做高考真题，记高频单词DAY 18（说明文阅读）任务单-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

高考高频单词 DAY 18（说明文阅读）

板块一：真题再现

[（2022·全国一卷·高考真题）]

Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构）, making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?

A. Its variety.      B. Its distribution.      C. Its quantity.      D. Its development.

33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?

A. Supporting evidence for the research results.

B. Potential application of the research findings.

C. A further explanation of the research methods.

D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A. It is key to effective communication.      B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C. It is a complex and dynamic system.      D. It drives the evolution of human beings.

板块二：核心词汇（30个）

speech /spiːtʃ/ 言语；讲话

sound /saʊnd/ 声音

click /klɪk/ 咔嗒声；点击

certain /ˈsɜːtən/ 某些；确定的

diet-related /ˈdaɪət rɪˈleɪtɪd/ 与饮食相关的

change /tʃeɪndʒ/ 变化；改变

bite /baɪt/ 咬；咬合

ground-breaking /ˈɡraʊnd breɪkɪŋ/ 开创性的

scholar /ˈskɒlə/ 学者

note /nəʊt/ 注意到；指出

labiodental /ˌleɪbiəʊˈdentəl/ 唇齿音

society /səˈsaɪəti/ 社会

soft /sɒft/ 柔软的

trend /trend/ 趋势

arise /əˈraɪz/ 产生；出现

discover /dɪˈskʌvə/ 发现

ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/ 古代的

adult /ˈædʌlt/ 成年人

align /əˈlaɪn/ 对齐；使一致

produce /prəˈdjuːs/ 产生；生产

jaw /dʒɔː/ 下颌；颚

overbite /ˈəʊvəbaɪt/ 覆咬合；上牙覆盖下牙

structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ 结构

agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/ 农业

Neolithic /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ 新石器时代的

chew /tʃuː/ 咀嚼

database /ˈdeɪtəbeɪs/ 数据库

confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ 确认；证实

remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbəl/ 显著的；非凡的

evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 进化；演变

 

板块三：词形变换（供背诵）

1. speak /spiːk/ 说话 — speech /spiːtʃ/ 言语 — spoken /ˈspəʊkən/ 口语的 — speaker /ˈspiːkə/ 说话者 — speechless /ˈspiːtʃləs/ 无言以对的

2. ground /ɡraʊnd/ 地面 — ground-breaking /ˈɡraʊnd breɪkɪŋ/ 开创性的 — breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ 突破 — break /breɪk/ 打破 — breaker /ˈbreɪkə/ 打破者
3. note /nəʊt/ 注意 — notable /ˈnəʊtəbəl/ 显著的 — notably /ˈnəʊtəbli/ 显著地 — noted /ˈnəʊtɪd/ 著名的 — noteworthy /ˈnəʊtwɜːði/ 值得注意的
4. society /səˈsaɪəti/ 社会 — social /ˈsəʊʃəl/ 社会的 — socially /ˈsəʊʃəli/ 社会地 — socialist /ˈsəʊʃəlɪst/ 社会主义者 — sociable /ˈsəʊʃəbəl/ 好交际的
5. soft /sɒft/ 柔软的 — soften /ˈsɒfən/ 使软化 — softly /ˈsɒftli/ 柔软地 — softness /ˈsɒftnəs/ 柔软 — softener /ˈsɒfənə/ 软化剂
6. arise /əˈraɪz/ 出现 — arose /əˈrəʊz/ 过去式 — arisen /əˈrɪzən/ 过去分词 — arising /əˈraɪzɪŋ/ 出现的 — raise /reɪz/ 提高（及物动词，注意区分）
7. discover /dɪˈskʌvə/ 发现 — discovery /dɪˈskʌvəri/ 发现 — discoverer /dɪˈskʌvərə/ 发现者 — undiscovered /ˌʌndɪˈskʌvəd/ 未被发现的 — rediscover /ˌriːdɪˈskʌvə/ 重新发现
8. produce /prəˈdjuːs/ 产生 — production /prəˈdʌkʃən/ 生产 — product /ˈprɒdʌkt/ 产品 — productive /prəˈdʌktɪv/ 高产的 — producer /prəˈdjuːsə/ 生产者
9. structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/ 结构 — structural /ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ 结构的 — restructure /ˌriːˈstrʌktʃə/ 重建 — structured /ˈstrʌktʃəd/ 有结构的 — unstructured /ʌnˈstrʌktʃəd/ 无结构的
10. agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/ 农业 — agricultural /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ 农业的 — agriculturist /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərɪst/ 农学家 — agribusiness /ˈæɡrɪbɪznɪs/ 农业企业 — agroecology /ˌæɡrəʊiːˈkɒlədʒi/ 农业生态学
11. confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ 确认 — confirmation /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/ 确认 — confirmed /kənˈfɜːmd/ 确认的 — unconfirmed /ˌʌnkənˈfɜːmd/ 未经确认的 — confirmable /kənˈfɜːməbəl/ 可确认的
12. evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 进化 — evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃən/ 进化 — evolutionary /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri/ 进化的 — evolutionist /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənɪst/ 进化论者 — evolvable /ɪˈvɒlvəbəl/ 可进化的

板块四：选词填空

Group A（从以下词汇中选择填空，每个词限用一次）

可选词汇：speech, sound, click, certain, diet‑related, change, bite, ground‑breaking, scholar, note

13. Human __________ contains more than 2,000 distinct sounds, from common “m” to the rare clicks of southern African languages.
14. The rare __________s found in some African languages are among the most unusual speech sounds in the world.
15. A __________ study has revealed that changes in human bite led to the emergence of new speech sounds.
16. The __________ Charles Hockett first observed that labiodentals were more frequent in societies that ate softer foods.
17. The human __________ evolved from an aligned to an overbite structure, making labiodentals easier to produce.
18. __________ labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, became increasingly common after the Neolithic period.
19. Charles Hockett took __________ of the fact that labiodentals were more common in soft‑food societies.
20. The research team identified how and why this __________ arose, linking it to dietary changes.

对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后世界语言的语音发生了全球性的变化，在过去的几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然不存在。

这项研究推翻了人类在约30万年前进化时所有语音都已存在的流行观点。“我们使用的语音系统自人类出现以来不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的大量语音是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物，”研究团队成员史蒂文·莫兰说。

板块八：单词默写（汉译英）

 

言语；讲话 __________

声音 __________

咔嗒声；点击 __________

某些；确定的 __________

与饮食相关的 __________

变化；改变 __________

咬；咬合 __________

开创性的 __________

学者 __________

注意到；指出 __________

唇齿音 __________

社会 __________

柔软的 __________

趋势 __________

产生；出现 __________

发现 __________

古代的 __________

成年人 __________

对齐；使一致 __________

产生；生产 __________

下颌；颚 __________

覆咬合；上牙覆盖下牙 __________

结构 __________

农业 __________

新石器时代的 __________

咀嚼 __________

数据库 __________

确认；证实 __________

显著的；非凡的 __________

进化；演变 __________