专题03 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇）（专项训练）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 聚焦研究报告类说明文阅读，按"基础-重难-真题"三阶设计，通过文章类型分类（问题-解决方案-结果等）与命题方法对应，系统提升语言理解与逻辑分析能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |模拟·基础演练|6篇（含3类文章）|按文章结构（如问题-解决方案-结果）定位信息，针对推理判断等题型训练|文章类型与命题方法对应，从现象/发现到结论的逻辑链| |重难·创新演练|5篇（新情境）|结合新情境（如拟社会关系）深化信息筛选与推理，强化跨学科思维|新情境与传统结构融合，培养思维品质| |真题·实战演练|11篇（近5年真题）|高频考点（主旨、细节等）针对性突破，适配高考命题趋势|真题与模拟题逻辑一致，提升应试能力|

专题03 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇） 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：文章分类主要考查problem--solution--result类研究报告，考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告，Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告，命题方法分类：主要考查推理判断，主旨大意，细节理解，部分猜测词义 研究报告类说明文 1.考查problem--solution--result类研究报告 1.（2026届福建泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（一））In the global effort to fight climate change, scientists are exploring solutions in unexpected places — including the soil beneath our feet. A recent study published in Nature highlights a promising discovery: specific bacteria that can dramatically reduce agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas. Nitrous oxide, largely released from farm fields due to nitrogen fertiliser (肥料) use, is a major climate concern. According to co-author Professor Lars Bakken of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, the gas is 265 times more effective at warming the atmosphere than carbon dioxide and can remain in the air for over a century. To develop the solution, researchers grew the bacteria using organic waste. Building on past work, they looked for a microorganism that would reduce nitrous oxide emissions without staying in the soil for so long that it harmed other life forms important for crop health. The bacteria reduced emissions after a second fertiliser treatment by about half two weeks later. After three months, the makeup of microbial (微生物的) life was unchanged, suggesting the bacteria would not harm the soil. The bacteria, which are not genetically modified, occur naturally in anaerobic digesters — facilities that transform organic waste into biofuels. That might ease acceptance of their use, said Paul Carini of the University of Arizona, who was not involved in the research. Moreover, Bakken stated that this “opens up a number of new possibilities” for managing farmland. The bacteria could be added to fertilisers, offering a potential direct application for farmers. As Carini noted, using a waste product from one industrial process to benefit another is cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain before widespread use. Professor Lori Hoagland of Purdue University, an expert in the field, noted that soils vary globally, requiring more field testing to ensure effectiveness. More critically, farmers currently get no financial motivation to adopt such methods. Bakken argued that authorities must create policies to make emission reductions profitable. If these limitations can be addressed, this bacterial treatment could have a major impact on reducing agriculture’s contribution to climate change. 1．Why is nitrous oxide a major climate concern? A．It is released in larger amounts than CO2. B．It stays in the atmosphere for a very short time. C．It comes mainly from industrial production. D．It has a much stronger warming effect than CO2. 2．What did the researchers find? A．A way to help farmers increase fertiliser use. B．A bacterium that stays in the soil forever. C．A method to produce more biofuels from waste. D．A microbe that cuts N2O without harming soil. 3．Which aspect of the bacteria is mainly discussed in paragraph 4? A．Its potential benefits. B．Its working principle. C．Its producing process. D．Its research value. 4．What prevents the application of the finding? A．Shortage of necessary bacteria. B．Difficulty in large-scale testing. C．Lack of economic benefit for farmers. D．Uncertainty about its effect. 2.（2026·山东菏泽市一模）Modern society relies heavily on refrigeration technology, from preserving food to cooling data centers. However, widely used vapor-compression (蒸汽压缩) cooling consumes vast amounts of electricity and generates 7.8 percent of the country’s carbon emissions (排放). Solid-state cooling has been considered cleaner, but the solid materials struggle with heat transmission efficiency, restricting their practical use in large-scale applications. The research team, led by Li Bing, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Metal Research, discovered a way to bypass this limitation by integrating solid cooling effects with liquid flow. In their study, they observed ammonium thiocyanate, a widely-used industrial salt, absorbs massive amounts of heat when it dissolves (溶解) in water. By applying pressure, the process goes backward, separating the salt out and releasing a large amount of heat. This two-way cycle enables continuous cooling as pressure is applied and released in turn, making it an ideal one for refrigeration systems. “Unlike traditional cooling methods, the approach integrates the cooling material and heat-carrying material into a single liquid, facilitating heat conductivity.” Li said. This approach solves what scientists described as the “impossible triangle”, achieving low emissions, high cooling power, and efficient heat transmission all at once. Laboratory experiments demonstrated excellent results. At room temperature, the method achieved a temperature drop of nearly 30℃ in just 20 seconds, while at higher temperatures the cooling reached as high as 54℃, far exceeding that of existing methods. Another experiment proved the process’ stability and instant response to pressure changes — key requirements for practical refrigeration systems. Li emphasized that this technology lays foundation for the commercialization of powerful, zero-emission refrigeration systems for industrial and home use, especially the next-generation artificial intelligence computing centers. He added, however, further efforts are needed for practical application, such as breakthroughs in engineering pressure-tuned changes. 1．What is one problem of traditional cooling systems? A．They consume much energy. B．They’re used in small scale. C．They depend on solid materials. D．They have low cooling efficiency. 2．What plays a key role in solving the “impossible triangle”? A．The solid-state materials. B．The two-way liquid cycle. C．The pressure-tuned changes. D．The traditional cooling method. 3．What is the purpose of listing the data in paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the principle of solid cooling. B．To explain the need for low carbon emission. C．To show impressive effects of the new method. D．To compare the differences of two experiments. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Salt-based Methods Work Wonders B．Traditional Cooling Meets its Limits C．A Report on Eco-refrigeration Industry D．A Breakthrough in Cooling Technology 2.考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告 1.（2026·广东汕头市普通高考第一次模拟）When danger approaches, animals seem to follow the ancient proverb: “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Researchers have found subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in cooperative defense. A study in Nature Ecology & Evolution reported that over 20 bird species across four continents make nearly identical high-pitched (高音调的) “whining” calls to warn others of birds like cuckoos nearby. Cuckoos are brood parasites — they lay eggs in other birds’ nests, often pushing out the hosts’ own eggs, to trick host birds into raising their chicks. According to co-lead author James Kennerley, this call works as the word for “cuckoo” and appears to be understood across species, offering clues about how language may have originated. Birds producing this alarm call often live in regions with high numbers of brood parasites that target multiple host species. Hearing the call, potential hosts react aggressively to drive the invaders away. To investigate further, Will Feeney’s team played recordings of such alarm calls — originally from birds on other continents — to potential host birds in Australia and China. They found that the hosts responded just as quickly to foreign alarm calls as to their own. “This indicates that sound helps communication between species, not only within one species,” explains Feeney. He suggests that while many bird species may respond to certain alarm sounds, those in parasite-rich areas have adapted the call to carry clear threat information. Back in 1871, Charles Darwin suggested that spoken language might have evolved from the imitation and modification of instinctive (本能的) sounds — for example, a scream in response to pain. Feeney notes, “Birds changing their built-in calls for a new use could be an early stage toward language, something once thought uniquely human. ” 1．How can animals of different species cooperate in defense? A．By communicating freely. B．By predicting danger in advance. C．By following the old routine. D．By making the same sound as signal. 2．Why do birds make “whining” calls to warn others of cuckoos? A．Because cuckoos are good at playing tricks. B．Because cuckoos steal eggs from hosts’ nests. C．Because cuckoos have a wide range of species. D．Because cuckoos make hosts care for their young. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Birds universally recognize alarm calls. B．Birds ignore recordings of alarm calls. C．Birds’ alarm calls function within species. D．Brood parasites target certain host species. 4．Why does the author mention Darwin in paragraph 5? A．To show language is still evolving. B．To prove human language is unique. C．To link bird calls with language origin. D．To question the reliability of the study. 2.（2026·吉林省G35 联合体第一次模拟）Tool use has long been observed in animals like primates, birds, and elephants. However, documented examples among sea creatures are far rarer. A surprising discovery has now revealed that an endangered population of killer whales, known as the southern residents, regularly uses tools for social grooming (梳理), demonstrating a behavior never before seen in ocean animals. This finding was made by a research team conducting aerial observations of these whales in the Salish Sea between British Columbia and Washington. The southern resident killer whales are a critically endangered and culturally distinct population with fewer than 80 individuals remaining. Using drones (无人机), the team observed the whales breaking off pieces of bull kelp (巨藻) to create tools. They would then press the kelp against a partner and roll it between their bodies for extended periods of time. This activity appears to be a form of social grooming. The behavior was widespread, observed across all age groups, both sexes, and different social units within the population. The study further revealed that the whales were more likely to groom close relatives or partners of a similar age. Researchers also noted that individuals with more molting or dead skin seemed more likely to participate, suggesting the behavior may serve a cleaning function by helping to remove dead skin. What makes this discovery particularly remarkable is that this behavior hadn’t been discovered despite nearly five decades of intensive study of this specific whale population. The lead researcher highlighted that this underscores not only the power of new observation technologies like drones but also how much there is still to learn about these complex animals. While it is unclear if this grooming behavior is unique to this group or exists in other whale populations, the discovery significantly expands our understanding of tool use in the sea. It shows that tools can be used for social and cleaning purposes, not just for finding food. Ultimately, this finding adds a new layer to our appreciation of the southern residents’ unique society and culture, emphasizing the critical importance of ongoing conservation efforts for this endangered population. 1．What is the feature of killer whales? A．They have a small population. B．They rarely engage in social interactions. C．They are increasing in number. D．They are spread across the world’s oceans. 2．What can be concluded about the whales’ kelp-grooming behavior? A．It is learned from humans. B．It is found in every whale population. C．It has a practical function. D．It exists mainly among adult whales. 3．What will the research probably lead to? A．Less attention to whale study. B．More exploration of sea animals. C．Stopping the protection of bull kelp. D．Ignoring other whale groups. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Bull Kelp: Whales’ Favorite Food. B．Killer Whales: Unusual Tool Users. C．Drones: Best Tools for Sea Study. D．Endangered Whales: Eating Habits. 3.考查Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 1.（2026届山东滨州市高三一模）Over the last 1,400 years, populations of the Yangtze finless porpoise have dramatically declined in China. But intensive surveys of its range only span the last couple of decades, leaving lots of gaps in scientists’ knowledge of the species. In a creative blend of art and science, a new study uses historical poetry to chart the critically endangered animal’s population across the river it calls home. The finless porpoises once lived throughout the entire Yangtze River, which stretches from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea. Now, the only known freshwater porpoise in the world has fewer than 1,800 individuals left in the wild. The research team combed through databases of Chinese poetry to find references to the porpoise and map its past distribution. They found 724 poems that mentioned the animal, of which half noted where the porpoises were observed. Their findings were published in Current Biology. “Having access to past data allows us to detect when declines began and correlate those changes with potential threats like habitat destruction, climate change, overhunting, disease or the introduction of invasive species,” says lead author Zhang Yaoyao, an ecologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The poems suggest the porpoise’s range has decreased by 65% since the Tang dynasty. Most of that decline happened in the river’s tributaries and lakes, where the animal’s range has decreased by 91%. While the population decrease was mostly gradual, the sharpest decline has occurred over the past 100 years. That sudden drop aligns with human activities on the river, especially dam construction in the 1950s that blocked off the porpoise's movement to and from the river's main channel. The work highlights the connection between culture and science. “Poems are actually ancient citizen science, and many Chinese poets were ‘well-educated intellectuals’,” says Zhang. “These data are not perfect...But they do have a lot of information if you use them correctly.” This approach has potential for uncovering the pasts of other endangered species as well. Previously, scholars have used medieval and ancient texts to understand things like volcanic eruptions, auroras and unusual whales. 1．What challenge do scientists face in their research about the porpoise? A．Its population has dropped off dramatically. B．Locating its habitats is increasingly difficult. C．The long-term historical data are insufficient. D．Its population is hard to calculate precisely. 2．What mainly contributed to the dramatic fall of the porpoise’s populations? A．Poor resistance to diseases. B．Climate changes over time. C．Human impacts on its habitats. D．Competition with other species. 3．Why does the author mention “volcanic eruptions” in the last paragraph? A．To show major threats to endangered wildlife. B．To introduce challenges in ecological research. C．To reveal the wisdom of ancient Chinese poets. D．To prove the value of ancient texts in research. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Historical Poems: Records of Ancient Chinese Wildlife B．citizen Science: A New Approach to Protecting Animals C．The Yangtze Finless Porpoise: A Critically Endangered Species D．Ancient Poetry: A Creative Way to Study Endangered Porpoise 2.（2026·河北承德市强基联盟高三一模）A few weeks ago, an article by Nathan Heller in The New Yorker indicated “the end of the English major”, examining the trend of declining English department nationwide and the cultural factors that lead students away from spending four years with the passion for Dickens and Shakespeare. Like every other humanities-lover on a college campus that day, I was swept away in the mass panic. My major was, according to a reputable English-major-loved publication, dead. Heller focused on Arizona State University (ASU) and Harvard University, large “indicators”(higher education. I initially thought he ignored small liberal arts (文科) colleges, assuming English major were safe at Allegheny College, where students supposedly came for the love of learning, not for middle management when they graduate. But data ruined this hope: Allegheny had 84 English majors (9% of all majors) in the spring semester of 2003, but just 20 (2.5%) now — a 72% drop in about 20 years matching the national trend. Allegheny’s website fuels optimism, asking, “Why put your mind to just one thing?” and define itself as a “safe place of learning”, unlike ASU, which sees degrees as career stepping stones, or Harvard where, according to Heller, even an “unusual major” finds work. Yet campus reality in Allegheny differs Students get locked into majors early, “mind over major” loses to closed-off departments, and English majors fear unemployment, thinking they wasted time and money. We need to reject the campus “disease”, Heller noted — pressuring students to choose “safeguard paths and dismissing humanities as “hobby-based”. The well-known author Kurt Vonnegut reminded you that the arts may not be the best way to “make a living” but “make life more bearable” and “make soul grow”. Not everybody can or should pursue a degree in chemistry, but it is increasingly clear to me that everybody would benefit from spending 20 credit hours reading, thinking about and discussing literature. While English majors may decline, their lessons live on. As the novelist Jonathan Lethem wrote, “Time change and men adapt.” Between “too bad” and “worst”, we can do better. 1．What phenomenon did Heller point out about English literature? A．Students’ fading love for it. B．Its limited research visions. C．Students’ confusion about it. D．Its declining literary works. 2．Why did the author’s hope for Allegheny College fade? A．It closed most liberal arts majors. B．It valued career training more. C．It admitted fewer English majors. D．It cared less about students’ likes. 3．What can be inferred from Allegheny’s website? A．It tried to learn from Harvard. B．It didn’t match its real situation. C．It failed to ensure students’ safety. D．It didn’t promote critical thinking. 4．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．Students should plan a unique life journey. B．Schools must make English more inviting. C．Students need to stick to their own purposes. D．Schools ought to look beyond practical values. 3.（2026届湖南张家界市高三二模）In the age of short videos and social media, most of us are used to reading in small pieces: a 15-second video introduction, a 100-word post, a 3-line news headline. We can get information quickly and easily, but many people are losing the ability to do deep reading — the slow, focused reading of a long text, which helps us understand complex ideas, think critically and develop empathy (共情). A 2025 study by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences found that over 68% of young people aged 18-35 read less than one complete book a year, and most of their daily reading time is spent on fragmented content on social media. “Deep reading is not just about finishing a book. It’s about engaging with the text, questioning the writer’s ideas, connecting what you read with your own experience, and forming your own opinions,” said Professor Zhang Wei, a literature expert from Peking University. “When we read in fragments, we only get the surface information, but we can’t develop the ability to think deeply about complex problems.” Many people may think that deep reading is a waste of time in this fast-paced society, but it actually brings many long-term benefits. Studies have shown that deep reading can improve our concentration, reduce stress, and develop our emotional intelligence. When we read a novel, for example, we put ourselves in the characters’ shoes, experience their feelings, and learn to understand different points of view. This helps us develop empathy and communicate better with others in real life. So how can we get back the habit of deep reading? Professor Zhang gives some simple tips. First, start with a book you are really interested in, not a book that others say you “should” read. Second, set a small daily goal, like reading 20 pages a day, and stick to it. Third, turn off your phone and other electronic devices when you read, so you can focus without distraction. “Deep reading is like a muscle. The more you practice it, the stronger it gets,” said Professor Zhang. “In a world full of noise and distraction, the ability to focus and think deeply is the most valuable skill we can have.” 1．What problem does the text point out in the first paragraph? A．People are losing the ability of deep reading. B．Fragmented reading brings too much information. C．Social media is taking up too much of people’s time. D．Complex ideas are hard for people to understand now. 2．What does the underlined word “fragmented” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Long and complex. B．Broken into small pieces. C．Very interesting and attractive. D．About academic knowledge. 3．What is one of the benefits of deep reading according to the text? A．It helps people avoid stress in daily life. B．It improves people’s communication skills. C．It allows people to get information quickly. D．It helps people remember things better. 4．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph? A．To explain the importance of deep reading. B．To introduce the history of deep reading. C．To give advice on developing deep reading habits. D．To encourage people to read more books. 重难·创新演练 设题创新: 青少年中日益普遍的拟社会关系(T1) 防洪(T2); 锚定效应(T3); 社交和幸福感(T4)；城市野生动物数量与多样性增长(T5) 阅读理解记叙文 Passage 1 【新情境·青少年中日益普遍的拟社会关系】（2026·四川绵阳南山中学高三第六次教学质量检测）In recent years, a new type of relationship has become increasingly common among teenagers: parasocial (拟社会的) relationships. But what exactly are they? A parasocial relationship is a one-sided emotional connection where a person feels close to someone they have never met in real life, such as a social media influencer, a celebrity, or even an AI chatbot. Unlike real friendships, these relationships are not mutual — the other person has no idea the relationship exists. A study published in the Journal of Youth and adolescence surveyed 2,000 teenagers aged 15 to 18. It found that 65% of them reported having at least one parasocial relationship. Among these, 30% said they spent over three hours daily following their “idol” online, and 20% admitted feeling emotionally dependent on these figures. For example, some teens said they would feel sad if their favorite influencer didn’t post updates, or would seek comfort from AI chatbots when feeling lonely. There are both positive and negative sides to these relationships. On the one hand, parasocial relationships can provide emotional support. For teenagers who struggle with social anxiety or feel isolated, following someone they admire can help them feel less alone. Some influencers also act as role models, encouraging teens to pursue their dreams or adopt healthy habits. On the other hand, excessive engagement in parasocial relationships may harm real-life social skills. Teens who spend too much time online may have less practice interacting with people face-to-face, leading to difficulties in building and maintaining real friendships. Additionally, some teens may develop unrealistic expectations of relationships, as parasocial bonds often lack the complexity and conflicts of real human connections. Experts suggest that parents and teachers should guide teenagers to balance online and offline interactions. It’s important for teens to recognize that parasocial relationships are a form of entertainment or emotional escape, not a replacement for real friendships. By encouraging open communication and supporting teens in building real-life social networks, adults can help them develop healthy relationships. 1．What is a parasocial relationship according to the passage? A．A close bond between two teenagers who met online. B．A real-life friendship with a celebrity. C．An emotional connection with an AI chatbot who is unaware of it. D．A mutual relationship with a social media influencer. 2．What does the study in Journal of Youth and adolescence show? A．Most teenagers have no parasocial relationships. B．Parasocial relationships are harmful to all teenagers. C．20% of teens spend over three hours online daily. D．Many teens rely on media figures for emotional support. 3．What does the underlined word “isolated” in the third paragraph mean? A．devoted B．separated C．annoyed D．motivated 4．What do experts advise parents and teachers to do? A．Help teens balance their digital and in-person social lives. B．Encourage teens to replace real friends with online idols. C．Discourage teens from having any parasocial relationships. D．Ban teenagers from using social media. Passage 2 【新情境·防洪】（2026·浙江强基联盟3月高三下学期二模联考）Swindale Beck meanders (蜿蜒) through fields, farmland and valleys. However, not long ago, the river took a far more straight course. A healthy river should be winding, free flowing and filled with wildlife. The ideal river is “very dynamic, messy and chaotic”, says Glen Swainson, a manager of RSPB．In Britain, however, 97% of rivers are broken up by artificial barriers. And for centuries rivers have been slowly artificially straightened to stop water from flooding and spilling onto farmland and houses. But removing a river’s natural meanders has, in fact, achieved the opposite effect. Instead, it has disrupted the flow of rivers and destroyed water habitats, water quality and heightened flood risk. As the poor health of Europe’s rivers and streams continues to make news, communities are turning towards natural solutions to restore their rivers. According to Tom Hayek, a natural flood management specialist, adding meanders into rivers has two benefits — it changes both the volume and the speed of water. Firstly, it decreases what’s known as flow conveyance. “When the length of the river is increased, you spread water over a wider area. This allows more water to sit up in the headwaters.” The second impact is on speed. Put simply, the more structure you add to the shape of a river, the slower the water will move down it. If it’s straight, water will “fly” through, says Hayek. When the flow of water is slowed, it creates deeper pools for fish to gather and rest. With meanders added to Swindale Beck, the results were astonishing, says Annabel Rushton, a visitor experience manager. “Within three months of that river being re-wiggled, the salmon (鲑鱼) were spawning (产卵) in that one kilometre area for the first time in over150 years,” she says. Scientists have also noted an increase in fish gathering. Then, there were the knock-on effects. Water-loving plants returned, providing cover for young fish to feed and hide. 1．Why were many rivers in Britain artificially straightened in the past? A．To increase the natural flow of rivers. B．To improve water habitats for wildlife. C．To create barriers for flood management. D．To protect people and land from floods. 2．What problem may be caused by removing a river’s meanders? A．Lower water levels. B．Poorer farming land. C．Worse water quality. D．Drier wildlife habitats. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The benefits of adding meanders. B．