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高考高频单词 DAY 32(说明文阅读)
板块一:真题再现
[(2019·全国三卷·高考真题)]
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined — or added — the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value — sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains," Dr. Livingstone says. "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one."
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them. C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen. C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
板块二:核心词汇(30个)
做高考真题,记高频单词 A genius is the person who repeats the most times!
1
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monkey /ˈmʌŋki/ 猴子
number /ˈnʌmbə/ 数字;数量
researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə/ 研究人员
train /treɪn/ 训练
Rhesus monkey 恒河猴
associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/ 联系;关联
symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ 符号;象征
letter /ˈletə/ 字母
reward /rɪˈwɔːd/ 奖励;报酬
test /test/ 测试;考验
combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ 结合;组合
add /æd/ 添加;相加
scientist /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ 科学家
lead /liːd/ 领导;带领
describe /dɪˈskraɪb/ 描述
experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ 实验
cage /keɪdʒ/ 笼子
provide /prəˈvaɪd/ 提供
touch screen 触摸屏
circle /ˈsɜːkəl/ 圆圈
flash /flæʃ/ 闪烁;闪现
touch /tʌtʃ/ 触摸
sum /sʌm/ 总和;金额
indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ 表明;指示
perform /pəˈfɔːm/ 执行;表现
calculation /ˌkælkjʊˈleɪʃən/ 计算
memorize /ˈmeməraɪz/ 记住;记忆
underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ 低估
systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ 系统的;有规律的
represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ 代表;体现
板块三:词形变换(供背诵)
1. associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/ 联系 — association /əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃən/ 协会;关联 — associated /əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd/ 相关的 — associative /əˈsəʊʃiətɪv/ 联想的 — dissociate /dɪˈsəʊʃieɪt/ 分离
2. reward /rɪˈwɔːd/ 奖励 — rewarding /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ/ 有回报的 — rewarded /rɪˈwɔːdɪd/ 受奖励的 — rewardless /rɪˈwɔːdləs/ 无回报的 — rewardingly /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋli/ 有回报地
3. combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ 结合 — combination /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃən/ 结合 — combinable /kəmˈbaɪnəbəl/ 可结合的 — recombine /ˌriːkəmˈbaɪn/ 重组 — combined /kəmˈbaɪnd/ 结合的
4. add /æd/ 添加 — addition /əˈdɪʃən/ 加;增加 — additional /əˈdɪʃənəl/ 额外的 — additive /ˈædətɪv/ 添加剂 — adder /ˈædə/ 加法器
5. describe /dɪˈskraɪb/ 描述 — description /dɪˈskrɪpʃən/ 描述 — descriptive /dɪˈskrɪptɪv/ 描述性的 — describable /dɪˈskraɪbəbəl/ 可描述的 — indescribable /ˌɪndɪˈskraɪbəbəl/ 难以描述的
6. provide /prəˈvaɪd/ 提供 — provision /prəˈvɪʒən/ 提供;条款 — provider /prəˈvaɪdə/ 提供者 — provided /prəˈvaɪdɪd/ 假如 — provident /ˈprɒvɪdənt/ 有远见的
7. indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ 表明 — indication /ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/ 指示;迹象 — indicative /ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/ 指示的 — indicator /ˈɪndɪkeɪtə/ 指示器 — indice /ˈɪndɪsiː/ 指数
8. perform /pəˈfɔːm/ 执行 — performance /pəˈfɔːməns/ 表演;表现 — performer /pəˈfɔːmə/ 表演者 — performing /pəˈfɔːmɪŋ/ 表演的 — nonperformance /ˌnɒnpəˈfɔːməns/ 未履行
9. calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ 计算 — calculation /ˌkælkjʊˈleɪʃən/ 计算 — calculator /ˈkælkjʊleɪtə/ 计算器 — calculated /ˈkælkjʊleɪtɪd/ 精心计划的 — miscalculate /ˌmɪsˈkælkjʊleɪt/ 算错
10. memory /ˈmeməri/ 记忆 — memorize /ˈmeməraɪz/ 记住 — memorizable /ˈmeməraɪzəbəl/ 可记忆的 — memorization /ˌmeməraɪˈzeɪʃən/ 记忆过程 — memorable /ˈmemərəbəl/ 难忘的
11. estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ 估计 — underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ 低估 — overestimate /ˌəʊvərˈestɪmeɪt/ 高估 — estimable /ˈestɪməbəl/ 可估计的 — estimation /ˌestɪˈmeɪʃən/ 估算
12. system /ˈsɪstəm/ 系统 — systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ 系统的 — systematically /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪkli/ 系统地 — systemize /ˈsɪstəmaɪz/ 使系统化 — unsystematic /ˌʌnsɪstəˈmætɪk/ 非系统的
板块四:选词填空
Group A(从以下8个词汇中选择填空,每个词限用一次)
可选词汇:monkey, number, researcher, train, symbol, reward, test, combine
1. __________ are often used in scientific research because of their intelligence.
2. The researchers recorded the __________ of correct answers given by each animal.
3. The __________ worked with the monkeys for several months to prepare the experiment.
4. Each monkey received a __________ of water or juice when it chose correctly.
5. The __________ of the experiment lasted several weeks and involved many trials.
6. The researchers wanted to __________ the monkeys to recognize different symbols.
7. The monkeys had to __________ the symbols correctly to receive the reward.
8. Each __________ represented a specific numerical value that the monkeys had to learn.
Group B(从以下7个词汇中选择填空,每个词限用一次)
可选词汇:scientist, describe, experiment, cage, provide, touch screen, circle
9. The lead __________ oversaw the entire research project.
10. The researchers __________ the procedure in detail in their published paper.
11. Each __________ in the study was carefully designed to test a specific hypothesis.
12. The monkey was kept in a __________ during the testing periods.
13. The researchers __________ the monkeys with a device that displayed symbols.
14. The symbols appeared on a __________ that the monkeys could touch.
15. Two symbols inside a __________ were shown on the other side of the screen.
板块五:单词填空
A. 单句语法填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)
16. The researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys __________ (associate) symbols with rewards.
17. On one part of the screen, a symbol appeared; on the other, two __________ (symbol) were shown.
18. If the monkeys touched the left side, they __________ (reward) with seven drops of water.
19. The researchers noted that the monkeys chose the __________ (high) values more than half the time.
20. __________ (indicate) that they were performing a calculation, the monkeys chose larger sums.
21. The monkeys __________ (tend) to underestimate a sum when the two numbers were close in value.
22. The __________ (underestimate) was systematic in all the trials.
23. __________ (add) two numbers, the monkeys always considered the larger one first.
24. Quantity is __________ (represent) in their brains in a certain way.
25. The experiment __________ (conduct) by researchers from Harvard Medical School.
B. 首字母单词拼写(根据首字母和句意补全单词)
26. The r__________ trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate symbols with rewards.
27. The m__________ were tested on their ability to add numbers together.
28. A s__________ would appear on one side of the touch screen.
29. Two symbols inside a c__________ were shown on the other side.
30. If the monkeys touched the correct side, they r__________ a reward.
31. The researchers n__________ that the monkeys chose higher values most of the time.
32. The monkeys were p__________ a calculation, not just memorizing values.
33. They tended to u__________ a sum when the two numbers were close in value.
34. The monkeys always p__________ more attention to the larger number.
35. The study s__________ that monkeys have a basic understanding of numbers.
板块六:语篇翻译(英译汉,黑体词为关键)
Passage A
Researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate different symbols with rewards. The monkeys were tested on their ability to combine or add symbols. In the experiment, the monkeys were provided with touch screens. A symbol would appear on one side of the screen, and two symbols inside a circle would appear on the other side. The monkeys could touch the screen to choose between the symbols. If they chose the side with the sum of the two numbers, they received the reward. The results showed that the monkeys were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each symbol.
Passage B
The researchers noticed that the monkeys often underestimated a sum when it was close in value to a single symbol. For example, they might choose 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. This underestimation was systematic. The monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two numbers and added only a fraction of the smaller one. This indicates that the monkeys were not perfect at addition, but they did understand the concept of quantity. Their performance suggests that monkeys have a basic numerical ability.
Passage C
The findings of this study provide insight into the numerical abilities of monkeys. The research shows that monkeys can perform basic calculations, which is a significant cognitive achievement. This ability is not limited to humans; it is present in other primates as well. The study also highlights the importance of understanding how animals process information. The researchers conclude that the monkeys' behavior demonstrates a certain way quantity is represented in their brains. This research has implications for our understanding of animal cognition and the evolution of intelligence.
板块七:参考译文
猴子似乎擅长处理数字。
一组研究人员训练了三只恒河猴,将26个明显不同的符号(包括数字和选择性字母)与0-25滴水或果汁作为奖励联系起来。研究人员随后测试了猴子如何组合或添加符号以获得奖励。
以下是领导该团队的哈佛医学院科学家玛格丽特·利文斯通描述实验的方式:在笼子里,猴子被提供了触摸屏。在屏幕的一部分上会出现一个符号,另一侧会显示圆圈内的两个符号。例如,数字7会闪烁在屏幕的一侧,另一端会有9和8。如果猴子触摸屏幕的左侧,它们会得到七滴水或果汁作为奖励;如果它们选择圆圈,它们会得到数字的总和——在这个例子中是17。
在进行数百次测试后,研究人员注意到猴子超过一半的时间会选择较高的数值,这表明它们在进行计算,而不仅仅是记住每种组合的数值。
当研究团队更仔细地检查实验结果时,他们注意到当两个数值接近时,猴子倾向于低估总和与单个符号之间的差异——例如,有时会选择13而不是8和6的总和。这种低估是有规律的:当两个数字相加时,猴子总是注意两者中较大的那个,然后只将较小数字的一小部分加进去。
“这表明它们的脑海中存在某种数量的表示方式,”利文斯通博士说。“但在这个实验中,它们所做的是更关注大数字而不是小数字。”
板块八:单词默写(汉译英)
猴子 __________
数字;数量 __________
研究人员 __________
训练 __________
恒河猴 __________
联系;关联 __________
符号;象征 __________
字母 __________
奖励;报酬 __________
测试;考验 __________
结合;组合 __________
添加;相加 __________
科学家 __________
领导;带领 __________
描述 __________
实验 __________
笼子 __________
提供 __________
触摸屏 __________
圆圈 __________
闪烁;闪现 __________
触摸 __________
总和;金额 __________
表明;指示 __________
执行;表现 __________
计算 __________
记住;记忆 __________
低估 __________
系统的;有规律的 __________
代表;体现 __________
【参考答案】
板块一 真题再现答案
32.C 33.B 34.A 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员通过让三只恒河猴触摸屏幕两侧的不同数字(左侧为单个数字,右侧为圆圈内两个数字)对其进行研究,结果发现:猴子会算数。
【详解】
32.C 事实细节 根据第二段 A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols ... with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested ... 可知,实验开始前,研究人员先对猴子进行训练。
33.B 事实细节题 根据第三段 If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; ... 可知,猴子通过触摸屏幕得到奖励。
34.A 推理判断题 根据第四段 the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination 可知,研究人员注意到猴子超过一半的时间都会去触摸更高的数值,表明它们在进行计算,而不仅仅是记住每个组合的值,由此可推知,猴子会进行简单的加法计算。
35.D 推理判断题 本文主要介绍了科学家们对恒河猴进行的有关数字计算的科学实验,应出现在报纸的科学专栏中。
板块四 选词填空答案
Group A
Monkeys
number
researchers
reward
test
train
combine
symbol
Group B
scientist
described
experiment
cage
provided
touch screen
circle
板块五 单词填空答案
A. 单句语法填空
to associate
symbols
were rewarded
higher
Indicating
tended
underestimation
Adding
represented
was conducted
B. 首字母单词拼写
researchers
monkeys
symbol
circle
received
noted
performing
underestimate
paid
suggests
板块六 语篇翻译参考译文
Passage A
研究人员 训练了三只恒河猴,将不同的符号与奖励 联系起来。猴子的能力受到了测试,看它们是否能组合或添加 符号。在实验中,猴子被提供了触摸屏。屏幕一侧会出现一个符号,另一侧圆圈内会出现两个符号。猴子可以触摸屏幕在符号之间进行选择。如果它们选择了两个数字 总和的一侧,它们就会获得 奖励。结果表明,猴子是在进行计算,而不仅仅是记住每个符号的数值。
Passage B
研究人员 注意到,当总和在数值上与单个 符号 接近时,猴子常常低估它。例如,它们可能会选择13而不是8和6的总和。这种低估是有规律的。猴子总是关注两个数字中较大的那个,只加上较小数字的一部分。这表明 猴子在加法上并不完美,但它们确实理解 数量的概念。它们的表现 表明 猴子具有基本的 数字 能力。
Passage C
这项研究的发现 提供了对猴子 数字 能力的深入认识。该研究 表明 猴子可以进行 基本的 计算,这是一个重要的 认知 成就。这种能力不仅限于人类;它在其他灵长类动物中也存在。该研究也强调了理解 动物如何处理 信息的重要性。研究人员 得出结论,猴子的行为 证明了它们的大脑中存在某种 数量的表示方式。这项研究对我们理解 动物 认知和智力的进化具有意义。
板块八 汉译英答案
monkey
number
researcher
train
Rhesus monkey
associate
symbol
letter
reward
test
combine
add
scientist
lead
describe
experiment
cage
provide
touch screen
circle
flash
touch
sum
indicate
perform
calculation
memorize
underestimate
systematic
represent
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