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高考高频单词 DAY 33(说明文阅读)
板块一:真题再现
[(2018·全国一卷·高考真题)]
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction, with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast.
B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.
D. They were closely connected.
29. Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Complex. B. Advanced. C. Powerful. D. Modern.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1,200.
31. What is the main idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
板块二:核心词汇(30个)
做高考真题,记高频单词 A genius is the person who repeats the most times!
1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
language /ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ 语言
recent /ˈriːsənt/ 最近的
populate /ˈpɒpjʊleɪt/ 居住于;构成人口
hunter-gatherer /ˈhʌntə ˈɡæðərə/ 狩猎采集者
knit /nɪt/ 紧密的;编织
develop /dɪˈveləp/ 发展;开发
pattern /ˈpætən/ 模式;方式
speech /spiːtʃ/ 言语;讲话
independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ 独立的
expert /ˈekspɜːt/ 专家
million /ˈmɪljən/ 百万
speak /spiːk/ 说;讲
afterwards /ˈɑːftəwədz/ 之后;后来
settle down 定居;安定下来
farmer /ˈfɑːmə/ 农民
industrialisation /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 工业化
nation-state /ˌneɪʃən ˈsteɪt/ 民族国家
spread /spred/ 传播;扩散
universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl/ 普遍的;全世界的
compulsory /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ 强制性的;义务的
education /ˌedʒʊˈkeɪʃən/ 教育
globalisation /ˌɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 全球化
communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/ 交流;通讯
dominant /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ 占主导地位的
distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ 分布;分配
uneven /ʌnˈiːvən/ 不均匀的;不平坦的
account for 占(比例);解释
median /ˈmiːdiən/ 中间的;中位数的
extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ 灭绝
survival /səˈvaɪvəl/ 生存
板块三:词形变换(供背诵)
1. recent /ˈriːsənt/ 最近的 — recently /ˈriːsəntli/ 最近 — recency /ˈriːsənsi/ 崭新 — unrecent /ʌnˈriːsənt/ 不近期的 — recentness /ˈriːsəntnəs/ 近期性
2. populate /ˈpɒpjʊleɪt/ 居住于 — population /ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən/ 人口 — populous /ˈpɒpjʊləs/ 人口稠密的 — populated /ˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd/ 有人居住的 — unpopulated /ʌnˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd/ 无人居住的
3. depend /dɪˈpend/ 依赖 — independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ 独立的 — independence /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ 独立 — independently /ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli/ 独立地 — dependent /dɪˈpendənt/ 依赖的
4. speak /spiːk/ 说 — speech /spiːtʃ/ 言语 — speaker /ˈspiːkə/ 说话者 — spoken /ˈspəʊkən/ 口语的 — unspoken /ʌnˈspəʊkən/ 未说出口的
5. settle /ˈsetl/ 定居 — settled /ˈsetld/ 稳定的 — settlement /ˈsetlmənt/ 定居点 — settler /ˈsetlə/ 定居者 — unsettled /ʌnˈsetld/ 不稳定的
6. industry /ˈɪndəstri/ 工业 — industrialisation /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 工业化 — industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ 工业的 — industrious /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/ 勤奋的 — industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz/ 使工业化
7. communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ 交流 — communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/ 交流 — communicative /kəˈmjuːnɪkətɪv/ 爱交流的 — communicator /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪtə/ 沟通者 — telecommunication /ˌtelikəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/ 电信
8. dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/ 主宰 — dominant /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ 占主导地位的 — dominance /ˈdɒmɪnəns/ 主导地位 — domination /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃən/ 控制 — domineer /ˌdɒmɪˈnɪə/ 飞扬跋扈
9. distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/ 分配 — distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ 分布 — distributive /dɪˈstrɪbjʊtɪv/ 分配的 — distributor /dɪˈstrɪbjʊtə/ 分销商 — redistribution /ˌriːdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ 再分配
10. extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ 灭绝的 — extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ 灭绝 — extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ 熄灭 — extinguishable /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl/ 可熄灭的 — inextinguishable /ˌɪnɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl/ 不可熄灭的
11. survive /səˈvaɪv/ 幸存 — survival /səˈvaɪvəl/ 生存 — survivor /səˈvaɪvə/ 幸存者 — survivable /səˈvaɪvəbəl/ 可存活的 — nonsurvival /ˌnɒnsəˈvaɪvəl/ 不存活
板块四:选词填空
Group A(从以下8个词汇中选择填空,每个词限用一次)
可选词汇:language, recent, populate, hunter-gatherer, knit, develop, pattern, speech
1. Many __________ are disappearing at an alarming rate in modern times.
2. In __________ years, linguists have documented many endangered languages.
3. The Americas were __________ by various indigenous groups long before Europeans arrived.
4. __________ lived in small, closely connected communities.
5. These groups were closely __________ together through family ties.
6. Each group __________ its own unique way of communicating.
7. They developed distinct __________ of speech that were different from neighboring groups.
8. Their __________ was passed down through generations orally.
Group B(从以下7个词汇中选择填空,每个词限用一次)
可选词汇:afterwards, farmer, industrialisation, nation-state, spread, universal, compulsory
9. __________, many of these hunter-gatherers settled down and became farmers.
10. Many of them became __________, cultivating crops and raising animals.
11. __________ brought about significant changes in society and language.
12. The concept of the __________ became dominant in Europe during the 19th century.
13. The __________ of English as a global language has been rapid.
14. __________ education was introduced in many countries.
15. __________ education was required for all children in many nations.
板块五:单词填空
A. 单句语法填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)
16. Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in __________ (recent) times there has been less coming.
17. When the world was still __________ (populate) by hunter-gatherers, small groups developed their own speech patterns.
18. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, people __________ (speak) perhaps 12,000 languages.
19. Many of those people started settling down __________ (become) farmers.
20. The spread of universal compulsory education __________ (cause) many languages to disappear.
21. __________ (dominant) languages such as English and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
22. The __________ (distribute) of these languages is hugely uneven across the globe.
23. Europe has only around 200 languages, while Papua New Guinea alone __________ (account) for well over 800.
24. The __________ (median) number of speakers per language is a mere 6,000.
25. Well over 400 languages are close to __________ (extinct), with only a few elderly speakers left.
B. 首字母单词拼写(根据首字母和句意补全单词)
26. L__________ have been disappearing at an alarming rate in recent centuries.
27. H__________-gatherers lived in small, closely knit groups.
28. Each group d__________ its own patterns of speech independent of others.
29. Some language e__________ believe that 10,000 years ago there were 12,000 languages.
30. The s__________ of universal compulsory education caused many languages to disappear.
31. D__________ languages such as English and Chinese are taking over.
32. The d__________ of languages is hugely uneven across the globe.
33. Europe has only around 200 languages, while Papua New Guinea alone a__________ for well over 800.
34. Well over 400 languages are close to e__________.
35. None of these languages seem to have much chance of s__________.
板块六:语篇翻译(英译汉,黑体词为关键)
Passage A
Languages have been emerging and disappearing for thousands of years. However, in recent centuries, the rate of language loss has accelerated dramatically. When humans lived as hunter-gatherers, they developed many independent languages, with an estimated 12,000 languages spoken 10,000 years ago. But as people settled down to become farmers, their languages became more settled and fewer in number. The spread of trade, industrialisation, and globalisation has caused many languages to disappear as dominant languages like English and Chinese take over.
Passage B
Today, there are about 6,800 languages in the world. However, their distribution is highly uneven. Mild zones tend to have fewer languages with many speakers, while hot, wet zones have many languages with few speakers. The median number of speakers per language is only 6,000, meaning that half the world's languages have fewer than 6,000 speakers. More than 400 languages are close to extinction, with only a handful of elderly speakers remaining. This loss of linguistic diversity is a serious concern.
Passage C
The decline of language diversity is a global phenomenon. Factors contributing to this trend include urbanisation, economic development, and the spread of mass media. As dominant languages spread, smaller languages are increasingly marginalised. This process is often compared to biological extinction, and some experts call it "linguicide" — the killing of languages. When a language dies, a unique way of understanding the world is lost. Efforts to preserve endangered languages are underway around the world, with communities documenting their languages and teaching them to younger generations. The survival of these languages depends on the commitment of their speakers and the support of the wider society.
板块七:参考译文
语言已经来来去去了数千年,但在近代,新出现的语言越来越少,消失的却越来越多。当世界仍由狩猎采集者居住时,小而紧密的群体发展了彼此独立的语言模式。一些语言专家认为,一万年前,当世界只有五百万到一千万人口时,他们之间可能说着大约12000种语言。
不久之后,这些人中的许多人开始定居下来成为农民,他们的语言也变得更加固定,数量也更少。在近几个世纪,贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展以及普遍义务教育的传播,尤其是过去几十年的全球化和更好的通信,都导致了许多语言的消失,而英语、西班牙语和汉语等主导语言正在日益占据主导地位。
目前,世界上大约有6800种语言。这些语言的分布极不均匀。一般规律是,温带地区的语言相对较少,但通常被很多人使用,而炎热潮湿地区的语言很多,但通常被少数人使用。欧洲只有大约200种语言;美洲约1000种;非洲2400种;亚洲和太平洋地区可能有3200种,其中仅巴布亚新几内亚就占了800多种。使用者的中位数仅为6000人,这意味着世界上一半的语言使用人数少于这个数字。
在总共6800种语言中,已经有超过400种濒临灭绝,只剩下少数年长的使用者。随意挑选一下,喀麦隆的Busuu语(剩下8人)、墨西哥的Chiapaneco语(150人)、美国的Lipan Apache语(两三人)或澳大利亚的Wadjigu语(一人,还有一个问号):这些语言似乎都没有太大的生存机会。
板块八:单词默写(汉译英)
语言 __________
最近的 __________
居住于;构成人口 __________
狩猎采集者 __________
紧密的;编织 __________
发展;开发 __________
模式;方式 __________
言语;讲话 __________
独立的 __________
专家 __________
百万 __________
说;讲 __________
之后;后来 __________
定居;安定下来 __________
农民 __________
工业化 __________
民族国家 __________
传播;扩散 __________
普遍的;全世界的 __________
强制性的;义务的 __________
教育 __________
全球化 __________
交流;通讯 __________
占主导地位的 __________
分布;分配 __________
不均匀的;不平坦的 __________
占(比例);解释 __________
中间的;中位数的 __________
灭绝 __________
生存 __________
【参考答案】
板块一 真题再现答案
28.B 29.C 30.B 31. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述了随着人类社会的发展,很多语言逐渐消失。
【详解】
28.B 事实细节题 根据第一段第二句和第三句,When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers ... they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. 可知,在游猎采集时代,虽然人口很少,但语言种类很多。
29.C 词义猜测题 根据第二段最后一句中的 increasingly taking over,意为"越来越占据统治地位",可知 dominant 意为"占优势的;占支配地位的"。
30.B 事实细节题 根据第三段最后一句,The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 以及第四段第一句中的 the total of 6,800 languages 可知答案。
31.C 主旨大意题 通读全文,可知文章主要讲述随着人类社会的发展,语言的种类越来越少。
板块四 选词填空答案
Group A
languages
recent
populated
Hunter-gatherers
knit
developed
patterns
speech
Group B
Afterwards
farmers
Industrialisation
nation-state
spread
Universal
Compulsory
板块五 单词填空答案
A. 单句语法填空
recent
populated
spoke
to become
has caused
Dominant
distribution
accounts
median
extinction
B. 首字母单词拼写
Languages
Hunter
developed
experts
spread
Dominant
distribution
accounts
extinction
survival
板块六 语篇翻译参考译文
Passage A
语言数千年来一直在出现和消失。然而,在近几个世纪,语言 消失的速度 急剧加快。当人类以狩猎采集者的身份生活时,他们发展了许多独立的 语言,估计一万年前使用着12000种语言。但随着人们定居下来 成为 农民,他们的语言 变得更加稳定,数量也更少。贸易、工业化和全球化的传播 导致了许多语言的消失,因为像英语和汉语这样的主导 语言 占据了主导地位。
Passage B
如今,世界上大约有6800种语言。然而,它们的分布极不均匀。温带 地区往往语言 较少但使用者众多,而炎热潮湿的地区则语言众多但使用者 较少。每种语言的使用者 中位数仅为6000人,这意味着世界上一半的语言的使用者 少于6000人。超过400种语言 濒临 灭绝,仅剩下少数年长的 使用者 存留。这种语言 多样性的丧失是一个严重的 问题。
Passage C
语言 多样性的减少是一个全球 现象。促成这一趋势的因素包括城市化、经济 发展和大众 媒体的传播。随着主导 语言的传播,较小的语言 日益被边缘化。这一过程常被比作 生物 灭绝,一些专家 称之为“语言灭绝”——语言的消亡。一种语言 消亡时,一种理解世界的独特方式也就此消失。世界各地的社区正在努力 保护 濒危 语言,记录他们的语言并教授给年轻 一代。这些语言的生存 取决于其使用者的承诺和更广泛社会的支持。
板块八 汉译英答案
language
recent
populate
hunter-gatherer
knit
develop
pattern
speech
independent
expert
million
speak
afterwards
settle down
farmer
industrialisation
nation-state
spread
universal
compulsory
education
globalisation
communication
dominant
distribution
uneven
account for
median
extinction
survival
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