in a small town. 8.Can you_ (prove)that he is right? 9.The (strange)noise woke me up. 10.In winter,the river (freeze). 11.We should (development)good study habits 12.The (industry)revolution changed the world. (二)短文填空 Our city is growing fast.The 1. brings many new things.New 2. factories appear.3. we have more jobs,the environment gets worse.The 4. of some animals warns us.It is 5. to see pollution.Last year. a newspaper 6 a report about it.The writer was 7. in this city He 8. that the river used to be clean.Now it is 9. that the river 10. every winter.We must take action. 参考答案 1.development;2.industry;3.death;4.Although;5.common;6.is (一）单句填空 published publishes;7.born;8.prove;9.strange;10.freezes; 11.develop;12.industrial 1.development;2.industrial;3.Although;4.death;5.common; (二)短文填空 6.published;7.born;8.proved;9.strange;10.freezes 教材同步语法全解全练 重点3 形容词比较级与最高级 形容词比较级与最高级 比较级 用法 例句 定义 用于两者之间进行比较，表 Tom is taller than Jack. 示"更 。 A+be+形容词比较级+ This book is more 结构 than B interesting than that one. 规侧变化 1.单音节词加-er:tal→ 见上 taller 2.以e结尾加-r:nice→ nicer 3.辅音+y变i加-er: happy-happier 4.重读闭音节双写末尾字母 加-er:big→bigger 5.多音节词前加more: beautiful→more beautiful good/well-→better; bad/bady→Norse; She is better at English 不规则变化 many/much→more; than me. little→less;far→ farther/further 最高级 用法 例句 定义 用于三者或三者以上进行比 Tom is the tallest in his 较，表示"最”。 class. 结构 A+be+the+形容词最高 It is the most beautiful 级+(in/of/among短语) park in the city. 1.单音节词加-est:tall一 tallest 2.以e结尾加-st:nice→ nicest 3.辅音+y变i加-est: 规则变化 happy→happiest 见上 4.重读闭音节双写未尾字母 加-est:big→biggest 5.多音节词前加most: beautiful→most beautiful good/well→best; bad/badly→worst; 不规则变化 He is the best player in the many/much→most; team. little→least;far→ farthest/furthest 常见搭配与注意事项 >比较级前可用much,a little,,even,far等词修饰，表示程度：much bigger a little colder >最高级前通常加the,但副词最高级前可省略the >比较对象要-致：My hair is longer than hers.(=than her hair) 考点通关 单元语法 语法专练一：单项选择(8题) 1.This book is than that one. A.interesting B.more interesting C.most interesting D.the most interesting 2.Li Lei is the student in our class. A.tall B.taller C.tallest D.most tall 3.The weather today is much than yesterday. A.cold B.colder C.coldest D.the coldest 4.My sister is at math than me A.good B.better C.best D,well 5.This is movie I have ever seen. A.exciting B.more exciting C.most exciting D.the most exciting 6.He runs than his brother. A.fast B.faster C.fastest D.the fastest 7.There are apples in this basket than in that one. A.many B.more C.most D.much 8.Who is Tom or Jim? A.clever B.cleverer C.cleverest D.the cleverest 语法专练二：语法填空(10题) 用所给词的适当形式填空，每空一词。 1.Tom is than Mike. 2.Mike is than Tom. 3.Tom is the among us. 4.He always gets the grades in exams. 5.Mike is than Tom. 6.He has friends than Tom. 7.Tom is much 8.Our English teacher says Tom is one of. students in our class. 9.Which subject do we like of all? 10.For me,I like P.E. because it makes me feel great. 参考答案 语法专练一：单项选择 1.B;2.C;3.B;4.B;5.D;6.B;7.B;8.B 1.taller;2.stronger;3.smartest;4.best;5.more 语法专练二：语法填空 outgoing;6.more;7.more hard-working;8.the most hard-working;9.best;10.best A 教材同步文章句型精讲 重点3 文章句型 1.When you look up at the sky at night,you can see many stars. 结构：When+时间状语从句+主句 中文：当你在夜晚仰望天空时，你能看到许多星星。 (2.Do you know the Sun is a star too? 结构：Do you know+宾语从句（陈述语序） 中文：你知道太阳也是一颗恒星吗？ 3.It is the only one in the solar system. 结构：the only one+介词短语(in) 中文：它是太阳系中唯的一颗（恒星）。 4.As a star,the Sun has eight planets around it,and Earth is one of them. 结构：As+名词，主语+have/has…and+并列句 中文：作为一颗恒星，太阳有八颗行星围绕它，地球是其中之一。 5.Among the eight planets,Earth is a middle-sized one,with a diameter of around 13,000 kilometers. 结构：Among+范围，主语+be+形容词+one,with+名词短语 中文：在八颗行星中，地球是一颗中等大小的行星，直径大约13000公里。 6.Three of the planets are smaller than Earth. 结构：比较级：be+形容词比较级+than 中文：其中三颗行星比地球小。 (7.In the solar system,Jupiter is the largest planet,with a diameter of about 140,000 kilometers. 结构：最高级：be+the+形容词最高级+名词，with+数据 中文：在太阳系中，木星是最大的行星，直径大约14万公里 8.Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun,while Neptune is the farthest. 结构：while表示对比；最高级：the closest/the farthest 中文：水星是离太阳最近的行星，而海王星是最远的。 9.Mercury and Venus are much hotter than Earth,while Jupiter,Uranus and Neptune are much colder. 结构：much+比较级；while对比 中文：水星和金星比地球热得多，而木星、天王星和海王星冷得多。 10.As our home,Earth is alive with life because it is neither too hot nor too cold. 结构：because原因状语从句；neither...nor.(既不也不) 中文：作为我们的家园，地球充满生机，因为它既不太热也不太冷。 11.Mars is more similar to Earth in size and temperature. 结构：be similar to..in.(在..方面与..相似) 中文：火星在大小和温度方面与地球更相似。 12.There's also ice there! 结构：There be句型（存在有） 中文：那里也有冰！ 13.Scientists are looking for life on Mars. 结构：look for(寻找) 中文：科学家们正在火星上寻找生命。 14.Besides the eight planets,there are many other smaller ones. 结构：Besides+名词，there be+其他 中文：除了八颗行星，还有许多其他更小的（天体）。 15.Together,they make up the amazing solar system. 结构：make up(组成) 中文：它们一起组成了奇妙的太阳系。 考点通关 文章句型 练习一：单项选择（每小题1分，共10分） ()1.When you look up at the sky,you many stars. A.see B.can see C.sees D.seeing ()2.Do you know the Sun a star? A.is B.are C.be D.was (3.Jupiter is planet in the solar system. A.large B.larger C.the largest D.most large ()4.Mercury is to the Sun than Earth. A.close B.closer C.closest D.the closest ()5.Neptune is the farthest planet the Sun. A.to B.from C.at D,with ()6.Earth is hot cold. It is just right for life. A.either;or B.neither;nor C.both;and D.not only;but also ()7.Mars is more similar Earth in size A.to B.with C.from D,of ()8.There also ice on Mars. A.is B.are C.be D.were ()9.Scientists are life on Mars. A.looking at B.looking for C.looking after D.looking like ()10.The eight planets and other small ones the solar system. A.make up B.make of C.make from D.make into 练习二：完成句子（每空一词，共10分） 1地球是太阳系中唯一有生命的行星吗？ Earth the only planet life in the solar system? 2.水星比地球小得多。 Mercury is much Earth. 3.木星的直径大约14万公里。 Jupiter has a of about 140,000 kilometers. 4.海王星离太阳最远。 Neptune is the the Sun. 5.金星非常热，而天王星非常冷。 Venus is very hot, Uranus is very cold. 6地球既不太热也不太冷。 Earth is too hot too cold. 7火星在大小和温度上与地球相似。 Mars is Earth in size and temperature. 8除了八颗行星，还有更小的天体。 the eight planets,there are many small ones. 9这些行星一起组成了太阳系。 These planets together the solar system. 10科学家们正在火星上寻找生命。 Scientists are life on Mars. 练习三：翻译句子（每小题2分，共16分） 1.夜晚仰望天空时，你能看到许多星星。 2太阳是太阳系中唯一的一颗恒星。 3地球是一颗中等大小的行星。 4.三颗行星比地球小，四颗比地球大。 5.水星离太阳最近，而海王星最远。 6.没有生物能在金星或火星上存活。 7火星上也有冰。 8科学家们正在火星上寻找生命。 参考答案 1.B 2.A 3.c 4.B 5.B 练习一：单项选择 6.B 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.A 1.Is;with;2.smaller than;3.diameter;4.farthest from; 练习二：完成句子 5.while;6.neither;nor;7.similar to;8.Besides;other smaller;9.make up;10.looking for 练习三：翻译句子 1.When you look up at the sky at night,you can see many stars.;2.The Sun is the only star in the solar system.;3.Earth is a middle-sized planet.;4.Three planets are smaller than Earth,and four are larger.;5.Mercury is the closest to the Sun,while Neptune is the farthest.;6.No living things can survive on Venus or Mars.;7.There is also ice on Mars.; 8.Scientists are looking for life on Mars. A 教材同步单元练习 一、阅读理解 A篇 The solar system is a wonderful place.It has eight planets that go around the Sun.But do you know that scientists have found planets outside our solar system?They are called exoplanets(系外行星).The first exoplanet was found in1992.Since then, scientists have discovered thousands of them. Some exoplanets are very hot,while others are very cold.A few of them might have water and air一just like Earth.Scientists use special telescopes(望远镜)to find them. One famous telescope is the Kepler Space Telescope.It watched the stars and looked for tiny changes in their brightness ()When a planet passes in front of a star,the star gets a little darker for a short time.This is how scientists find exoplanets. In 2016,scientists found an exoplanet named Proxima b.It is about 4.2 light-years )away from Earth.That means it takes light 4.2 years to travel from there to Earth. Proxima b is similar to Earth in size.It is in the "habitable zone )of its star. That means it is not too hot and not too cold.So,scientists think it might have life! However,it is very hard to travel there.The fastest spacecraft today would take thousands of years to get to Proxima b.Still,scientists are working on new ways.They want to send a small spaceship that can travel at 20%of the speed of light.If they succeed,it would take about 20 years to get there. The search for exoplanets helps us understand our place in the universe().Every new discovery makes us ask:Are we alone?Maybe one day we will find the answer. ()1.How did the Kepler Space Telescope find exoplanets? A.By watching the planets directly. B.By measuring the temperature of stars. C.By looking for changes in star brightness. D.By sending spaceships to other planets. ()2.What does the underlined word "habitable"in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Suitable for life. B.Full of water. C.Far from the star. D.Very small. ()3.How long would it take for a spacecraft traveling at 20%of light speed to reach Proxima b? A.About 4.2 years. B.About 20 years. C.About 2,000 years. D.About 4.2 light-years. ()4.What can we learn from the passage? A.Proxima b is the first exoplanet found. B.All exoplanets have water and air. C.Scientists have found ways to travel fast in space. D.The search for exoplanets helps us learn about the universe. B篇 Did you know that the Moon moves away from Earth very slowly?Every year,it moves about 3.8 centimeters farther.That is as fast as your fingernails grow!Scientists call this movement"lunar drift(月球漂移)". Why does this happen?The Moon's gravity (pulls on Earth's oceans and makes tides )At the same time,Earth's gravity pulls on the Moon.This pull slows down Earth's spin(and pushes the Moon away.It is like when you spin around and your arms move outward. If the Moon keeps moving away,what will happen?First,days on Earth will get longer. In 100 million years,a day might last 25 hours.Second,the Moon will look smaller in the sky.It will not cover the Sun completely during a solar eclipse().We will only see a "ring of fire".Finally,the tides will become weaker.This will change the environment for many sea animals. But don't worry.The Moon will not leave Earth forever.After many billions of years,it will stop moving away.By then,Earth and the Moon will be "tidally locked "That means one side of the Moon always faces Earth,just like now.But the Moon will be much farther away. For now,we can still enjoy the beautiful moonlight.Scientists are studying the Moon to learn more about our planet.Maybe one day,humans will live on the Moon.But if the Moon keeps drifting,that dream might become harder. ()1.What causes the Moon to move away from Earth? A.The Moon's gravity slows down its spin. B.Earth's gravity pushes the Moon away C.The tides on Earth pull the Moon. D.The Sun's gravity affects the Moon. ()2.Which of the following is NOT a result of the Moon moving away? A.Days become longer. B.The Moon looks smaller. C.Tides become stronger. D.Solar eclipses change. ()3.What does the underlined word "that"in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.The Moon moving away forever. B.The Moon being tidally locked. C.Earth and the Moon being locked. D.The Moon always facing Earth. ()4.What is the passage mainly about? A.How the Moon was formed. B.Why the Moon moves away from Earth. C.The effects of the Moon's drift. D.Both B and C. ()5.How does the writer feel about the Moon's future? A.Very worried. B.Excited. C.Calm but realistic. D.Uninterested. 二、完形填空 The solar system is full of mysteries ()Scientists have been studying it for centuries,but they still have many questions.One of the exciting questions is: Are there other planets that can support life? Mars is a planet that scientists are very interested.It has some similarities to Earth.example,Mars has four seasons,just like Earth.But the seasons on Mars are about twice as long_those on Earth.The temperature on Mars can be very cold.At night,it can drop to -80C.the day,it can be as warm as 20C near the equator(赤道). In 2021,a robot called "Perseverance"()landed on Mars.Its job is to for signs of ancient life.It collects rocks and soil,and scientists on Earth study them.The robot also has a small helicopter(直升机)named"Ingenuity(机智号)，.It was the first helicopter to on another planet. Scientists hope to send astronauts to Mars one day.But the trip is very.It takes about seven months to get there.Astronauts would face many:radiation )low gravity,and loneliness.Still,many people dream of walking on the red planet. Besides Mars,scientists are also looking at the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.For example,Europa,a moon of Jupiter,has an ocean its icy surface.That might be a good place for life.And Titan,a moon of Saturn,has lakes and rivers made liquid methane(液态甲s烷).It is very different from Earth,but it is also_ The universe is huge.There may be billions of planets that we haven't discovered yet. _technology gets better,we might find a second Earth.Until then,we can only and explore.Every new discovery brings us one step to understanding our place in the cosmos(宇宙). ()1A.much B.many C.more D.most ()2A.in B.on C.at D.about ()3A.For B.To C.As D.With ()4 A.than B.as C.to D.like ()5 A.During B.Through C.Across D.Over ()6 A.look B.looking C.looked D.looks ()7 A.fly B.flies C.flying D.flew ()8A.easy B.difficult C.exciting D.boring ()9 A.chances B.choices C.challenges D.changes ()10 A.under B.above C.over D.beside ()11 A.of B.from C.into D.up ()12 A.dangerous B.terrible C.interesting D.boring ()13A As B.If C.Although D.Because ()14 A.wait B.wonder C.worry D.work ()15 A.closer B.farther C.higher D.deeper 三、阅读短文回答问题 In the year 2154,humans have built a space station called "Hope".It orbits (Earth and is home to 500 scientists.They study the universe and try to find new ways to travel in space. Dr.Lee is one of the scientists.He and his team are working on a new engine() that can make spaceships travel much faster."Right now,it takes months to get to Mars,"Dr.Lee says."Our goal is to make it only a few days." One day,the team received a strange signal (from a distant star.The signal was repeating."It might be from aliens外星人)，"Dr.Lee said excitedly.He sent a message back:"Hello!We are from Earth.Who are you?" For weeks,there was no answer.Then,one night,a reply came.It was a simple picture: a circle with a dot (inside.Dr.Lee thought for a moment."It looks like our solar system,"he said."Maybe they are pointing to their home planet." The team decided to send another message with a map of Earth's location.But some people worried:"What if the aliens are dangerous?"Dr.Lee said,"We should be open to new things.The universe is big enough for everyone." A year later,a small spaceship landed on Earth.Inside,there were three small green beings.They said,"We are from the star you contacted.We come in peace."Dr.Lee smiled.It was the beginning of a new era (for humans. 1.Where is the space station "Hope"located? 2.What is Dr.Lee's team trying to do? 3.How did Dr.Lee feel when he received the strange signal? 4.What did the aliens send as a reply to Earth's message? 5.According to the passage,what kind of person is Dr.Lee?(Give one word) 四、短文填空 用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整正确。（每个单词限用一次，每空限填一个单 词。) real,we,space,begin,discover,leave,earth,however,interest,large,science,travel The universe is so big that it is hard for us to imagine.Our solar system is just a tiny part of it.Since the 20th century,humans have to explore space.We have sent satellites (and spaceships to the Moon,Mars,and even beyond.These have helped us learn a lot about other planets. there is still so much we don't know.For example,scientists have a new planet in a faraway galaxy It is much than Jupiter and has two suns!This planet is very because it might tell us how planets form in other star systems. home planet Earth is also special.It is the only planet we know that has life. But is full of dangers,such as asteroids ()Scientists are working on ways to protect from them. In the future,humans may to other planets.Some people dream of living on Mars.Others want to go even farther.No matter where we go,we should always remember:the universe is our home,and we must be careful with it. 7. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 五、写作 话题：My Dream of Space Exploration 1.你对太空探索感兴趣吗？ 2.你梦想做什么？去哪个星球？为什么？ 3你觉得未来人类能在太空生活吗？ 4.为此你需要做什么准备？ 要求：80词左右，语句通顺，语法正确。 一、 阅读理 A篇：1.C2.A3.B4.D 解 B篇：1.B2.C3.D4.D5.C 二、完形填 1.D;2.A;3.A;4.B;5.A;6.A;7.A;8.B;9.C;10.A;11.A;12 空 C;13.A;14.B;15.A 1.Earth.(It orbits Earth.) 2.make spaceships travel much faster.(make it only a few days to get to 三、阅读短 Mars) 文回答问题 3.excited. 4.a circle with a dot inside (their home planet solar system). 5.open kind brave (any reasonable adjective). 四、短文填 1.begun 2.discoveries 3.However 4.discovered 5.larger 6.interesting 7. 空 Our 8.space 9.ourselves 10.travel 五、写作 范文： I am very interested in space exploration.I dream of traveling to Mars because it is the most similar planet to Earth.I want to see if there is life there.I think humans will be able to live in space in the future,maybe on the Moon or Mars.To make my dream come true,I need to study science and math hard.I also need to keep healthy and learn English well.Space is full of mysteries,and I hope one day I can help explore it.