专题08 阅读理解之词义猜测题（知识清单）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习知识清单聚焦阅读理解词句猜测题，系统涵盖词义猜测、代词指代、句意猜测三大考点，每个考点包含设问形式、设题特点、解题技巧，辅以高考例题分析和优题精练，构建完整复习体系。 清单通过知识脑图梳理专题框架，考点分层突破重难点，如词义猜测题详解反义、同义、因果等逻辑关系及构词法技巧，结合高考真题实例培养学生语言能力和思维品质。优题精练精选典型试题，设题特点标注清晰，助力学生自主高效复习，为教师提供精准教学辅助。

清单08 阅读理解之词句猜测题 目录导航 01知识脑图·核心脉络搭建——梳理专题框架，搭建知识体系 02 考点深研·知能分层突破——深挖高频考点，分层突破重难点 考点一 词义猜测题 知识点1. 设问形式； 知识点2. 设题特点； 知识点3. 解题技巧； 考点二 代词指代题 知识点1. 设问形式； 知识点2. 设题特点； 知识点3. 解题技巧； 考点三 句意猜测题 知识点1. 设问形式； 知识点2. 设题特点； 知识点3. 解题技巧； 03优题精练·专题实战通关——精选优质试题，强化实战应用 知识脑图·核心脉络搭建 考点深研●知能分层突破 2026年阅读理解题量统计 题型/题量 全国I 全国II 北京 浙江1月 细节理解题 9 9 6 10 推理判断题 5 3 6 4 词义猜测题 1 1 1 1 主旨大意题 0 2 1 0 正确理解文中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词、短语的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同语境会有所不同。能根据上下文理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。 考点一 词义猜测题 1. 设问形式 What does the underlined word/ phrase mean/ refer to? What could the word/ phrase be replaced by? 2. 设题特点 ①巧用线索猜测词义,阅读理解语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据逻辑关系，可以粗略地推断出生词词义，对猜测词义帮助较大的逻辑关系有，反义关系、同一关系和因果关系等。 ②利用语法关系猜测词义，在做阅读理解题目的时候，考生利用语法关系如下定义，同位语、同位语从句、定语从句、举例、标点符号等。猜测词义是一种快速有效的方法之一。 ③利用构词法猜测词义，使用构词法，可以不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜测词意，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以做题的时候可以利用构词法，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。有些词语猜测题找不到以上标志性的线索，可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词意，这也是近几年高考考察的热点。 3. 解题技巧 ①巧用线索猜测词义 反义关系，根据划线词的反义词猜测词义； 如：转折，But however, otherwise, though, even though 对比，Unlike in contrast, while， on the contrary， on the other hand, rather than, instead of, contrary to 同义关系，根据与划线词有相同的或相近意义的词语猜测词语Similarly like, or, namely, in other words, that is to say, just as, and also, as well as, the same As, as…as 因果关系，根据前后因果关系猜测词义表原因，because, because of, since, due to, thanks to, for, as a result of, 表结果，So therefore, so that, so, such that lead to, result in, contribute to, as a result ②利用语法关系猜测词义 下定义，be, mean,refer to, be called, be named, namely, that is, be considered等词语后面的内容是对前面内容的注解性说明，相当于对前面的词语下定义 同位语从句，同位语从句是对前面内容的解释说明，也可以帮助猜测词义。 定语从句，尤其注意which，who后面的非限制性定语从句。 举例，For example, for instance, such as, like, include, including等后面的内容也帮组猜出词义。 标点符号，注意破折号、冒号、分号后面的内容，注意引号或者括号中的内容 ③利用构词法猜测词义 派生词，合成法构成新词，转化法(一种词性用作另外一种词性)等，如否定的前后缀，与原来的单词构成反义词，如：dis-, un-, in-,-less 等，“又，再”rre-。 ④利用上下文语境猜测词义 利用上下文语境猜测词意，应该全面考虑，结合关键词理解文章的意思，利用词的褒贬以及词语的组合搭配，提高猜测的准确率。 高考例题分析 例1(2026·北京·高考真题) … Importantly, Chesterton is not saying that things can never be reformed. His is a preventive principle rather than an outright prohibition. We could rephrase it like this: understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them. If we’re too impetuous, we can end up tearing out things we don’t yet realise we rely upon. But uncritical devotion to the “way things are done” can also deny us the possibility of better days. … 2. What does the word “impetuous” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A. Short-sighted. B. Narrow-minded. C. Hot-headed. D. Old-fashioned. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 2. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“If we’re too impetuous, we can end up tearing out things we don’t yet realise we rely upon.(如果我们太过impetuous，最终可能毁掉那些我们尚且没有意识到、却十分依赖的事物。)”可知，如果行事过于冲动草率，我们会毁掉那些自己尚未意识到、却十分依赖的事物，划线词“impetuous”表示“冲动的，鲁莽的”，与C选项“Hot-headed(冲动莽撞的)”含义一致。 例2(2026·全国一卷·高考真题) … The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. “We didn’t make a big deal of that,” said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy. “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. “You have to think about what you would lose if you do that.” Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 12. What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Honest about. B. Unaware of. C. Related to. D. Optimistic about. 【答案】12. B 12. 词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”可知，公园部门并非没有意识到城市树木会释放异戊二烯这个问题。从而推知，画划线短语“oblivious to”意为“未觉察、不注意”，与B项“Unaware of”意思一致。 考点二 代词指代题 1. 设问形式 What does the underlined word/ phrase “this/ that/ they/it”mean/ refer to? What could the word/ phrase “this/ that/ they”be replaced by? 2. 设题特点 代词指代题，常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境当中。我们应该根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词，有时也会考察定语从句当中关系代词的指代内容 3. 解题技巧 熟悉代词含义，利用就近原则，从代词所在句的前一句或者前几句中找出所指代内容，替换划线代词，然后核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致，从而确定最终答案。 高考例题分析 例3(2025·上海·高考真题) … In Schleicher’s experience, German schools had not been as exceptional as German educators seemed to think. As a boy, he’d felt bored much of the time and earned ordinary grades. But, as a teenager, several teachers had encouraged his fascination with science and numbers, and his grades had improved. In high school, he’d won a national science prize, which meant he was more or less guaranteed a well-paying job in a private company after college. That was exactly what he’d planned to do, until he stepped into Postlethwaite’s lecture. At the end of class, the professor asked Schleicher to stay behind. He could tell that there was something different about this young man. “Would you like to help me with this research?” Schleicher stared back at him, shocked. “I know nothing about education.” “Oh, that doesn’t matter,” Postlethwaite said, smiling. After that, the two men began to team up, eventually creating the first international reading test, a test that measured reading ability globally. 16. What does the word “That” (para.5) probably refer to? A. Obtaining a decent job. B. Winning a national prize. C. Joining heated discussions. D. Designing a reading test. 【答案】16. A 16. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“In high school, he’d won a national science prize, which meant he was more or less guaranteed a well-paying job in a private company after college. That was exactly what he’d planned to do, until he stepped into Postlethwaite’s lecture. (高中时，他获得了全国科学奖，这意味着他大学毕业后或多或少能在一家私营公司找到一份高薪工作。这正是他原本的计划，直到他走进了Postlethwaite的课堂。)”可知，That指代上文提到的“在一家私营公司找到一份高薪工作”，即获得一份体面的工作。故选A项。 考点三 句意猜测题 1. 设问形式 What does the underlined sentence mean/ refer to? 2. 设题特点 句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的有特殊含义的语句或者。高度概括句子当中要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句。或者这一语句的某一个部分，锁定语句前后，寻找意义吻合是解题的关键. 3. 解题技巧 第一个定位，返回原文定位划线句。 第二个寻找。寻找划线句前后的信息句。 第三个分析，细读和划线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断划线句的句意。第4个比对，归纳总结，仔细比对选项，确定答案 高考例题分析 例4(2014·上海·高考真题) … Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again. Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food. As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can't trust her, either. 19. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______. A. chimps are ready to attack others B. chimps are sometimes dishonest C. chimps are jealous of the winners D. chimps can be selfish too 【答案】19. B 19. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.(一场战斗之后，失败的黑猩猩会向另一只伸出手。当获胜的黑猩猩也伸出手时，黑猩猩们又变得友好起来。但一位动物专家曾看到一只失败的黑猩猩握住获胜者的手，然后又开始战斗。)”可知，黑猩猩会通过看似友好的行为来欺骗对方，所以“Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky”这句话的意思是黑猩猩有时是不诚实的。故选B项。 优题精练●专题实战通关 Passage 1 (2025-2026学年河南名校高三下学期开学英语试题)Have you ever wondered how clouds form? This super fun and simple experiment will help you see the physical changes that happen as clouds form within the atmosphere. Supplies needed ●A glass jar with a lid(盖子) ●1 cup of boiling water ●Blue food coloring(optional) ●Aerosol hairspray(发胶喷雾) ●3 — 5 cubes of ice Instructions 1. Pour 1 cup of boiling water into the glass jar. You can use food coloring to make the water blue before pouring it into the jar. This is not required, but it does help distinguish the cloud from the water. Plus, it makes the water look like the sky. 2. Quickly spray hairspray into the jar. 3. Cap the jar immediately. This step must be performed quickly, so have the cover handy. 4. Place 3 — 5 pieces of ice on top of the lid of the jar. 5. Now it’s time to observe what happens. As time passes, you will see a cloud begin to form. How the science experiment works In our experiment, the warm water in the jar causes the air inside the jar to heat up. When this happens, some of the water evaporates into the air. Then the warm, moist air rises from the surface of the water to the top of the jar. Once it reaches the top of the jar, the warm, moist air begins to cool down because of the ice on the lid of the jar. The water vapor(蒸气) in the cooling air then condenses(凝结) onto the particles of hairspray, forming a cloud in the jar. 1. What is the use of blue food coloring? A. To keep the water warm for longer. B. To tell the cloud apart from the water. C. To speed up the formation of clouds. D. To make the ice melt more slowly. 2. What do we do next after spraying hairspray? A. Add blue food coloring. B. Put ice on the lid. C. Cover the jar with its lid. D. Watch the jar carefully. 3. What helps form a cloud in the jar? A. Cold ice turns directly into water vapor. B. The lid stops the warm air from escaping. C. Water vapor condenses on hairspray particles. D. Boiling water cools down soon in the open air. Passage 2 (2025-2026学年河南名校高三下学期开学英语试题)As children grow, their understanding of science and being a scientist changes. Adults’ words are critical to keep them engaged in discovery. Kids are naturally curious and love exploring. “What’s that in your hand? Is it a ball? Will it roll down this hill?” they might ask. This is science in action: observing, testing, seeing results and asking questions. But over time, kids often lose interest in science. To praise a child, many adults often say “You’re a good scientist” The language cues(提示), focusing on science as an identity rather than the actions people do, partly cause this. However, there are some steps to keep the curiosity alive. A study found 4-year-old girls insisted longer when told “Let’s do science” instead of “Let's be scientists.” One possibility is that children may associate scientists with men. If they don’t share that identity, they might disengage from an activity designed “for scientists.” Besides, children may think being a scientist needs special intellectual abilities, which they believe only certain groups have. Perhaps now you are thinking, “Great, I will just focus on doing science and the actions in the scientific process” And this will probably work for kids, even as they grow from childhood to teens and early adulthood. But it’s also true that during the teens, your kids are actively trying and finally forming their own identities. Unlike its demotivating effects on young children, identity-focused language may help teens stay interested in science. One study found if you told middle schoolers to think about being a “scientist” or “doctor” someday, they’d do more homework and probably get higher grades. That might be because if teens see themselves as scientists, they’ll be willing to work to become who they want to be. How these two versions of subtle language cues might work together has yet to be investigated; perhaps this research could be done by your future scientist. 4. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By listing statistics. B. By quoting an expert. C. By giving an example. D. By making comparisons. 5. What does the underlined word “this” refer to in paragraph 2? A. The insistence of 4-year-old girls. B. The loss of scientific curiosity. C. The adoption of necessary measures. D. The use of action-focused phrases. 6. How does the identity-focused language benefit teens according to the study? A. It enhances peer connection. B. It increases academic stress. C. It reduces work productivity. D. It promotes study performance. 7. What will the follow-up study focus on? A. The design of scientific activities. B. The difficulty in keeping curiosity alive. C. The influence of action-focused language. D. The interaction between two language cues. Passage 3 (2025-2026学年山东省莱西市第一中学高三下学期4月月考英语试题)Will artificial intelligence (AI) replace my job? This is a question that many people think about these days. At present, the application of AI robotics in professional fields, as well as ChatGPT’s abilities to write essays, solve complex problems and more, have heightened moral concerns. Some people see AI as the ultimate cure for society’s most fundamental problems, while others fear that AI will overtake human intelligence. These two views are based on the assumption that AI is better and smarter than humanity and may ultimately replace human decision-making. But given the fact that technology is the product of human civilization, the challenge from AI is something we have created for ourselves as we keep pushing our own boundaries. In other words, AI’s progress, functions and future direction are all determined by the human brain. Before AI becomes a threat to humanity, the international community should reach an agreement on the role it is to play. More importantly, related laws and regulations must ensure that AI will benefit society and prevent it from threatening human life. Robots, for example, are believed to develop emotional intelligence sometime, which enables them to recognize, understand and express emotions in a way that is similar to humans, but we must avoid AI copying human emotions. Without legal restrictions, AI may become a social disaster. The AI-driven new industrial revolution is irreversible. This, like previous ones, which introduced changes that had been unimaginable before, will certainly affect human employment. But it always turned out humanity was able to adapt to each industrial revolution and create new forms of employment. Therefore, it’s unnecessary to worry AI will replace our jobs. While technology advances at a rapid pace, what we need to do is to welcome the AI era rather than block its unfolding for fear of the unknown. 8. What does the author imply about AI’s future? A. It will be too complex to control. B. It depends on human innovation. C. It will be regulated more strictly. D. It may outperform the human brain. 9. How can we prevent AI’s potential threat? A. By stirring emotions. B. By blocking functions. C. By setting restrictions. D. By changing regulations. 10. What does the underlined word “irreversible” in the last paragraph mean? A. Undesirable. B. Unavoidable. C. Unpredictable. D. Unbelievable. 11. What does the writer suggest readers do with the coming of the AI era? A. Deal with it positively. B. Accept it passively. C. Respond to it randomly. D. Defend it unconditionally. Passage 4 (2025-2026学年山东省莱西市第一中学高三下学期大联考(一)Christmas stockings may contain more surprises than usual this year, as children open presents that can talk back. Toymakers in China have declared 2025 the year of artificial intelligence(AI) and are producing robots and teddies that can teach, play and tell stories. In work and play, AI is reshaping childhood. It promises every child the kind of upbringing previously available only to the rich, with private tutors, personalized courses and tailored entertainment. A childhood fit for a king could become universal. Technology is creating new forms of fun, too. Hollywood may dismiss AI videos as low-quality stuff, but young people are consuming them and making their own. There are well-publicized risks in letting children loose on an evolving technology. Yet childhood may be disrupted most radically by things that AI does when it is behaving as intended. The technology quickly learns what its master likes — and shows more of it. Social-media feeds have already created echo chambers(回声室) where people see only views they agree with. Not only does this destroy serendipity. A favorites-only diet means a child need never learn to tolerate something unfamiliar. One-sided relationships with chatbots present a similar risk. AI companions that never criticize, nor share feelings of their own, are a poor preparation for dealing with imperfect humans. Yes-bots threaten to create children not used to taking turns, who grow up into colleagues unable to compromise and partners unfamiliar with the give-and-take required in a relationship. It is a future filled with opportunities and hidden traps. AI shows undeniable potential to improve education and enrich entertainment. It may one day let every child live like royalty. But as real kings often discover, a specially designed upbringing can also be a lonely and atomized one. The truly privileged may be those whose parents and teachers know when to turn it off. 12. What can we infer from paragraph 2 about AI? A. It makes entertainment more exciting and diverse. B. It opens access to high-quality nurturing for all. C. It aims to make all children’s experiences luxurious. D. It challenges the standards of traditional industries. 13. What does the underlined word “serendipity” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Surprise. B. Treasure. C. Motivation. D. Tradition. 14. What is the main danger of “Yes-bots” in paragraph 4? A. They give children inaccurate information. B. They leave children without key social skills. C. They lower children’s interest in real social life. D. They cost too much for average families. 15. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. A Personalized tutor: AI’s Educational Promise. B. AI Revolution: Technology’s Total Transformation. C. Talking Toys: Risks in AI Companionship. D. Reshaped Childhood: Promise and Risk of AI. Passage 5 (2025-2026学年河北衡水中学高三年级小学期期末综合素质评价)Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) , a natural compound found in foods like broccoli and avocado, has emerged as a promising anti-aging supplement (补充物质). As people age, their levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) decline. Since NMN helps boost NAD⁺ production, scientists believe it could slow age-related decline. The current global aging crisis urges studies in this field. With the population over 65 expected to double by 2050, age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s diseases and diabetes have gone up, leading to heavy global socioeconomic and medical burden. Therefore, age management medical practices have been mushrooming in the world for recommending nutritional supplements. And NMN serves as a direct boost to NAD⁺, a vital molecule(分子) that fuels cells with energy and repairs DNA damage. Many studies have been done to explore NMN’s anti-aging effects in various cells and tissues, most of which were done in animal models. For example, according to Fu and Zhang, on an experiment of using NMN in preparation of anti-aging health-care products or drugs on aged mice, it was found that the NMN administration could extend the life span of mice by 29%. Fang investigated that the hearing loss happened to mice could be prevented by improving cochlear(耳蜗) health and restoring outer hair cell loss. Wang also indicated that the use of NMN contributed to the restoration of learning and cognition in rats. However, most evidence comes from lab studies, and human trials remain limited. Also, in terms of intake, early small-scale studies suggest NMN is safe in doses up to 500 mg per day, but experts caution that unregulated high doses (such as 1, 000 mg capsules) could be risky. Alarmingly, despite the lack of comprehensive human data, NMN supplements are already widely marketed. Dr. Jun Lu, a leading researcher, warns: “Nature perfected these systems over millions of years — lab-made versions still can’t fully copy them.” While NMN holds promise, more research is needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness in humans. 16. Why are scientists interested in NMN? A. Because it is a natural compound found in common foods. B. Because it is the only effective anti-aging supplement available. C. Because it may contribute to slowing aging by boosting NAD⁺ levels. D. Because it has been proven to cure Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. 17. The underlined word “administration” in Paragraph 3 most likely means _________. A. government B. interruption C. injection D. accommodation 18. Which of the following words best describes the effectiveness of NMN on humans? A. Revolutionary. B. Promising. C. Invasive. D. Unproven. 19. What is the best title for the passage? A. Animal Studies Prove NMN’s Anti-Aging Effects B. NMN’s Potential and Risks: A Scientific Perspective C. How NMN Supplements Are Dominating the Market D. NMN: The Miracle Anti-Aging Solution Finally Found Passage 6 (2025-2026学年河北衡水市桃城区河北衡水中学度高三年级下学期综合素质评价三英语学科试题)In an age when smartphones deliver constant updates and social media fuels endless comparison, Generation Z (born between 1997-2012) is leading a cultural movement which is opposite the current trend in the fast-paced digital world: slow living. This philosophy, which emphasizes purpose over speed and quality over quantity, is gaining popularity as young people rebel(反叛) against the burnout culture that affected millennials (born between 1981-1996). Recent data from the Pew Research Center reveals that 58% of Gen Z surveyed actively limit their social media usage, while 43% have deleted at least one app to reduce digital stress. The shift goes beyond digital habits. A 2024 report by McKinsey Company highlights that 72% of Gen Z consumers prefer sustainable brands, even at higher price points, reflecting a rejection of fast fashion and unplanned consumption. Secondhand store shopping has increased by 35% among them since 2022, according to research firm GlobalData. Psychologists owe this to “climate anxiety” and a desire for being real. “Gen Z sees slow living as both self-care and activism(行动主义),” explains Dr. Hannah Lee, a behavioral scientist at UCLA. “They’re shaping lifestyles in line with their values-not just following trends.” However, critics argue that the movement’s ideals are easier to adopt for those in good financial situation. A study in The Journal of Social Economics notes that low-income Gen Z individuals are 40%less likely to participate in slow living practices like eating organic food or keeping only what they truly need, mainly because they have less money to spend. “Simplifying your life is a privilege when you’re working three odd jobs(零工),” comments sociologist Dr. Carlos Mendez. This difference has caused debates about whether slow living unintentionally excludes(排除在外) disadvantaged groups. The trend is reshaping industries. Tech companies now market “focus mode” apps that block distractions, while fashion brands promote “quiet luxury” — plain-looking but high-quality designs. Even workplaces are adapting, with 20%of U.S. firms trialing four-day workweeks in 2024, according to Harvard Business Review. Yet questions remain: Is this a lasting cultural shift or a temporary rebellion? As Dr. Lee observes, “Gen Z isn’t rejecting progress; they’re redefining what ‘better’ means.” 