做高考真题，记高频单词DAY 18（说明文阅读）任务单-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习任务单系统覆盖说明文阅读高频词汇及语言知识，按“真题再现-核心词汇-词形变换-练习应用-翻译默写”逻辑架构，通过选词填空、单词填空等任务驱动，引导学生从真题语境中自主梳理词汇联系，构建“词汇-语法-语篇”一体化知识网络，体现考点梳理的系统性和层次性。 亮点在于“真题引领+分层自测”设计，如真题再现诊断阅读考点，单句语法填空、首字母拼写等分层练习巩固词汇应用，培养语言能力与学习能力。单词默写和语篇翻译助力学生自主诊断薄弱点，教师可通过练习反馈精准把握学情，支持个性化复习指导，有效提升学生自主备考效率。

高考高频单词 DAY 18（说明文阅读） 板块一：真题再现 [（2022·全国一卷·高考真题）] Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）, making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 板块二：核心词汇（30个） 做高考真题，记高频单词 A genius is the person who repeats the most times! 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 speech /spiːtʃ/ 言语；讲话 sound /saʊnd/ 声音 click /klɪk/ 咔嗒声；点击 certain /ˈsɜːtən/ 某些；确定的 diet-related /ˈdaɪət rɪˈleɪtɪd/ 与饮食相关的 change /tʃeɪndʒ/ 变化；改变 bite /baɪt/ 咬；咬合 ground-breaking /ˈɡraʊnd breɪkɪŋ/ 开创性的 scholar /ˈskɒlə/ 学者 note /nəʊt/ 注意到；指出 labiodental /ˌleɪbiəʊˈdentəl/ 唇齿音 society /səˈsaɪəti/ 社会 soft /sɒft/ 柔软的 trend /trend/ 趋势 arise /əˈraɪz/ 产生；出现 discover /dɪˈskʌvə/ 发现 ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/ 古代的 adult /ˈædʌlt/ 成年人 align /əˈlaɪn/ 对齐；使一致 produce /prəˈdjuːs/ 产生；生产 jaw /dʒɔː/ 下颌；颚 overbite /ˈəʊvəbaɪt/ 覆咬合；上牙覆盖下牙 structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ 结构 agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/ 农业 Neolithic /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ 新石器时代的 chew /tʃuː/ 咀嚼 database /ˈdeɪtəbeɪs/ 数据库 confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ 确认；证实 remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbəl/ 显著的；非凡的 evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 进化；演变 板块三：词形变换（供背诵） 1. speak /spiːk/ 说话 — speech /spiːtʃ/ 言语 — spoken /ˈspəʊkən/ 口语的 — speaker /ˈspiːkə/ 说话者 — speechless /ˈspiːtʃləs/ 无言以对的 2. ground /ɡraʊnd/ 地面 — ground-breaking /ˈɡraʊnd breɪkɪŋ/ 开创性的 — breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ 突破 — break /breɪk/ 打破 — breaker /ˈbreɪkə/ 打破者 3. note /nəʊt/ 注意 — notable /ˈnəʊtəbəl/ 显著的 — notably /ˈnəʊtəbli/ 显著地 — noted /ˈnəʊtɪd/ 著名的 — noteworthy /ˈnəʊtwɜːði/ 值得注意的 4. society /səˈsaɪəti/ 社会 — social /ˈsəʊʃəl/ 社会的 — socially /ˈsəʊʃəli/ 社会地 — socialist /ˈsəʊʃəlɪst/ 社会主义者 — sociable /ˈsəʊʃəbəl/ 好交际的 5. soft /sɒft/ 柔软的 — soften /ˈsɒfən/ 使软化 — softly /ˈsɒftli/ 柔软地 — softness /ˈsɒftnəs/ 柔软 — softener /ˈsɒfənə/ 软化剂 6. arise /əˈraɪz/ 出现 — arose /əˈrəʊz/ 过去式 — arisen /əˈrɪzən/ 过去分词 — arising /əˈraɪzɪŋ/ 出现的 — raise /reɪz/ 提高（及物动词，注意区分） 7. discover /dɪˈskʌvə/ 发现 — discovery /dɪˈskʌvəri/ 发现 — discoverer /dɪˈskʌvərə/ 发现者 — undiscovered /ˌʌndɪˈskʌvəd/ 未被发现的 — rediscover /ˌriːdɪˈskʌvə/ 重新发现 8. produce /prəˈdjuːs/ 产生 — production /prəˈdʌkʃən/ 生产 — product /ˈprɒdʌkt/ 产品 — productive /prəˈdʌktɪv/ 高产的 — producer /prəˈdjuːsə/ 生产者 9. structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ 结构 — structural /ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ 结构的 — restructure /ˌriːˈstrʌktʃə/ 重建 — structured /ˈstrʌktʃəd/ 有结构的 — unstructured /ʌnˈstrʌktʃəd/ 无结构的 10. agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/ 农业 — agricultural /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ 农业的 — agriculturist /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərɪst/ 农学家 — agribusiness /ˈæɡrɪbɪznɪs/ 农业企业 — agroecology /ˌæɡrəʊiːˈkɒlədʒi/ 农业生态学 11. confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ 确认 — confirmation /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/ 确认 — confirmed /kənˈfɜːmd/ 确认的 — unconfirmed /ˌʌnkənˈfɜːmd/ 未经确认的 — confirmable /kənˈfɜːməbəl/ 可确认的 12. evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 进化 — evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃən/ 进化 — evolutionary /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri/ 进化的 — evolutionist /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənɪst/ 进化论者 — evolvable /ɪˈvɒlvəbəl/ 可进化的 板块四：选词填空 Group A（从以下词汇中选择填空，每个词限用一次） 可选词汇：speech, sound, click, certain, dietrelated, change, bite, groundbreaking, scholar, note 13. Human __________ contains more than 2,000 distinct sounds, from common “m” to the rare clicks of southern African languages. 14. The rare __________s found in some African languages are among the most unusual speech sounds in the world. 15. A __________ study has revealed that changes in human bite led to the emergence of new speech sounds. 16. The __________ Charles Hockett first observed that labiodentals were more frequent in societies that ate softer foods. 17. The human __________ evolved from an aligned to an overbite structure, making labiodentals easier to produce. 18. __________ labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, became increasingly common after the Neolithic period. 19. Charles Hockett took __________ of the fact that labiodentals were more common in softfood societies. 20. The research team identified how and why this __________ arose, linking it to dietary changes. Group B（从以下词汇中选择填空，每个词限用一次） 可选词汇：ancient, adult, align, produce, jaw, overbite, structure, agriculture, Neolithic, chew 21. __________ human adults had front teeth that were aligned, making labiodentals hard to __________. 22. The human __________ evolved into an overbite structure that significantly facilitated speech production. 23. The development of __________ during the Neolithic period made food softer and easier to __________. 24. The __________ of the human jaw underwent major changes as food processing techniques improved. 25. Analyses of language databases confirmed a global __________ in the use of labiodentals after the __________ age. 26. The __________ of the jaw changed from an aligned to an overbite configuration over time. 27. __________ remains a crucial factor in understanding the evolution of human speech sounds. 板块五：单词填空 A. 单句语法填空（用所给词的适当形式填空） 28. According to the research findings, labiodentals like “f” and “v” are now __________ (common) than they were in ancient times. 29. Charles Hockett __________ (observe) more than thirty years ago that softfood societies used labiodentals more frequently. 30. The researchers were surprised to find that the human jaw had __________ (gradual) changed from an aligned to an overbite structure. 31. When food became easier to chew, the jawbone no longer needed __________ (grow) as large as it once had. 32. It __________ (believe) that the development of agriculture played a key role in reshaping the human jaw. 33. The study’s findings have been __________ (wide) recognized as a major contribution to the field of linguistics. 34. __________ (eat) softer foods over generations ultimately changed the way our ancestors produced certain sounds. 35. The research team, __________ (lead) by Damián Blasi, published their findings in a leading scientific journal. 36. Analyses of a language database __________ (confirm) that the use of “f” and “v” increased remarkably over millennia. 37. This discovery has __________ (challenge) the longheld belief that all speech sounds existed 300,000 years ago. B. 首字母单词拼写（根据首字母和句意补全单词） 38. Human s__________ is composed of over 2,000 distinct sounds, ranging from common “m” to rare African clicks. 39. The research team, l__________ by Damián Blasi, has revealed how dietrelated changes in bite generated new sounds. 40. A g__________ study spanning five years has demonstrated the link between jaw evolution and speech development. 41. The s__________ Charles Hockett was the first to observe that labiodentals were more common in softfood societies. 42. When examining ancient skulls, researchers d__________ that early adults had aligned teeth, making labiodentals difficult. 43. Over time, the human jaw e__________ into an overbite configuration, which greatly facilitated labiodental production. 44. The emergence of a__________ in the Neolithic period reshaped human diets and jaw structures. 45. Analysis of a language d__________ confirmed that the use of “f” and “v” increased remarkably over millennia. 46. This research o__________ the longheld belief that all human speech sounds were present 300,000 years ago. 47. Steven Moran e__________ that today’s speech sounds are the outcome of complex biological and cultural interactions. 板块六：语篇翻译 Human speech contains a remarkable variety of sounds,but not all sounds are equally common.A ground-breaking study has revealed that diet-related changes in human bite influenced the development of new speech sounds.The researchers found that ancient human jaws were structured in a way that made it difficult to produce labiodentals like"f"and"v".However,as agriculture developed and food became softer,our jaws changed to an overbite structure,making these sounds easier to produce. 板块七：参考译文 人类言语包含超过2000种不同的声音，从常见的“m”和“a”到一些南部非洲语言中罕见的咔嗒音。但为什么某些声音比其他声音更常见？一项为期五年的开创性研究表明，与饮食相关的人类咬合变化导致了新的语音出现，这些语音现在存在于世界上一半的语言中。 30多年前，学者查尔斯·霍基特指出，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在食用较软食物的社会的语言中更为常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学达米安·布拉西领导的研究团队已经发现了这种趋势产生的方式和原因。 他们发现，古代成年人的上下门牙是对齐的，这使得很难发出唇齿音——唇齿音是通过下唇接触上齿形成的。后来，我们的下颌骨变成了覆咬合结构，使得发出这种声音变得更加容易。 研究团队表明，这种咬合变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关。那时的食物变得更容易咀嚼。下颌骨不必做那么多工作，因此不必长得那么大。 对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后世界语言的语音发生了全球性的变化，在过去的几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然不存在。 这项研究推翻了人类在约30万年前进化时所有语音都已存在的流行观点。“我们使用的语音系统自人类出现以来不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的大量语音是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物，”研究团队成员史蒂文·莫兰说。 板块八：单词默写（汉译英） 言语；讲话 __________ 声音 __________ 咔嗒声；点击 __________ 某些；确定的 __________ 与饮食相关的 __________ 变化；改变 __________ 咬；咬合 __________ 开创性的 __________ 学者 __________ 注意到；指出 __________ 唇齿音 __________ 社会 __________ 柔软的 __________ 趋势 __________ 产生；出现 __________ 发现 __________ 古代的 __________ 成年人 __________ 对齐；使一致 __________ 产生；生产 __________ 下颌；颚 __________ 覆咬合；上牙覆盖下牙 __________ 结构 __________ 农业 __________ 新石器时代的 __________ 咀嚼 __________ 数据库 __________ 确认；证实 __________ 显著的；非凡的 __________ 进化；演变 __________ 【参考答案】 板块一 真题再现答案 32．D 33．C 34．A 35. C 【导语】本文为说明文，主要讲述了人类语音的发展与农业的发展，以及其所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。 【详解】 32.D 事实细节题 根据第一段最后一句中的 ... diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds ... 和第二段最后一句中的 ... how and why this trend arose. 可知 Damián Blasi的研究与人类语音的发展变化有关。故D项正确。 33.C 事实细节题 根据第三段第一句 They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth ... by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. 可知，要发出唇齿音（produce labiodentals），上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇，而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这种下颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音，所以选C。 34.A 主旨大意题 上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代（the Neolithic age）农业的发展有关，而第五段主要说明了“一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化”，因此第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的confirm（证实）是关键词。 35.C 推理判断题 根据最后一段 The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable ... is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution. 可知，人类的语音不是一成不变的，而是一个复杂的动态变化、相互作用的系统。 板块四 选词填空答案 Group A speech clicks groundbreaking scholar bite Certain note change Group B Ancient, produce jaw agriculture, chew structure change, Neolithic structure Agriculture 板块五 单词填空答案 A. 单句语法填空 more common observed gradually to grow is believed widely Eating led confirmed challenged B. 首字母单词拼写 speech led groundbreaking scholar discovered evolved agriculture database overturns explained 板块六 语篇翻译参考译文 人类言语包含丰富多样的 声音，但并非所有声音都同样常见。一项开创性的研究揭示，与饮食相关的人类咬合 变化 影响了新的语音的发展。研究人员发现，古代人类下颌的结构方式使得发出像“f”和“v”这样的唇齿音很困难。然而，随着农业 发展和食物变得更软，我们的下颌 变成了覆咬合 结构，使得发出这些声音更加容易。 板块八 汉译英答案 speech sound click certain diet-related change bite ground-breaking scholar note labiodental society soft trend arise discover ancient adult align produce jaw overbite structure agriculture Neolithic chew database confirm remarkable evolve $