The impacts of straightening rivers. C．The examples of controlling floods. D．The needs of increasing water speed. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Nature conservation is often a long game. B．Species co-exist and function as a whole. C．Eco-recovery can happen at a high speed. D．Bio-diversity relies on human intervention. Passage 3 【新情境·锚定效应】（2026·安徽省江南十校综合素质检测）The anchoring effect, a common mental tendency rooted in the study of how people make economic choices, refers to how people overly depend on the first piece of information, which is called the “anchor (锚)”, when making later judgments. This simple thinking strategy affects pricing negotiations, risk assessments, and even moral evaluations. For instance, jurors (陪审员) asked to consider a 30-year prison sentence before discussion often settle closer to this figure, while those given a 10-year reference tend to suggest much shorter punishments. The Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman threw light on this tendency via his “wheel of fortune” experiment. In the experiment, participants spun a wheel that was secretly set to stop at either 10 or 65. After spinning, they were asked to estimate the percentage of African nations in the UN. Interestingly, those who saw the wheel stop at 10 guessed around 25%, while those seeing 65 guessed about 45%. Even when people know the anchor is random, this unreasonable reliance still persists. The anchoring effect works in two main ways: the process of adjusting one’s thoughts step by step and the influence of early information on later thinking. When people try to guess a number, they often start with the anchor and then change their answer only a little — never enough to get away from the anchor’s influence. This fact becomes apparent in the field of marketing: labels marked with first prices serve as high anchors, which cause consumers to perceive the value of discounts as higher than their actual worth. Neurological (神经学上的) studies find that anchoring stimulates the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层) and the amygdala (杏仁核). This double activation explains why anchors influence both reasonable and emotional decisions. Yet the tendency has moral issues: lawyers demanding harsher initial sentences often secure longer sentences, while real estate agents controlling listing prices can artificially push up market values. To reduce it, people can set clear evaluation criteria and think carefully without focusing on original anchors, helping them make fairer, more reasonable choices. 1．Which of the following situations best illustrates the anchoring effect? A．A viewer likes a movie star and then enjoys all movies the star acts in. B．A buyer offers £600 for a handbag after the seller first says it costs £800. C．A student picks a book because its cover looks more attractive than others. D．A shopper buys a cheap scarf because it’s placed next to a luxury coat in the store. 2．Why do marketers usually display “original price” tags next to product prices? A．To prove that the original price was fixed in a reasonable way. B．To attract more customers by showing the product’s popularity. C．To show that the product’s quality matches its original high price perfectly well. D．To make consumers believe the discounts are more helpful than they really are. 3．Why does the author mention the prefrontal cortex and amygdala? A．To prove that the anchoring effect is an in-born mental tendency. B．To show that the anchoring effect can be controlled by adjusting brain activity. C．To explain that the anchoring effect shapes both sensible and emotional resolutions. D．To highlight the importance of neurological research in understanding mental phenomena. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To describe a specific experiment. B．To analyze a harmful influence. C．To discuss a moral phenomenon. D．To explain a mental tendency. Passage 4 【新情境·社交和幸福感】（2026·广东广州市天河区二模）You might be leaving some happiness on the table by doing your everyday activities all by yourself. Happiness, it seems, is not just a state of mind — it’s a shared enterprise. A new study has found that almost any activity, from the ordinary to the profound, becomes more enjoyable when done with others. Whether pumping gas, or cooking dinner, the company of another person appears to make life’s routines a little brighter. The study, published in Social Psychological and Personality Science, drew on data from more than 40,000 Americans who collectively reported over 100,000 daily activities. “Participants consistently rate every common daily activity as more enjoyable when they’re interacting with somebody else,” said Elizabeth Dunn, the study’s senior author. Even seasoned experts on social behavior were taken aback by the consistency of the findings. “I was surprised by the extent and extremity of the effects,” admitted Nicholas Epley, a behavioral scientist who was not involved in the research. Unsurprisingly, the biggest boosts were linked to activities already social by nature — eating, drinking, walking, running, and playing games. Yet even solitary (独自的) pursuits such as reading, or crafting also saw a happiness bump when shared. While in-person interactions provided the strongest benefits, even phone calls produced measurable mood improvements. Dunn notes that if it can’t be in-person, having some element of voice seems to be important. The study did not include personality data, leaving unanswered how individual characteristics might influence outcomes. Previous studies, however, suggest that social connection reliably enhances wellbeing across personality types. Researchers identify “undersociality” — the tendency to underestimate how warmly others will respond to social initiatives — as a primary barrier to seeking connection. The practical implications are clear; we should intentionally create more opportunities for social engagement. Simple strategies such as working alongside friends at coffee shops or conversing by phone while completing chores can transform ordinary activities into sources of joy. Ultimately, the research convincingly demonstrates that happiness arises not merely from what we do, but fundamentally from who we do it with. 1．How was the research mainly conducted? A．By analyzing massive activity reports. B．By conducting laboratory experiments. C．By comparing different personality types. D．By interviewing experts in social behavior. 2．What did the study find about social interactions? A．They require face-to-face communication. B．Their effects vary greatly among individuals. C．They enhance enjoyment of various activities. D．They bring greater joy in independent activities. 3．Why does the author mention previous studies in paragraph 4? A．To stress the limitation of the new study. B．To introduce a different research method. C．To provide supporting evidence for a claim. D．To question the findings of the new study. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Alone or Together: A Social Dilemma. B．Social Activities: Relationship Builder. C．Personality Differences: A Factor in Social Joy. D．Shared Moments: The Social Key to Happiness. Passage 5 【新情境·城市野生动物数量与多样性增长】（2026·浙江省温州市普通高中高三第一次适应性考试）Cities worldwide are witnessing a transformation in urban environments. Wildlife populations in cities are not only surviving but often surpassing those in rural areas. Urban bird populations in cities like Berlin have increased by over 40% in the past two decades. These aren’t just typical pigeons and sparrows, but hawks and owls, and even non-native species that have found urban environments surprisingly pleasant. The urban heat island effect, often seen as a negative consequence of city development, creates micro climates many species find irresistible. Warmer temperatures extend growing seasons, provide frost-free zones, and create diverse micro habitats within a single city block. Urban environments also offer abundant food resource. Raccoon in Toronto have learned some techniques to open garbage cans. The constant availability of food waste and reduced animal hunters in nature create what ecologists call “urban ecological release.” Urban wildlife’s boom (繁荣) not only reshapes ecosystems but brings health benefits to humans. Studies show people in areas with higher biodiversity experience lower rates of autoimmune diseases. Mental health benefits are equally impressive: urban residents who encounter wildlife report lower stress and improved mood. Yet this boom isn’t all positive. Urban animals are developing behaviour changes — increased aggression and interrupted migration routes. Disease spread is also critical as populations grow more crowded, threatening humans and animals alike. Forward-thinking cities are pioneering architectural innovations. Green roofs in Copenhagen aren’t just for beauty — they’re functioning ecosystems supporting plants, insects, and birds, cutting energy costs by up to 30%while providing paths for wildlife to move. Wildlife bridges like Ecoduct de Woeste Hoeve let over 5,000 deer cross highways safely, reducing wildlife-vehicle accidents by 80%. The future of urban wildlife coexistence is promising, driven by tech advances and public awareness — smart tech enables wildlife monitoring, and innovative designs create shared livable spaces. Emerging biotech may revolutionize management: genetic tools help study urban animal adaptation, aiding threatened species. The key is reimagining cities as integrated ecosystems. As urbanization grows, coexistence lessons grow more valuable. The question isn’t whether we can live alongside urban wildlife — it’s whether we dare to embrace the possibilities this partnership offers. 1．What can we know about urban wildlife from Paragraph 1? A．They have grown in diversity. B．They are mainly from rural areas. C．They have adapted to urban pollution. D．They tend to avoid human contact. 2．Why is “urban ecological release” mentioned? A．To present a new ecological concept. B．To stress the constant city development. C．To show the wildlife-friendliness of cities. D．To explain the reduced ecological harm. 3．What can the urban wildlife boom bring? A．Lowered rates of disease spread. B．An improved sense of well-being. C．Impressive migration routes of wildlife. D．Positive behavioural changes in wildlife. 4．What is crucial for urban wildlife coexistence? A．A slower pace of urbanization. B．Adjustment to existing ecosystems. C．Advanced biological technologies. D．An adaptive mindset of coexistence. 真题·实战演练 高频考点：文章分类主要考查problem--solution--result类研究报告，考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告，Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告，命题方法分类：主要考查推理判断，主旨大意，细节理解，部分猜测词义 1.（2026·北京卷）Smells are all around us. What we know as a scent (气味) is a collection of natural or artificial airborne chemicals released from objects. But smell is often overlooked and undervalued. So, as climate change and biodiversity loss threaten natural scents, many people may not even notice. Whether or not we pay attention to the world’s “scentscape”, heat and pollution are causing it to shift. As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment. “If you go to a forest, you have a given environment and temperature. If that temperature goes a little bit high, the profile of the chemical components in the air changes,” since temperature can affect the amount of smell-carrying gas particles (粒子) released from substances, explains John Smith, a chemical engineer. “And therefore, the perception of how the forest smells changes.” That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent. Warmer conditions can intensify smells, leading the snow to smell more unpleasant and potentially gather more pollutants. Climate change is also quickening the loss of biodiversity, threatening to erase certain smells entirely. When plants disappear, their scents become more difficult to produce. Some scents are linked to cultural heritage. A recent study reported that native communities in Peru noticed a change in the smell of the Amazon River due to industrial pollution. Over generations, communities became desensitised to increasingly smelly rivers, a sign of broader ecosystem degradation. At the same time, in some Amazonian belief systems, declining water quality and the unpleasant smells will lead to the dispersal (消散) of the river’s spiritual beings. The damage to the scentscape could result in harm to both health and spiritual practice. Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. If we don’t look at it, we lose all the richness behind it. 28．The author mentions snow in order to _____________. A．illustrate a point B．contrast approaches C．classify objects D．define a concept 29．What can we learn from this passage? A．Biodiversity tends to be overlooked. B．Snow is intensified by a warming climate. C．Forest smell is likely to be changed by perception. D．Disappearance of the Earth’s smells can be a cultural loss. 30．What is implied in this passage? A．Loss of smells can lead to natural disasters. B．Damages of scentscapes can be artificially repaired. C．Scents of the missing plants are preserved in the atmosphere. D．Smell changes of forest and snow share a common underlying cause. 2.【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 3.【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Climate change has been forgotten. B. Lessons of history are highly valued. C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 4.【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious， yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 6. What does Curtin’s company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 7. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 5.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. " "Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. " 8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US? A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 11. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- 6.【2022年北京卷】“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. 7.【2022年浙江卷6月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job. In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist. How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort. Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.” 7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show? A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable. C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result. 8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______. A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers 9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people. B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless. C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind. D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity. 10. What does the text seem to advocate? A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family. C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment. 8.【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. 9.【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 10.【2021年全国乙卷】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks. So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions. 32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space? A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise. C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions. 33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability? A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels. 34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people? A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space. C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions. 35. What can we infer about the author from the text? A. He’s a news reporter. B. He’s an office manager. C. He’s a professional designer. D. He’s a published writer. 11. 【2021年浙江卷1月】 At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day. Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent. The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport. The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机会）for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day. Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more. Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying. 4．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph? A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic. C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples. 5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity? A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems. C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns. 6．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile? A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit. C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better. 6 / 24网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇） 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：文章分类主要考查problem--solution--result类研究报告，考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告，Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告，命题方法分类：主要考查推理判断，主旨大意，细节理解，部分猜测词义 研究报告类说明文 1.考查problem--solution--result类研究报告 1.（2026届福建泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（一））In the global effort to fight climate change, scientists are exploring solutions in unexpected places — including the soil beneath our feet. A recent study published in Nature highlights a promising discovery: specific bacteria that can dramatically reduce agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas. Nitrous oxide, largely released from farm fields due to nitrogen fertiliser (肥料) use, is a major climate concern. According to co-author Professor Lars Bakken of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, the gas is 265 times more effective at warming the atmosphere than carbon dioxide and can remain in the air for over a century. To develop the solution, researchers grew the bacteria using organic waste. Building on past work, they looked for a microorganism that would reduce nitrous oxide emissions without staying in the soil for so long that it harmed other life forms important for crop health. The bacteria reduced emissions after a second fertiliser treatment by about half two weeks later. After three months, the makeup of microbial (微生物的) life was unchanged, suggesting the bacteria would not harm the soil. The bacteria, which are not genetically modified, occur naturally in anaerobic digesters — facilities that transform organic waste into biofuels. That might ease acceptance of their use, said Paul Carini of the University of Arizona, who was not involved in the research. Moreover, Bakken stated that this “opens up a number of new possibilities” for managing farmland. The bacteria could be added to fertilisers, offering a potential direct application for farmers. As Carini noted, using a waste product from one industrial process to benefit another is cost-effective. However, significant challenges remain before widespread use. Professor Lori Hoagland of Purdue University, an expert in the field, noted that soils vary globally, requiring more field testing to ensure effectiveness. More critically, farmers currently get no financial motivation to adopt such methods. Bakken argued that authorities must create policies to make emission reductions profitable. If these limitations can be addressed, this bacterial treatment could have a major impact on reducing agriculture’s contribution to climate change. 1．Why is nitrous oxide a major climate concern? A．It is released in larger amounts than CO2. B．It stays in the atmosphere for a very short time. C．It comes mainly from industrial production. D．It has a much stronger warming effect than CO2. 2．What did the researchers find? A．A way to help farmers increase fertiliser use. B．A bacterium that stays in the soil forever. C．A method to produce more biofuels from waste. D．A microbe that cuts N2O without harming soil. 3．Which aspect of the bacteria is mainly discussed in paragraph 4? A．Its potential benefits. B．Its working principle. C．Its producing process. D．Its research value. 4．What prevents the application of the finding? A．Shortage of necessary bacteria. B．Difficulty in large-scale testing. C．Lack of economic benefit for farmers. D．Uncertainty about its effect. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了特定细菌可减少农业一氧化二氮排放。 1．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“According to co-author Professor Lars Bakken of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, the gas is 265 times more effective at warming the atmosphere than carbon dioxide and can remain in the air for over a century.(据挪威生命科学大学的合著者Lars Bakken教授称，这种气体使大气变暖的效率是二氧化碳的265倍，并且可以在空气中停留一个多世纪)”可知，一氧化二氮是主要的气候问题是因为它比二氧化碳的变暖效应强得多。故选D。 2．细节理解题。 根据第三段中“To develop the solution, researchers grew the bacteria using organic waste. Building on past work, they looked for a microorganism that would reduce nitrous oxide emissions without staying in the soil for so long that it harmed other life forms important for crop health. The bacteria reduced emissions after a second fertiliser treatment by about half two weeks later. After three months, the makeup of microbial (微生物的) life was unchanged, suggesting the bacteria would not harm the soil.(为了开发解决方案，研究人员使用有机废物培养细菌。在以往工作的基础上，他们寻找一种微生物，这种微生物能够减少一氧化二氮的排放，而不会在土壤中停留太久，从而危害对作物健康重要的其他生命形式。两周后，第二次施肥处理后，细菌减少了约一半的排放。三个月后，微生物的组成没有变化，这表明细菌不会伤害土壤)”可知，研究人员发现了一种能减少一氧化二氮排放且不伤害土壤的微生物。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。 根据第四段中“The bacteria, which are not genetically modified, occur naturally in anaerobic digesters — facilities that transform organic waste into biofuels. That might ease acceptance of their use, said Paul Carini of the University of Arizona, who was not involved in the research. Moreover, Bakken stated that this “opens up a number of new possibilities” for managing farmland. The bacteria could be added to fertilisers, offering a potential direct application for farmers. As Carini noted, using a waste product from one industrial process to benefit another is cost-effective.(这些细菌没有经过基因改造，自然存在于厌氧消化器中，厌氧消化器是将有机废物转化为生物燃料的设施。亚利桑那大学的Paul Carini没有参与这项研究，他说，这可能会让人们更容易接受它们的使用。此外，Bakken表示，这为农田管理“开辟了许多新的可能性”。这种细菌可以添加到肥料中，为农民提供潜在的直接应用。正如Carini所指出的，利用一个工业过程的废物产品来造福另一个工业过程是具有成本效益的)”可知，第四段主要讨论了这种细菌的潜在好处。故选A。 4．细节理解题。 根据最后一段中“More critically, farmers currently get no financial motivation to adopt such methods.(更关键的是，农民目前没有采用这种方法的经济动力)”可知，缺乏对农民的经济利益阻碍了这一发现的应用。故选C。 2.（2026·山东菏泽市一模）Modern society relies heavily on refrigeration technology, from preserving food to cooling data centers. However, widely used vapor-compression (蒸汽压缩) cooling consumes vast amounts of electricity and generates 7.8 percent of the country’s carbon emissions (排放). Solid-state cooling has been considered cleaner, but the solid materials struggle with heat transmission efficiency, restricting their practical use in large-scale applications. The research team, led by Li Bing, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Metal Research, discovered a way to bypass this limitation by integrating solid cooling effects with liquid flow. In their study, they observed ammonium thiocyanate, a widely-used industrial salt, absorbs massive amounts of heat when it dissolves (溶解) in water. By applying pressure, the process goes backward, separating the salt out and releasing a large amount of heat. This two-way cycle enables continuous cooling as pressure is applied and released in turn, making it an ideal one for refrigeration systems. “Unlike traditional cooling methods, the approach integrates the cooling material and heat-carrying material into a single liquid, facilitating heat conductivity.” Li said. This approach solves what scientists described as the “impossible triangle”, achieving low emissions, high cooling power, and efficient heat transmission all at once. Laboratory experiments demonstrated excellent results. At room temperature, the method achieved a temperature drop of nearly 30℃ in just 20 seconds, while at higher temperatures the cooling reached as high as 54℃, far exceeding that of existing methods. Another experiment proved the process’ stability and instant response to pressure changes — key requirements for practical refrigeration systems. Li emphasized that this technology lays foundation for the commercialization of powerful, zero-emission refrigeration systems for industrial and home use, especially the next-generation artificial intelligence computing centers. He added, however, further efforts are needed for practical application, such as breakthroughs in engineering pressure-tuned changes. 1．What is one problem of traditional cooling systems? A．They consume much energy. B．They’re used in small scale. C．They depend on solid materials. D．They have low cooling efficiency. 2．What plays a key role in solving the “impossible triangle”? A．The solid-state materials. B．The two-way liquid cycle. C．The pressure-tuned changes. D．The traditional cooling method. 3．What is the purpose of listing the data in paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the principle of solid cooling. B．To explain the need for low carbon emission. C．To show impressive effects of the new method. D．To compare the differences of two experiments. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Salt-based Methods Work Wonders B．Traditional Cooling Meets its Limits C．A Report on Eco-refrigeration Industry D．A Breakthrough in Cooling Technology 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项突破性的冷却技术。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, widely used vapor-compression cooling consumes vast amounts of electricity and generates 7.8 percent of the country’s carbon emissions.(然而，广泛使用的蒸汽压缩冷却消耗大量电力，并产生全国7.8%的碳排放。)”可知，传统冷却系统的一个问题是它们消耗大量能源。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This two-way cycle enables continuous cooling as pressure is applied and released in turn, making it an ideal one for refrigeration systems.(这种双向循环使压力在交替应用和释放时能够持续冷却，使其成为制冷系统的理想选择。)”和“This approach solves what scientists described as the “impossible triangle”, achieving low emissions, high cooling power, and efficient heat transmission all at once.(这种方法解决了科学家们所说的“不可能三角”，即同时实现低排放、高冷却能力和高效热传导。)”可知，解决“不可能三角”的关键是双向液体循环。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Laboratory experiments demonstrated excellent results. At room temperature, the method achieved a temperature drop of nearly 30℃ in just 20 seconds, while at higher temperatures the cooling reached as high as 54℃, far exceeding that of existing methods. Another experiment proved the process’ stability and instant response to pressure changes — key requirements for practical refrigeration systems.(实验室实验取得了优异的结果。在室温下，该方法在20秒内实现了近30℃的降温，而在较高温度下，降温幅度高达54℃，远远超过了现有方法。另一个实验证明了该过程的稳定性和对压力变化的即时响应——这是实际制冷系统的关键要求。)”可知，列出这些数据是为了展示新方法的显著效果。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The research team, led by Li Bing, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Metal Research, discovered a way to bypass this limitation by integrating solid cooling effects with liquid flow.(由中国科学院金属研究所教授卢磊领导的研究团队发现了一种方法，通过将固态冷却效应与液体流动相结合，绕过了这一限制。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项突破性的冷却技术，该技术通过整合固体冷却效应和液体流动，解决了传统冷却方法中高能耗、高碳排放以及固体材料热传导效率低的问题，实现了低排放、高冷却能力和高效热传导的“不可能三角”，因此选项D“冷却技术的突破”最符合文章主旨，可作为文章标题。故选D。 2.考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告 1.（2026·广东汕头市普通高考第一次模拟）When danger approaches, animals seem to follow the ancient proverb: “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Researchers have found subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in cooperative defense. A study in Nature Ecology & Evolution reported that over 20 bird species across four continents make nearly identical high-pitched (高音调的) “whining” calls to warn others of birds like cuckoos nearby. Cuckoos are brood parasites — they lay eggs in other birds’ nests, often pushing out the hosts’ own eggs, to trick host birds into raising their chicks. According to co-lead author James Kennerley, this call works as the word for “cuckoo” and appears to be understood across species, offering clues about how language may have originated. Birds producing this alarm call often live in regions with high numbers of brood parasites that target multiple host species. Hearing the call, potential hosts react aggressively to drive the invaders away. To investigate further, Will Feeney’s team played recordings of such alarm calls — originally from birds on other continents — to potential host birds in Australia and China. They found that the hosts responded just as quickly to foreign alarm calls as to their own. “This indicates that sound helps communication between species, not only within one species,” explains Feeney. He suggests that while many bird species may respond to certain alarm sounds, those in parasite-rich areas have adapted the call to carry clear threat information. Back in 1871, Charles Darwin suggested that spoken language might have evolved from the imitation and modification of instinctive (本能的) sounds — for example, a scream in response to pain. Feeney notes, “Birds changing their built-in calls for a new use could be an early stage toward language, something once thought uniquely human. ” 1．How can animals of different species cooperate in defense? A．By communicating freely. B．By predicting danger in advance. C．By following the old routine. D．By making the same sound as signal. 2．Why do birds make “whining” calls to warn others of cuckoos? A．Because cuckoos are good at playing tricks. B．Because cuckoos steal eggs from hosts’ nests. C．Because cuckoos have a wide range of species. D．Because cuckoos make hosts care for their young. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Birds universally recognize alarm calls. B．Birds ignore recordings of alarm calls. C．Birds’ alarm calls function within species. D．Brood parasites target certain host species. 4．Why does the author mention Darwin in paragraph 5? A．To show language is still evolving. B．To prove human language is unique. C．To link bird calls with language origin. D．To question the reliability of the study. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究发现动物在面临危险时会与其他物种合作防御，如鸟类会发出几乎相同的高音调“呜呜”叫声来警告附近有像杜鹃这样的敌人，不同地区的鸟类对这种警报声都有快速反应，这一现象还与语言起源相关。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A study in Nature Ecology & Evolution reported that over 20 bird species across four continents make nearly identical high - pitched (高音调的) “whining” calls to warn others of birds like cuckoos nearby.(《自然·生态与进化》杂志上的一项研究报告称，四大洲的20多种鸟类会发出几乎相同的高音调“呜呜”叫声，以警告附近有像杜鹃这样的鸟类)”以及第四段“He suggests that while many bird species may respond to certain alarm sounds, those in parasite-rich areas have adapted the call to carry clear threat information.(他指出，虽然许多鸟类可能会对某些警报声做出反应，但那些生活在寄生鸟类丰富地区的鸟类已经调整了叫声，使其携带明确的威胁信息)”可知，不同物种的动物可以通过发出相同的声音作为信号来进行合作防御。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cuckoos are brood parasites— they lay eggs in other birds’nests, often pushing out the hosts’own eggs, to trick host birds into raising their chicks.(杜鹃是巢寄生鸟类——它们在其他鸟类的巢中产卵，常常把宿主自己的蛋推出去，诱骗宿主鸟类养育它们的雏鸟)”可知，鸟类发出“呜呜”叫声警告杜鹃，是因为杜鹃会诱骗宿主鸟类照顾自己的幼鸟。故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“To investigate further, Will Feeney’s team played recordings of such alarm calls — originally from birds on other continents— to potential host birds in Australia and China. They found that the hosts responded just as quickly to foreign alarm calls as to their own.(为了进一步研究，威尔·费尼的团队向澳大利亚和中国的潜在宿主鸟类播放了这种最初来自其他大陆鸟类的警报叫声录音。他们发现，宿主对外国警报叫声的反应和对自己同类的警报叫声一样迅速)”可知，鸟类普遍能识别警报叫声。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Back in 1871, Charles Darwin suggested that spoken language might have evolved from the imitation and modification of instinctive (本能的) sounds — for example, a scream in response to pain. Feeney notes, “Birds changing their built-in calls for a new use could be an early stage toward language, something once thought uniquely human.”(早在1871年，查尔斯·达尔文就提出，口语可能是从对本能声音的模仿和修改演变而来的——例如，对疼痛的尖叫。费尼指出：“鸟类改变其固有叫声以用于新用途，这可能是语言发展的早期阶段，而这曾被认为是人类独有的”)”可知，作者提到达尔文是为了将鸟类叫声与语言起源联系起来。故选C项。 2.（2026·吉林省G35 联合体第一次模拟）Tool use has long been observed in animals like primates, birds, and elephants. However, documented examples among sea creatures are far rarer. A surprising discovery has now revealed that an endangered population of killer whales, known as the southern residents, regularly uses tools for social grooming (梳理), demonstrating a behavior never before seen in ocean animals. This finding was made by a research team conducting aerial observations of these whales in the Salish Sea between British Columbia and Washington. The southern resident killer whales are a critically endangered and culturally distinct population with fewer than 80 individuals remaining. Using drones (无人机), the team observed the whales breaking off pieces of bull kelp (巨藻) to create tools. They would then press the kelp against a partner and roll it between their bodies for extended periods of time. This activity appears to be a form of social grooming. The behavior was widespread, observed across all age groups, both sexes, and different social units within the population. The study further revealed that the whales were more likely to groom close relatives or partners of a similar age. Researchers also noted that individuals with more molting or dead skin seemed more likely to participate, suggesting the behavior may serve a cleaning function by helping to remove dead skin. What makes this discovery particularly remarkable is that this behavior hadn’t been discovered despite nearly five decades of intensive study of this specific whale population. The lead researcher highlighted that this underscores not only the power of new observation technologies like drones but also how much there is still to learn about these complex animals. While it is unclear if this grooming behavior is unique to this group or exists in other whale populations, the discovery significantly expands our understanding of tool use in the sea. It shows that tools can be used for social and cleaning purposes, not just for finding food. Ultimately, this finding adds a new layer to our appreciation of the southern residents’ unique society and culture, emphasizing the critical importance of ongoing conservation efforts for this endangered population. 1．What is the feature of killer whales? A．They have a small population. B．They rarely engage in social interactions. C．They are increasing in number. D．They are spread across the world’s oceans. 2．What can be concluded about the whales’ kelp-grooming behavior? A．It is learned from humans. B．It is found in every whale population. C．It has a practical function. D．It exists mainly among adult whales. 3．What will the research probably lead to? A．Less attention to whale study. B．More exploration of sea animals. C．Stopping the protection of bull kelp. D．Ignoring other whale groups. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Bull Kelp: Whales’ Favorite Food. B．Killer Whales: Unusual Tool Users. C．Drones: Best Tools for Sea Study. D．Endangered Whales: Eating Habits. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科研人员通过无人机发现濒危南方居留型虎鲸会用巨藻作为工具进行社交梳理，拓展了人类对海洋动物使用工具的认知。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The southern resident killer whales are a critically endangered and culturally distinct population with fewer than 80 individuals remaining.(南方居留型虎鲸是极度濒危且具有独特文化的种群，现存数量不足80只。)”可知，这种虎鲸的特点是种群数量很少。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Researchers also noted that individuals with more molting or dead skin seemed more likely to participate, suggesting the behavior may serve a cleaning function by helping to remove dead skin.(研究人员还指出，蜕皮或死皮较多的个体似乎更倾向于参与这种行为，这表明该行为可能通过帮助去除死皮来起到清洁作用。)”可知，虎鲸用巨藻梳理的行为具有实际的功能。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The lead researcher highlighted that this underscores not only the power of new observation technologies like drones but also how much there is still to learn about these complex animals. (首席研究员强调，这不仅凸显了无人机等新型观测技术的强大作用，也表明我们对这些复杂动物仍有许多未知有待探索。)”可知，这项研究可能会促使人们对海洋动物进行更多的探索。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“A surprising discovery has now revealed that an endangered population of killer whales, known as the southern residents, regularly uses tools for social grooming (梳理), demonstrating a behavior never before seen in ocean animals. (一项令人惊讶的发现表明，被称为南方居留型虎鲸的濒危种群会经常使用工具进行社交梳理，展现出一种海洋动物中前所未见的行为。)”可知，文章主要介绍虎鲸不同寻常的使用工具的行为，由此可知，“虎鲸：不同寻常的工具使用者”可以概括文章主题，最适合作为标题。故选B项。 3.考查Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告 1.（2026届山东滨州市高三一模）Over the last 1,400 years, populations of the Yangtze finless porpoise have dramatically declined in China. But intensive surveys of its range only span the last couple of decades, leaving lots of gaps in scientists’ knowledge of the species. In a creative blend of art and science, a new study uses historical poetry to chart the critically endangered animal’s population across the river it calls home. The finless porpoises once lived throughout the entire Yangtze River, which stretches from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea. Now, the only known freshwater porpoise in the world has fewer than 1,800 individuals left in the wild. The research team combed through databases of Chinese poetry to find references to the porpoise and map its past distribution. They found 724 poems that mentioned the animal, of which half noted where the porpoises were observed. Their findings were published in Current Biology. “Having access to past data allows us to detect when declines began and correlate those changes with potential threats like habitat destruction, climate change, overhunting, disease or the introduction of invasive species,” says lead author Zhang Yaoyao, an ecologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The poems suggest the porpoise’s range has decreased by 65% since the Tang dynasty. Most of that decline happened in the river’s tributaries and lakes, where the animal’s range has decreased by 91%. While the population decrease was mostly gradual, the sharpest decline has occurred over the past 100 years. That sudden drop aligns with human activities on the river, especially dam construction in the 1950s that blocked off the porpoise's movement to and from the river's main channel. The work highlights the connection between culture and science. “Poems are actually ancient citizen science, and many Chinese poets were ‘well-educated intellectuals’,” says Zhang. “These data are not perfect...But they do have a lot of information if you use them correctly.” This approach has potential for uncovering the pasts of other endangered species as well. Previously, scholars have used medieval and ancient texts to understand things like volcanic eruptions, auroras and unusual whales. 1．What challenge do scientists face in their research about the porpoise? A．Its population has dropped off dramatically. B．Locating its habitats is increasingly difficult. C．The long-term historical data are insufficient. D．Its population is hard to calculate precisely. 2．What mainly contributed to the dramatic fall of the porpoise’s populations? A．Poor resistance to diseases. B．Climate changes over time. C．Human impacts on its habitats. D．Competition with other species. 3．Why does the author mention “volcanic eruptions” in the last paragraph? A．To show major threats to endangered wildlife. B．To introduce challenges in ecological research. C．To reveal the wisdom of ancient Chinese poets. D．To prove the value of ancient texts in research. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Historical Poems: Records of Ancient Chinese Wildlife B．citizen Science: A New Approach to Protecting Animals C．The Yangtze Finless Porpoise: A Critically Endangered Species D．Ancient Poetry: A Creative Way to Study Endangered Porpoise 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究中国历史诗歌来追踪长江江豚的种群变化，揭示了其数量大幅下降的原因，并强调了这种跨学科研究方法的创新性和潜在应用价值。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But intensive surveys of its range only span the last couple of decades, leaving lots of gaps in scientists' knowledge of the species. (但对其活动范围的密集调查仅覆盖了过去几十年，科学家对该物种的了解存在许多空白)”可知，科学家在研究长江江豚时面临的主要挑战是长期历史数据的不足。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“That sudden drop aligns with human activities on the river, especially dam construction in the 1950s that blocked off the porpoise's movement to and from the river's main channel. (这一突然下降与河流上的人类活动相吻合，特别是20世纪50年代的水坝建设，阻碍了江豚进出主河道的活动)”可知，人类活动对江豚栖息地的影响是导致其数量急剧下降的主要原因。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This approach has potential for uncovering the pasts of other endangered species as well. Previously, scholars have used medieval and ancient texts to understand things like volcanic eruptions, auroras and unusual whales. (这种方法也有可能揭示其他濒危物种的过去。此前，学者们曾利用中世纪和古代文献来了解火山爆发、极光和异常鲸鱼等现象)”可推知，作者提到“火山爆发”是为了证明古代文献在研究中的价值，说明这种方法不仅适用于江豚，还可以用于其他领域的研究。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a creative blend of art and science, a new study uses historical poetry to chart the critically endangered animal's population across the river it calls home. (在一项艺术与科学的创造性结合中，一项新的研究利用历史诗歌来描绘这种极度濒危动物在其家园河流中的种群分布)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究中国历史诗歌来追踪长江江豚的种群变化，揭示了其数量大幅下降的原因，并强调了这种跨学科研究方法的创新性和潜在应用价值。由此可知，D项“Ancient Poetry: A Creative Way to Study Endangered Porpoise (古诗：研究濒危江豚的一种创造性方法)”最符合文章主旨，适合作标题。故选D项。 2.（2026·河北承德市强基联盟高三一模）A few weeks ago, an article by Nathan Heller in The New Yorker indicated “the end of the English major”, examining the trend of declining English department nationwide and the cultural factors that lead students away from spending four years with the passion for Dickens and Shakespeare. Like every other humanities-lover on a college campus that day, I was swept away in the mass panic. My major was, according to a reputable English-major-loved publication, dead. Heller focused on Arizona State University (ASU) and Harvard University, large “indicators”(higher education. I initially thought he ignored small liberal arts (文科) colleges, assuming English major were safe at Allegheny College, where students supposedly came for the love of learning, not for middle management when they graduate. But data ruined this hope: Allegheny had 84 English majors (9% of all majors) in the spring semester of 2003, but just 20 (2.5%) now — a 72% drop in about 20 years matching the national trend. Allegheny’s website fuels optimism, asking, “Why put your mind to just one thing?” and define itself as a “safe place of learning”, unlike ASU, which sees degrees as career stepping stones, or Harvard where, according to Heller, even an “unusual major” finds work. Yet campus reality in Allegheny differs Students get locked into majors early, “mind over major” loses to closed-off departments, and English majors fear unemployment, thinking they wasted time and money. We need to reject the campus “disease”, Heller noted — pressuring students to choose “safeguard paths and dismissing humanities as “hobby-based”. The well-known author Kurt Vonnegut reminded you that the arts may not be the best way to “make a living” but “make life more bearable” and “make soul grow”. Not everybody can or should pursue a degree in chemistry, but it is increasingly clear to me that everybody would benefit from spending 20 credit hours reading, thinking about and discussing literature. While English majors may decline, their lessons live on. As the novelist Jonathan Lethem wrote, “Time change and men adapt.” Between “too bad” and “worst”, we can do better. 1．What phenomenon did Heller point out about English literature? A．Students’ fading love for it. B．Its limited research visions. C．Students’ confusion about it. D．Its declining literary works. 2．Why did the author’s hope for Allegheny College fade? A．It closed most liberal arts majors. B．It valued career training more. C．It admitted fewer English majors. D．It cared less about students’ likes. 3．What can be inferred from Allegheny’s website? A．It tried to learn from Harvard. B．It didn’t match its real situation. C．It failed to ensure students’ safety. D．It didn’t promote critical thinking. 4．What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A．Students should plan a unique life journey. B．Schools must make English more inviting. C．Students need to stick to their own purposes. D．Schools ought to look beyond practical values. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了Heller在文章中指出全国英语专业衰落，作者以Allegheny学院为例印证此趋势，批判功利化校园风气，强调人文学科的价值。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A few weeks ago, an article by Nathan Heller in The New Yorker indicated “the end of the English major”, examining the trend of declining English department nationwide and the cultural factors that lead students away from spending four years with the passion for Dickens and Shakespeare.(几周前，《纽约客》杂志上纳森·赫勒的一篇文章指出“英语专业即将终结”，该文章探讨了全美范围内英语系招生人数不断减少的趋势，以及导致学生不再花四年时间专注于研究狄更斯和莎士比亚作品的文化因素)”可知，赫勒指出学生们对英语文学的喜爱逐渐减退。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“But data ruined this hope: Allegheny had 84 English majors (9% of all majors) in the spring semester of 2003, but just 20 (2.5%) now — a 72% drop in about 20 years matching the national trend.(但数据却打破了这一希望：2003年春季学期，阿勒格尼学院有84名英语专业学生（占所有专业学生的9%），而如今仅有20名（占2.5%）——在大约20年的时间里，这一数字下降了72%，与全国的趋势相符)”可知，作者对阿勒格尼学院的期望未能实现是因为该学院招收的英语专业学生减少了。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Allegheny’s website fuels optimism, asking, “Why put your mind to just one thing?” and define itself as a “safe place of learning”, unlike ASU, which sees degrees as career stepping stones, or Harvard where, according to Heller, even an “unusual major” finds work. Yet campus reality in Allegheny differs Students get locked into majors early, “mind over major” loses to closed-off departments, and English majors fear unemployment, thinking they wasted time and money.(阿勒格尼学院的网站激发了人们的乐观情绪，上面问道：“为何要将心思仅集中在一件事上呢？”并宣称自己是一个“安全的学习之地”，这与亚利桑那州立大学不同，后者将学位视为职业发展的阶梯，而哈佛大学则认为，即便是“与众不同的专业”也能找到工作。然而，阿勒格尼学院的校园实际情况却与此不同。学生们很早就被限制在了某个专业里，“思想（兴趣）凌驾于专业之上”的理念在封闭的院系面前败下阵来，而英语专业的学生则担心失业，认为自己浪费了时间和金钱)”可知，官网与实际不符。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We need to reject the campus “disease”, Heller noted — pressuring students to choose “safeguard paths and dismissing humanities as “hobby-based”. The well-known author Kurt Vonnegut reminded you that the arts may not be the best way to “make a living” but “make life more bearable” and “make soul grow”. Not everybody can or should pursue a degree in chemistry, but it is increasingly clear to me that everybody would benefit from spending 20 credit hours reading, thinking about and discussing literature.(赫勒指出，我们需要摒弃校园里的这种“弊病”——迫使学生选择“稳妥的道路”，并将人文科学视为“纯粹的爱好”。著名作家库尔特·冯内古特提醒大家，艺术或许并非“谋生的最佳途径”，但它能“让生活更容易忍受”、能“让灵魂成长”。并非每个人都能或者都应该攻读化学学位，但在我看来，每个人都从花 20 个学分时间阅读、思考和讨论文学作品中受益)”可知，作者在最后一段倡导的是学校应当超越实用价值的范畴。故选D。 3.（2026届湖南张家界市高三二模）In the age of short videos and social media, most of us are used to reading in small pieces: a 15-second video introduction, a 100-word post, a 3-line news headline. We can get information quickly and easily, but many people are losing the ability to do deep reading — the slow, focused reading of a long text, which helps us understand complex ideas, think critically and develop empathy (共情). A 2025 study by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences found that over 68% of young people aged 18-35 read less than one complete book a year, and most of their daily reading time is spent on fragmented content on social media. “Deep reading is not just about finishing a book. It’s about engaging with the text, questioning the writer’s ideas, connecting what you read with your own experience, and forming your own opinions,” said Professor Zhang Wei, a literature expert from Peking University. “When we read in fragments, we only get the surface information, but we can’t develop the ability to think deeply about complex problems.” Many people may think that deep reading is a waste of time in this fast-paced society, but it actually brings many long-term benefits. Studies have shown that deep reading can improve our concentration, reduce stress, and develop our emotional intelligence. When we read a novel, for example, we put ourselves in the characters’ shoes, experience their feelings, and learn to understand different points of view. This helps us develop empathy and communicate better with others in real life. So how can we get back the habit of deep reading? Professor Zhang gives some simple tips. First, start with a book you are really interested in, not a book that others say you “should” read. Second, set a small daily goal, like reading 20 pages a day, and stick to it. Third, turn off your phone and other electronic devices when you read, so you can focus without distraction. “Deep reading is like a muscle. The more you practice it, the stronger it gets,” said Professor Zhang. “In a world full of noise and distraction, the ability to focus and think deeply is the most valuable skill we can have.” 1．What problem does the text point out in the first paragraph? A．People are losing the ability of deep reading. B．Fragmented reading brings too much information. C．Social media is taking up too much of people’s time. D．Complex ideas are hard for people to understand now. 2．What does the underlined word “fragmented” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Long and complex. B．Broken into small pieces. C．Very interesting and attractive. D．About academic knowledge. 3．What is one of the benefits of deep reading according to the text? A．It helps people avoid stress in daily life. B．It improves people’s communication skills. C．It allows people to get information quickly. D．It helps people remember things better. 4．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph? A．To explain the importance of deep reading. B．To introduce the history of deep reading. C．To give advice on developing deep reading habits. D．To encourage people to read more books. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【解析】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述当下人们普遍习惯碎片化的小块阅读，正在丧失深度阅读的能力，接着点明深度阅读有诸多长期益处，最后针对如何重新养成深度阅读习惯给出了三条实用建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We can get information quickly and easily, but many people are losing the ability to do deep reading — the slow, focused reading of a long text, which helps us understand complex ideas, think critically and develop empathy (共情).(我们能够快速、轻松地获取信息，但许多人正在丧失深度阅读的能力——那种缓慢、专注地阅读长篇文字的能力，这种阅读方式能帮助我们理解复杂的思想、进行批判性思考并培养共情能力)”可知，第一段指出的问题是人们正在丧失深度阅读的能力，故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“In the age of short videos and social media, most of us are used to reading in small pieces: a 15-second video introduction, a 100-word post, a 3-line news headline.(在短视频和社交媒体盛行的时代，我们大多数人已经习惯了碎片化的阅读方式：15 秒的视频介绍、100 字的帖子、3 行的新闻标题)”和第二段中“over 68% of young people aged 18-35 read less than one complete book a year(18 至 35 岁的年轻人中，超过 68%的人每年阅读的完整书籍少于一本)”可知，上文提到现在人们习惯碎片化阅读，此处对应社交媒体上拆分的零散内容，前文又提到每年阅读的完整书籍少于一本，因此此处指“他们每天的阅读时间大多花在社交媒体上的碎片化内容上”，fragmented意为“被拆成小块的、碎片化的”，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When we read a novel, for example, we put ourselves in the characters’ shoes, experience their feelings, and learn to understand different points of view. This helps us develop empathy and communicate better with others in real life.(例如，当我们阅读一部小说时，我们会设身处地地站在角色的角度去思考，体验他们的感受，并学会理解不同的观点。这有助于我们培养同理心，并在现实生活中更好地与他人交流)”可知，深度阅读的一个好处是提高沟通能力，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容，结合“So how can we get back the habit of deep reading? Professor Zhang gives some simple tips.(那么，我们怎样才能重新养成深度阅读的习惯呢？张教授给出了几个简单的建议)”可知，最后一段的主要目的是给出培养深度阅读习惯的建议，故选C。 重难·创新演练 设题创新: 青少年中日益普遍的拟社会关系(T1) 防洪(T2); 锚定效应(T3); 社交和幸福感(T4)；城市野生动物数量与多样性增长(T5) 阅读理解记叙文 Passage 1 【新情境·青少年中日益普遍的拟社会关系】（2026·四川绵阳南山中学高三第六次教学质量检测）In recent years, a new type of relationship has become increasingly common among teenagers: parasocial (拟社会的) relationships. But what exactly are they? A parasocial relationship is a one-sided emotional connection where a person feels close to someone they have never met in real life, such as a social media influencer, a celebrity, or even an AI chatbot. Unlike real friendships, these relationships are not mutual — the other person has no idea the relationship exists. A study published in the Journal of Youth and adolescence surveyed 2,000 teenagers aged 15 to 18. It found that 65% of them reported having at least one parasocial relationship. Among these, 30% said they spent over three hours daily following their “idol” online, and 20% admitted feeling emotionally dependent on these figures. For example, some teens said they would feel sad if their favorite influencer didn’t post updates, or would seek comfort from AI chatbots when feeling lonely. There are both positive and negative sides to these relationships. On the one hand, parasocial relationships can provide emotional support. For teenagers who struggle with social anxiety or feel isolated, following someone they admire can help them feel less alone. Some influencers also act as role models, encouraging teens to pursue their dreams or adopt healthy habits. On the other hand, excessive engagement in parasocial relationships may harm real-life social skills. Teens who spend too much time online may have less practice interacting with people face-to-face, leading to difficulties in building and maintaining real friendships. Additionally, some teens may develop unrealistic expectations of relationships, as parasocial bonds often lack the complexity and conflicts of real human connections. Experts suggest that parents and teachers should guide teenagers to balance online and offline interactions. It’s important for teens to recognize that parasocial relationships are a form of entertainment or emotional escape, not a replacement for real friendships. By encouraging open communication and supporting teens in building real-life social networks, adults can help them develop healthy relationships. 1．What is a parasocial relationship according to the passage? A．A close bond between two teenagers who met online. B．A real-life friendship with a celebrity. C．An emotional connection with an AI chatbot who is unaware of it. D．A mutual relationship with a social media influencer. 2．What does the study in Journal of Youth and adolescence show? A．Most teenagers have no parasocial relationships. B．Parasocial relationships are harmful to all teenagers. C．20% of teens spend over three hours online daily. D．Many teens rely on media figures for emotional support. 3．What does the underlined word “isolated” in the third paragraph mean? A．devoted B．separated C．annoyed D．motivated 4．What do experts advise parents and teachers to do? A．Help teens balance their digital and in-person social lives. B．Encourage teens to replace real friends with online idols. C．Discourage teens from having any parasocial relationships. D．Ban teenagers from using social media. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了青少年中日益普遍的拟社会关系，定义了其概念、相关研究数据、正反两方面影响，并给出了专家建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A parasocial relationship is a one-sided emotional connection where a person feels close to someone they have never met in real life, such as a social media influencer, a celebrity, or even an AI chatbot. Unlike real friendships, these relationships are not mutual — the other person has no idea the relationship exists. (拟社会关系是一种单方面的情感联结，一个人会与现实中从未见过的人产生亲近感，比如社交媒体网红、名人，甚至是人工智能聊天机器人。与真正的友谊不同，这种关系并非相互的，对方并不知道这段关系的存在)”可知，拟社会关系是与对方并不知晓的人工智能聊天机器人之间的情感联结。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It found that 65% of them reported having at least one parasocial relationship. Among these, 30% said they spent over three hours daily following their ‘idol’ online, and 20% admitted feeling emotionally dependent on these figures.(研究发现65%的青少年表示至少拥有一段拟社会关系。其中30%的人每天花三个小时以上在网上关注他们的‘偶像’，20%的人承认在情感上依赖这些人物)”可知，许多青少年会依赖公众人物获得情感支持。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“For teenagers who struggle with social anxiety or feel isolated, following someone they admire can help them feel less alone.(对于那些有社交焦虑或感到isolated的青少年来说，关注自己欣赏的人可以帮助他们减少孤独感)”可知，“isolated”和后文“alone”语义一致，意为“孤独的、孤立的”，与“separated”意思相近。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Experts suggest that parents and teachers should guide teenagers to balance online and offline interactions.(专家建议家长和老师应该引导青少年平衡线上和线下的交往)”可知，专家建议帮助青少年平衡网络社交和现实社交生活。故选A。 Passage 2 【新情境·防洪】（2026·浙江强基联盟3月高三下学期二模联考）Swindale Beck meanders (蜿蜒) through fields, farmland and valleys. However, not long ago, the river took a far more straight course. A healthy river should be winding, free flowing and filled with wildlife. The ideal river is “very dynamic, messy and chaotic”, says Glen Swainson, a manager of RSPB．In Britain, however, 97% of rivers are broken up by artificial barriers. And for centuries rivers have been slowly artificially straightened to stop water from flooding and spilling onto farmland and houses. But removing a river’s natural meanders has, in fact, achieved the opposite effect. Instead, it has disrupted the flow of rivers and destroyed water habitats, water quality and heightened flood risk. As the poor health of Europe’s rivers and streams continues to make news, communities are turning towards natural solutions to restore their rivers. According to Tom Hayek, a natural flood management specialist, adding meanders into rivers has two benefits — it changes both the volume and the speed of water. Firstly, it decreases what’s known as flow conveyance. “When the length of the river is increased, you spread water over a wider area. This allows more water to sit up in the headwaters.” The second impact is on speed. Put simply, the more structure you add to the shape of a river, the slower the water will move down it. If it’s straight, water will “fly” through, says Hayek. When the flow of water is slowed, it creates deeper pools for fish to gather and rest. With meanders added to Swindale Beck, the results were astonishing, says Annabel Rushton, a visitor experience manager. “Within three months of that river being re-wiggled, the salmon (鲑鱼) were spawning (产卵) in that one kilometre area for the first time in over150 years,” she says. Scientists have also noted an increase in fish gathering. Then, there were the knock-on effects. Water-loving plants returned, providing cover for young fish to feed and hide. 1．Why were many rivers in Britain artificially straightened in the past? A．To increase the natural flow of rivers. B．To improve water habitats for wildlife. C．To create barriers for flood management. D．To protect people and land from floods. 2．What problem may be caused by removing a river’s meanders? A．Lower water levels. B．Poorer farming land. C．Worse water quality. D．Drier wildlife habitats. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The benefits of adding meanders. B．The impacts of straightening rivers. C．The examples of controlling floods. D．The needs of increasing water speed. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Nature conservation is often a long game. B．Species co-exist and function as a whole. C．Eco-recovery can happen at a high speed. D．Bio-diversity relies on human intervention. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述英国很多河流被截弯取直以防止洪水泛滥，事实上，这反而产生了相反的效果，专家指出恢复河流弯道具有生态与防洪效益。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“And for centuries rivers have been slowly artificially straightened to stop water from flooding and spilling onto farmland and houses.(而且数百年来，河流一直被人为地逐渐拉直，以防止洪水泛滥并避免水流溢出农田和房屋)”可知，河流被人工拉直是为了保护农田和人员免受洪水侵害。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Instead, it has disrupted the flow of rivers and destroyed water habitats, water quality and heightened flood risk.(相反，这破坏了河流的流动并破坏了水生生物的栖息地、水质，并增加了洪水风险)”可知，这样做使得水质变差。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，结合首句“According to Tom Hayek, a natural flood management specialist, adding meanders into rivers has two benefits — it changes both the volume and the speed of water.(据自然洪水管理专家Tom Hayek称，在河流中增加弯道有两个好处——它既能改变水流的量，也能改变水流的速度)”可知，该段主要通过专家之口解释了增加河流弯道如何通过物理机制降低流速并减少洪灾风险，旨在说明增加弯道带来的积极影响，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With meanders added to Swindale Beck, the results were astonishing, says Annabel Rushton, a visitor experience manager. “Within three months of that river being re-wiggled, the salmon (鲑鱼) were spawning (产卵) in that one kilometre area for the first time in over150 years,” she says. Scientists have also noted an increase in fish gathering. Then, there were the knock-on effects. Water-loving plants returned, providing cover for young fish to feed and hide.(Annabel Rushton是一位游客体验经理，她表示，当斯温戴尔河增加了弯曲部分后，结果令人震惊。“在那条河重新弯曲后的三个月内，这条河的一公里范围内（出现了）鲑鱼产卵的现象，这是超过 150 年来首次发生的情况。”她说。科学家还注意到鱼类聚集的数量有所增加。此外，还有连锁反应。喜水的植物重新生长，为幼鱼提供了遮蔽处，让它们能够觅食和躲避)”可知，河流重新蜿蜒后，其结果是“惊人的：短短三个月内，鲑鱼就在此产卵，这是150年来的第一次。同时其他鱼类数量增加，水生植物也随之恢复，这些事实有力地证明了生态恢复的速度可以非常之快。故选C。 Passage 3 【新情境·锚定效应】（2026·安徽省江南十校综合素质检测）The anchoring effect, a common mental tendency rooted in the study of how people make economic choices, refers to how people overly depend on the first piece of information, which is called the “anchor (锚)”, when making later judgments. This simple thinking strategy affects pricing negotiations, risk assessments, and even moral evaluations. For instance, jurors (陪审员) asked to consider a 30-year prison sentence before discussion often settle closer to this figure, while those given a 10-year reference tend to suggest much shorter punishments. The Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman threw light on this tendency via his “wheel of fortune” experiment. In the experiment, participants spun a wheel that was secretly set to stop at either 10 or 65. After spinning, they were asked to estimate the percentage of African nations in the UN. Interestingly, those who saw the wheel stop at 10 guessed around 25%, while those seeing 65 guessed about 45%. Even when people know the anchor is random, this unreasonable reliance still persists. The anchoring effect works in two main ways: the process of adjusting one’s thoughts step by step and the influence of early information on later thinking. When people try to guess a number, they often start with the anchor and then change their answer only a little — never enough to get away from the anchor’s influence. This fact becomes apparent in the field of marketing: labels marked with first prices serve as high anchors, which cause consumers to perceive the value of discounts as higher than their actual worth. Neurological (神经学上的) studies find that anchoring stimulates the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层) and the amygdala (杏仁核). This double activation explains why anchors influence both reasonable and emotional decisions. Yet the tendency has moral issues: lawyers demanding harsher initial sentences often secure longer sentences, while real estate agents controlling listing prices can artificially push up market values. To reduce it, people can set clear evaluation criteria and think carefully without focusing on original anchors, helping them make fairer, more reasonable choices. 1．Which of the following situations best illustrates the anchoring effect? A．A viewer likes a movie star and then enjoys all movies the star acts in. B．A buyer offers £600 for a handbag after the seller first says it costs £800. C．A student picks a book because its cover looks more attractive than others. D．A shopper buys a cheap scarf because it’s placed next to a luxury coat in the store. 2．Why do marketers usually display “original price” tags next to product prices? A．To prove that the original price was fixed in a reasonable way. B．To attract more customers by showing the product’s popularity. C．To show that the product’s quality matches its original high price perfectly well. D．To make consumers believe the discounts are more helpful than they really are. 3．Why does the author mention the prefrontal cortex and amygdala? A．To prove that the anchoring effect is an in-born mental tendency. B．To show that the anchoring effect can be controlled by adjusting brain activity. C．To explain that the anchoring effect shapes both sensible and emotional resolutions. D．To highlight the importance of neurological research in understanding mental phenomena. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To describe a specific experiment. B．To analyze a harmful influence. C．To discuss a moral phenomenon. D．To explain a mental tendency. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了锚定效应的定义，通过实验验证其存在，分析其作用原理、神经学机制及道德影响，最后给出减少锚定效应的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The anchoring effect, a common mental tendency rooted in the study of how people make economic choices, refers to how people overly depend on the first piece of information, which is called the “anchor (锚)”, when making later judgments. (锚定效应是一种常见的心理倾向，源于人们对如何做出经济选择的研究，指的是人们在做出后续判断时，过度依赖第一信息，即所谓的“锚”)”以及第三段“When people try to guess a number, they often start with the anchor and then change their answer only a little — never enough to get away from the anchor’s influence. (当人们试图猜测一个数字时，他们通常会从锚点开始，然后只稍微改变一下答案——永远不足以摆脱锚点的影响)”可知，锚定效应是指人们在做出后续判断时，过度依赖第一信息。B选项“A buyer offers £600 for a handbag after the seller first says it costs £800. (卖家先说一个手提包要800英镑后，买家出价600英镑)”中，卖家先说的800英镑就是“锚”，买家在此基础上出价600英镑，符合锚定效应。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This fact becomes apparent in the field of marketing: labels marked with first prices serve as high anchors, which cause consumers to perceive the value of discounts as higher than their actual worth. (这一事实在营销领域变得显而易见：标有最初价格的标签作为高锚点，使消费者认为折扣的价值高于其实际价值)”可知，营销人员标注原价是为了让原价成为高锚点，使消费者认为折扣的价值比实际更高。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Neurological (神经学上的) studies find that anchoring stimulates the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层) and the amygdala (杏仁核). This double activation explains why anchors influence both reasonable and emotional decisions. (神经学研究发现，锚定会刺激前额叶皮层和杏仁核。这种双重激活解释了为什么锚点会影响理性和情感决策)”可知，作者提及前额叶皮层和杏仁核，是为了解释这种双重激活机制为何会让锚定效应同时影响理性和感性决策。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“The anchoring effect, a common mental tendency rooted in the study of how people make economic choices, refers to how people overly depend on the first piece of information, which is called the “anchor (锚)”, when making later judgments. (锚定效应是一种常见的心理倾向，源于人们对如何做出经济选择的研究，指的是人们在做出后续判断时，过度依赖第一信息，即所谓的“锚”)”以及全文内容可知，本文围绕锚定效应展开，依次介绍了其定义、实验验证、作用原理、神经学机制、道德影响及解决方法，核心是解释这一常见的心理倾向。故选D项。 Passage 4 【新情境·社交和幸福感】（2026·广东广州市天河区二模）You might be leaving some happiness on the table by doing your everyday activities all by yourself. Happiness, it seems, is not just a state of mind — it’s a shared enterprise. A new study has found that almost any activity, from the ordinary to the profound, becomes more enjoyable when done with others. Whether pumping gas, or cooking dinner, the company of another person appears to make life’s routines a little brighter. The study, published in Social Psychological and Personality Science, drew on data from more than 40,000 Americans who collectively reported over 100,000 daily activities. “Participants consistently rate every common daily activity as more enjoyable when they’re interacting with somebody else,” said Elizabeth Dunn, the study’s senior author. Even seasoned experts on social behavior were taken aback by the consistency of the findings. “I was surprised by the extent and extremity of the effects,” admitted Nicholas Epley, a behavioral scientist who was not involved in the research. Unsurprisingly, the biggest boosts were linked to activities already social by nature — eating, drinking, walking, running, and playing games. Yet even solitary (独自的) pursuits such as reading, or crafting also saw a happiness bump when shared. While in-person interactions provided the strongest benefits, even phone calls produced measurable mood improvements. Dunn notes that if it can’t be in-person, having some element of voice seems to be important. The study did not include personality data, leaving unanswered how individual characteristics might influence outcomes. Previous studies, however, suggest that social connection reliably enhances wellbeing across personality types. Researchers identify “undersociality” — the tendency to underestimate how warmly others will respond to social initiatives — as a primary barrier to seeking connection. The practical implications are clear; we should intentionally create more opportunities for social engagement. Simple strategies such as working alongside friends at coffee shops or conversing by phone while completing chores can transform ordinary activities into sources of joy. Ultimately, the research convincingly demonstrates that happiness arises not merely from what we do, but fundamentally from who we do it with. 1．How was the research mainly conducted? A．By analyzing massive activity reports. B．By conducting laboratory experiments. C．By comparing different personality types. D．By interviewing experts in social behavior. 2．What did the study find about social interactions? A．They require face-to-face communication. B．Their effects vary greatly among individuals. C．They enhance enjoyment of various activities. D．They bring greater joy in independent activities. 3．Why does the author mention previous studies in paragraph 4? A．To stress the limitation of the new study. B．To introduce a different research method. C．To provide supporting evidence for a claim. D．To question the findings of the new study. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Alone or Together: A Social Dilemma. B．Social Activities: Relationship Builder. C．Personality Differences: A Factor in Social Joy. D．Shared Moments: The Social Key to Happiness. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项新研究发现，与他人共同完成日常活动能提升幸福感，社交互动是获得快乐的关键因素。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study, published in Social Psychological and Personality Science, drew on data from more than 40,000 Americans who collectively reported over 100,000 daily activities.(这项发表在《社会心理与人格科学》上的研究，利用了4万多名美国人的数据，他们总共报告了超过10万项日常活动。)”可知，该研究主要通过分析大量的活动报告开展。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study has found that almost any activity, from the ordinary to the profound, becomes more enjoyable when done with others.(一项新研究发现，几乎任何活动，无论是平凡的还是意义深远的，与他人一起做都会变得更愉快。)”可知，研究发现社交互动能提升各类活动的愉悦感。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Previous studies, however, suggest that social connection reliably enhances wellbeing across personality types.(然而，以往的研究表明，社交联系确实能提升各种性格类型人群的幸福感。)”可知，作者提及以往研究是为了给观点提供支持性证据。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Happiness, it seems, is not just a state of mind — it’s a shared enterprise. A new study has found that almost any activity, from the ordinary to the profound, becomes more enjoyable when done with others.(幸福似乎不仅仅是一种心态，更是一项共同的事业。一项新研究发现，几乎任何活动，无论是平凡的还是意义深远的，与他人一起做都会变得更愉快。)”以及最后一段中的“Ultimately, the research convincingly demonstrates that happiness arises not merely from what we do, but fundamentally from who we do it with.(最终，该研究有力地证明，幸福不仅仅来自我们做什么，更根本地来自我们和谁一起做。)”可知，全文核心观点是与他人共享时光是获得幸福的社交关键，因此“Shared Moments: The Social Key to Happiness(共度时光：通往幸福的社交密码)”概括了文章的主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 5 【新情境·城市野生动物数量与多样性增长】（2026·浙江省温州市普通高中高三第一次适应性考试）Cities worldwide are witnessing a transformation in urban environments. Wildlife populations in cities are not only surviving but often surpassing those in rural areas. Urban bird populations in cities like Berlin have increased by over 40% in the past two decades. These aren’t just typical pigeons and sparrows, but hawks and owls, and even non-native species that have found urban environments surprisingly pleasant. The urban heat island effect, often seen as a negative consequence of city development, creates micro climates many species find irresistible. Warmer temperatures extend growing seasons, provide frost-free zones, and create diverse micro habitats within a single city block. Urban environments also offer abundant food resource. Raccoon in Toronto have learned some techniques to open garbage cans. The constant availability of food waste and reduced animal hunters in nature create what ecologists call “urban ecological release.” Urban wildlife’s boom (繁荣) not only reshapes ecosystems but brings health benefits to humans. Studies show people in areas with higher biodiversity experience lower rates of autoimmune diseases. Mental health benefits are equally impressive: urban residents who encounter wildlife report lower stress and improved mood. Yet this boom isn’t all positive. Urban animals are developing behaviour changes — increased aggression and interrupted migration routes. Disease spread is also critical as populations grow more crowded, threatening humans and animals alike. Forward-thinking cities are pioneering architectural innovations. Green roofs in Copenhagen aren’t just for beauty — they’re functioning ecosystems supporting plants, insects, and birds, cutting energy costs by up to 30%while providing paths for wildlife to move. Wildlife bridges like Ecoduct de Woeste Hoeve let over 5,000 deer cross highways safely, reducing wildlife-vehicle accidents by 80%. The future of urban wildlife coexistence is promising, driven by tech advances and public awareness — smart tech enables wildlife monitoring, and innovative designs create shared livable spaces. Emerging biotech may revolutionize management: genetic tools help study urban animal adaptation, aiding threatened species. The key is reimagining cities as integrated ecosystems. As urbanization grows, coexistence lessons grow more valuable. The question isn’t whether we can live alongside urban wildlife — it’s whether we dare to embrace the possibilities this partnership offers. 1．What can we know about urban wildlife from Paragraph 1? A．They have grown in diversity. B．They are mainly from rural areas. C．They have adapted to urban pollution. D．They tend to avoid human contact. 2．Why is “urban ecological release” mentioned? A．To present a new ecological concept. B．To stress the constant city development. C．To show the wildlife-friendliness of cities. D．To explain the reduced ecological harm. 3．What can the urban wildlife boom bring? A．Lowered rates of disease spread. B．An improved sense of well-being. C．Impressive migration routes of wildlife. D．Positive behavioural changes in wildlife. 4．What is crucial for urban wildlife coexistence? A．A slower pace of urbanization. B．Adjustment to existing ecosystems. C．Advanced biological technologies. D．An adaptive mindset of coexistence. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。全球城市野生动物数量与多样性增长，城市热岛效应、充足食物等使其繁荣，带来健康益处但也存在隐患，城市通过创新设计推动人与野生动物共存。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“These aren’t just typical pigeons and sparrows, but hawks and owls, and even non-native species that have found urban environments surprisingly pleasant. (这些可不是普通的鸽子和麻雀，而是鹰和猫头鹰，甚至还有一些非本土物种，它们居然也觉得城市环境十分宜人。)”可知，城市野生动物在种类上变得更加丰富了。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The urban heat island effect, often seen as a negative consequence of city development, creates micro climates many species find irresistible. Warmer temperatures extend growing seasons, provide frost-free zones, and create diverse micro habitats within a single city block. Urban environments also offer abundant food resource. Raccoon in Toronto have learned some techniques to open garbage cans. The constant availability of food waste and reduced animal hunters in nature create what ecologists call “urban ecological release.” (城市热岛效应通常被视为城市发展带来的负面后果，但它却造就了许多物种趋之若鹜的微气候环境。温暖的气温延长了作物的生长季节，提供了无霜期，并在单个城市街区内部形成了多样化的微小栖息地。城市环境还提供了丰富的食物资源。在多伦多，浣熊已经学会了打开垃圾桶的一些技巧。食物废弃物的持续供应以及自然界中捕食动物数量的减少，造就了生态学家所说的“城市生态释放。”)”可知，提及“城市生态释放”这一概念旨在展示城市对野生动物的友好程度。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Urban wildlife’s boom (繁荣) not only reshapes ecosystems but brings health benefits to humans. Studies show people in areas with higher biodiversity experience lower rates of autoimmune diseases. Mental health benefits are equally impressive: urban residents who encounter wildlife report lower stress and improved mood. (城市野生动物数量的激增不仅改变了生态系统，还为人类带来了健康益处。研究表明，在生物多样性较高的地区生活的人群患自身免疫性疾病的比例更低。心理健康方面的益处同样显著：与未曾与野生动物接触的居民相比，那些与野生动物有过接触的市民报告称压力更低，情绪也更好。)”可知，城市野生动物数量的激增会带来一种更加强烈的幸福感。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The key is reimagining cities as integrated ecosystems. As urbanization grows, coexistence lessons grow more valuable. (关键在于将城市重新构想为一个相互关联的生态系统。随着城市化进程的加快，关于如何实现和谐共处的经验教训变得愈发重要。)”可知，对于城市中的野生动物而言，实现和谐共存的关键因素是一种适应性的共存思维模式。故选D。 真题·实战演练 高频考点：文章分类主要考查problem--solution--result类研究报告，考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告，Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告，命题方法分类：主要考查推理判断，主旨大意，细节理解，部分猜测词义 1.（2026·北京卷）Smells are all around us. What we know as a scent (气味) is a collection of natural or artificial airborne chemicals released from objects. But smell is often overlooked and undervalued. So, as climate change and biodiversity loss threaten natural scents, many people may not even notice. Whether or not we pay attention to the world’s “scentscape”, heat and pollution are causing it to shift. As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment. “If you go to a forest, you have a given environment and temperature. If that temperature goes a little bit high, the profile of the chemical components in the air changes,” since temperature can affect the amount of smell-carrying gas particles (粒子) released from substances, explains John Smith, a chemical engineer. “And therefore, the perception of how the forest smells changes.” That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent. Warmer conditions can intensify smells, leading the snow to smell more unpleasant and potentially gather more pollutants. Climate change is also quickening the loss of biodiversity, threatening to erase certain smells entirely. When plants disappear, their scents become more difficult to produce. Some scents are linked to cultural heritage. A recent study reported that native communities in Peru noticed a change in the smell of the Amazon River due to industrial pollution. Over generations, communities became desensitised to increasingly smelly rivers, a sign of broader ecosystem degradation. At the same time, in some Amazonian belief systems, declining water quality and the unpleasant smells will lead to the dispersal (消散) of the river’s spiritual beings. The damage to the scentscape could result in harm to both health and spiritual practice. Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. If we don’t look at it, we lose all the richness behind it. 28．The author mentions snow in order to _____________. A．illustrate a point B．contrast approaches C．classify objects D．define a concept 29．What can we learn from this passage? A．Biodiversity tends to be overlooked. B．Snow is intensified by a warming climate. C．Forest smell is likely to be changed by perception. D．Disappearance of the Earth’s smells can be a cultural loss. 30．What is implied in this passage? A．Loss of smells can lead to natural disasters. B．Damages of scentscapes can be artificially repaired. C．Scents of the missing plants are preserved in the atmosphere. D．Smell changes of forest and snow share a common underlying cause. 【答案】28．A 29．D 30．D 【解析】本文主要介绍气候变化与生物多样性减少正在改变地球上的自然气味，甚至导致其消失，这种气味景观的改变不仅影响自然环境，还会造成文化、精神层面的损失。 28．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(这种影响不仅限于森林。积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可知，作者在论述完气温对森林气味的影响后，提到积雪是为了进一步证明“气温变化会改变气味”这一观点。 29．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history.(尽管气候变化危及粮食获取等其他珍贵资源，但它同样关乎文化认同、文化存续与历史传承。)”并结合前文自然气味消失的内容可知，地球自然气味的消失也是一种文化损失。 30．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment.(随着气温升高，人造物质释放出更多的气味分子，而由气候变化导致的生物多样性丧失则威胁着那些为环境增添香气的植物。)”以及第三段中的“Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可推知，森林气味和积雪气味发生改变的根本原因都是气候变暖、气温升高，二者成因一致。 2.【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。 4.细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。 5.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。 6.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,  (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。 7.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。 3.【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Climate change has been forgotten. B. Lessons of history are highly valued. C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A 【解析】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 4.【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious， yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 6. What does Curtin’s company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 7. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 【答案】4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。 【6题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。 【7题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。 5.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. " "Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. " 8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US? A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 11. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- 【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B 【解析】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。 【8题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。 【10题详解】 词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior. ”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. ”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more. ”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。 6.【2022年北京卷】“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 28.【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 29.【解析】 细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 30.【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 7.【2022年浙江卷6月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job. In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist. How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort. Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.” 7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show? A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable. C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result. 8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______. A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers 9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people. B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless. C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind. D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity. 10. What does the text seem to advocate? A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family. C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment. 【答案】7. D 8.B 9.C 10.A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。 7.D推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。 8.词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。 9.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。 10.A推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。 8.【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. 【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。 【47题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。 【48题详解】 推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。 【49题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。 【50题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。 9.【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。 10.【2021年全国乙卷】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks. So why do so many of us hate our open offices?$