必修第一册 UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS 课后检测能力达标（教用Word）-【精微方案】2027年高考一轮总复习讲义·英语（人教版）

**基本信息** 以科普类文本为载体，整合阅读理解、七选五、语法填空模块，通过题型分类解析构建“定位-推断-概括”解题体系，强化语言能力与思维品质的协同培养。 **综合设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|3篇（2026高三模拟）|细节题定位原文、推理题逻辑分析、标题题主旨概括|现象描述-研究过程-结论意义的科普文逻辑链| |七选五|1篇（2026高三模拟）|上下文衔接（指代、因果、总分）|洪水类型-成因-预测的分类说明逻辑| |语法填空|1篇|冠词/连词/时态等语法规则情境应用|水循环“蒸发-凝结-降水”过程的概念推导|

Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2026·湖北新八校协作体高三联考)Approximately 4，000 years following the last glacial period，hunter-gatherer communities encountered another sudden climate shift that forced rapid adaptation to significantly colder conditions.The 8.2 Ka event, occurring 8，200 years ago，brought about temperature declines of up to 6℃within mere decades.Meanwhile，the breakaway of a Scotland-sized landmass from the Norwegian continental shelf generated a massive tsunami that completed Britain's geographical separation from mainland Europe. Despite these severe environmental challenges，northern hemisphere (半球) populations demonstrated remarkable toughness.Through it all，people across the northern hemisphere survived，some by packing up and moving，others by sticking it out.Rick Schulting from the University of Oxford notes：“These communities were not passive victims but actively adapted to changing circumstances.” While previous research had examined regional impacts，Schulting's comprehensive study compared archaeological evidence and environmental records across northwestern Europe and southern Siberia.To understand how they adapted，scientists compared archaeological findings，such as burial sites and ancient remains，with environmental evidence preserved in ancient lake beds.This combination of clues allowed them to reconstruct past changes in the climate and landscape with remarkable precision. Adaptation strategies varied significantly across regions.Coastal communities in Norway's Oslo Fjord expanded through increased reliance on marine resources like fish and seals，while Lake Baikal populations showed minimal disruption due to stable water-based supplies.In contrast，northwestern Russian groups around Lake Onega exhibited unusual burial patterns suggesting strategic concentration near reliable food sources，whereas Scottish communities abandoned coastal settlements entirely，likely moving inland to survive the prolonged cold period. This ancient climate event provides crucial insights into human responses to environmental crises.As researchers emphasize，the 8.2 Ka event serves as a critical case study for understanding how modern societies might address contemporary climate challenges，demonstrating that human adaptability remains essential for survival in changing environments. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了8.2千年事件重大气候突变及其对人类社会的影响，北半球的人们采用不同的应对策略主动适应了这次极端天气事件，这次事件也为现代人应对气候危机提供了参考。 1．What was one major geographical event during the 8.2 Ka event? A．The formation of a new landmass. B．Scotland's breaking off from Norway. C．A tsunami brought by temperature drop. D．Britain's split from Continental Europe. D　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the breakaway of a Scotland-sized landmass...from mainland Europe”可知，8.2千年事件带来的影响之一是英国与欧洲大陆的地理分离。 2．What was the overall research method of Schulting's study? A.Analysis of archaeological findings. B．Cross-disciplinary data correlation. C．Computer-simulated climate modeling. D．Comparison with former research. B　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Schulting's comprehensive study...and southern Siberia”可知，舒廷进行了考古学与环境学的跨学科研究。 3．What do the varied adaptation strategies suggest? A．Strategies relied on resources. B．Coastal food became lacking. C．Water access boosted survival. D．Customs signaled survival advantage. A　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段可推知，不同地区居民生存策略不同，这取决于他们拥有的资源。 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．An Ancient Tsunami Isolated Britain B．Origins and Effects of the 8.2 Ka Event C．Stone-Age Diets Beating Climate Changes D．Ancient Lessons for Modern Climate Crises D　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了8.2千年事件及其带来的影响和北半球的人们主动适应环境变化的方法，并表明8.2千年事件为现代人应对环境危机提供了重要的见解，故D项最适合作文章的标题。 