20. How does Dr. Hannah Lee see Gen Z’s choice of slow living? A. They blindly follow influential trends. B. They say no to modern digital technology. C. They care more about cost than the environment. D. They view it as a way to express personal values. 21. What can be inferred about the movement from paragraph 3? A. It contributes to a waste of resources. B. Not all income groups can be involved. C. Gen Z’s environmental concerns are ignored. D. It appeals for universal adoption of the trend. 22. The underlined phrase “quiet luxury” in paragraph 4 refers to ________. A. advanced digital devices B. simple, well-made products C. affordable fast-fashion items D. expensive, eye-catching designs 23. What is the best title for the text? A. Why Gen Z Show Preference for an Easier Life. B. The Upcoming End of Digital Technology. C. How Secondhand Shopping Became Popular. D. The Rise of Slow Living among Young People. Passage 7 (2026年江苏徐州市5月考前模拟预测高三年级试题)Woodpeckers(啄木鸟) operate at an extreme level, boring through solid wood with forces more than 30 times their own weight and drilling up to 13 times a second. How do they never miss a beat while head banging so hard? It turns out that the birds tense up their entire body to smash through wood, letting out short, explosive grunts with each strike, report Brown University biologist Nicholas Antonson and his colleagues in the Journal of Experimental Biology. “Woodpeckers really are nature’s hammer in a sense,” Antonson says. To study how the birds tap, the researchers first humanely captured eight wild Downy Woodpeckers and carefully inserted electrodes into their muscles in the laboratory. The electrodes fed into a tiny, fitted backpack that recorded electrical signals from contracting muscles as the birds pecked. They also checked whether the woodpeckers held their breath during exertion(用力) (like weight lifters tend to do) or exhaled(呼气) (like tennis players) while striking the wood by examining airflow through the birds’ air sacs — small, balloon-like structures that help them breathe in and out. By matching these measurements with high-speed videos, the scientists tracked the woodpeckers’ taps down to every four milliseconds. Instead of using a single muscle to control the action, woodpeckers activated “every muscle from the head to the tail,” Antonson says. The birds used their powerful hip flexors to push forward, clenched their tail and abs (腹肌) to prepare for the strike, and stiffened the back of their head and neck on contact — similar to the way you might stiffen the back of your wrist when you hammer a nail. They then engaged a different set of hip and neck muscles to draw back. The birds also perfectly paired their pecks with sharp exhalations “as another means of stabilizing their core muscles and powering through those strikes,” Antonson explains. “To be able to breathe out 13 times per second and inhale on the order of 40 milliseconds is really impressive.” Songbirds, which aren’t closely related to woodpeckers, are the only other birds known to so precisely time their breaths, which they do as they sing. “Pecking is a full-body exercise,” says University of Alabama biologist Nicole Ackermans, who studies brain damage in woodpeckers and head-butting sheep. Coordinating “micro breaths” with muscle clenching and creating “this hammerlike structure in their whole body is such a unique approach,” she adds. 24. What does the question in the first paragraph mean? A. How do woodpeckers avoid injury while pecking? B. Why do woodpeckers peck faster than other birds? C. What makes woodpeckers stronger than other animals? D. How much weight can woodpeckers carry while pecking? 25. Why did the researchers insert electrodes into the woodpeckers’ muscles? A. To test their reaction to electrical signals. B. To record muscle activity during pecking. C. To measure their heart rate while pecking. D. To examine the structure of their muscles. 26. What does the underlined word “clenched” in paragraph 4 most likely mean? A. Tightened. B. Relaxed. C. Stretched. D. Lifted. 27. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A. Woodpeckers: Smart Tool Users B. Woodpeckers: Nature’s Hammers C. Woodpeckers: Amazing Strength D. Woodpeckers: Powerful Muscle Controller Passage 8 (2026届江苏省南通市海安高级中学5月高三年级阶段性学情测试)In India, when an elephant ruins crops or a tiger attacks livestock(牲畜), the result can be destructive for families. It can also destroy the bonds between humans and nature that are crucial for protecting wildlife. That’s why conservation biologist Krithi Karanth has spent years developing new strategies to help people live alongside dangerous animals. As CEO of the Bengaluru-based Centre for Wildlife Studies, Karanth is faced with a dilemma: that India, crowded with 1.4 billion people, is also a habitat for wildlife. It is home to approximately half of Asia’s elephants and roughly three-quarters of the planet’s wild tigers. Conserving those species, she says, requires not just saving habitat but also winning hearts and minds. One program has been launched for users to request government compensation(赔偿金) when wildlife damages crops, livestock, or property. It’s called Wild Seve. With a simple free call, victims summon(召唤) the program’s staff to document losses, make claims and track cases until they’re finished. Wild Seve has helped over 17,000 families, which reduced the likelihood of hunting as revenge. But mitigating bad outcomes isn’t enough. To help prevent them, Karanth has designed a curriculum, Wild Shaale, for schoolkids living near wildlife reserves, to inspire curiosity about and respect for animals. Through games, storytelling, and art, the program introduces students to the wildlife living near their communities, exploring why conflicts occur and how to respond safely. Wild Shaale is now taught in some 1,600 schools across India. “Krithi has sparked hope across India,” says National Geographic Society CEO Jill Tiefenthaler. “By combining science, education, and community partnership, she is redefining how people coexist with nature.” Next, Karanth wants to apply her ideas outside India, cultivating international conservationist, or even just neighbors. “Making people at least tolerate the occurrence of a large animal,” she says, “is a massive victory.” 28. What are Karanth’s new strategies aimed at? A. Safeguarding wildlife habitats. B. Raising conservational awareness. C. Conducting biological research. D. Realizing human-nature harmony. 29. What can we learn about Wild Seve? A. It charges users for services. B. It bans people from hunting. C. It helps victims claim damages. D. It trains staffs to protect crops. 30. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Avoiding. B. Reducing. C. Hiding. D. Ignoring. 31. According to the last paragraph, what will Karanth probably do next? A. More large animals could appear in India. B. Neighbors have tolerance for conservation. C. Community education could be improved. D. Her ideas will be promoted internationally. Passage 9 (2025-2026学年江苏省常州中学，南通中学，启东中学等校高三下学期期初调研英语试题)Normally I pass my morning commute(通勤) absorbed in a book, headphones on. I miss a lot of what’s going on around me, but my reading hours are so limited and my “Books Read in2025” list is so embarrassingly short that I give up presence to get a couple of chapters in. On a recent day, however, I kept my book in my bag and made a game of looking at the people around me and imagining what their voices sound like. This game isn’t really fun, as games go, but it keeps me occupied, noticing, engaged with the world rather than ignoring it. In his poem “Everything Is Waiting for You,” David Whyte addresses the fundamental error of assuming separateness from everything and everyone else. “As if life/were a progressive and cunning crime/with no witness to the tiny hidden transgressions(越界).” He advises the reader to become alert. “You must note/the way the soap dish enables you, or the window latch grants you freedom.” The ordinary items around us are animate in his reading of the world. And not only that—— they’re likely to look on us favorably, to enable us, free us. My retreat(躲避) into books while on the train is only partly about getting reading done. It’s also about shutting out distraction, because I think that whatever is happening around me is disturbing, at the very least extraneous to my central purpose, which is getting from A to B. Sitting and just being in space with strangers, instead of retreating into a book or a phone, sometimes requires a mental shift. Who and what else is here? What if these noise-canceling headphones are keeping me from hearing the actually quite charming voices of the people beside me? If I want to feel more connected to other people, then what’s protective isn’t always productive. Or, as Whyte instructs, “Put down the weight of your aloneness and ease into the /conversation.” 32. Why does the author usually bury herself in a book during her commute? A. To catch up on reading. B. To improve her public image. C. To observe strangers secretly. D. To make the commute feel shorter. 33. What does David Whyte seem to think of the world in his poem? A. A test that challenges us. B. A presence that supports us. C. A stage where we perform alone. D. A place where we make mistakes. 34. What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Irrelevant. B. Dangerous. C. Unusual. D. Essential. 35. What does the author encourage readers to do? A. Keep to yourself and avoid small talk. B. Escape into books and block out noise. C. Listen to inner thoughts and reflect on them. D. Put down the headphones and tune in to others. Passage 10 Once living in our backyards, many pets — for better and for worse — have now become spoiled “fur babies”, enjoying constant attention, special treatment, and comforts once reserved for human babies. Many see this as harmless fun, but the increasing tendency to treat pets as “children” can have severe health and welfare consequences for the animals involved. The pet-to-fur-baby evolution can be attributed to many things, including overemphasis on the human-animal bond, ignorance of animals’ biological needs, irresistible consumerism and showing off. The principal causes and outcomes of fur babyism have intensified and spread globally. Evidence for this is inescapable and goes beyond the availability of clothes for birthdays, festivals and so on. Strollers, jewellery, nappies, nail polish, birthday cakes and shoes are now available for the modern fur baby, as are “gold standard” veterinary(兽医的) treatments. The adverse health effects of fur babyism are well documented. Take strollers for dogs: while potentially useful for animals with disabilities, their overuse in other dogs can lead to weakening of muscles, joint damage and obesity. Restricting the fur baby’s movement limits its natural ability to explore, mark territory and interact with environmental features, such as others of its species, leading to fear and anxiety. Given these potential health and welfare risks, one would expect veterinary experts to take a leading role in opposing the “fur baby” phenomenon. Oddly, attitudes among veterinarians vary widely — some criticize the trend while others support it and even profit from it. The latter is troubling because over-treatment may further harm animal welfare without necessarily improving health. Owners’ love for their pets is understandable, but must be balanced by prioritizing the animals’ interests. What is far less acceptable is the vet who cashes in on an owner’s misguided love for their pet to conduct unnecessary, painful and expensive tests and procedures on an animal that cannot give its permission. All caregivers should reflect on the suffering that may arise when animals are treated inappropriately: that is, as children rather than dogs or cats. And vets chasing the fur baby trend should know better. 36. Which example best illustrates fur babyism? A. Training pets to follow basic commands. B. Taking pets to the vet only when they are ill. C. Celebrating pets’ birthday with a special treat. D. Providing pets with daily food and clean water. 37. What does the underlined word “adverse” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Lasting. B. Negative. C. Surprising. D. Significant. 38. Why do some vets support the “fur baby” trend? A. They value the bond with animals. B. They profit from the pet-spoiling craze. C. They show concern for animal welfare. D. They think pets should be treated as kids. 39. What might the author agree with? A. All veterinary treatments are unnecessary for fur babies. B. The fur baby trend will soon disappear with vets’ opposition. C. People’s love for pets should be based on animals’ real needs. D. Pet-owner relationship should be weakened to avoid fur babyism. 16 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 清单08 阅读理解之词句猜测题 目录导航 01知识脑图·核心脉络搭建——梳理专题框架，搭建知识体系 02 考点深研·知能分层突破——深挖高频考点，分层突破重难点 考点一 词义猜测题 知识点1. 设问形式； 知识点2. 设题特点； 知识点3. 解题技巧； 考点二 代词指代题 知识点1. 设问形式； 知识点2. 设题特点； 知识点3. 解题技巧； 考点三 句意猜测题 知识点1. 设问形式； 知识点2. 设题特点； 知识点3. 解题技巧； 03优题精练·专题实战通关——精选优质试题，强化实战应用 知识脑图·核心脉络搭建 考点深研●知能分层突破 2026年阅读理解题量统计 题型/题量 全国I 全国II 北京 浙江1月 细节理解题 9 9 6 10 推理判断题 5 3 6 4 词义猜测题 1 1 1 1 主旨大意题 0 2 1 0 正确理解文中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词、短语的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同语境会有所不同。能根据上下文理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。 考点一 词义猜测题 1. 设问形式 What does the underlined word/ phrase mean/ refer to? What could the word/ phrase be replaced by? 2. 设题特点 ①巧用线索猜测词义,阅读理解语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据逻辑关系，可以粗略地推断出生词词义，对猜测词义帮助较大的逻辑关系有，反义关系、同一关系和因果关系等。 ②利用语法关系猜测词义，在做阅读理解题目的时候，考生利用语法关系如下定义，同位语、同位语从句、定语从句、举例、标点符号等。猜测词义是一种快速有效的方法之一。 ③利用构词法猜测词义，使用构词法，可以不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜测词意，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以做题的时候可以利用构词法，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。有些词语猜测题找不到以上标志性的线索，可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词意，这也是近几年高考考察的热点。 3. 解题技巧 ①巧用线索猜测词义 反义关系，根据划线词的反义词猜测词义； 如：转折，But however, otherwise, though, even though 对比，Unlike in contrast, while， on the contrary， on the other hand, rather than, instead of, contrary to 同义关系，根据与划线词有相同的或相近意义的词语猜测词语Similarly like, or, namely, in other words, that is to say, just as, and also, as well as, the same As, as…as 因果关系，根据前后因果关系猜测词义表原因，because, because of, since, due to, thanks to, for, as a result of, 表结果，So therefore, so that, so, such that lead to, result in, contribute to, as a result ②利用语法关系猜测词义 下定义，be, mean,refer to, be called, be named, namely, that is, be considered等词语后面的内容是对前面内容的注解性说明，相当于对前面的词语下定义 同位语从句，同位语从句是对前面内容的解释说明，也可以帮助猜测词义。 定语从句，尤其注意which，who后面的非限制性定语从句。 举例，For example, for instance, such as, like, include, including等后面的内容也帮组猜出词义。 标点符号，注意破折号、冒号、分号后面的内容，注意引号或者括号中的内容 ③利用构词法猜测词义 派生词，合成法构成新词，转化法(一种词性用作另外一种词性)等，如否定的前后缀，与原来的单词构成反义词，如：dis-, un-, in-,-less 等，“又，再”rre-。 ④利用上下文语境猜测词义 利用上下文语境猜测词意，应该全面考虑，结合关键词理解文章的意思，利用词的褒贬以及词语的组合搭配，提高猜测的准确率。 高考例题分析 例1(2026·北京·高考真题) … Importantly, Chesterton is not saying that things can never be reformed. His is a preventive principle rather than an outright prohibition. We could rephrase it like this: understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them. If we’re too impetuous, we can end up tearing out things we don’t yet realise we rely upon. But uncritical devotion to the “way things are done” can also deny us the possibility of better days. … 2. What does the word “impetuous” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A. Short-sighted. B. Narrow-minded. C. Hot-headed. D. Old-fashioned. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 2. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“If we’re too impetuous, we can end up tearing out things we don’t yet realise we rely upon.(如果我们太过impetuous，最终可能毁掉那些我们尚且没有意识到、却十分依赖的事物。)”可知，如果行事过于冲动草率，我们会毁掉那些自己尚未意识到、却十分依赖的事物，划线词“impetuous”表示“冲动的，鲁莽的”，与C选项“Hot-headed(冲动莽撞的)”含义一致。 例2(2026·全国一卷·高考真题) … The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. “We didn’t make a big deal of that,” said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy. “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. “You have to think about what you would lose if you do that.” Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 12. What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Honest about. B. Unaware of. C. Related to. D. Optimistic about. 【答案】12. B 12. 词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”可知，公园部门并非没有意识到城市树木会释放异戊二烯这个问题。从而推知，画划线短语“oblivious to”意为“未觉察、不注意”，与B项“Unaware of”意思一致。 考点二 代词指代题 1. 设问形式 What does the underlined word/ phrase “this/ that/ they/it”mean/ refer to? What could the word/ phrase “this/ that/ they”be replaced by? 2. 设题特点 代词指代题，常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境当中。我们应该根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词，有时也会考察定语从句当中关系代词的指代内容 3. 解题技巧 熟悉代词含义，利用就近原则，从代词所在句的前一句或者前几句中找出所指代内容，替换划线代词，然后核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致，从而确定最终答案。 高考例题分析 例3(2025·上海·高考真题) … In Schleicher’s experience, German schools had not been as exceptional as German educators seemed to think. As a boy, he’d felt bored much of the time and earned ordinary grades. But, as a teenager, several teachers had encouraged his fascination with science and numbers, and his grades had improved. In high school, he’d won a national science prize, which meant he was more or less guaranteed a well-paying job in a private company after college. That was exactly what he’d planned to do, until he stepped into Postlethwaite’s lecture. At the end of class, the professor asked Schleicher to stay behind. He could tell that there was something different about this young man. “Would you like to help me with this research?” Schleicher stared back at him, shocked. “I know nothing about education.” “Oh, that doesn’t matter,” Postlethwaite said, smiling. After that, the two men began to team up, eventually creating the first international reading test, a test that measured reading ability globally. 16. What does the word “That” (para.5) probably refer to? A. Obtaining a decent job. B. Winning a national prize. C. Joining heated discussions. D. Designing a reading test. 【答案】16. A 16. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“In high school, he’d won a national science prize, which meant he was more or less guaranteed a well-paying job in a private company after college. That was exactly what he’d planned to do, until he stepped into Postlethwaite’s lecture. (高中时，他获得了全国科学奖，这意味着他大学毕业后或多或少能在一家私营公司找到一份高薪工作。这正是他原本的计划，直到他走进了Postlethwaite的课堂。)”可知，That指代上文提到的“在一家私营公司找到一份高薪工作”，即获得一份体面的工作。故选A项。 考点三 句意猜测题 1. 设问形式 What does the underlined sentence mean/ refer to? 2. 设题特点 句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的有特殊含义的语句或者。高度概括句子当中要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句。或者这一语句的某一个部分，锁定语句前后，寻找意义吻合是解题的关键. 3. 解题技巧 第一个定位，返回原文定位划线句。 第二个寻找。寻找划线句前后的信息句。 第三个分析，细读和划线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断划线句的句意。第4个比对，归纳总结，仔细比对选项，确定答案 高考例题分析 例4(2014·上海·高考真题) … Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again. Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food. As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can't trust her, either. 19. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______. A. chimps are ready to attack others B. chimps are sometimes dishonest C. chimps are jealous of the winners D. chimps can be selfish too 【答案】19. B 19. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.(一场战斗之后，失败的黑猩猩会向另一只伸出手。当获胜的黑猩猩也伸出手时，黑猩猩们又变得友好起来。但一位动物专家曾看到一只失败的黑猩猩握住获胜者的手，然后又开始战斗。)”可知，黑猩猩会通过看似友好的行为来欺骗对方，所以“Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky”这句话的意思是黑猩猩有时是不诚实的。故选B项。 优题精练●专题实战通关 Passage 1 (2025-2026学年河南名校高三下学期开学英语试题)Have you ever wondered how clouds form? This super fun and simple experiment will help you see the physical changes that happen as clouds form within the atmosphere. Supplies needed ●A glass jar with a lid(盖子) ●1 cup of boiling water ●Blue food coloring(optional) ●Aerosol hairspray(发胶喷雾) ●3 — 5 cubes of ice Instructions 1. Pour 1 cup of boiling water into the glass jar. You can use food coloring to make the water blue before pouring it into the jar. This is not required, but it does help distinguish the cloud from the water. Plus, it makes the water look like the sky. 2. Quickly spray hairspray into the jar. 3. Cap the jar immediately. This step must be performed quickly, so have the cover handy. 4. Place 3 — 5 pieces of ice on top of the lid of the jar. 5. Now it’s time to observe what happens. As time passes, you will see a cloud begin to form. How the science experiment works In our experiment, the warm water in the jar causes the air inside the jar to heat up. When this happens, some of the water evaporates into the air. Then the warm, moist air rises from the surface of the water to the top of the jar. Once it reaches the top of the jar, the warm, moist air begins to cool down because of the ice on the lid of the jar. The water vapor(蒸气) in the cooling air then condenses(凝结) onto the particles of hairspray, forming a cloud in the jar. 1. What is the use of blue food coloring? A. To keep the water warm for longer. B. To tell the cloud apart from the water. C. To speed up the formation of clouds. D. To make the ice melt more slowly. 2. What do we do next after spraying hairspray? A. Add blue food coloring. B. Put ice on the lid. C. Cover the jar with its lid. D. Watch the jar carefully. 3. What helps form a cloud in the jar? A. Cold ice turns directly into water vapor. B. The lid stops the warm air from escaping. C. Water vapor condenses on hairspray particles. D. Boiling water cools down soon in the open air. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 【导语】文章介绍模拟云朵形成的实验、步骤以及其中蕴含的科学原理。 1. 细节理解题。根据Instructions部分第1步中“This is not required, but it does help distinguish the cloud from the water. (这不是必需的，但它确实有助于区分云和水。)”可知，蓝色食用色素的作用是帮助区分云和水。 2. 细节理解题。根据Instructions部分第2步“Quickly spray hairspray into the jar. (快速将发胶喷雾喷入罐子中。)”和第3步“Cap the jar immediately. (立即盖上盖子。)”可知，喷完发胶喷雾后下一步是盖上盖子。 3. 细节理解题。根据How the science experiment works部分最后一句“The water vapor (蒸气) in the cooling air then condenses (凝结) onto the particles of hairspray, forming a cloud in the jar. (冷却空气中的水蒸气然后凝结在发胶颗粒上，在罐子里形成云。)”可知，云的形成是因为水蒸气凝结在发胶颗粒上。 Passage 2 (2025-2026学年河南名校高三下学期开学英语试题)As children grow, their understanding of science and being a scientist changes. Adults’ words are critical to keep them engaged in discovery. Kids are naturally curious and love exploring. “What’s that in your hand? Is it a ball? Will it roll down this hill?” they might ask. This is science in action: observing, testing, seeing results and asking questions. But over time, kids often lose interest in science. To praise a child, many adults often say “You’re a good scientist” The language cues(提示), focusing on science as an identity rather than the actions people do, partly cause this. However, there are some steps to keep the curiosity alive. A study found 4-year-old girls insisted longer when told “Let’s do science” instead of “Let's be scientists.” One possibility is that children may associate scientists with men. If they don’t share that identity, they might disengage from an activity designed “for scientists.” Besides, children may think being a scientist needs special intellectual abilities, which they believe only certain groups have. Perhaps now you are thinking, “Great, I will just focus on doing science and the actions in the scientific process” And this will probably work for kids, even as they grow from childhood to teens and early adulthood. But it’s also true that during the teens, your kids are actively trying and finally forming their own identities. Unlike its demotivating effects on young children, identity-focused language may help teens stay interested in science. One study found if you told middle schoolers to think about being a “scientist” or “doctor” someday, they’d do more homework and probably get higher grades. That might be because if teens see themselves as scientists, they’ll be willing to work to become who they want to be. How these two versions of subtle language cues might work together has yet to be investigated; perhaps this research could be done by your future scientist. 4. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By listing statistics. B. By quoting an expert. C. By giving an example. D. By making comparisons. 5. What does the underlined word “this” refer to in paragraph 2? A. The insistence of 4-year-old girls. B. The loss of scientific curiosity. C. The adoption of necessary measures. D. The use of action-focused phrases. 6. How does the identity-focused language benefit teens according to the study? A. It enhances peer connection. B. It increases academic stress. C. It reduces work productivity. D. It promotes study performance. 7. What will the follow-up study focus on? A. The design of scientific activities. B. The difficulty in keeping curiosity alive. C. The influence of action-focused language. D. The interaction between two language cues. 【答案】4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文探讨了儿童对科学的理解及如何通过语言激励保持他们对科学的兴趣。 4. 推理判断题。第一段中““What’s that in your hand? Is it a ball? Will it roll down this hill?” they might ask. This is science in action: observing, testing, seeing results and asking questions.(“你手里拿的是什么？”它是一个球吗？它会从山上滚下来吗？”他们可能会问。这就是行动中的科学：观察、测试、观察结果并提出问题)”通过描述孩子提问的场景，具体举例说明儿童如何通过观察、测试、提问进行科学探索，属于举例论证。故选C。 5. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“But over time, kids often lose interest in science. To praise a child, many adults often say “You’re a good scientist” The language cues (提示) , focusing on science as an identity rather than the actions people do, partly cause this.(但随着时间的推移，孩子们往往会对科学失去兴趣。为了表扬孩子，许多成年人经常说“你是一个优秀的科学家”。这种语言暗示，把科学作为一种身份，而不是人们的行为，部分造成了这种情况)”可知，“这种情况”指代前文提到的“孩子们对科学失去兴趣”。故选B。 6. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“One study found if you told middle schoolers to think about being a “scientist” or “doctor” someday, they’d do more homework and probably get higher grades. That might be because if teens see themselves as scientists, they’ll be willing to work to become who they want to be.(一项研究发现，如果你告诉中学生有一天想成为“科学家”或“医生”，他们会做更多的家庭作业，可能会取得更高的成绩。这可能是因为如果青少年把自己视为科学家，他们会愿意努力成为他们想成为的人)”可知，让青少年思考成为“科学家”的身份导向语言能促使他们“做更多作业并可能取得更高成绩”，直接对应D项“提升学业表现”。故选D。 7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“How these two versions of subtle language cues might work together has yet to be investigated; perhaps this research could be done by your future scientist.(这两种微妙的语言线索是如何协同工作的还有待研究；也许这项研究可以由你未来的科学家来做)”可知，两种语言提示如何协同作用尚未被研究，明确后续研究方向为两种语言提示的相互作用。故选D。 Passage 3 (2025-2026学年山东省莱西市第一中学高三下学期4月月考英语试题)Will artificial intelligence (AI) replace my job? This is a question that many people think about these days. At present, the application of AI robotics in professional fields, as well as ChatGPT’s abilities to write essays, solve complex problems and more, have heightened moral concerns. Some people see AI as the ultimate cure for society’s most fundamental problems, while others fear that AI will overtake human intelligence. These two views are based on the assumption that AI is better and smarter than humanity and may ultimately replace human decision-making. But given the fact that technology is the product of human civilization, the challenge from AI is something we have created for ourselves as we keep pushing our own boundaries. In other words, AI’s progress, functions and future direction are all determined by the human brain. Before AI becomes a threat to humanity, the international community should reach an agreement on the role it is to play. More importantly, related laws and regulations must ensure that AI will benefit society and prevent it from threatening human life. Robots, for example, are believed to develop emotional intelligence sometime, which enables them to recognize, understand and express emotions in a way that is similar to humans, but we must avoid AI copying human emotions. Without legal restrictions, AI may become a social disaster. The AI-driven new industrial revolution is irreversible. This, like previous ones, which introduced changes that had been unimaginable before, will certainly affect human employment. But it always turned out humanity was able to adapt to each industrial revolution and create new forms of employment. Therefore, it’s unnecessary to worry AI will replace our jobs. While technology advances at a rapid pace, what we need to do is to welcome the AI era rather than block its unfolding for fear of the unknown. 8. What does the author imply about AI’s future? A. It will be too complex to control. B. It depends on human innovation. C. It will be regulated more strictly. D. It may outperform the human brain. 9. How can we prevent AI’s potential threat? A. By stirring emotions. B. By blocking functions. C. By setting restrictions. D. By changing regulations. 10. What does the underlined word “irreversible” in the last paragraph mean? A. Undesirable. B. Unavoidable. C. Unpredictable. D. Unbelievable. 11. What does the writer suggest readers do with the coming of the AI era? A. Deal with it positively. B. Accept it passively. C. Respond to it randomly. D. Defend it unconditionally. 【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了人工智能(AI)是否会取代人类工作这一问题，分析了人们对AI的不同看法，强调了人类对AI发展的主导作用以及应对AI时代的正确态度。 8. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“But given the fact that technology is the product of human civilization, the challenge from AI is something we have created for ourselves as we keep pushing our own boundaries. In other words, AI’s progress, functions and future direction are all determined by the human brain. (但考虑到技术是人类文明的产物，人工智能带来的挑战是我们自己在不断突破自身界限时创造的。换句话说，人工智能的进步、功能和未来方向都是由人类大脑决定的。)”可知，作者认为人工智能的未来取决于人类的创新。故选B项。 9. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“More importantly, related laws and regulations must ensure that AI will benefit society and prevent it from threatening human life. (更重要的是，相关法律法规必须确保人工智能造福社会，防止其威胁人类生命。)”以及“Without legal restrictions, AI may become a social disaster. (没有法律限制，人工智能可能会成为一场社会灾难。)”可知，我们可以通过制定法律限制(设置约束)来防止人工智能的潜在威胁。故选C项。 10. 词句猜测题。根据划线词后一句“This, like previous ones, which introduced changes that had been unimaginable before, will certainly affect human employment. (和之前的工业革命一样，这将肯定会影响人类就业，之前的工业革命带来了以前难以想象的变化。)”可知，人工智能驱动的新工业革命和之前的工业革命一样，是不可避免的，且会影响人类就业。由此可推知，划线单词irreversible意为“不可避免的”，与Unavoidable意思相近。故选B项。 11. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Therefore, it’s unnecessary to worry AI will replace our jobs. While technology advances at a rapid pace, what we need to do is to welcome the AI era rather than block its unfolding for fear of the unknown. (因此，没有必要担心人工智能会取代我们的工作。虽然技术进步迅速，但我们需要做的是欢迎人工智能时代的到来，而不是因为害怕未知而阻止它的发展。)”可推知，作者建议读者积极应对人工智能时代的到来。故选A项。 Passage 4 (2025-2026学年山东省莱西市第一中学高三下学期大联考(一)Christmas stockings may contain more surprises than usual this year, as children open presents that can talk back. Toymakers in China have declared 2025 the year of artificial intelligence(AI) and are producing robots and teddies that can teach, play and tell stories. In work and play, AI is reshaping childhood. It promises every child the kind of upbringing previously available only to the rich, with private tutors, personalized courses and tailored entertainment. A childhood fit for a king could become universal. Technology is creating new forms of fun, too. Hollywood may dismiss AI videos as low-quality stuff, but young people are consuming them and making their own. There are well-publicized risks in letting children loose on an evolving technology. Yet childhood may be disrupted most radically by things that AI does when it is behaving as intended. The technology quickly learns what its master likes — and shows more of it. Social-media feeds have already created echo chambers(回声室) where people see only views they agree with. Not only does this destroy serendipity. A favorites-only diet means a child need never learn to tolerate something unfamiliar. One-sided relationships with chatbots present a similar risk. AI companions that never criticize, nor share feelings of their own, are a poor preparation for dealing with imperfect humans. Yes-bots threaten to create children not used to taking turns, who grow up into colleagues unable to compromise and partners unfamiliar with the give-and-take required in a relationship. It is a future filled with opportunities and hidden traps. AI shows undeniable potential to improve education and enrich entertainment. It may one day let every child live like royalty. But as real kings often discover, a specially designed upbringing can also be a lonely and atomized one. The truly privileged may be those whose parents and teachers know when to turn it off. 12. What can we infer from paragraph 2 about AI? A. It makes entertainment more exciting and diverse. B. It opens access to high-quality nurturing for all. C. It aims to make all children’s experiences luxurious. D. It challenges the standards of traditional industries. 13. What does the underlined word “serendipity” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Surprise. B. Treasure. C. Motivation. D. Tradition. 14. What is the main danger of “Yes-bots” in paragraph 4? A. They give children inaccurate information. B. They leave children without key social skills. C. They lower children’s interest in real social life. D. They cost too much for average families. 15. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. A Personalized tutor: AI’s Educational Promise. B. AI Revolution: Technology’s Total Transformation. C. Talking Toys: Risks in AI Companionship. D. Reshaped Childhood: Promise and Risk of AI. 【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讨论了人工智能重塑童年的双重影响。AI虽能提供个性化教育与娱乐，却也可能导致孩子陷入信息茧房，甚至因缺乏真实互动而丧失关键的社交妥协能力。 12. 推理判断题。根据第二段“It promises every child the kind of upbringing previously available only to the rich, with private tutors, personalized courses and tailored entertainment.(它承诺为每一个孩子提供此前只有富人才能享有的那种优质教育，包括私人教师指导、个性化课程以及量身定制的娱乐活动)”可知，人工智能为所有人提供了获得高质量教育培养的机会。故选B。 13. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The technology quickly learns what its master likes — and shows more of it. Social-media feeds have already created echo chambers (回声室) where people see only views they agree with. Not only does this destroy serendipity.(这种技术能够迅速了解其主人的喜好，并提供更多符合其喜好的内容。社交媒体推送的内容已经形成了一个个“回音室”，人们只能看到与自己观点一致的内容。这不仅破坏了serendipity)”以及后文“A favorites-only diet means a child need never learn to tolerate something unfamiliar.(只吃自己喜爱的食物的饮食方式意味着孩子永远不必学会去接受那些不熟悉的东西)”可知，提到社交媒体和 AI 会创造 “回声室”，只给孩子看他们喜欢的东西。这种“只看喜欢的”模式破坏了“serendipity”。接着解释“只看最爱意味着孩子不需要忍受不熟悉的事物”，说明“serendipity”指的是那种遇到不熟悉事物时产生的意外发现或惊喜。故划线词意思是“惊喜”。故选A。 14. 细节理解题。根据第四段“One-sided relationships with chatbots present a similar risk. AI companions that never criticize, nor share feelings of their own, are a poor preparation for dealing with imperfect humans. Yes-bots threaten to create children not used to taking turns, who grow up into colleagues unable to compromise and partners unfamiliar with the give-and-take required in a relationship.(与聊天机器人的单向关系也存在类似的风险。那些从不批评、也不表达自身情感的智能伙伴，对于应对不完美的人类来说是极不合适的准备。有“是”机器人存在这样的威胁，它们可能会培养出不善于轮流互动的孩子，这些孩子长大后会成为无法妥协的同事，或者成为不熟悉关系中相互让步必要性的伴侣)”可知，Yes-bots存在的主要危险是它们会使孩子丧失关键的社交技能。故选B。 15. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“It is a future filled with opportunities and hidden traps. AI shows undeniable potential to improve education and enrich entertainment. It may one day let every child live like royalty. But as real kings often discover, a specially designed upbringing can also be a lonely and atomized one. The truly privileged may be those whose parents and teachers know when to turn it off.(这是一个充满机遇与潜在陷阱的未来。人工智能在改善教育和丰富娱乐方面展现出了无可否认的巨大潜力。或许有一天，它能让每一个孩子都过上如王室般的生活。但正如真正的国王们所发现的那样，精心设计的养育方式也可能导致孤独和孤立。真正享有特权的或许正是那些父母和老师懂得何时适时停止这种培养方式的人)”结合本文讨论了人工智能重塑童年的双重影响。AI 虽能提供个性化教育与娱乐，却也可能导致孩子陷入信息茧房，甚至因缺乏真实互动而丧失关键的社交妥协能力。可知，D选项“重塑童年：人工智能的机遇与风险”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 5 (2025-2026学年河北衡水中学高三年级小学期期末综合素质评价)Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) , a natural compound found in foods like broccoli and avocado, has emerged as a promising anti-aging supplement (补充物质). As people age, their levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) decline. Since NMN helps boost NAD⁺ production, scientists believe it could slow age-related decline. The current global aging crisis urges studies in this field. With the population over 65 expected to double by 2050, age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s diseases and diabetes have gone up, leading to heavy global socioeconomic and medical burden. Therefore, age management medical practices have been mushrooming in the world for recommending nutritional supplements. And NMN serves as a direct boost to NAD⁺, a vital molecule(分子) that fuels cells with energy and repairs DNA damage. Many studies have been done to explore NMN’s anti-aging effects in various cells and tissues, most of which were done in animal models. For example, according to Fu and Zhang, on an experiment of using NMN in preparation of anti-aging health-care products or drugs on aged mice, it was found that the NMN administration could extend the life span of mice by 29%. Fang investigated that the hearing loss happened to mice could be prevented by improving cochlear(耳蜗) health and restoring outer hair cell loss. Wang also indicated that the use of NMN contributed to the restoration of learning and cognition in rats. However, most evidence comes from lab studies, and human trials remain limited. Also, in terms of intake, early small-scale studies suggest NMN is safe in doses up to 500 mg per day, but experts caution that unregulated high doses (such as 1, 000 mg capsules) could be risky. Alarmingly, despite the lack of comprehensive human data, NMN supplements are already widely marketed. Dr. Jun Lu, a leading researcher, warns: “Nature perfected these systems over millions of years — lab-made versions still can’t fully copy them.” While NMN holds promise, more research is needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness in humans. 16. Why are scientists interested in NMN? A. Because it is a natural compound found in common foods. B. Because it is the only effective anti-aging supplement available. C. Because it may contribute to slowing aging by boosting NAD⁺ levels. D. Because it has been proven to cure Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. 17. The underlined word “administration” in Paragraph 3 most likely means _________. A. government B. interruption C. injection D. accommodation 18. Which of the following words best describes the effectiveness of NMN on humans? A. Revolutionary. B. Promising. C. Invasive. D. Unproven. 19. What is the best title for the passage? A. Animal Studies Prove NMN’s Anti-Aging Effects B. NMN’s Potential and Risks: A Scientific Perspective C. How NMN Supplements Are Dominating the Market D. NMN: The Miracle Anti-Aging Solution Finally Found 【答案】16. C 17. C 18. D 19. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了NMN作为一种潜在的抗衰老补充剂，其作用机制、在动物实验中的效果、目前研究的局限性以及市场情况。 16. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“As people age, their levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) decline. Since NMN helps boost NAD⁺ production, scientists believe it could slow age-related decline. (随着年龄的增长，人体内烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD⁺)的水平会下降。由于NMN有助于促进NAD⁺的产生，科学家认为它可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退。)”可知，科学家对NMN感兴趣是因为它可能通过提高NAD⁺水平来减缓衰老。故选C项。 17. 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“For example, according to Fu and Zhang, on an experiment of using NMN in preparation of anti-aging health-care products or drugs on aged mice, it was found that the NMN administration could extend the life span of mice by 29%.(例如，根据傅和张的说法，在一项用NMN制备抗衰老保健品或药物对老年小鼠进行的实验中发现，NMN _____ 可使小鼠寿命延长29%。)”可知，本句介绍的是用NMN制备抗衰老保健品或药物对老年小鼠进行的实验，由此可推知，是给小鼠注射了NMN，才使得小鼠寿命延长了29%，故划线词“administration”意为“注射”，与C项“injection”意思一致。故选C项。 18. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“However, most evidence comes from lab studies, and human trials remain limited. (然而，大多数证据来自实验室研究，人体试验仍然有限。)”和最后一段中“While NMN holds promise, more research is needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness in humans. (虽然NMN有希望，但还需要更多的研究来证实其在人类身上的安全性和有效性。)”可推知，NMN对人类的有效性尚未得到证实。故选D项。 19. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a natural compound found in foods like broccoli and avocado, has emerged as a promising anti-aging supplement (补充物质). (烟酰胺单核苷酸(NMN)是一种存在于西兰花和鳄梨等食物中的天然化合物，已成为一种很有前途的抗衰老补充剂。)”可知，文章主要介绍了NMN作为一种潜在的抗衰老补充剂，其作用机制、在动物实验中的效果、目前研究的局限性以及市场情况。故B项“NMN的潜力和风险：科学视角”最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 Passage 6 (2025-2026学年河北衡水市桃城区河北衡水中学度高三年级下学期综合素质评价三英语学科试题)In an age when smartphones deliver constant updates and social media fuels endless comparison, Generation Z (born between 1997-2012) is leading a cultural movement which is opposite the current trend in the fast-paced digital world: slow living. This philosophy, which emphasizes purpose over speed and quality over quantity, is gaining popularity as young people rebel(反叛) against the burnout culture that affected millennials (born between 1981-1996). Recent data from the Pew Research Center reveals that 58% of Gen Z surveyed actively limit their social media usage, while 43% have deleted at least one app to reduce digital stress. The shift goes beyond digital habits. A 2024 report by McKinsey Company highlights that 72% of Gen Z consumers prefer sustainable brands, even at higher price points, reflecting a rejection of fast fashion and unplanned consumption. Secondhand store shopping has increased by 35% among them since 2022, according to research firm GlobalData. Psychologists owe this to “climate anxiety” and a desire for being real. “Gen Z sees slow living as both self-care and activism(行动主义),” explains Dr. Hannah Lee, a behavioral scientist at UCLA. “They’re shaping lifestyles in line with their values-not just following trends.” However, critics argue that the movement’s ideals are easier to adopt for those in good financial situation. A study in The Journal of Social Economics notes that low-income Gen Z individuals are 40%less likely to participate in slow living practices like eating organic food or keeping only what they truly need, mainly because they have less money to spend. “Simplifying your life is a privilege when you’re working three odd jobs(零工),” comments sociologist Dr. Carlos Mendez. This difference has caused debates about whether slow living unintentionally excludes(排除在外) disadvantaged groups. The trend is reshaping industries. Tech companies now market “focus mode” apps that block distractions, while fashion brands promote “quiet luxury” — plain-looking but high-quality designs. Even workplaces are adapting, with 20%of U.S. firms trialing four-day workweeks in 2024, according to Harvard Business Review. Yet questions remain: Is this a lasting cultural shift or a temporary rebellion? As Dr. Lee observes, “Gen Z isn’t rejecting progress; they’re redefining what ‘better’ means.” 20. How does Dr. Hannah Lee see Gen Z’s choice of slow living? A. They blindly follow influential trends. B. They say no to modern digital technology. C. They care more about cost than the environment. D. They view it as a way to express personal values. 21. What can be inferred about the movement from paragraph 3? A. It contributes to a waste of resources. B. Not all income groups can be involved. C. Gen Z’s environmental concerns are ignored. D. It appeals for universal adoption of the trend. 22. The underlined phrase “quiet luxury” in paragraph 4 refers to ________. A. advanced digital devices B. simple, well-made products C. affordable fast-fashion items D. expensive, eye-catching designs 23. What is the best title for the text? A. Why Gen Z Show Preference for an Easier Life. B. The Upcoming End of Digital Technology. C. How Secondhand Shopping Became Popular. D. The Rise of Slow Living among Young People. 【答案】20. D 21. B 22. B 23. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍Z世代在快节奏数字世界中掀起慢生活运动的现象、表现及影响。 20. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的““Gen Z sees slow living as both self-care and activism (行动主义),” explains Dr. Hannah Lee, a behavioral scientist at UCLA. “They’re shaping lifestyles in line with their values-not just following trends.” (加州大学洛杉矶分校的行为科学家汉娜·李博士解释说：“Z世代将慢生活视为自我关怀和行动主义。他们正在塑造与自己价值观一致的生活方式，而不仅仅是追随潮流。”)”可知，汉娜·李博士认为Z世代将慢生活视为表达个人价值观的方式。故选D项。 21. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A study in The Journal of Social Economics notes that low-income Gen Z individuals are 40% less likely to participate in slow living practices like eating organic food or keeping only what they truly need, mainly because they have less money to spend. (《社会经济学杂志》的一项研究指出，低收入的Z世代个体参与慢生活实践(如吃有机食品或只保留真正需要的东西)的可能性要低40%，主要是因为他们可支配的钱更少。)”可知，并非所有收入群体都能参与慢生活运动。故选B项。 22. 词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“while fashion brands promote “quiet luxury” — plain-looking but high-quality designs. (而时尚品牌则推广“quiet luxury”——外观朴素但设计优质的产品。)”可知，时尚品牌推广外观朴素但设计优质的产品，由此可知，“quiet luxury”指的是简单、制作精良的产品。故选B项。 23. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“In an age when smartphones deliver constant updates and social media fuels endless comparison, Generation Z (born between 1997-2012) is leading a cultural movement which is opposite the current trend in the fast-paced digital world: slow living. (在智能手机不断更新、社交媒体引发无尽比较的时代，Z世代(1997-2012年出生)正在引领一场与快节奏数字世界潮流相反的文化运动：慢生活。)”可知，本文主要讲的是年轻人中慢生活的兴起，所以标题“年轻人中慢生活的兴起”适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 7 (2026年江苏徐州市5月考前模拟预测高三年级试题)Woodpeckers(啄木鸟) operate at an extreme level, boring through solid wood with forces more than 30 times their own weight and drilling up to 13 times a second. How do they never miss a beat while head banging so hard? It turns out that the birds tense up their entire body to smash through wood, letting out short, explosive grunts with each strike, report Brown University biologist Nicholas Antonson and his colleagues in the Journal of Experimental Biology. “Woodpeckers really are nature’s hammer in a sense,” Antonson says. To study how the birds tap, the researchers first humanely captured eight wild Downy Woodpeckers and carefully inserted electrodes into their muscles in the laboratory. The electrodes fed into a tiny, fitted backpack that recorded electrical signals from contracting muscles as the birds pecked. They also checked whether the woodpeckers held their breath during exertion(用力) (like weight lifters tend to do) or exhaled(呼气) (like tennis players) while striking the wood by examining airflow through the birds’ air sacs — small, balloon-like structures that help them breathe in and out. By matching these measurements with high-speed videos, the scientists tracked the woodpeckers’ taps down to every four milliseconds. Instead of using a single muscle to control the action, woodpeckers activated “every muscle from the head to the tail,” Antonson says. The birds used their powerful hip flexors to push forward, clenched their tail and abs (腹肌) to prepare for the strike, and stiffened the back of their head and neck on contact — similar to the way you might stiffen the back of your wrist when you hammer a nail. They then engaged a different set of hip and neck muscles to draw back. The birds also perfectly paired their pecks with sharp exhalations “as another means of stabilizing their core muscles and powering through those strikes,” Antonson explains. “To be able to breathe out 13 times per second and inhale on the order of 40 milliseconds is really impressive.” Songbirds, which aren’t closely related to woodpeckers, are the only other birds known to so precisely time their breaths, which they do as they sing. “Pecking is a full-body exercise,” says University of Alabama biologist Nicole Ackermans, who studies brain damage in woodpeckers and head-butting sheep. Coordinating “micro breaths” with muscle clenching and creating “this hammerlike structure in their whole body is such a unique approach,” she adds. 24. What does the question in the first paragraph mean? A. How do woodpeckers avoid injury while pecking? B. Why do woodpeckers peck faster than other birds? C. What makes woodpeckers stronger than other animals? D. How much weight can woodpeckers carry while pecking? 25. Why did the researchers insert electrodes into the woodpeckers’ muscles? A. To test their reaction to electrical signals. B. To record muscle activity during pecking. C. To measure their heart rate while pecking. D. To examine the structure of their muscles. 26. What does the underlined word “clenched” in paragraph 4 most likely mean? A. Tightened. B. Relaxed. C. Stretched. D. Lifted. 27. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A. Woodpeckers: Smart Tool Users B. Woodpeckers: Nature’s Hammers C. Woodpeckers: Amazing Strength D. Woodpeckers: Powerful Muscle Controller 【答案】24. A 25. B 26. A 27. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了啄木鸟在以高强度啄击树木时如何避免受伤的问题。研究人员通过在啄木鸟肌肉中插入电极记录其肌肉活动，并结合对气流的检查以及高速视频，发现啄木鸟通过全身肌肉协同运动和精准配合呼吸来实现高效啄击，就如同自然界的锤子一般。 24. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Woodpeckers (啄木鸟) operate at an extreme level, boring through solid wood with forces more than 30 times their own weight and drilling up to 13 times a second. How do they never miss a beat while head banging so hard?(啄木鸟的啄木行为处于一种极端状态，它们以超过自身重量30倍的力量钻透坚硬的木头，每秒啄木可达13次。在如此用力地撞击头部时，它们是如何做到毫无损伤的呢？)”可知，第一段的问题意思是啄木鸟在啄树时如何避免受伤，故选A项。 25. 细节理解题。根据第三段“To study how the birds tap, the researchers first humanely captured eight wild Downy Woodpeckers and carefully inserted electrodes into their muscles in the laboratory. The electrodes fed into a tiny, fitted backpack that recorded electrical signals from contracting muscles as the birds pecked.(为了研究啄木鸟如何啄木，研究人员首先人道地捕获了八只野生绒啄木鸟，并在实验室里小心地将电极插入它们的肌肉。这些电极连接到一个小巧合适的背包，这个背包记录啄木鸟啄树时收缩肌肉发出的电信号)”可知，研究人员将电极插入啄木鸟肌肉是为了记录它们啄树时的肌肉活动，故选B项。 26. 词义猜测题。根据第四段“The birds used their powerful hip flexors to push forward, clenched their tail and abs (腹肌) to prepare for the strike, and stiffened the back of their head and neck on contact — similar to the way you might stiffen the back of your wrist when you hammer a nail.(这些鸟用它们有力的髋屈肌向前推动，____尾巴和腹肌为撞击做准备，在接触时使头后部和颈部变硬——就像你钉钉子时可能会使手腕后部变硬一样)”以及及类比钉钉子时手腕后部变硬，可推测“clenched”意思与“Tightened(收紧)”相近，故选A项。 27. 主旨大意题。主要探讨了啄木鸟在以高强度啄击树木时如何避免受伤的问题。研究人员通过在啄木鸟肌肉中插入电极记录其肌肉活动，并结合对气流的检查以及高速视频，发现啄木鸟通过全身肌肉协同运动和精准配合呼吸来实现高效啄击，就如同自然界的锤子一般。“Woodpeckers: Nature’s Hammers (啄木鸟：自然界的锤子)”能很好地概括全文主旨，故选B项。 Passage 8 (2026届江苏省南通市海安高级中学5月高三年级阶段性学情测试)In India, when an elephant ruins crops or a tiger attacks livestock(牲畜), the result can be destructive for families. It can also destroy the bonds between humans and nature that are crucial for protecting wildlife. That’s why conservation biologist Krithi Karanth has spent years developing new strategies to help people live alongside dangerous animals. As CEO of the Bengaluru-based Centre for Wildlife Studies, Karanth is faced with a dilemma: that India, crowded with 1.4 billion people, is also a habitat for wildlife. It is home to approximately half of Asia’s elephants and roughly three-quarters of the planet’s wild tigers. Conserving those species, she says, requires not just saving habitat but also winning hearts and minds. One program has been launched for users to request government compensation(赔偿金) when wildlife damages crops, livestock, or property. It’s called Wild Seve. With a simple free call, victims summon(召唤) the program’s staff to document losses, make claims and track cases until they’re finished. Wild Seve has helped over 17,000 families, which reduced the likelihood of hunting as revenge. But mitigating bad outcomes isn’t enough. To help prevent them, Karanth has designed a curriculum, Wild Shaale, for schoolkids living near wildlife reserves, to inspire curiosity about and respect for animals. Through games, storytelling, and art, the program introduces students to the wildlife living near their communities, exploring why conflicts occur and how to respond safely. Wild Shaale is now taught in some 1,600 schools across India. “Krithi has sparked hope across India,” says National Geographic Society CEO Jill Tiefenthaler. “By combining science, education, and community partnership, she is redefining how people coexist with nature.” Next, Karanth wants to apply her ideas outside India, cultivating international conservationist, or even just neighbors. “Making people at least tolerate the occurrence of a large animal,” she says, “is a massive victory.” 28. What are Karanth’s new strategies aimed at? A. Safeguarding wildlife habitats. B. Raising conservational awareness. C. Conducting biological research. D. Realizing human-nature harmony. 29. What can we learn about Wild Seve? A. It charges users for services. B. It bans people from hunting. C. It helps victims claim damages. D. It trains staffs to protect crops. 30. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Avoiding. B. Reducing. C. Hiding. D. Ignoring. 31. According to the last paragraph, what will Karanth probably do next? A. More large animals could appear in India. B. Neighbors have tolerance for conservation. C. Community education could be improved. D. Her ideas will be promoted internationally. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 【导语】文章介绍科学家卡兰思推出多项举措，缓解印度人与野生动物的冲突，助力人与自然和谐共处。 28. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“That’s why conservation biologist Krithi Karanth has spent years developing new strategies to help people live alongside dangerous animals.(这就是保护生物学家克里希蒂·卡兰思多年来制定新策略，帮助人类与危险动物共存的原因)”可知，卡兰思的新策略旨在实现人与自然和谐共处。 29. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“With a simple free call, victims summon (召唤) the program’s staff to document losses, make claims and track cases until they’re finished.(受害者只需拨打免费电话，就能召集该项目工作人员记录损失、提出索赔并跟进案件直至办结)”可知，Wild Seve项目可以帮助受害者申请损失赔偿。 30. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“Wild Seve has helped over 17,000 families, which reduced the likelihood of hunting as revenge.(Wild Seve已经帮助了17000多个家庭，这降低了狩猎作为报复的可能性。)”可知，该项目减少报复性捕猎的不良影响，结合后文“To help prevent them(为了预防它们(不良后果)发生)”可知，仅仅减轻不良后果是不够的。由此猜测mitigating意为“减轻、缓解”，与Reducing同义。 31. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Next, Karanth wants to apply her ideas outside India, cultivating international conservationist, or even just neighbors.(接下来，卡兰思想将她的理念推广到印度境外，培养国际环保人士，乃至普通民众)”可知，她下一步会将自己的理念在国际上推广。 Passage 9 (2025-2026学年江苏省常州中学，南通中学，启东中学等校高三下学期期初调研英语试题)Normally I pass my morning commute(通勤) absorbed in a book, headphones on. I miss a lot of what’s going on around me, but my reading hours are so limited and my “Books Read in2025” list is so embarrassingly short that I give up presence to get a couple of chapters in. On a recent day, however, I kept my book in my bag and made a game of looking at the people around me and imagining what their voices sound like. This game isn’t really fun, as games go, but it keeps me occupied, noticing, engaged with the world rather than ignoring it. In his poem “Everything Is Waiting for You,” David Whyte addresses the fundamental error of assuming separateness from everything and everyone else. “As if life/were a progressive and cunning crime/with no witness to the tiny hidden transgressions(越界).” He advises the reader to become alert. “You must note/the way the soap dish enables you, or the window latch grants you freedom.” The ordinary items around us are animate in his reading of the world. And not only that—— they’re likely to look on us favorably, to enable us, free us. My retreat(躲避) into books while on the train is only partly about getting reading done. It’s also about shutting out distraction, because I think that whatever is happening around me is disturbing, at the very least extraneous to my central purpose, which is getting from A to B. Sitting and just being in space with strangers, instead of retreating into a book or a phone, sometimes requires a mental shift. Who and what else is here? What if these noise-canceling headphones are keeping me from hearing the actually quite charming voices of the people beside me? If I want to feel more connected to other people, then what’s protective isn’t always productive. Or, as Whyte instructs, “Put down the weight of your aloneness and ease into the /conversation.” 32. Why does the author usually bury herself in a book during her commute? A. To catch up on reading. B. To improve her public image. C. To observe strangers secretly. D. To make the commute feel shorter. 33. What does David Whyte seem to think of the world in his poem? A. A test that challenges us. B. A presence that supports us. C. A stage where we perform alone. D. A place where we make mistakes. 34. What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Irrelevant. B. Dangerous. C. Unusual. D. Essential. 35. What does the author encourage readers to do? A. Keep to yourself and avoid small talk. B. Escape into books and block out noise. C. Listen to inner thoughts and reflect on them. D. Put down the headphones and tune in to others. 【答案】32. A 33. B 34. A 35. D 【导语】本文为一篇记叙文。文章通过作者在通勤时从习惯“埋头读书隔绝外界”到“主动观察周围人事”的转变经历，结合诗人David Whyte的诗句，探讨了现代人过度依赖个人空间(如书籍、耳机)所导致的与现实的疏离感，并倡导打破这种自我隔离，更加开放地感知世界、与他人建立连接，从而在平凡生活中获得更丰富的体验与共鸣。 32. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I miss a lot of what’s going on around me, but my reading hours are so limited and my “Books Read in2025” list is so embarrassingly short that I give up presence to get a couple of chapters in.(我错过了周遭发生的许多事，但我的阅读时间如此有限，而“2025年已读书单”又短得令人尴尬，所以我宁愿放弃关注当下，也要读完几章内容。)”可知，作者提到他的阅读时间很有限，因此在通勤时沉浸读书时为了抓紧时间阅读。故选A。 33. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“He advises the reader to become alert. “You must note / the way the soap dish enables you, or the window latch grants you freedom.” The ordinary items around us are animate in his reading of the world. And not only that—— they’re likely to look on us favorably, to enable us, free us.(他建议读者保持警觉：“你必须留意肥皂盒如何助你清洁，窗栓如何给你自由。”在他的解读中，周围的寻常物品都是有生命的。不仅如此，它们还可能善意地注视着我们，帮助我们，解放我们。)”可知，David Whyte的诗歌解读为周围的事物都是由生命的，它们还帮助我们，解放我们，故说明世界是支持我们的存在。故选B。 34. 词义猜测题。根据文章划线词extraneous前文的内容“It’s also about shutting out distraction, because I think that whatever is happening around me is disturbing(也是为了隔绝干扰。因为我认为身边发生的任何事都是令人分心的)”可知，划线词前文提到作者读书是为了隔绝干扰，认为身边发生的事情都是令人分心的，故可推知此处划线词extraneous与A项“Irrelevant(不相关的)”意思相近，周围的事情是令人分心的，至少与我“从A地到B地”的核心目标无关。故选A。 35. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Or, as Whyte instructs, “Put down the weight of your aloneness and ease into the /conversation.”(或者，正如怀特所教导的那样：“放下你孤独的重负，轻松地加入对话吧。”)”可知，作者最后引用Whyte的诗句，鼓励读者放下孤独感，加入对话，故摘下耳机，融入其他人。故选D。 Passage 10 Once living in our backyards, many pets — for better and for worse — have now become spoiled “fur babies”, enjoying constant attention, special treatment, and comforts once reserved for human babies. Many see this as harmless fun, but the increasing tendency to treat pets as “children” can have severe health and welfare consequences for the animals involved. The pet-to-fur-baby evolution can be attributed to many things, including overemphasis on the human-animal bond, ignorance of animals’ biological needs, irresistible consumerism and showing off. The principal causes and outcomes of fur babyism have intensified and spread globally. Evidence for this is inescapable and goes beyond the availability of clothes for birthdays, festivals and so on. Strollers, jewellery, nappies, nail polish, birthday cakes and shoes are now available for the modern fur baby, as are “gold standard” veterinary(兽医的) treatments. The adverse health effects of fur babyism are well documented. Take strollers for dogs: while potentially useful for animals with disabilities, their overuse in other dogs can lead to weakening of muscles, joint damage and obesity. Restricting the fur baby’s movement limits its natural ability to explore, mark territory and interact with environmental features, such as others of its species, leading to fear and anxiety. Given these potential health and welfare risks, one would expect veterinary experts to take a leading role in opposing the “fur baby” phenomenon. Oddly, attitudes among veterinarians vary widely — some criticize the trend while others support it and even profit from it. The latter is troubling because over-treatment may further harm animal welfare without necessarily improving health. Owners’ love for their pets is understandable, but must be balanced by prioritizing the animals’ interests. What is far less acceptable is the vet who cashes in on an owner’s misguided love for their pet to conduct unnecessary, painful and expensive tests and procedures on an animal that cannot give its permission. All caregivers should reflect on the suffering that may arise when animals are treated inappropriately: that is, as children rather than dogs or cats. And vets chasing the fur baby trend should know better. 36. Which example best illustrates fur babyism? A. Training pets to follow basic commands. B. Taking pets to the vet only when they are ill. C. Celebrating pets’ birthday with a special treat. D. Providing pets with daily food and clean water. 37. What does the underlined word “adverse” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Lasting. B. Negative. C. Surprising. D. Significant. 38. Why do some vets support the “fur baby” trend? A. They value the bond with animals. B. They profit from the pet-spoiling craze. C. They show concern for animal welfare. D. They think pets should be treated as kids. 39. What might the author agree with? A. All veterinary treatments are unnecessary for fur babies. B. The fur baby trend will soon disappear with vets’ opposition. C. People’s love for pets should be based on animals’ real needs. D. Pet-owner relationship should be weakened to avoid fur babyism. 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. B 39. C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章指出宠物成为“毛孩子”的现象及成因，说明其对宠物健康的不良影响，呼吁主人和兽医优先关注宠物真实需求。 36. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Evidence for this is inescapable and goes beyond the availability of clothes for birthdays, festivals and so on. Strollers, jewellery, nappies, nail polish, birthday cakes and shoes are now available for the modern fur baby, as are “gold standard” veterinary (兽医的) treatments.(这方面的证据确凿无疑，且远不止于为生日、节日等场合准备的衣物。如今，现代“毛孩子”不仅能拥有婴儿车、首饰、纸尿裤、指甲油、生日蛋糕和鞋子，还能享受“黄金标准”的兽医诊疗服务)”可知，为用特别的礼物庆祝宠物的生日最能体现“毛孩子”现象。故选C项。 37. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“Take strollers for dogs: while potentially useful for animals with disabilities, their overuse in other dogs can lead to weakening of muscles, joint damage and obesity. (以宠物推车为例：虽然对残疾动物可能有用，但在其他狗狗身上过度使用会导致肌肉萎缩、关节损伤和肥胖)”可知，这些都是负面、有害的健康影响，因此adverse意为“消极的、不利的”，与negative同义。故选B项。 38. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Oddly, attitudes among veterinarians vary widely — some criticize the trend while others support it and even profit from it.(奇怪的是，兽医们的态度差异很大——一些人批评这一趋势，而另一些人支持它，甚至从中获利)”可知，部分兽医支持是因为能从溺爱宠物的热潮中获利。故选B项。 39. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Owners’ love for their pets is understandable, but must be balanced by prioritizing the animals’ interests.(主人对宠物的爱是可以理解的，但必须优先考虑动物的自身需求来平衡这种爱)”可推知，作者认为人们对宠物的爱应建立在动物真实需求的基础上。故选C项。 5 / 22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $