内容正文:
高中英语核心语法精讲:非谓语动词完全攻略
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中最复杂、最核心的知识板块之一,在高考中占分比重极大,无论是单项填空、完形填空、短文改错还是书面表达,都离不开对非谓语动词的准确理解和灵活运用。本篇讲解将带你全面攻克动词不定式、动名词、分词三大类非谓语形式,涵盖定义、形式、功能、时态语态、逻辑主语、独立结构及解题技巧,并通过大量例句和高考真题帮助你彻底掌握。
第一章 走进非谓语动词的世界
1.1 什么是非谓语动词?
在英语中,动词按照能否独立作谓语,分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。
· 谓语动词:受主语人称和数的限制,有时态、语态、语气的变化,如:He writes a letter.(writes 是谓语)
· 非谓语动词:不能独立作谓语,但可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。它没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的区别。
非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式 (Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)和分词(Participle),其中分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。
基本形式对比(以动词do为例):
· 不定式:to do / to be done / to have done / to be doing
· 动名词:doing / being done / having done
· 现在分词:doing / being done / having done / having been done
· 过去分词:done
可以看出,非谓语动词虽然不能做谓语,但仍然保留动词的某些特性:可以带自己的宾语、状语,有时态和语态的变化。
1.2 非谓语动词的双重身份
非谓语动词既是动词,又相当于名词、形容词或副词。具体来看:
· 不定式:兼具名词、形容词、副词的功能
· 动名词:起名词作用
· 分词:相当于形容词和副词
这就决定了它们可以在句子中灵活充当各种成分。接下来我们逐一深入学习。
第二章 动词不定式 —— 变化多端的“万能手”
2.1 不定式的形式与构成
不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,否定式为“not to do”。它有一般式、进行式、完成式以及被动语态,共六种基本形式:
时态/语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
无(罕见)
完成式
to have done
to have been done
· 一般式:表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在之后。
I hope to see you again. (hope 和 to see 同时或后发生)
· 进行式:强调正在进行的动作,与谓语动作同时发生。
He pretended to be reading when I came in. (我进来时他假装正在读书)
· 完成式:表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
She seemed to have heard about it already. (她似乎已经听说了)
· 被动语态:当不定式的逻辑主语是动作承受者时使用。
The problem remains to be solved. (问题有待解决)
2.2 不定式的句法功能
不定式可以在句中充当除了谓语以外的几乎所有成分,十分活跃。
(1) 作主语
不定式直接放在句首作主语,但更常用 it 作形式主语,将真正的主语后置,保持句子平衡。
· To master a foreign language is necessary. → It is necessary to master a foreign language.
· 常用句型:
It is + adj. (+ for/of sb.) + to do
It takes sb. some time to do
It is + n. + to do
注意 for 与 of 的区别:若形容词是描述人的品质或特征的(如 kind, nice, brave, clever, foolish),用 of;若说明事情的性质,用 for。
· It is kind of you to help me.
· It is important for you to learn English well.
(2) 作宾语
大量动词可以跟不定式作宾语,如:want, hope, decide, plan, expect, pretend, manage, offer, promise, refuse, afford 等。
· He decided to study abroad.
· She managed to finish the work on time.
不定式还可以和疑问词连用构成“疑问词 + to do”结构,充当宾语,相当于一个宾语从句。
· I don’t know what to do next.
· Please tell me how to operate the machine.
特别注意:某些动词后只能接不定式,不能接动名词,如:want, hope, decide, plan, expect, promise, refuse, afford, pretend, manage, offer, agree 等。高考常在这些动词的辨析处设题。
(3) 作表语
不定式放在系动词后说明主语的具体内容、目的、结果等。
· My dream is to become a doctor.
· The important thing is to take action now.
当主语部分含有实义动词 do 的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可以省略 to。
· What he did was (to) help the poor.
· The only thing I can do is (to) wait.
(4) 作宾语补足语
许多动词后可接“宾语 + 不定式”结构,不定式作宾补,补充说明宾语的动作或状态。常见动词:ask, tell, want, expect, warn, allow, encourage, force, remind 等。
· The teacher asked us to finish the homework.
· She reminded me to lock the door.
感官动词和使役动词的宾补不定式要省略 to。中学阶段常见的口诀是“一感 (feel) 二听 (hear, listen to) 三让 (let, make, have) 四看 (see, watch, notice, observe)”,再加上 help 后 to 可省可不省。但在被动语态中,省去的 to 必须补回。
· I heard him sing in the next room. (主动省 to)
· He was heard to sing in the next room. (被动补 to)
· Let me help you (to) carry the box. (help 后可省)
(5) 作定语
不定式作定语通常放在被修饰词之后,表示即将发生的动作、用途或起修饰限定作用。
· I have a lot of work to do. (有工作要做)
· She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
· They have no room to live in. (注意此处的介词 in 不能省,因为 room 是 live in 的逻辑宾语)
主动形式表被动意义:在“主语+be+adj.+to do”或“sth. be + adj. + to do”结构中,如果不定式与主语是动宾关系,常用主动表被动。
· The question is easy to answer.
· This book is difficult to understand.
还有 there be 句型中,不定式用主动或被动均可,但口语多用主动。
· There is a lot of homework to do / to be done.
(6) 作状语
不定式作状语用途极广,可表示目的、结果、原因等。
· 目的状语:可用 in order to, so as to 加强语气,so as to 不能放句首。
He got up early to catch the first bus.
In order to pass the exam, he studied day and night.
· 结果状语:常和 only 连用,表示出乎意料的结果;亦可与 so/such...as to 搭配。
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left. (意外结果)
She is so kind as to help us.
· 原因状语:常放在表示心理感受的形容词后,如 happy, sorry, glad, surprised 等。
I’m glad to meet you.
2.3 不定式的特殊考点
1. 分裂不定式:偶尔在 to 和动词之间插入副词,但高中阶段不常见,需认识即可。
2. to 的替代省略:为避免重复,可省略重复的动词原形,保留 to。
— Would you like to go with me? — I’d love to.
3. but/except + 不定式:前有实义动词 do,则 but 后不带 to;反之带 to。
He did nothing but wait.
He had no choice but to wait.
第三章 动名词 —— 名词化的动作
3.1 动名词的形式与特征
动名词由“动词原形 + -ing”构成,否定式“not + 动名词”。其形式变化如下:
时态/语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
· 一般式:与谓语动作同时发生或无时间先后。
I enjoy listening to music. (enjoy 和 listening 同时)
· 完成式:动名词动作明显早于谓语动作。
He admitted having broken the window. (先打破后承认)
· 被动式:动名词逻辑主语是该动作的承受者。
He dislikes being interrupted.
He was proud of ha
ving been praised by the teacher.
3.2 动名词的句法功能
动名词相当于名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
(1) 作主语
直接放句首,也可用 it 作形式主语,但仅限于少数特定句型,如:
It is no use / no good / fun + doing
· It is no use crying over spilt milk.
· Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别:动名词通常表示抽象的、习惯性的一般行为;不定式常表示某次具体或将来的动作。
· Smoking is harmful. (泛指吸烟)
· To smoke in the gas station is dangerous. (特指这一次)
(2) 作宾语
动名词大量作动词和介词的宾语,是高考绝对重点。
常跟动名词作宾语的动词,高考常考约三十个,必须熟记。口诀助记:“避免错过少延期 (avoid, miss, delay/postpone),建议完成多练习 (suggest, finish, practice);喜欢想象禁不住 (enjoy, imagine, can’t help),承认否认与介意 (admit, deny, mind);冒险抵抗要逃避 (risk, resist, escape),考虑坚持再原谅 (consider, keep, excuse/forgive)”。其他如 advise, allow, permit, forbid 后跟动名词作宾语,但接不定式作宾补。
· Would you mind opening the window?
· He avoided answering my question.
· I suggest doing it in a different way.
动名词作介词宾语:这是极其高频的考点。几乎所有介词后跟动词时都要用动名词。
· Thank you for helping me.
· He is fond of playing football.
· We look forward to hearing from you. (to 此处为介词)
含有介词的固定动词短语:lead to, stick to, object to, be used to, devote...to, get down to, pay attention to 等后接动名词。
· The heavy rain led to the match being put off.
be worth + doing 用主动表被动。
· The film is worth watching.
need, require, want 作“需要”讲时,后跟动名词主动表被动,相当于不定式的被动式。
· The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.
(3) 作表语
动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为,与主语同质,可互换位置。
· My job is teaching English. (= Teaching English is my job.)
注意与现在分词作表语的区别:动名词表性质、内容,分词表主语的特征、状态。
· Her hobby is collecting stamps. (动名词)
· The story is exciting. (现在分词)
(4) 作定语
动名词作定语表示名词的用途、功能,常可换成“for + 动名词”。
· a swimming pool = a pool for swimming
· a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping
而分词作定语表示动作正在进行或状态,如 a sleeping child (正在睡觉的孩子),需辨析。
3.3 动名词的复合结构
动名词前面可以加上物主代词、名词所有格或名词普通格、代词宾格,构成逻辑主语。
· Would you mind my/me opening the door?
· Tom’s / Tom coming late made the teacher angry.
在口语或非正式文体中,常用宾格。但若逻辑主语是无生命的名词或较长的名词词组,只能用普通格,不用所有格。
3.4 动名词与不定式作宾语的重大区别
这是高考试题重灾区。部分动词后可跟动名词或不定式,但意义不同,必须背诵:
动词
接动名词
接不定式
remember
记得做过(已发生)
记得要做(未发生)
forget
忘记做过(已发生)
忘记要做(未发生)
regret
后悔做过
遗憾地要做
try
尝试做(试验)
努力做(困难)
mean
意味着
打算做
stop
停止做某事
停下来去做另一事
go on
继续做同一事
接着做另一事
can’t help
忍不住做
不能帮助做
详细举例:
· Please remember to post the letter. (记得要去寄信,信未寄)
· I remember posting the letter. (我记得寄过信了,信已寄)
· I regret telling you the truth. (后悔告诉了你真相)
· I regret to tell you that you failed. (遗憾地通知你)
· Try knocking at the back door. (试着敲后门)
· Try to get here on time. (尽力按时到)
· Missing the train means waiting for another hour. (意味着)
· I didn’t mean to hurt you. (本意,打算)
第四章 分词 —— 动词的形容词与副词化
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词常含主动、进行意味;过去分词常含被动、完成意味。其形式体系比较庞大。
4.1 分词的形式
以 do 为例,现在分词有四种形式,过去分词只有 done 一种。
形式
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
现在分词一般式表示与谓语动作同时发生;完成式表示发生在谓语动作之前;过去分词一般表示完成和被动(及物动词),或只表完成(不及物动词)。
· Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. (同时)
· Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (完成先于 went)
· The house built last year is our library. (被动、完成)
· fallen leaves (只表完成,不及物动词的过去分词)
否定式:not + 分词,如 not knowing what to do。
4.2 分词作定语
分词作定语可前置或后置,单个分词通常前置,分词短语则后置。关键要区分现在分词与过去分词的不同内涵。
(1) 现在分词作定语
表示主动或正在进行的动作,与被修饰词构成主谓关系。
· the rising sun (正在升起的太阳)
· the boy standing there (站在那里的男孩,= who is standing)
· a problem confusing us (令我们困惑的问题,主动)
(2) 过去分词作定语
及物动词的过去分词表被动、完成;不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。
· the broken window (被打坏的窗户,被动完成)
· developed countries (发达国家,完成)
· a retired worker (退休工人,完成)
重要辨析:
· falling leaves (正在飘落的叶子) vs. fallen leaves (落叶,已落)
· boiling water (沸水) vs. boiled water (开水,已烧开)
· the problem discussed yesterday (昨天讨论过的问题,被动完成)
· the problem being discussed now (正被讨论的问题,进行被动)
· the problem to be discussed tomorrow (明天要讨论的问题,将来被动)
由此可见,作定语时,不定式表将来,现在分词表进行(主动或被动 being done),过去分词表完成被动。
4.3 分词作表语
现在分词作表语通常表示主语具有的特征,意为“令人……的”,常见词:interesting, exciting, moving, surprising, worrying, tiring, embarrassing 等。过去分词作表语则表示主语所处的状态,意为“感到……的”:interested, excited, moved, surprised, tired, embarrassed 等。
· The film is moving. (电影感人,特征)
· I am moved. (我很感动,状态)
· The news is encouraging.
· He feels encouraged.
此类词在高考中反复考查,关键看主语是人还是物,但也可用“a surprised look”表示人的表情,此时仍用过去分词修饰表情、声音等,体现“感到……的”意思。
4.4 分词作宾语补足语
分词可以在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补,说明宾语的动作或状态。
(1) 感官动词:see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 等
结构:感官动词 + 宾语 + 宾补(do / doing / done)
· do (省略to的不定式):强调动作全过程、完成。I saw him cross the road. (看见他过了马路)
· doing:强调动作正在进行、主动。I saw him crossing the road. (看见他正过马路)
· done:表示被动或完成。I saw the road crossed by an old man. (看见路被过)
(2) 使役动词:have, make, let, get 等
· have sb. do 让某人做;have sth. done 让某事被做/遭遇某事;have sb./sth. doing 使……一直做/容忍(常用于否定)
· I had him repair my car. (让修,主动)
· I had my car repaired. (车被修)
· Don’t have the water running all the time. (别让水一直流)
· make sb. do 使某人做;make oneself done 使某人自己被理解等。He raised his voice to make himself heard.
· get sb. to do 让某人做;get sth. done 让某事被做。
· with + 宾语 + 宾补 结构常考:with + 宾语 + doing / done / to do 等,作状语或定语。
· With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the house. (主动进行)
· With all the work finished, they went home. (被动完成)
· With a lot of homework to do, I can’t go out. (将来)
4.5 分词作状语 —— 高级表达的灵魂
分词作状语是高中英语重难点,也是写作提分的关键。它可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、结果等,其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致(除非是独立主格结构或悬垂分词特殊情况)。
(1) 基本规则:逻辑主语一致
当分词的动作由主句主语发出或承受时,可以转化为状语从句。
· 时间:Walking in the street, I met an old friend. (= While I was walking...)
· 原因:Being ill, he didn’t come to school. (= Because he was ill...)
· 条件:Working hard, you will succeed. (= If you work hard...)
· 让步:Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong. (= Although I admit...)
· 伴随:The teacher came in, following the students. (伴随)
· 结果:The child fell off the bike, breaking his left leg. (自然而然的结果,用现在分词)
(2) 现在分词与过去分词作状语的选择
关键看主语与分词动作的逻辑关系:主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。同时还要判断时间先后以确定一般式或完成式。
· Seeing from the top of the hill, we found the city beautiful. (we 主动 see)
· Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (city 被看)
· Having finished the work, he went home. (先完成再回家)
· Having been discussed many times, the problem was still unsettled. (先被讨论)
注意:being done 作状语表示正在被……,但很少单独作状语,若须表进行被动通常用状语从句。过去分词作状语已包含被动完成;如需强调先时性,用 having been done,亦可用 done 简化。
(3) 独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致时,分词必须自带逻辑主语,形成独立主格结构,相当于状语从句。模式:“名词/代词 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”。
· Weather permitting, we’ll go on a picnic. (= If weather permits)
· The test finished, we began our holiday. (= After the test was finished)
· He stood there, book in hand. (介词短语)
· So many people to help him, he felt confident. (不定式表将来)
独立主格常与 with 复合结构互换,with 更口语化:With the weather permitting, we’ll... 但 weather permitting 更正式。
4.6 垂悬分词 (Dangling Participle)
原则上要求分词逻辑主语一致,但英语中少量分词已虚化为介词或连词,不受此规则约束,如:generally speaking, judging from, considering, supposing, providing, frankly speaking 等。
· Judging from his accent, he comes from the south.
· Generally speaking, the book is well written.
高考中这类结构也常出现,注意不要误判。
4.7 分词与不定式作结果状语的区别
现在分词作结果状语表示必然的、自然的结果;不定式作结果状语常与 only 连用,表示出人意料的结果。比较:
· He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. (自然破碎)
· He hurried to the station, only to find the train gone. (意想不到)
第五章 非谓语动词时态语态总览
下表汇总三种非谓语动词的所有形式及与谓语时间的关系,一目了然。
种类
形式
时间关系
语态
不定式
to do
同时或后发生
主动
to be done
同时或后发生
被动
to be doing
同时进行
主动
to have done
先于谓语
主动
to have been done
先于谓语
被动
动名词
doing
同时或一般
主动
being done
同时或一般
被动
having done
先于谓语
主动
having been done
先于谓语
被动
现在分词
doing
同时(或基本同时)
主动
being done
同时进行
被动
having done
先于谓语
主动
having been done
先于谓语
被动
过去分词
done
先于谓语(或被动状态)
被动(及物)/ 完成(不及物)
这张表需要烂熟于心,做题时抓住动作的时间先后和主被动关系,便不易出错。
第六章 非谓语动词解题黄金步骤
在考试中,面对挖空题目,按以下步骤分析,准确率将大幅提升:
Step 1: 确定谓语还是非谓语
分析句子结构,若无连词且已有谓语,则此处必定是非谓语动词。若为并列谓语,则需连词或分号。
Step 2: 找逻辑主语
· 作定语:逻辑主语即被修饰词
· 作状语:逻辑主语通常为主句主语(独立主格除外)
· 作宾补:逻辑主语即宾语
· 作主语、宾语时无额外逻辑主语判断,主要看句意
Step 3: 判断主被动关系
逻辑主语与动词是主动关系,用现在分词或不定式的主动式;被动关系则用过去分词、不定式被动式或 being done / having been done 等。
Step 4: 判断时间先后
与谓语动作比较:同时或后发生多用一般式 (doing, to do);明显先于谓语则用完成式 (having done, to have done);进行态用 being done, to be doing。注意过去分词 done 本身有完成之意。
Step 5: 考虑固定搭配
部分动词、句型强制某种非谓语形式,必须依靠记忆。如 suggest doing, make sb. do, be worth doing 等,需要单独辨识。
实例演练:
1. (2022全国甲) _______ (hear) the news, he burst into tears.
分析:已有谓语 burst,缺非谓语;逻辑主语 he,与 hear 主动;基本同时发生,用 Hearing。
2. The book ________ (write) by Han Han is popular.
分析:书被写,被动,且已完成,用过去分词 written。
3. The problem ________ (discuss) now is very important.
分析:现在正在被讨论,被动进行,用 being discussed。
4. He is said ________ (go) abroad last year.
分析:be said 后接不定式,go abroad 先于 is said,主动,用 to have gone。
5. I had my bike ________ (repair) yesterday.
分析:have sth. done 结构,车被修,用 repaired。
多练习几遍,整个流程就会刻入肌肉记忆。
第七章 高考真题精析
1. (2025·全国甲卷) It is worthwhile ________ (explore) different cultures through travel.
答案:exploring / to explore
解析: It is worthwhile 后可接 doing 或 to do,均表示“值得做某事”。此处 exploring / to explore 皆可。
2. (2025·全国乙卷) The program, ________ (design) to help teenagers manage stress, has been well received.
答案:designed
解析: program 与 design 之间为被动关系,且已发生,用过去分词作后置定语。相当于 which is designed...。
3. (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) ________ (face) with numerous challenges, the team never gave up.
答案:Faced
解析: be faced with 是固定短语,逻辑主语 team 承受“面对”状态,用过去分词作状语。注意区分 Facing(主动面对)。
4. (2025·新高考Ⅱ卷) The scientist spent years ________ (conduct) experiments before reaching a conclusion.
答案:conducting
解析: spend time (in) doing sth. 固定搭配,动名词作宾语。填 conducting。
5. (2025·北京卷) She is believed ________ (complete) the project ahead of schedule.
答案:to have completed
解析: be believed + 不定式;完成时间先于 believe,主动完成用 to have completed。
6. (2025·天津卷) With all the tasks ________ (finish), we decided to go out for a celebration.
答案:finished
解析: with + 宾语 + 宾补,tasks 与 finish 是被动且已完成,用过去分词 finished。
7. (2025·浙江卷) The museum, ________ (locate) in the city center, attracts thousands of visitors daily.
答案:located
解析: be located in 表位于,museum 被动,用过去分词作定语。
8. (2025·江苏卷) He is said ________ (work) on a new novel these days.
答案:to be working
解析: be said + 不定式;these days 表明进行,用 to be working。
9. (2025·全国甲卷语法填空) ________ (judge) from his accent, he must be from the south.
答案:Judging
解析: Judging from... 为独立结构,固定垂悬分词,无需考虑逻辑主语一致。
10. (2025·新高考Ⅰ卷) The problem requires ________ (look) into immediately.
答案:looking
解析: require doing = require to be done,动名词主动表被动。填 looking。
第八章 实战练习(共20题)
请用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. ________ (study) hard is necessary for students.
2. It took us two hours ________ (solve) the problem.
3. The workers were made ________ (work) twelve hours a day.
4. The building ________ (build) next year is a hospital.
5. He regretted ________ (not take) his teacher’s advice.
6. The teacher stood there, ________ (surround) by a group of students.
7. With the guide ________ (lead) the way, we easily found the village.
8. ________ (finish) his homework, he went out to play.
9. The question is difficult ________ (answer).
10. I can’t help ________ (laugh) when I watch that comedy.
11. He is considering ________ (change) his job.
12. The novel is well worth ________ (read) a second time.
13. She raised her voice to make herself ________ (hear).
14. ________ (judge) from his appearance, he is a doctor.
15. The window wants ________ (clean).
16. ________ (not know) what to do, he turned to me for help.
17. I remember ________ (lock) the door before I left, but it’s open now.
18. The boy was lucky to escape ________ (injure) in the accident.
19. The dinner ________ (cook) by mother is delicious.
20. He seems ________ (know) the truth already.
参考答案与简析:
1. Studying (动名词主语)
2. to solve (it takes time to do)
3. to work (make sb. do 变被动补to)
4. to be built (将来被动,不定式定语)
5. not taking (regret 接动名词,否定在前)
6. surrounded (被包围,过去分词伴随)
7. leading (guide主动,with复合结构)
8. Having finished (完成先于出去,主动)
9. to answer (adj. + to do 主动表被动)
10. laughing (can’t help doing 忍不住)
11. changing (consider doing)
12. reading (be worth doing)
13. heard (make oneself done)
14. Judging (垂悬分词)
15. cleaning (want doing = to be cleaned)
16. Not knowing (现在分词否定)
17. locking / having locked (记得已锁,动名词)
18. being injured (escape being done 逃避被伤)
19. cooked (过去分词定语,被动完成)
20. to have known (seem后完成式,已知道)
第九章 结语
非谓语动词体系虽然庞大,但只要掌握分类功能、形式变化和解题逻辑,就能化繁为简。建议同学们反复诵读本章内容,并结合习题加以内化。当你能够轻松判断何时用 doing,何时用 done,何时用 to do,你的英语语法水平就已经迈上一个崭新的台阶。相信这份约万字精讲能够成为你高考英语备考路上的有力武器。加油!
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