专题03 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇）（复习讲义）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦阅读理解研究报告类说明文，围绕problem-solution-result、Findings-evidence-conclusion、Phenomenon-analysis-conclusion三大核心结构，按命题透视、思维建模、考点精讲、真题溯源的逻辑架构知识体系，通过考点梳理、方法指导、真题训练等环节，帮助学生构建系统思维，突破阅读难点。 讲义创新采用结构分析法和考向破译策略，如引导学生通过定位关键词划分文章结构，培养思维品质和语言能力。设置分层真题训练与即时反馈，确保学生高效掌握解题范式，为教师精准把控复习节奏、提升学生应考能力提供有力支撑。

专题03 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇） 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 考查研究报告problem--solution--result类 知识解构 知识点1 研究性报告特点 知识点2 problem--solution--result类研究报告 考向破译 考向 考查problem--solution--result类研究报告 考点二 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 知识解构 知识点 解题指导 考向破译 考向 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 考点三 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类 知识解构 知识点 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告分析 考向破译 考向 考查Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 阅读理解之记叙文 核心考点 2026年 2025年 2024年 人与自然 （2026高考二卷）D地铁能量回收（2026浙江1月卷）D固碳优化植物根系（2026高考一卷）C植树与改善城市环境 （2025高考I卷）D关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 （2024新高考I卷）D现代生物采样数据的科学性 人与自我 （2024浙江1月卷）儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 人与社会 （2026高考一卷）D对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影响 （2026浙江1月卷）C关于虚假评论的研究 （2025高考II卷）D介绍了食物浪费问题（2025高考II卷）C室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响（2025浙江1月卷）D技术产品中的性别化现象 （2024新高考I卷）C纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 （2024新高考II卷）D图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》（2024新高考II卷）C巴比伦微农场 考情分析 考情分析： 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也是英语试题中最难的部分。是我们在一轮复习中最应该突破的部分，因为一轮复习有时间攻坚克难。研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内容比较广泛。 2．从命题思路上看： 研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通常考查情感态度、推理判断。 预计2027年研究报告类说明文仍然是试卷中的难点。预想英语得高分成功突破研究报告是关键。 复习目标 复习目标： 1. 掌握研究报告说明文的文体特征。 2. 掌握研究报告说明文的命题规律及各种题型的解题要领和选项规律。 3. 熟练掌握研究报告说明文常用的框架结构、说明顺序和说明方法是解题的关键所在，这样就能从整体着眼看清文章的脉络。 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 考查研究报告problem--solution--result类 知●识●解●构 知识点1 研究性报告 综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2027年高考对于研究报告说明文的考查仍然是重点和难点。研究报告说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。 研究报告类 1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。 2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。 ②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。 ③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。 ④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。 ⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。 ⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。 知识点2 problem--solution--result类研究报告 问题解决类研究报告，文章思路结构明晰，基本呈现为problem--solution--result。解决研究报告类文章的根本思路是透彻分析文章的结构，洞察文章的走势。这样从整体分析文章，再从微观中找准细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、作者态度的定位，这样就能快速破解阅读理解的这个难题。 考●向●破●译 考向 考查problem--solution--result类研究报告 例1 （2026年1月浙江卷） Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP — an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes — how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 【文章的结构分析】 The Structure of The Text Problem： increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage增加碳储存量并延长其储存时间 Solution： use SLEAP tracks multiple features of root growth用SLEAP 可追踪根系生长的多种特征 Process： SLEAP uses computer vision to help researchers process images much more quickly.SLEAP 利用计算机视觉技术，帮助研究人员大幅加快图像处理速度。 Result： establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date建立迄今为止最全面的植物根系表型目录；what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.哪些基因对其植物设计最为有益。 Evaluation: special and impactful特别且具有深远影响的；create something greater than the sum of its parts创造出比其各部分之和更为卓越的整体。 32. What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A. Keeping more carbon in plants. B. Optimizing the use of energy. C. Enhancing biological diversity. D. Reducing carbon absorption. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→ achieve ●文章定位：“Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage.”（索尔克研究所的科学家们正在利用植物吸收二氧化碳的自然能力，通过增强它们的根系。这种优化旨在增加碳的储存量并延长其储存时间。）→具体呈现问题的方法，使问题具体化→①absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems②increase the amount of carbon stored③extend the duration of its storage ●解析思维过程→①+②+③→A. Keeping more carbon in plants.→方法：同义表达keep——store；more carbon——increase the amount of carbon ●故选A 33. Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A. To generate plant images. B. To conduct research on animals. C. To study climate patterns. D. To track features of root growth. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Why→ create SLEAP ●文章定位：“Created by Salk Pellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab.”（SLEAP由索尔克研究所的 Pellow Talmo Pereira创建，最初是为追踪实验室中的动物运动而设计的。）→细节理解→to track animal movement in the lab ●解析思维过程→①Created by Salk Pellow Talmo Pereira+②to track animal movement in the lab→B. To conduct research on animals→in the lab——research ●故选B 34. What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A. Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B. Collect samples of plant root systems. C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D. Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→SLEAP→ do ●文章定位：What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.（更重要的是，追踪这些物理根系特征有助于科学家识别与这些特征相关的基因，并明确多种根系特征是由同一组基因决定还是独立调控。这使得索尔克团队能够确定哪些基因最有利于其植物品种设计。）→① find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics→②determined by the same genes or independently→③determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.→近似改写： find，determine—— Identify；beneficial——desirable ●解析思维过程→①+②+③→C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. ●故选C 35. What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A. Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B. Computer programming is a must for scientists. C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D. Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→inferred from→ Pereira’s words ●文章定位： “We're not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines—we're really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.”（我们不仅仅是 “借用” 不同学科的东西 —— 我们真正地将它们放在平等的地位，以便创造出优于各部分总和的东西。）→① ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines→②create something greater→同义改写： ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines——Interdisciplinary；creativity——create；not only...but ....—— promote ●解析思维过程→①+②→C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. ●故选C 【答案】32. A 33. B 34. C 35. C 【解析】32. 细节理解题。从第一段“Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage.”（索尔克研究所的科学家们正在利用植物吸收二氧化碳的自然能力，通过增强它们的根系。这种优化旨在增加碳的储存量并延长其储存时间。）可知，科学家们希望通过优化植物根系来在植物中储存更多的碳。故选A。 33.细节理解题。从第二段“Created by Salk Pellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab.”（SLEAP由索尔克研究所的 Pellow Talmo Pereira创建，最初是为追踪实验室中的动物运动而设计的。）可知，Pereira最初开发 SLEAP 是为了进行动物研究。故选B。 34.细节理解题。从第四段“What's more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes associated with those characteristics... This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.”（更重要的是，追踪这些物理根系特征有助于科学家找到与这些特征相关的基因…… 这使得索尔克团队能够确定哪些基因对他们的植物设计最有益。）可知，SLEAP 将通过追踪特征来帮助科学家识别出理想植物根系的基因。故选C。 35.推理判断题。从最后一段 Pereira 的话 “We're not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines—we're really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.”（我们不仅仅是 “借用” 不同学科的东西 —— 我们真正地将它们放在平等的地位，以便创造出优于各部分总和的东西。）可以推断出，跨学科的方法能够促进创造力，产生更伟大的成果。故选 C。 例2 （2024新课标Ⅰ卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene（聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯） — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. （乙烯基氯，氯乙烯） Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 【文章的结构分析】 The Structure of The Text Problem：Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth Solution from China：boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools Process：boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools；this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene Serious problem：Even bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay’ suggestion:We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics. 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→How→ present the issue ●文章定位： relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.→具体呈现问题的方法，使问题具体化→①settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, ②stuck inside volcanic rocks, ③filled the stomachs of seabirds and④ even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are ⑤even appearing inside humans.→giving examples ●解析思维过程→①+②+③+④+⑤→C. By giving examples. ●故选C 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→determine→ the effectiveness of trapping microplastics ●文章定位：relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.→知识连接，碳酸钙与水的硬度的关系→碳酸钙（CaCO₃） 是用来表示和度量水的硬度时最常用的基准物质和单位→A. The hardness of water ●解析思维过程→relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics→A. The hardness of water ●故选A 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What illustrate → by mentioning bottled water ●文章定位：Even bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.→注意语气even→than originally thought→说明microplastics问题比预想要普遍，要更严重→B. The severity of the microplastic problem. ●故选B 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion→about What ●文章定位： The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice→We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.→认为这个方法好，所以把它运用到水处理厂→D. Potential application of the findings. ●故选D 【普通解析】 【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 32.推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.( 至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来捕获塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)”可知，决定在水中捕获微塑料的有效性的事水的硬度。故选A。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.( 尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 35.细节理解题。根据最后一段的““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”( 格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳•高肖特-林赛（Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay）没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示的微塑料是如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很好。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，这样它们就能去除微塑料。”)”可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay提出了这项发现的潜在应用，升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 例3At a recycling center, two team members spend all day pulling items from a conveyor belt covered in garbage. One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles that can be reprocessed, while the other searches for pollutants in the stream of paper products. They are AI-powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. Yes, even recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution. In theory, materials recovery facilities (MRFs) gather the wastes, sort them out, and then sell the materials to companies that can reuse them. In practice, the MRFs aren’t all that good. The issue is that it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. The traditional recycling methods succeed in separating waste into broad categories of paper, glass, and metal. But finer layers of detail often go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s hard for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk container or a pesticide (杀虫剂) container. AI stands to make a change, giving recycling plants a far more detailed view into packaging. The AI-powered recycling robots are “vision systems”: In the same way ChatGPT is trained, they ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. The robots are then able to identify even tiny differences in a product’s color, shape, texture, or logo. Recycling operators said that traditional systems tend to be 85 to 95 percent accurate, while robotics companies claim up to 99 percent accuracy. That is not to say that the turn to AI has already fixed recycling. The high- tech systems won’t come cheap — an individual robot can cost as much as $300,000. Even if costs eventually decrease, recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of dealing with single-use products. From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single-use cup is not using one at all. 【文章结构分析】 Introduction para1 Recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution Problem para2 it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. Solution para3 AI-powered recycling ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. Conclusion (Limitation)para4 The high- tech systems won’t come cheap recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of dealing with single-use products. 1．What is described in the first paragraph? A．A common sight of a recycling center. B．The application of AI tools in recycling. C．The power of AI to change an industry. D．A display of difficulties in waste sorting. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→describe→ first paragraph ●文章定位：One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles that can be reprocessed, while the other searches for pollutants in the stream of paper products.→ They are AI- powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. →recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution.→B．The application of AI tools in recycling ●解析思维过程→They are AI- powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. →B ●故选B 2．What is the challenge faced by recycling plants? A．The accuracy of waste sorting. B．The low profit from selling reusable materials. C．The efficiency of waste management. D．The unnoticeable danger in collecting waste materials. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→challenge→ recycling plants ●文章定位：The issue is that it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. →But finer layers of detail often go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s hard for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk container or a pesticide(杀虫剂) container. →A．The accuracy of waste sorting. ●解析思维过程→ too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them →A ●故选A 3．What does the underlined word “ingest” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Edit. B．Copy. C．Absorb. D．Download. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Single- use products should be restricted. B．Costs of high- tech systems will increase. C．Recyclable products should be advocated. D．AI will be the final frontier of recycling. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→inferred→last paragraph ●文章定位：From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single- use cup is not using one at all.→ A．Single- use products should be restricted. ●故选A 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了人工智能工具在回收中的应用。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“At a recycling center, two team members spend all day pulling items from a conveyor belt covered in garbage. One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles that can be reprocessed, while the other searches for pollutants in the stream of paper products. They are AI- powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. Yes, even recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution. (在一个回收中心，两名团队成员整天都在从一条覆盖着垃圾的传送带上拉东西。一个人取出果汁盒和塑料瓶，可以再加工，而另一个人在纸制品流中搜索污染物。它们是人工智能驱动的机器人，每个看起来都像一个增压的机械手臂。是的，就连回收也参与了人工智能革命。)”可知，第一段主要讲述了人工智能工具在回收中的应用。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The issue is that it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. The traditional recycling methods succeed in separating waste into broad categories of paper, glass, and metal. But finer layers of detail often go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s hard for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk container or a pesticide(杀虫剂) container. (问题是，长期以来，回收工厂很难按照再利用所需的具体程度对材料进行分类。传统的回收方法成功地将废物分为纸、玻璃和金属等大类。但更精细的细节往往不被注意，尤其是塑料。对于回收者来说，很难确定一个容器是牛奶容器还是杀虫剂容器。）”可知，回收工厂面临的挑战是垃圾分类的准确性。故选A。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三段“The AI- powered recycling robots are ‘vision systems’: In the same way ChatGPT is trained, they ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. The robots are then able to identify even tiny differences in a product's color, shape, texture, or logo. (人工智能驱动的回收机器人是‘视觉系统’：与ChatGPT接受训练的方式相同，它们ingest大量被丢弃物品在各种损坏状态下的照片。然后，机器人能够识别产品颜色、形状、纹理或标志上的微小差异。)”可知，人工智能驱动的回收机器人会先“看”很多被丢弃物品的照片，学习如何区分不同的物体和材料，从而能够在现实中准确地识别和分类垃圾。由此推知，划线词与C项“理解”的意思。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is not to say that the turn to AI has already fixed recycling. The high- tech systems won’t come cheap --- an individual robot can cost as much as $300,000. Even if costs eventually decrease, recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of dealing with single- use products. From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single- use cup is not using one at all. (这并不是说转向人工智能已经解决了回收问题。这些高科技系统并不便宜，单个机器人的价格可能高达30万美元。即使成本最终降低，回收机器人也不能改变这样一个事实，回收，即使是最好的，也不是处理一次性产品的特别有效的方法。从塑料污染的角度来看，比可回收的一次性杯子更好的是根本不使用它。)”可知，从本段内容可知，回收即使是最好的，也不是处理一次性产品的特别有效的方法，因此应限制使用一次性产品。故选A。 考点二 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 知●识●解●构 知识点 解题指导 一、三步定位核心信息 1.Findings/Discoveries（研究发现） a. 定位关键词： i. "The results show/indicate that..." ii. "We found/observed that..." iii. "The data suggest..." b. 解题重点： 这是研究的直接成果，可能是数据、现象或新发现。 2.Evidence（实验证据） c. 定位关键词： i. "Experiment 1 demonstrated..." ii. "As shown in Figure 2..." iii. "Statistical analysis revealed..." d. 解题重点： 支撑Findings的具体数据（如数字、图表）或实验方法。 3.Conclusion（应用/评价） e. 定位关键词： i. "Therefore, we conclude..." ii. "This implies/applicable to..." iii. "Limitations include..." f. 解题重点： 研究的实际意义、局限性或未来方向。 二、高频题型破解技巧 1. 事实细节题（直接答案） 1.问法： · "What did the experiment prove?" · "According to the study, which statement is true?" 2.方法： 直接匹配Findings或Evidence中的原句，避免主观推断。 2. 推理题（隐含逻辑） 1.问法： · "What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?" · "Which conclusion is supported by the data?" 2.方法： 将Evidence与Conclusion关联，排除无直接支持的选项。 3. 作者意图题（目的/评价） 1.问法： · "Why did the author mention...?" · "What is the purpose of the experiment?" 2.方法： · 定位Conclusion中的评价性语言（如"This study fills a gap in..."）。 4. 结构题（信息匹配） · 问法： · "Which paragraph contains the experimental results?" · 方法： · Findings通常在结果部分（Results），Evidence在方法部分（Methods）。 考●向●破●译 考向 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 例1（2026年全国I卷C）In line with longstanding initiatives to expand the green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city's trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground- level ozone（臭氧）— a major factor in many breathing problems. The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. "We're all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things," said study coauthor Róisín Commane. "But if we're not careful, we could make air quality worse." The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. "We didn't make a big deal of that," said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy: “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle," she said. "We're not going to go cutting down any big old oaks," and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. "You have to think about what you would lose if you do that." Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 【文章结构分析】 Discoveries para1-2 Oaks and sweetgums produce isoprene and isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides to form ground- level ozone— a major factor in many breathing problems Result if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 若该市在新种植区域维持原有的物种分布模式，未来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯产量将增长约140%，由此导致的夏季臭氧浓度最高可达30%。 Opinions and Attitudes Róisín Commane——bring so many good things；if we're not careful, we could make air quality worse. Novem Auyeung—— trees should not be viewed as the enemy；We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle Novem Auyeung——We're not going to go cutting down any big old oaks, and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones 28. What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A. They affect the growth of other trees. B. They absorb less carbon than expected. C. They harm people's health indirectly. D. They raise the local temperature slowly. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→new study→imply→oaks and sweetgums ●文章定位：“Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. (橡树和枫香树目前占该市树木的大多数，它们会产生大量名为异戊二烯的化学物质。异戊二烯本身无害，但会迅速与车辆、建筑和工业排放的污染性氮氧化物发生反应，形成地面臭氧——这是许多呼吸问题的主要因素。)→①produce isoprene→②isoprene is harmless→③isoprene interacts with nitrogen oxides→④form ground-level ozone (臭氧)→⑤a major factor in many breathing problems. ●解析思维过程→根据①——⑤ →indirectly→C. They harm people's health indirectly. ●故选C 29. Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A. Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B. Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C. Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D. Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Which→Commane→based on their study ●文章定位：“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”→①“But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse. (但如果我们不够谨慎，可能会使空气质量变得更差。)”→②we should be careful→③change Oaks and sweetgums ●解析思维过程→根据①②③ →C. Changing the species of trees in new plantings. ●故选C 30. What does the underline phase "oblivious to" in paragraph 5 mean? A. Honest about B. Unaware of C. Related to D. Optimistic about 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→oblivious to→ mean ●文章定位：“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”→did release确实释放→以前不知道 ●解析思维过程→根据词后面的内容可知 →B. Unaware of ●故选B 31. What would Auyeung probably advocate? A. Reducing car use in daily life. B. Providing animals with new habitats. C. Controlling population growth. D. Doing more research on the problem. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→ Auyeung →advocate ●文章定位：“We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle (只要我们反思以汽车为中心的生活方式，就可以随意种植树木)”→rethink our car-centric lifestyle→A. Reducing car use in daily life. ●故选A 【答案】28. C 29. C 30. B 31. A 【解析】本文介绍纽约市大力植树改善城市环境，但研究发现当地主流树种橡树和枫香树会释放异戊二烯，间接加剧臭氧污染、影响空气质量，相关部门也对此问题给出了应对态度与看法。 28.细节理解题。根据第二段“Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. (橡树和枫香树目前占该市树木的大多数，它们会产生大量名为异戊二烯的化学物质。异戊二烯本身无害，但会迅速与车辆、建筑和工业排放的污染性氮氧化物发生反应，形成地面臭氧——这是许多呼吸问题的主要因素。)”可知，橡树和枫香树释放的化学物质和污染物结合形成地面臭氧，而臭氧是引发多种呼吸疾病的主要因素，由此可知这类树木会间接危害人体健康。 29.推理判断题。根据第三段“if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. (如果该市在新种植的植物中保持以往的物种分布模式，未来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯产量将增加约140%，由此导致的夏季臭氧水平将上升多达30%。)”可知，Commane认为如果继续沿用以往的树种种植模式，未来异戊二烯和臭氧含量会大幅上升，再结合第四段Commane所说“But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse. (但如果我们不够谨慎，可能会使空气质量变得更差。)”可推断，她会建议更换新种植树木的品种。 30.词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”可知，公园部门并非没有意识到城市树木会释放异戊二烯这个问题。从而推知，画划线短语“oblivious to”意为“未觉察、不注意”，与B项“Unaware of”意思一致。 31.推理判断题。根据第五段Auyeung的话“We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle (只要我们反思以汽车为中心的生活方式，就可以随意种植树木)”可推知，她会提倡日常生活中减少汽车使用。 例2（2026年全国I卷D） A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. "It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes." 【文章结构分析】 Purpose para1 compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is既要比较单纯观赏艺术作品所产生的认知效应，也要深入评估其美学价值。 Approach Participants were randomly divided into two groups:the "beauty" group and the control group 受试者被随机分为两组：“美容组”与对照组。 Result the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking；those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking Conclusion it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience.正是对美的体验激发了抽象思维，而非源于该体验本身的任何整体积极效应。 Evaluation Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes. 欣赏艺术之美或许是启动抽象认知过程的理想方式。 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→ the beauty group→the clay objects ●文章定位：“Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the “beauty” group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself.(参与者被随机分成两组：“美感组”被要求主动思考，然后为他们所观看的每一件物品的美感打分，而对照组只是把物品的线条图和这件艺术品实物进行配对。)”→why提问的问题，通常回答目的→ rate the beauty of each object ●解析思维过程→was asked to rate the beauty of each object→同义表达：rate——rating→ B. Give each piece a rating. ●故选B 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Which participants→ the highest score ●文章定位：①“Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group.(在那些人当中，效果更加显著：美感组中有艺术爱好的受试者，其抽象思维平均分比对照组中有艺术爱好的受试者高出25%以上。)”→②“Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group.(在所有受试者中，审美组受试者所报告的 “蜕变感与自我超越感”（诸如感动、豁然开朗、备受鼓舞这类情绪）→the beauty group with an artistic hobby ●解析思维过程→①+②→the beauty group with an artistic hobby→A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. ●故选A 34. Why were the participants' emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Why→ emotional states→measured ●文章定位：①“Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience.(研究人员还通过询问受试者在参观美术馆任务过程中的内心感受，测评了他们的情绪状态。在全部受试者里，美感组汇报的“蜕变感与自我超越感”（例如心生触动、豁然开悟、备受鼓舞等感受）平均分值，比对照组高出23%。但关键的一点是，美感组并未表示自己比对照组更快乐。这就说明，是对美的感知体验影响了抽象思维能力，而非这段经历带来的整体积极情绪在起作用。)”→②conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is.剑桥大学的一组心理学家进行了一项实验，旨在比较仅仅观看艺术作品与主动评判其美感所产生的认知效应。→研究目的 ●解析思维过程→①+②→D. To determine factors behind the test results. ●故选D 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→the major finding→ the appreciation of art ●文章定位：“Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes.(欣赏艺术之美或许是启动抽象认知过程的理想途径。)”→同义表达：initiate——encourage；thinking——cognitive→D. It encourages abstract thinking. ●故选D 【答案】32. B 33. A 34. D 35. D 【解析】主要介绍剑桥心理学家开展对照实验，对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影响，并解读实验结论：主动欣赏艺术之美能够促进抽象思维，让人跳出具体、狭隘的思维方式。 32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the “beauty” group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself.(参与者被随机分成两组：“美感组”被要求主动思考，然后为他们所观看的每一件物品的美感打分，而对照组只是把物品的线条图和这件艺术品实物进行配对。)”可知，美感组要为每件作品打分评级。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group.(在那些人当中，效果更加显著：美感组中有艺术爱好的受试者，其抽象思维平均分比对照组中有艺术爱好的受试者高出25%以上。)”以及第四段中的“Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group.(在所有受试者中，审美组受试者所报告的 “蜕变感与自我超越感”（诸如感动、豁然开朗、备受鼓舞这类情绪）平均水平，比对照组高出23%。)”可知，拥有艺术爱好的美感组成员测试平均分最高。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience.(研究人员还通过询问受试者在参观美术馆任务过程中的内心感受，测评了他们的情绪状态。在全部受试者里，美感组汇报的“蜕变感与自我超越感”（例如心生触动、豁然开悟、备受鼓舞等感受）平均分值，比对照组高出23%。但关键的一点是，美感组并未表示自己比对照组更快乐。这就说明，是对美的感知体验影响了抽象思维能力，而非这段经历带来的整体积极情绪在起作用。)”可知，研究者通过检测情绪，排除了积极情绪干扰，找到了造成两组测试分数差距的真实原因，也就是确定测试结果背后的影响因素。 35.推理判断题。根据第一段的“A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is.(剑桥大学的一组心理学家进行了一项实验，旨在比较仅仅观看艺术作品与主动评判其美感所产生的认知效应。)”；第三段中的“Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking.(在所有参与者中，美感组的抽象思维平均分比对照组高出近 14%。)”以及第五段中的“Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes.(欣赏艺术之美或许是启动抽象认知过程的理想途径。)”可知，实验全程数据都体现出主动品鉴艺术美感可以提升抽象思维得分，研究者最终也证实欣赏艺术能够启动抽象认知过程，因此推断欣赏艺术之美促进抽象思维。 例3（2022年1月浙江卷）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. " For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. "However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. 【文章结构分析】 discoveries New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. evidence These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. conclusion However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. 7．What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph? A．Positive effects of doing exercises. B．Exercises suitable for the middle-aged. C．Experimental studies on diseases. D．Advantages of sporty woman over man 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→ever-growing list→ first paragraph ●文章定位：①New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life,→②as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. →Positive effects of doing exercises. ●解析思维过程→ ①+② →A．Positive effects of doing exercises. ●故选A 8．Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? A．To predict their maximum heart rate. B．To assess their cardiovascular capacity C．To change their habits of working out D．To detect their potential health problems 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→the women→bicycle exercise ●文章定位：For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.→To assess their cardiovascular capacity ●故选B 9．What do we know about Dr Horder's study? A．It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B．Data collection was a lengthy process. C．Some participants withdrew from it. D．The results were far from satisfactory. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→know about→Dr Horder's study ●文章定位：①These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.→tested for dementia six times.（Data collection） → four decades.（a lengthy process） ●解析思维过程→ These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. →B．Data collection was a lengthy process. ●故选B 10．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B．Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia D．Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→the best title ●文章定位：New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women→ C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia ●解析思维过程→ Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia是对第一段主题句的概括。 ●故选C 【答案】7．A 8．B 9．B 10．C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A项。 8．细节理解题。根据上文“These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。 10．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。 考点三 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类 知●识●解●构 知识点 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 核心原则： 这类文章遵循清晰的科学论述逻辑： 2. 现象 ： 描述观察到的客观事实、问题、现象或研究背景。 3. 分析 ： 对现象进行解释、探究原因、讨论机制、提出假设、验证过程或进行论证。 4. 结论 ： 基于分析得出的主要发现、总结、意义、推论或建议。 阅读理解与做题步骤： 第一步：预读与结构定位 2. 看标题/副标题： 明确文章主题和研究对象。 3. 扫读首段/末段： 首段通常引入现象和研究目的；末段通常总结结论。 4. 关注段落首句/尾句和连接词： · 寻找描述现象的信号词：observed, found, showed, it is known that, the problem is, background, recent studies indicate 等。 · 寻找开启分析的信号词：the reason may be, to investigate, hypothesized that, analysis revealed, mechanism, experiment was conducted, data suggests, furthermore, however, in contrast, this could be explained by 等。 · 寻找引出结论的信号词：therefore, thus, in conclusion, consequently, the results indicate, we conclude that, the study demonstrates, implications are, suggestions 等。 5. 划分文章结构： 在心中或用笔简单标记出： · 哪几段主要在描述 现象 ？ · 哪几段是核心的 分析 ？ · 哪几段是明确的 结论 ？ 第二步：精读与信息提取 2. 明确题目要求： 仔细阅读题目，判断题目是针对哪个部分（P/A/C）提问？是问细节、原因、方法、推论还是主旨？ 3. 定位关键信息： · 现象部分 : · 具体现象是什么？（发生了什么？观察到了什么？问题是什么？） · 现象的背景或重要性？ · 现象涉及的对象、时间、地点、程度等关键细节。 · 分析部分 : · 核心问题/假设： 研究者试图解释什么？验证什么？ · 研究方法/途径： 如何分析的？（实验、调查、模型、文献综述、逻辑推理？）关键步骤是什么？ · 关键证据/数据： 支持分析的实验结果、统计数据、引用观点、逻辑论据是什么？ · 解释/机制： 分析得出的主要原因、内在机理、影响因素是什么？ · 讨论/对比： 分析结果与前人研究是否一致？有哪些局限性？有哪些不同的解释？（这部分常与分析交织，有时也靠近结论） · 结论部分 : · 主要发现： 研究最核心的结论是什么？（直接回答了分析的核心问题） · 总结： 对现象和分析的简要重述。 · 意义/启示： 该结论有何理论或实际价值？对未来研究或实践的指导意义？ · 推论/建议： 基于结论提出的进一步推论或行动建议。 4. 理解逻辑链条： 特别注意分析部分如何一步步解释现象，并最终导向结论。思考： · 现象提出了什么问题？ · 分析提供了哪些证据和推理来解答这个问题？ · 结论是如何从分析中自然得出的？它是否直接回应了现象提出的问题？ 第三步：解题策略 (针对题型) 2. 细节理解题 ： · 定位为王： 根据题目关键词（人名、地名、术语、数据、特定行为等）快速回原文定位。 · 同义替换： 答案往往是对原文信息的同义转述或概括，而非完全照抄原文。 3. 推理判断题 ： · 立足原文： 所有推断必须基于文章明确提供的信息和分析逻辑。 · 分析隐含意义： 理解作者未明说但通过分析、对比、语气等暗示的信息。 · 识别作者观点/态度： 注意分析讨论部分中体现作者倾向的词汇（significantly, surprisingly, it is likely that, challenges the view等）和结论的确定性程度（proves vs suggests）。 · 排除法： 排除文中未提及、与文中信息矛盾或过度推断（超出原文支持范围）的选项。 4. 主旨大意题/最佳标题题 ： · 聚焦结论： 结论通常是主旨的核心体现。 · 综合现象和分析： 思考文章从什么现象出发（P），通过什么核心分析（A），最终得出了什么主要结论（C）。主旨句往往是这三者的凝练。 · 避免片面： 正确选项应涵盖研究的核心对象（现象）和核心发现（结论），有时也包括关键方法（分析）。 5. 段落目的/结构题 (问某段作用)： · 联系上下文： 该段与前一段、后一段是什么关系？ · 判断归属： 该段内容主要属于P（描述现象/背景）、A（解释/论证/提供证据）、C（总结/下结论/给建议）中的哪一部分？ 6. 词义猜测题 ： · 上下文线索： 利用定义（is, that is, meaning）、举例（for example, such as）、对比（however, but, unlike）、因果（because, therefore）等逻辑关系推测生词含义。 · 词根词缀： 辅助手段。 7. 作者意图题 ： · 服务于核心逻辑： X（一个例子、一个数据、一个引用）是为了说明/支持/反驳分析部分（A）的哪个关键点？最终如何服务于得出结论（C）？ 第四步：验证与检查 · 答案回扣原文： 选出答案后，务必将其带回原文相关位置进行验证，确保理解准确无误。 · 整体逻辑一致性： 确认答案是否符合“现象-分析-结论”的整体行文逻辑。 · 排除干扰项： 再次审视错误选项，明确其错误原因（无中生有、张冠李戴、过度推断、以偏概全、与原文矛盾等）。 关键总结： · 结构意识是基础： 时刻清晰区分P、A、C部分及其功能。 · 定位能力是关键： 快速准确地找到题目对应的原文信息源。 · 逻辑理解是核心： 透彻理解分析部分如何解释现象并推导出结论。 · 结论是重中之重： 结论是文章的最终落脚点和主旨的集中体现。 · 题目导向是原则： 始终围绕题目要求进行阅读和思考。 考●向●破●译 考向 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 例1 （2026年全国II卷）D篇The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza, an engineer who takes the subway every day, owns an electric car. “I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. “And if it is from energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.” Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. That, he said, boosts efficiency. 【文章结构分析】 Phenomenon para1 a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car 一股能量被输送至街道层面，用于为电动汽车充电。 Introduction（para2-3） the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is for privately owned vehicles.地下列车制动系统产生的能量用于驱动列车及车站设备，其余部分则供私营车辆使用。 Feedback para4 energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.利用列车刹车产生的能量，效果会更好。 technical principle para5 They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. 该装置由电动机组成，可收集传统制动系统中因摩擦作用而以热能形式损耗的能量。 Evaluation para6 Innovative创新；boosts efficiency提高效率 32. Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A. To fuel the city’s economy. B. To enhance passengers’ experience. C. To promote green transportation. D. To raise the quality of electric cars. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Why→ launch→MetroCharge project ●文章定位：“Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market.(巴塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰难转向私人电动汽车市场。)→why提问的问题，通常回答目的→①to help public transportation go greener②tackle climate change③aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market ●解析思维过程→①→C. To promote green transportation. ●故选C 33. What is Espinoza’s concern? A. How to cut his travel expenses. B. Where to get a parking space. C. How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D. Where to find a charging point. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What→ Espinoza’s concern ●文章定位：““I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. (埃斯皮诺萨在巴塞罗那南部一处工人街区搭乘地铁前说道：“我又惊喜又开心，我总在四处找地方给车充电。”)→I am always looking for where to plug it in→Espinoza’s concern ●解析思维过程→where to plug it in→D. Where to find a charging point.→同义表达plug it in——charge ●故选D 34. What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A. Their operating conditions. B. Their conventional standard. C. Their potential risks. D. Their working mechanism. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What aspect→discussed→in paragraph 5 ●文章定位：“They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers.(它们由一个电动机构成，该电动机会收集刹车动作中产生的能量——这些能量在传统刹车系统中会以热量的形式散失掉。这些能量可以立即用于加速车辆，或者在巴塞罗那地铁系统的情况下，通过电缆输送，为车站或电动汽车充电桩供电。)→They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action→used to accelerate the vehicle→to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers ●解析思维过程→They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action→D. Their working mechanism. ●故选D 35. What did Luna say about the system? A. It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B. It improves workers’ efficiency. C. It prioritizes the safety of trains. D. It generates jobs for the locals. 【思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What →Luna→about the system ●文章定位：“Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. (电气工程教授阿尔瓦罗・卢纳表示，这套系统颇具创新性，原因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用途——本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。)→innovative→recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses ●解析思维过程→同义表达：innovative——creative；reclaimed energy——recycled energy →A. It uses reclaimed energy creatively. ●故选A 【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D 35. A 【解析】文章主要介绍了巴塞罗那推出的地铁能量回收项目，利用列车刹车余能为电车充电桩供电，实现绿色交通与能源高效利用。 32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market.(巴塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰难转向私人电动汽车市场。)”可知，该项目目的是推广绿色交通。 33.细节理解题。根据第四段中的““I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. (埃斯皮诺萨在巴塞罗那南部一处工人街区搭乘地铁前说道：“我又惊喜又开心，我总在四处找地方给车充电。”)”可知，埃斯皮诺萨一直发愁找不到充电桩。 34.主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers.(它们由一个电动机构成，该电动机会收集刹车动作中产生的能量——这些能量在传统刹车系统中会以热量的形式散失掉。这些能量可以立即用于加速车辆，或者在巴塞罗那地铁系统的情况下，通过电缆输送，为车站或电动汽车充电桩供电。)”可知，本段介绍了再生刹车的工作原理。 35.细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. (电气工程教授阿尔瓦罗・卢纳表示，这套系统颇具创新性，原因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用途——本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。)”可知，卢纳认为该系统创新性地利用了回收能源。 例2 （2023年全国I卷）D篇On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 【文章结构分析】 phenomenon “wisdom of crowds” analysis This effect capitalizes on the fact that ……. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. Further findings a new study offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. analysis In a follow-up study with 100 university students, …… Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. conclusion Although the studies have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→paragraph 2→mainly about ●文章定位：“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ①when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. ②When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. ③If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. ④If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①+②+③+④→The underlying logic of the effect. ●故选B 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→Navajas’ study→ average accuracy→increase ●文章定位：①In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. ②The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→ the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.→estimates were not fully independent ●故选D 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→ follow-up study→focus on ●文章定位：In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→ what the group members actually did in their discussion→estimates were not fully independent→C. The discussion process ●故选C 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→author’s attitude→Navajas’ studies ●文章定位：Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→ Although+enormous→Approving→D ●故选D 【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D 【解析】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 例3 （2025年全国I卷）C篇While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 8. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What phenomenon→point out in paragraph 1 ●文章定位：①transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility，②they pack them into the car instead ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①+②→ C. People walk less and drive more ●故选C 9. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→the Canadian journalist and other campaigners→trying to do ●文章定位：① a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. ②Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①+②→ A. Keep their cities livable. ●故选A 10. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→What can be inferred→the campaigns in Australia ●文章定位：① Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well ②In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→②→B. They turned out largely ineffective ●故选B 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【解题思维过程】 ●题干关键词→ a suitable title ●文章定位：We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. ●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→invest a lot in roads that help us rush through→A. Why the Rush? ●故选A 【文章结构分析】 Phenomenon declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. analysis they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. Conclusion roads that help us rush through, but We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 【答案】8. C 9. A 10. B 11. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 8. C细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 9. A推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 10. B推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 11. A主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 阅读理解 1.【2025·全国I卷】C When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】8. D 9. D 10. C 11. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 8. D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 9. D细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 10. C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 11. B主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 2.【2025·全国I卷】D Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 12. A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 13. B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 14. C主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 15. A推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 3.【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 4.【2024浙江1月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 14. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 15. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。 12.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。 13.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。 14.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。 15.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。 5.【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。 12.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。 14.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。 15.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。 6.【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 32. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. 35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. 【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 【解析】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。 12.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。 13.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。 14.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。 15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass$ 专题03 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇） 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 考查研究报告problem--solution--result类 知识解构 知识点1 研究性报告特点 知识点2 problem--solution--result类研究报告 考向破译 考向 考查problem--solution--result类研究报告 考点二 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 知识解构 知识点 解题指导 考向破译 考向 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 考点三 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类 知识解构 知识点 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告分析 考向破译 考向 考查Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 阅读理解之记叙文 核心考点 2026年 2025年 2024年 人与自然 （2026高考二卷）D地铁能量回收（2026浙江1月卷）D固碳优化植物根系（2026高考一卷）C植树与改善城市环境 （2025高考I卷）D关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 （2024新高考I卷）D现代生物采样数据的科学性 人与自我 （2024浙江1月卷）儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 人与社会 （2026高考一卷）D对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影响 （2026浙江1月卷）C关于虚假评论的研究 （2025高考II卷）D介绍了食物浪费问题（2025高考II卷）C室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响（2025浙江1月卷）D技术产品中的性别化现象 （2024新高考I卷）C纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 （2024新高考II卷）D图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》（2024新高考II卷）C巴比伦微农场 考情分析 考情分析： 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也是英语试题中最难的部分。是我们在一轮复习中最应该突破的部分，因为一轮复习有时间攻坚克难。研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内容比较广泛。 2．从命题思路上看： 研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通常考查情感态度、推理判断。 预计2027年研究报告类说明文仍然是试卷中的难点。预想英语得高分成功突破研究报告是关键。 复习目标 复习目标： 1. 掌握研究报告说明文的文体特征。 2. 掌握研究报告说明文的命题规律及各种题型的解题要领和选项规律。 3. 熟练掌握研究报告说明文常用的框架结构、说明顺序和说明方法是解题的关键所在，这样就能从整体着眼看清文章的脉络。 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 考查研究报告problem--solution--result类 知●识●解●构 知识点1 研究性报告 综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2027年高考对于研究报告说明文的考查仍然是重点和难点。研究报告说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。 研究报告类 1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。 2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。 ②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。 ③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。 ④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。 ⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。 ⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。 知识点2 problem--solution--result类研究报告 问题解决类研究报告，文章思路结构明晰，基本呈现为problem--solution--result。解决研究报告类文章的根本思路是透彻分析文章的结构，洞察文章的走势。这样从整体分析文章，再从微观中找准细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、作者态度的定位，这样就能快速破解阅读理解的这个难题。 考●向●破●译 考向 考查problem--solution--result类研究报告 例1 （2026年1月浙江卷） Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP — an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes — how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 【文章的结构分析】 The Structure of The Text Problem： increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage增加碳储存量并延长其储存时间 Solution： use SLEAP tracks multiple features of root growth用SLEAP 可追踪根系生长的多种特征 Process： SLEAP uses computer vision to help researchers process images much more quickly.SLEAP 利用计算机视觉技术，帮助研究人员大幅加快图像处理速度。 Result： establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date建立迄今为止最全面的植物根系表型目录；what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs.哪些基因对其植物设计最为有益。 Evaluation: special and impactful特别且具有深远影响的；create something greater than the sum of its parts创造出比其各部分之和更为卓越的整体。 32. What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A. Keeping more carbon in plants. B. Optimizing the use of energy. C. Enhancing biological diversity. D. Reducing carbon absorption. 33. Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A. To generate plant images. B. To conduct research on animals. C. To study climate patterns. D. To track features of root growth. 34. What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A. Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B. Collect samples of plant root systems. C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D. Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 35. What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A. Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B. Computer programming is a must for scientists. C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D. Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 例2 （2024新课标Ⅰ卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene（聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯） — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. （乙烯基氯，氯乙烯） Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 【文章的结构分析】 The Structure of The Text Problem：Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth Solution from China：boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools Process：boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools；this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene Serious problem：Even bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay’ suggestion:We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics. 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 例3At a recycling center, two team members spend all day pulling items from a conveyor belt covered in garbage. One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles that can be reprocessed, while the other searches for pollutants in the stream of paper products. They are AI-powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. Yes, even recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution. In theory, materials recovery facilities (MRFs) gather the wastes, sort them out, and then sell the materials to companies that can reuse them. In practice, the MRFs aren’t all that good. The issue is that it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. The traditional recycling methods succeed in separating waste into broad categories of paper, glass, and metal. But finer layers of detail often go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s hard for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk container or a pesticide (杀虫剂) container. AI stands to make a change, giving recycling plants a far more detailed view into packaging. The AI-powered recycling robots are “vision systems”: In the same way ChatGPT is trained, they ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. The robots are then able to identify even tiny differences in a product’s color, shape, texture, or logo. Recycling operators said that traditional systems tend to be 85 to 95 percent accurate, while robotics companies claim up to 99 percent accuracy. That is not to say that the turn to AI has already fixed recycling. The high- tech systems won’t come cheap — an individual robot can cost as much as $300,000. Even if costs eventually decrease, recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of dealing with single-use products. From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single-use cup is not using one at all. 【文章结构分析】 Introduction para1 Recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution Problem para2 it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. Solution para3 AI-powered recycling ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. Conclusion (Limitation)para4 The high- tech systems won’t come cheap recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of dealing with single-use products. 1．What is described in the first paragraph? A．A common sight of a recycling center. B．The application of AI tools in recycling. C．The power of AI to change an industry. D．A display of difficulties in waste sorting. 2．What is the challenge faced by recycling plants? A．The accuracy of waste sorting. B．The low profit from selling reusable materials. C．The efficiency of waste management. D．The unnoticeable danger in collecting waste materials. 3．What does the underlined word “ingest” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Edit. B．Copy. C．Absorb. D．Download. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Single- use products should be restricted. B．Costs of high- tech systems will increase. C．Recyclable products should be advocated. D．AI will be the final frontier of recycling. 考点二 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 知●识●解●构 知识点 解题指导 一、三步定位核心信息 1.Findings/Discoveries（研究发现） a. 定位关键词： i. "The results show/indicate that..." ii. "We found/observed that..." iii. "The data suggest..." b. 解题重点： 这是研究的直接成果，可能是数据、现象或新发现。 2.Evidence（实验证据） c. 定位关键词： i. "Experiment 1 demonstrated..." ii. "As shown in Figure 2..." iii. "Statistical analysis revealed..." d. 解题重点： 支撑Findings的具体数据（如数字、图表）或实验方法。 3.Conclusion（应用/评价） e. 定位关键词： i. "Therefore, we conclude..." ii. "This implies/applicable to..." iii. "Limitations include..." f. 解题重点： 研究的实际意义、局限性或未来方向。 二、高频题型破解技巧 1. 事实细节题（直接答案） 1.问法： · "What did the experiment prove?" · "According to the study, which statement is true?" 2.方法： 直接匹配Findings或Evidence中的原句，避免主观推断。 2. 推理题（隐含逻辑） 1.问法： · "What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?" · "Which conclusion is supported by the data?" 2.方法： 将Evidence与Conclusion关联，排除无直接支持的选项。 3. 作者意图题（目的/评价） 1.问法： · "Why did the author mention...?" · "What is the purpose of the experiment?" 2.方法： · 定位Conclusion中的评价性语言（如"This study fills a gap in..."）。 4. 结构题（信息匹配） · 问法： · "Which paragraph contains the experimental results?" · 方法： · Findings通常在结果部分（Results），Evidence在方法部分（Methods）。 考●向●破●译 考向 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类 例1（2026年全国I卷C）In line with longstanding initiatives to expand the green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city's trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground- level ozone（臭氧）— a major factor in many breathing problems. The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. "We're all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things," said study coauthor Róisín Commane. "But if we're not careful, we could make air quality worse." The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. "We didn't make a big deal of that," said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy: “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle," she said. "We're not going to go cutting down any big old oaks," and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. "You have to think about what you would lose if you do that." Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 【文章结构分析】 Discoveries para1-2 Oaks and sweetgums produce isoprene and isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides to form ground- level ozone— a major factor in many breathing problems Result if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 若该市在新种植区域维持原有的物种分布模式，未来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯产量将增长约140%，由此导致的夏季臭氧浓度最高可达30%。 Opinions and Attitudes Róisín Commane——bring so many good things；if we're not careful, we could make air quality worse. Novem Auyeung—— trees should not be viewed as the enemy；We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle Novem Auyeung——We're not going to go cutting down any big old oaks, and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones 28. What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A. They affect the growth of other trees. B. They absorb less carbon than expected. C. They harm people's health indirectly. D. They raise the local temperature slowly. 29. Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A. Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B. Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C. Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D. Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 30. What does the underline phase "oblivious to" in paragraph 5 mean? A. Honest about B. Unaware of C. Related to D. Optimistic about 31. What would Auyeung probably advocate? A. Reducing car use in daily life. B. Providing animals with new habitats. C. Controlling population growth. D. Doing more research on the problem. 例2（2026年全国I卷D） A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the "beauty" group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of "transformative and self-transcendent feelings" — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen," said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. "It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes." 【文章结构分析】 Purpose para1 compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is既要比较单纯观赏艺术作品所产生的认知效应，也要深入评估其美学价值。 Approach Participants were randomly divided into two groups:the "beauty" group and the control group 受试者被随机分为两组：“美容组”与对照组。 Result the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking；those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking Conclusion it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience.正是对美的体验激发了抽象思维，而非源于该体验本身的任何整体积极效应。 Evaluation Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes. 欣赏艺术之美或许是启动抽象认知过程的理想方式。 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 34. Why were the participants' emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 例3（2022年1月浙江卷）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. " For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. "However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. 【文章结构分析】 discoveries New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. evidence These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. conclusion However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. 7．What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph? A．Positive effects of doing exercises. B．Exercises suitable for the middle-aged. C．Experimental studies on diseases. D．Advantages of sporty woman over man 8．Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? A．To predict their maximum heart rate. B．To assess their cardiovascular capacity C．To change their habits of working out D．To detect their potential health problems 9．What do we know about Dr Horder's study? A．It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B．Data collection was a lengthy process. C．Some participants withdrew from it. D．The results were far from satisfactory. 10．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B．Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia D．Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness 考点三 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类 知●识●解●构 知识点 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。 核心原则： 这类文章遵循清晰的科学论述逻辑： 2. 现象 ： 描述观察到的客观事实、问题、现象或研究背景。 3. 分析 ： 对现象进行解释、探究原因、讨论机制、提出假设、验证过程或进行论证。 4. 结论 ： 基于分析得出的主要发现、总结、意义、推论或建议。 阅读理解与做题步骤： 第一步：预读与结构定位 2. 看标题/副标题： 明确文章主题和研究对象。 3. 扫读首段/末段： 首段通常引入现象和研究目的；末段通常总结结论。 4. 关注段落首句/尾句和连接词： · 寻找描述现象的信号词：observed, found, showed, it is known that, the problem is, background, recent studies indicate 等。 · 寻找开启分析的信号词：the reason may be, to investigate, hypothesized that, analysis revealed, mechanism, experiment was conducted, data suggests, furthermore, however, in contrast, this could be explained by 等。 · 寻找引出结论的信号词：therefore, thus, in conclusion, consequently, the results indicate, we conclude that, the study demonstrates, implications are, suggestions 等。 5. 划分文章结构： 在心中或用笔简单标记出： · 哪几段主要在描述 现象 ？ · 哪几段是核心的 分析 ？ · 哪几段是明确的 结论 ？ 第二步：精读与信息提取 2. 明确题目要求： 仔细阅读题目，判断题目是针对哪个部分（P/A/C）提问？是问细节、原因、方法、推论还是主旨？ 3. 定位关键信息： · 现象部分 : · 具体现象是什么？（发生了什么？观察到了什么？问题是什么？） · 现象的背景或重要性？ · 现象涉及的对象、时间、地点、程度等关键细节。 · 分析部分 : · 核心问题/假设： 研究者试图解释什么？验证什么？ · 研究方法/途径： 如何分析的？（实验、调查、模型、文献综述、逻辑推理？）关键步骤是什么？ · 关键证据/数据： 支持分析的实验结果、统计数据、引用观点、逻辑论据是什么？ · 解释/机制： 分析得出的主要原因、内在机理、影响因素是什么？ · 讨论/对比： 分析结果与前人研究是否一致？有哪些局限性？有哪些不同的解释？（这部分常与分析交织，有时也靠近结论） · 结论部分 : · 主要发现： 研究最核心的结论是什么？（直接回答了分析的核心问题） · 总结： 对现象和分析的简要重述。 · 意义/启示： 该结论有何理论或实际价值？对未来研究或实践的指导意义？ · 推论/建议： 基于结论提出的进一步推论或行动建议。 4. 理解逻辑链条： 特别注意分析部分如何一步步解释现象，并最终导向结论。思考： · 现象提出了什么问题？ · 分析提供了哪些证据和推理来解答这个问题？ · 结论是如何从分析中自然得出的？它是否直接回应了现象提出的问题？ 第三步：解题策略 (针对题型) 2. 细节理解题 ： · 定位为王： 根据题目关键词（人名、地名、术语、数据、特定行为等）快速回原文定位。 · 同义替换： 答案往往是对原文信息的同义转述或概括，而非完全照抄原文。 3. 推理判断题 ： · 立足原文： 所有推断必须基于文章明确提供的信息和分析逻辑。 · 分析隐含意义： 理解作者未明说但通过分析、对比、语气等暗示的信息。 · 识别作者观点/态度： 注意分析讨论部分中体现作者倾向的词汇（significantly, surprisingly, it is likely that, challenges the view等）和结论的确定性程度（proves vs suggests）。 · 排除法： 排除文中未提及、与文中信息矛盾或过度推断（超出原文支持范围）的选项。 4. 主旨大意题/最佳标题题 ： · 聚焦结论： 结论通常是主旨的核心体现。 · 综合现象和分析： 思考文章从什么现象出发（P），通过什么核心分析（A），最终得出了什么主要结论（C）。主旨句往往是这三者的凝练。 · 避免片面： 正确选项应涵盖研究的核心对象（现象）和核心发现（结论），有时也包括关键方法（分析）。 5. 段落目的/结构题 (问某段作用)： · 联系上下文： 该段与前一段、后一段是什么关系？ · 判断归属： 该段内容主要属于P（描述现象/背景）、A（解释/论证/提供证据）、C（总结/下结论/给建议）中的哪一部分？ 6. 词义猜测题 ： · 上下文线索： 利用定义（is, that is, meaning）、举例（for example, such as）、对比（however, but, unlike）、因果（because, therefore）等逻辑关系推测生词含义。 · 词根词缀： 辅助手段。 7. 作者意图题 ： · 服务于核心逻辑： X（一个例子、一个数据、一个引用）是为了说明/支持/反驳分析部分（A）的哪个关键点？最终如何服务于得出结论（C）？ 第四步：验证与检查 · 答案回扣原文： 选出答案后，务必将其带回原文相关位置进行验证，确保理解准确无误。 · 整体逻辑一致性： 确认答案是否符合“现象-分析-结论”的整体行文逻辑。 · 排除干扰项： 再次审视错误选项，明确其错误原因（无中生有、张冠李戴、过度推断、以偏概全、与原文矛盾等）。 关键总结： · 结构意识是基础： 时刻清晰区分P、A、C部分及其功能。 · 定位能力是关键： 快速准确地找到题目对应的原文信息源。 · 逻辑理解是核心： 透彻理解分析部分如何解释现象并推导出结论。 · 结论是重中之重： 结论是文章的最终落脚点和主旨的集中体现。 · 题目导向是原则： 始终围绕题目要求进行阅读和思考。 考●向●破●译 考向 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 例1 （2026年全国II卷）D篇The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza, an engineer who takes the subway every day, owns an electric car. “I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. “And if it is from energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.” Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. That, he said, boosts efficiency. 【文章结构分析】 Phenomenon para1 a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car 一股能量被输送至街道层面，用于为电动汽车充电。 Introduction（para2-3） the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is for privately owned vehicles.地下列车制动系统产生的能量用于驱动列车及车站设备，其余部分则供私营车辆使用。 Feedback para4 energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.利用列车刹车产生的能量，效果会更好。 technical principle para5 They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. 该装置由电动机组成，可收集传统制动系统中因摩擦作用而以热能形式损耗的能量。 Evaluation para6 Innovative创新；boosts efficiency提高效率 32. Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A. To fuel the city’s economy. B. To enhance passengers’ experience. C. To promote green transportation. D. To raise the quality of electric cars. 33. What is Espinoza’s concern? A. How to cut his travel expenses. B. Where to get a parking space. C. How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D. Where to find a charging point. 34. What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A. Their operating conditions. B. Their conventional standard. C. Their potential risks. D. Their working mechanism. 35. What did Luna say about the system? A. It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B. It improves workers’ efficiency. C. It prioritizes the safety of trains. D. It generates jobs for the locals. 例2 （2023年全国I卷）D篇On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 【文章结构分析】 phenomenon “wisdom of crowds” analysis This effect capitalizes on the fact that ……. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. Further findings a new study offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. analysis In a follow-up study with 100 university students, …… Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. conclusion Although the studies have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 例3 （2025年全国I卷）C篇While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 8. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 9. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 10. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【文章结构分析】 Phenomenon declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. analysis they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. Conclusion roads that help us rush through, but We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 阅读理解 1.【2025·全国I卷】C When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 11. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 2.【2025·全国I卷】D Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 15. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 3.【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 4.【2024浙江1月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 14. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 15. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 5.【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 6.【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 32. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. 35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. 7.【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 8.【2023年浙江1月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. 32．What do solar developers often ignore? A．The decline in the demand for solar energy. B．The negative impact of installing solar panels. C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D．The most recent advances in solar technology. 33．What does InSPIRE aim to do? A．Improve the productivity of local farms. B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds. C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas. 34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To conserve pollinators. B．To restrict solar development. C．To diversify the economy. D．To ensure the supply of energy. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development 9.【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 10.【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 10. What function is expected of the rail drones? A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 11. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $