内容正文:
高考高频单词 DAY 39(说明文阅读)
板块一:真题再现
[(2017·全国二卷·高考真题)]
When a leafy plant is under attack ,it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turneD. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors , relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attackeD. B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34. Scientists find from their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary
35. what can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The word is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before
C. The world is more complex than it seems
D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
板块二:核心词汇(30个)
做高考真题,记高频单词 A genius is the person who repeats the most times!
1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
leafy /ˈliːfi/ 多叶的;叶茂的
plant /plɑːnt/ 植物
attack /əˈtæk/ 攻击
quietly /ˈkwaɪətli/ 安静地
scientist /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ 科学家
report /rɪˈpɔːt/ 报道;报告
young /jʌŋ/ 年轻的
maple tree 枫树
insect /ˈɪnsekt/ 昆虫
send out 发出;放出
particular /pəˈtɪkjələ/ 特定的;特别的
neighboring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ 邻近的
chemical /ˈkemɪkəl/ 化学物质
injured /ˈɪndʒəd/ 受伤的
alarm /əˈlɑːm/ 警报
pump /pʌmp/ 输送;泵送
volatile /ˈvɒlətaɪl/ 挥发性的
organic /ɔːˈɡænɪk/ 有机的
compound /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ 化合物
mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə/ 混合物
apparently /əˈpærəntli/ 显然地
react /riˈækt/ 反应
smelly /ˈsmeli/ 有气味的
perfume /ˈpɜːfjuːm/ 香味;香水
natural enemy 天敌
damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ 损害
exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ 交换
intentional /ɪnˈtenʃənəl/ 有意的
intimate /ˈɪntɪmət/ 亲密的;密切的
sense /sens/ 感官;感觉
板块三:词形变换(供背诵)
1. attack /əˈtæk/ 攻击 — attacker /əˈtækə/ 攻击者 — attacked /əˈtækt/ 被攻击的 — counterattack /ˈkaʊntərətæk/ 反击 — attacking /əˈtækɪŋ/ 攻击的
2. react /riˈækt/ 反应 — reaction /riˈækʃən/ 反应 — reactive /riˈæktɪv/ 反应的 — reactor /riˈæktə/ 反应堆 — overreact /ˌəʊvəriˈækt/ 反应过度
3. injure /ˈɪndʒə/ 伤害 — injured /ˈɪndʒəd/ 受伤的 — injury /ˈɪndʒəri/ 伤害 — injurious /ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs/ 有害的 — uninjured /ʌnˈɪndʒəd/ 未受伤的
4. neighbor /ˈneɪbə/ 邻居 — neighboring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ 邻近的 — neighborhood /ˈneɪbəhʊd/ 邻近地区 — neighborly /ˈneɪbəli/ 友善的 — neighborliness /ˈneɪbəlinəs/ 友善
5. volatile /ˈvɒlətaɪl/ 挥发性的 — volatility /ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/ 挥发性 — volatilize /vəˈlætəlaɪz/ 使挥发 — nonvolatile /ˌnɒnˈvɒlətaɪl/ 非挥发性的 — volatilization /vəˌlætəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 挥发作用
6. intend /ɪnˈtend/ 打算 — intentional /ɪnˈtenʃənəl/ 有意的 — intention /ɪnˈtenʃən/ 意图 — intentionally /ɪnˈtenʃənəli/ 故意地 — unintentional /ˌʌnɪnˈtenʃənəl/ 无意的
7. exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ 交换 — exchangeable /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒəbəl/ 可交换的 — exchanger /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒə/ 交换器 — interexchange /ˌɪntərɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ 相互交换 — exchange rate 汇率
8. imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/ 想象 — imagination /ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃən/ 想象力 — imaginative /ɪˈmædʒɪnətɪv/ 富有想象力的 — imaginable /ɪˈmædʒɪnəbəl/ 可想象的 — unimaginable /ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbəl/ 难以想象的
板块四:选词填空
Group A(从以下8个词汇中选择填空,每个词限用一次)
可选词汇:plant, attack, insect, chemical, alarm, pump, volatile, compound
1. A __________ releases certain substances when it is under attack.
2. When an __________ bites a leaf, the plant sends out a warning.
3. The __________ that plants release are called VOCs.
4. The __________ signal warns neighboring plants of the danger.
5. Plants __________ out these substances through their leaves.
6. VOCs are __________ organic compounds that evaporate quickly.
7. The __________ mixture that plants release acts as a defense.
8. The __________ from the injured plant warns nearby plants.
Group B(从以下7个词汇中选择填空,每个词限用一次)
可选词汇:react, smelly, perfume, enemy, damage, exchange, intentional
9. Plants __________ to the attack by releasing defensive chemicals.
10. Some plants release __________ substances to keep insects away.
11. Other plants release __________s that attract the insects' natural enemies.
12. The natural __________ of the insect is attracted by the plant's scent.
13. The __________ caused by the insects is minimized by these defenses.
14. The __________ of chemical signals between plants is fascinating.
15. This communication is not __________ but rather an automatic response.
板块五:单词填空
A. 单句语法填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)
16. When a leafy plant is under attack, it __________ (send) out a particular smell.
17. These chemicals come from the __________ (injure) parts of the plant.
18. The plants __________ (pump) a mixture of chemicals through the air.
19. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants __________ (give) out VOCs when attacked.
20. Some plants __________ (pump) out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.
21. The attacker who was lunching now __________ (become) lunch.
22. These chemical conversations __________ (help) the neighboring plants.
23. The damage is usually more __________ (serious) on the first plant.
24. The neighbors stay safer because they __________ (hear) the alarm.
25. Our senses are too __________ (weak) to detect these chemical signals.
B. 首字母单词拼写(根据首字母和句意补全单词)
26. A p__________ releases certain substances when it is under attack.
27. The a__________ from the injured plant warns nearby plants.
28. Plants p__________ out chemicals through their leaves.
29. VOCs are v__________ organic compounds.
30. Some plants release s__________ substances to keep insects away.
31. The natural e__________ of the insect is attracted by the plant's scent.
32. The d__________ caused by the insects is minimized by these defenses.
33. The e__________ of chemical signals between plants is fascinating.
34. This communication is not i__________ but automatic.
35. Our s__________ are too weak to detect these chemical signals.
板块六:语篇翻译(英译汉,黑体词为关键)
Passage A
When a leafy plant is under attack, it sends out a particular smell made up of volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. These chemicals come from the injured parts and serve as an alarm. Neighboring plants can detect this signal and react accordingly. Scientists have found that all plants give out VOCs when attacked. This is the plant's way of crying out for help, and apparently, someone is listening.
Passage B
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away, while others do double duty. They release perfumes that attract the natural enemies of the attackers. When these predators arrive, the tables are turned—the attacker becomes prey. This chemical defense strategy helps neighboring plants stay safer because they hear the alarm and prepare their own defenses.
Passage C
The idea that plants talk to each other is intriguing, but scientists are uncertain whether it is intentional. Perhaps the first plant is simply signaling to its own branches or crying out in pain, and the neighbors just happen to overhear. Nevertheless, information is exchanged, and nearby plants benefit. This phenomenon reminds us that the world is far more complex than it appears. Our senses are limited, and there is much going on that we cannot perceive.
板块七:参考译文
当一株多叶植物受到攻击时,它不会安静地坐着。早在1983年,两位科学家杰克·舒尔茨和伊恩·鲍德温就报道说,被昆虫叮咬的幼枫树会散发出一种邻近植物能接收到的特殊气味。这些化学物质来自植物受伤的部位,似乎是一种警报。植物通过空气泵送的是一种被称为挥发性有机化合物的化学混合物,简称VOCs。
科学家们发现,各种植物在受到攻击时都会释放VOCs。这是植物发出呼喊的方式。但有人在听吗?显然有。因为我们可以看到邻居们的反应。
一些植物会泵出有气味的化学物质来驱赶昆虫。但另一些植物则身兼两职。它们泵出旨在吸引攻击者的天敌的香味。一旦它们到达,形势就逆转了。正在享用午餐的攻击者现在变成了午餐。
在一项又一项的研究中,这些化学对话似乎帮助了邻居。第一株植物受到的损害通常更严重,但邻居们相对来说更安全,因为它们听到了警报并知道该怎么做。
这是否意味着植物会互相交谈?科学家们也不确定。也许第一株植物只是发出了一声痛苦的呼喊,或者是向自己的枝条发送信息,因此实际上是在自言自语。也许邻居们只是碰巧“偷听”了这声呼喊。所以信息被交换了,但这并不是真正的、有意的双向交流。
150多年前,查尔斯·达尔文想象了一个比我们所能看到和听到的世界更加繁忙、嘈杂和亲密的世界。我们的感官是微弱的。有很多事情正在发生。
板块八:单词默写(汉译英)
多叶的;叶茂的 __________
植物 __________
攻击 __________
安静地 __________
科学家 __________
报道;报告 __________
年轻的 __________
枫树 __________
昆虫 __________
发出;放出 __________
特定的;特别的 __________
邻近的 __________
化学物质 __________
受伤的 __________
警报 __________
输送;泵送 __________
挥发性的 __________
有机的 __________
化合物 __________
混合物 __________
显然地 __________
反应 __________
有气味的 __________
香味;香水 __________
天敌 __________
损害 __________
交换 __________
有意的 __________
亲密的;密切的 __________
感官;感觉 __________
【参考答案】
板块一 真题再现答案
D 33. A 34. B 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述了植物遇到外界侵害时会做出的反应。
【详解】
32.D 事实细节题 由文中第一段 When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals... 可知,植物受到侵害时会发出一种特别的气味,D项为正确答案。
33.A 推理判断题 由文中第三段的描述,有的植物发出特殊气味来吸引攻击它的昆虫的天敌,这样,攻击者就成了被攻击的对象,据此推断A项最符合此处 the tables are turned 的意思。
34.B 推理判断题 由文章第三段可知,植物可以发出特殊气味吸引攻击者的天敌以达到保护自己的目的,故植物可以保护自己免受昆虫的侵害。
35.C 推理判断题 本文主要探讨的是受到侵害的植物发出特殊气味,其目的是警示其他植物,使其他植物免受侵害,还是只是为了提醒自己的其他枝干,科学研究并不能证明植物之间存在内部的信息交换。文章最后提到达尔文早在150多年前就想到这个世界要比我们想象的复杂得多,而我们的器官无法感知正在发生的很多的事情。由此可知,最后一段作者想表达的意思是这个世界很复杂。
板块四 选词填空答案
Group A
plant
insect
chemicals
alarm
pump
volatile
compound
attack
Group B
react
smelly
perfumes
enemy
damage
exchange
intentional
板块五 单词填空答案
A. 单句语法填空
sends
injured
pump
give
pump
becomes
help
serious
heard
weak
B. 首字母单词拼写
plant
alarm
pump
volatile
smelly
enemy
damage
exchange
intentional
senses
板块六 语篇翻译参考译文
Passage A
当一株多叶植物受到攻击时,它会发出一种由挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)组成的特殊 气味。这些化学物质 来自 受伤的部位,起到警报的作用。邻近的植物可以检测到这一信号并相应地做出反应。科学家们发现,所有植物在受到攻击时都会释放VOCs。这是植物 呼救的方式,而且显然,有人在倾听。
Passage B
有些植物 泵出 有气味的化学物质来驱赶昆虫,而另一些则身兼两职。它们释放 香味来吸引攻击者的天敌。当这些捕食者 到达时,形势逆转了——攻击者变成了猎物。这种化学 防御 策略 帮助 邻近的 植物 保持 安全,因为它们听到了警报并准备自己的防御。
Passage C
植物会互相交谈的想法很引人入胜,但科学家们不确定这是否是有意的。也许第一株植物只是向自己的枝条 发送信号或痛苦地呼喊,而邻居们只是碰巧 偷听到。尽管如此,信息被交换了,附近的 植物 受益。这一现象 提醒我们,世界远比它看起来 复杂得多。我们的感官是有限的,有很多事情正在发生,我们无法 感知。
板块八 汉译英答案
leafy
plant
attack
quietly
scientist
report
young
maple tree
insect
send out
particular
neighboring
chemical
injured
alarm
pump
volatile
organic
compound
mixture
apparently
react
smelly
perfume
natural enemy
damage
exchange
intentional
intimate
sense
$