B (2026·济南三模)Scientists have revealed much of the basics about earthquakes: tectonic plates (构造板块) move, causing strain energy (应变能) to build up, and that energy eventually releases in the form of an earthquake. However, forecasting earthquakes remains a significant challenge, which was evidenced by the 2011 great Tohoku Earthquake. In addition to causing a tsunami that led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster, it resulted in more than 18，000 deaths. In recent years, researchers have been trying to figure out a possible relation between the sun and earthquakes. Based on a previous study that connected solar activity with earthquakes, a study conducted by researchers from the University of Tsukuba (UT) cast light on this possibility, confirming that sunspot numbers had some influence on earthquakes and the Earth's climate, as affected by solar heat, played a role. “Solar heat drives atmospheric temperature changes, which in turn can affect things like rock properties and underground water movement，” said Junqueira Saldanha, leader of the research team. “Such changes can make rocks tend to break apart. For example, the changes in rainfall and snowmelt can affect the pressure on tectonic plate boundaries. While these factors may not be the main drivers of earthquakes, they could still be playing a role that can help to predict earthquakes.” Among other findings, the researchers used mathematical and computational methods to analyze earthquake data alongside solar activity records and surface temperatures on Earth. They observed that when they included Earth surface temperatures into their model, the forecasting became more accurate, especially for shallow earthquakes. “That makes sense, since heat and water mostly affect the upper layers of the Earth's crust (地壳)，” said Saldanha. The findings suggest the transfer of solar heat to the surface of the Earth does affect earthquakes, however minutely, and that incorporating solar activity predictions into detailed Earth temperature models may help issue earthquake forecasts. “It's an exciting direction, and we hope our study can decipher the bigger picture of what causes earthquakes，” said Saldanha. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家对太阳活动与地震之间关系的研究，指出太阳热量传递到地球表面会对地震产生影响，将太阳活动预测纳入地球温度模型可能有助于地震预报。 5．Why did the author mention Tohoku Earthquake in paragraph 1? A.To demonstrate the movement of tectonic plates. B．To illustrate the difficulty in earthquake forecast. C．To reveal the heavy losses caused by earthquakes. D．To stress the necessity of weakening strain energy. B　解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, forecasting earthquakes...Tohoku Earthquake.”可推知，提及该地震是为了证明地震预测困难的观点。 6．What does the study by UT mainly focus on? A．The climate change caused by earthquakes. B．The impact of solar activity on atmosphere. C．The reasons for increased sunspot numbers. D．The link between sunspots and earthquakes. D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Based on a previous study...as affected by solar heat, played a role.”可知，该研究聚焦太阳黑子与地震的联系。 7．Which of the following would Saldanha agree with? A．Solar heat decides earthquake frequency. B．Tectonic plate pressure grows constantly. C．Earthquakes occur in the crust's upper layer. D.Solar activity data helps predict earthquakes. D　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“While these factors...predict earthquakes.”和最后一段中的“incorporating solar activity predictions...may help issue earthquake forecasts”可推知，沙尔丹哈会赞同太阳活动数据有助于预测地震的看法。 8．What does the underlined word “decipher” in the last paragraph mean? A．Reveal.　 B．Distinguish. C．Expand. D．Assess. A　解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“we hope our study...what causes earthquakes”并结合上文研究的目的是弄清楚太阳活动与地震的关系，以帮助预测地震可知，此处为“揭示”地震成因等相关内容。 C 　(2026·广东部分学校高三月考)A meteor is an ancient space rock that falls to Earth. As it races through the atmosphere, both the rock and the air around it heat up and produce light. A fireball is an exceptionally bright meteor. Although millions of meteors enter Earth's atmosphere daily, most are very small and burn into dust. However, parts of larger meteors may survive and hit the ground without burning up; these are called meteorites. On June 26th, a fireball passing through the atmosphere over the southeastern U．S. drew people's attention across seven states. Although fireballs are typically observed at night, this one was exceptionally bright—visible even during the day. It also generated a powerful sonic boom (音爆), caused by travelling faster than sound, which many misinterpreted as an earthquake. However, one house in McDonough, Georgia experienced a much closer encounter: Several small meteorites shot through its roof. One piece, roughly the size of a cherry tomato, went through a metal tube, passed through the ceiling, and landed on the floor—just 4.25 meters away from the homeowner. Scientists from the University of Georgia(UGA) contacted the homeowner to study the impact and the meteorite. According to UGA geologist Scott Harris, the rock may have been moving at speeds up to 3，600 kph when it struck the house. Although part of the meteorite was pulverized upon impact, UGA obtained 23 grams of the total 50 grams of recovered space rock from the house. Harris conducted an analysis of the rock. Harris identified it as an ordinary chondrite—a stony meteorite composed of material dating back to the formation of our Solar System. His tests indicate it's about 4.56 billion years old, making it about 20 million years older than Earth. Harris believes the meteorite originated from a larger asteroid (小行星) in the belt between Mars and Jupiter, which broke apart around 470 million years ago. It's expected to be officially named the McDonough Meteorite, following the convention of naming meteorites after where they land. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了陨石的定义以及佐治亚大学的科学家对陨石碎片的研究。 9．What does paragraph 1 mainly talk about? A．The brightness and frequency of fireballs. B．The definitions of meteors and meteorites. C.The effects of meteors' entering atmosphere. D.The formation and composition of meteorites. B　解析：段落大意题。根据第一段内容可知，该段主要介绍了流星和陨石的概念。 10．What was special about the meteor on June 26th? A．It was spotted in daylight. B．It caused an actual earthquake. C．It was believed to travel slower. D．It crashed into a house directly. A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Although fireballs are typically observed at night...visible even during the day.”可知，这颗6月26日的流星的特殊之处在于它非常明亮，甚至在白天都能看到。 11．What does the underlined word “pulverized” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Preserved. B．Searched. C．Destroyed. D．Collected. C　解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“UGA obtained 23 grams of the total 50 grams of recovered space rock from the house”可知，尽管这颗陨石的一部分在撞击时被粉碎，但从这栋房子里回收的50克陨石碎块中，佐治亚大学获得了23克。因此，画线词pulverized意为“毁坏的”，与C项含义最为一致。 12．Why did UGA gain the pieces of the meteorite? A．To protect them from further damage. B．To confirm their potential safety risks. C．To measure their precise weight and size. D．To determine their classification and origin. D　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推知，UGA获得陨石碎片是为了研究陨石的分类以及起源。他们对陨石进行了分析，确定了它的分类和起源。 Ⅱ.七选五 (2026·沈阳第一次质检)Floods can come from multiple sources. It can be a hurricane, failed dam, or overflowing river. The disasters can move quickly. 1.________ It's important to know how to keep your family and belongings safe during such an event. Full preparation can put you at ease for its coming. A flood is simply an event where water overflows a natural area and covers normally dry places. In general, there are two types. 2.________ The soil in these areas can't absorb a lot of moisture. The water then rapidly runs off the surface, resulting in a torrent (激流) of rapidly moving water. River flooding is when a river overflows its banks due to excessive water and the situation can get worse if barriers such as a dam or levee (防洪堤) break as well. A flood can be caused by many things. 3.________ Living next to a river，dam，on the coast, or in a low-lying area puts you at risk for flooding. There is no specific flood season. 4.________ Any time there is a large amount of rain in a short period，flooding can occur. Man-made and natural disasters can also cause flooding outside of those months. For example，the collapse of a dam can cause a flood. A natural disaster，such as a tsunami，can also cause flooding on a massive scale. 5．________ Using existing maps and examining low-lying areas can determine high-risk areas for flooding. Moreover，flood warnings are sent out to areas that could experience flooding when there is a large amount of rainfall over a short time. A．The rising river threatens people's lives. B．Floods can be preventable and predictable. C．Flash floods are more common in dry areas. D.And sometimes they come with little warning. E.The weather forecast accurately predicts all disasters. F．They include severe weather，geography，and other man-made factors. G．Generally, the period from spring to fall is considered a heightened risk for floods. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了洪水这种自然灾害，包括其特点、含义、类型、起因和预测、预防手段。 1．D　解析：上文提到造成洪水的原因有多种，且洪水速度很快，下文提到洪水发生时知道如何保护家人和财产安全的重要性，建议做好充分的准备。D项承接上文，符合语境。 2．C　解析：上文提到洪水的定义及其包含两种类型，下文应具体描述第一种类型的洪水。C项承上启下，符合语境，其中dry areas是下文的these areas的指代对象。 3．F　解析：上文提到洪水的起因有很多。F项具体介绍这些因素，承接上文，符合语境，其中They指代上文的many things。 4．G　解析：上文提到洪水的发生没有特定的季节。G项指出一般来说，洪水的高风险期，承接上文，符合语境。 5．B　解析：空处位于段首，是段落主旨句，应统领下文。下文主要介绍了如何预测和预防洪水，B项符合语境。 Ⅲ.语法填空 (2026·安徽名校联盟学期诊断)The world's water moves between lakes, rivers, oceans, the atmosphere and the land in 1.____________ ongoing cycle called the water cycle. As it goes through this continuous system, it can be a liquid (water), a gas (vapor) 2.____________ a solid (ice). Let's take a look at the different 3.____________ (stage) of the wonderful water cycle. Energy from the sun heats up the surface of the Earth, causing the temperature of the water in our rivers, lakes and oceans 4.____________ (rise). When this happens, some of the water evaporates into the air, turning into a gas called vapor. This process is known as “evaporation”. As water vapor rises high into the sky, it 5.______________ (cool) and turns back into a liquid, forming clouds. This process is called “condensation”. When too much water has condensed, the water droplets in the clouds grow in size and 6.____________ (weigh). As a result, they fall back to the Earth. This overall process is called “precipitation”. The fallen precipitation 7.____________ (collect) in bodies of water. These include rivers 8.____________ flow across the land, lakes that are often formed in natural basins, and the vast oceans that cover a 9.____________ (significance) part of the Earth's surface. Over time, it will eventually evaporate back into the air, 10.____________ (begin) the cycle all over again. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了地球上水的循环过程，包括蒸发、凝结、降水以及水在不同水体中的汇集，水最终又会蒸发回到大气中，循环往复。 1．an　解析：考查冠词。cycle为可数名词，此处泛指“一个持续的循环”，且ongoing的发音以元音音素开头，空处应用不定冠词an。 2．or　解析：考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表示三种状态之间的选择关系，应用or，表示“或者”。 3．stages　解析：考查名词复数。根据空前的different和句意可知，此处表示不止一个阶段，stage是可数名词，应用复数形式stages。 4．to rise　解析： 考查非谓语动词。cause sth. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“导致某物做某事”。 5．cools　解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句子描述的是水循环中的一般现象，应用一般现在时；主语it是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。 6．weight　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，and连接两个并列的成分，根据前面的名词size可知，空处也应用名词形式。 7．is collected　解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句子描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语precipitation与动词collect之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；主语precipitation是不可数名词，be动词应用is。 8．that/which　解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是rivers，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which。 9．significant　解析：考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词part，应用形容词形式。 10．beginning　解析： 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语，it(指代水)与begin之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，表示水蒸发的同时开始新一轮循环。 A篇 [高频词]encounter v. 遭遇；偶然碰到　remarkable adj. 非凡的，惊人的，显著的　stick it out (把困难、痛苦或枯燥的事)坚持到底comprehensive adj.全面的　prolonged adj.持久的，长期的　[障碍词]landmass n．陆块；地块　split n．分裂，分离　cross-disciplinary adj.跨学科的 B篇 [高频词]cast light on阐明，使……清楚　atmospheric adj.大气的　[障碍词]computational adj.计算的　incorporate v．纳入；包含　[熟词生义]issue (常用义) n．议题　(文章义) v．发布(预报) C篇 [高频词]heat up加热，变热　burn up完全燃烧　draw one's attention 吸引某人的注意力　roughly adv.大约，粗略地　indicate vt.表明　[障碍词]meteor n．流星　meteorite n．陨石　misinterpret vt.误认为，误解 七选 五 [高频词]at ease 安逸，放松　absorb vt.吸收　due to 由于　put...at risk使……处于危险中　a large amount of大量　[障碍词]overflow v．溢出　moisture n．水分　low-lying adj.低洼的 语法 填空 [高频词]system n．系统　take a look at 看看；检查　heat up 加热　turn into变成　over time随着时间的推移　[障碍词]evaporate vt.蒸发　condensation n．冷凝，凝结　droplet n．小滴　precipitation n．降水 长难句分析 [C篇]It also generated a powerful sonic boom, caused by travelling faster than sound, which many misinterpreted as an earthquake. [分析]　本句是复合句。“caused by travelling faster than sound”是过去分词短语作定语；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a powerful sonic boom。 [译文]　它还产生了巨大的音爆，这是由于传播速度比声音快造成的，许多人将其误以为是地震。 [七选五]River flooding is when a river overflows its banks due to excessive water and the situation can get worse if barriers such as a dam or levee break as well. [分析]　本句是复合句。when引导表语从句；if引导条件状语从句。 [译文]　河流泛滥是指河流因过多的水而溢出河岸时的情况，如果大坝或堤防等障碍物也破裂，情况可能会变得更糟。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $