考点5 阅读理解(生态环保类)-【创新大课堂】高考英语五年（2022-2026年）真题分类汇编168优化重组卷

考点五 阅读理解（生态环保类） 题组一 Passage1(2025·全国I卷，7.5分) This energy transition(变革)is global,.and The greening of planes,trains and automobiles the amount of renewable energy the world will Moving goods and people around the world is need is "a little bit mind-blowing,"says T responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National ()As the world races to decarbonize everything, Renewable Energy Laboratory.It's estimated that it faces particular problems with transportation- the global demand for electricity could more than 圜 which accounts for about a quarter of our energy- double by 2050.Fortunately,analyses suggest related greenhouse gas emissions.Here's the that renewables are up to the task."We need to r breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different speed up the development of green energy,and it modes of transport. will all get used,"says Wipke. SHIPPING OTHER ROAD VEHICLES 10.6% 2.2% 1.What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? AIRPLANES RAIL A.11.6%, B.45.1% 11.6% 1% 带 C.74.5%. D.86.1%. The fuels for transport need to be not just 2.Which mode of transport can go green comparatively green,cheap and powerful,but also lightweight easily? and safe enough to be carried around.Each mode A.Planes. B.Trucks. of transport has its specific fuel needs.Much is 抑 C.Trains. D.Ships. still to be settled,but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. 3.What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transi- tion? CARS-Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient A.Limiting fuel consumption. PLANES-Synthetic hydrocarbons and electric cars can plug The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation 掷 into existing systems and One long-term option for sustainable fuel B.Putting more effort into renewables. services.New solid-state for planes is to make hydrocarbons from batteries will take a car farther recycled air. on a single charge. C.Improving energy efficiency. 郑 D.Making electricity more affordable. FUTURE FUELS Passage2(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，10分) TRAINS-Electricity TRUCKS- SHIPS-Liquid ammonia We all know fresh is best when it comes to Some trains are already Hydrogen fuel cells Liquid ammonia is easy to keep electrified through rails Hydrogen fuel cells and transport,but it is hard to or wires:others can be are a lighter choice ignite(点然)and requires an food.However,most produce at the store went made electric in pretty than batteries for engine redesign. simple ways. trucks,but making green hydrogen is through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of expensive. miles before reaching the table.While farmer's 29 markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,1.What can be learned about BMF from Paragraph 1? Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF)shortens it even A.It guarantees the variety of food. more. B.It requires day-to-day care. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be C.It cuts the farm-to-table distance. set up for a family.Additionally,it could serve a D.It relies on farmer's markets. larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or 2.What information does the convenient app school.The innovative design requires little effort offer? to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh A Real-time weather changes. greens. B.Current condition of the plants. Specifically,it's a farm that relies on new C.Chemical pollutants in the soil. technology.By connecting through the Cloud, D.Availability of pre-seeded pods. BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a:3.What can be concluded about BMF employees? convenient app that provides growing data in real A.They have a great passion for sports. time.Because the system is automated,it B.They are devoted to community service. significantly reduces the amount of water needed C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences. to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of D.They have a strong environmental awareness. soil,the system provides just the right amount to 4.What does the text mainly talk about? each plant.After harvest,users simply replace A.BMF's major strengths. the plants with a new pre-seeded pod(容器)to B.BMF's general management. get the next growth cycle started. C.BMF's global influence. Moreover,having a system in the same D.BMF's technical standards. building where it's eaten means zero emissions Passage3(2023·全国甲卷，8分) (排放)from transporting plants from soil to Grizzly bears,which may grow to about 2.5 m salad.In addition,there's no need for pesticides long and weigh over 400 kg,occupy a conflicted and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms corner of the American psyche-we revere and the surrounding environment. them even as they give us frightening dreams. BMF employees live out sustainability in Ask the tourists from around the world that flood their everyday lives.About half of them walk or into Yellowstone National Park what they most bike to work.Inside the office,they encourage hope to see,and their answer is often the same:a recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage grizzly bear. cans and avoiding single-use plastic."We are "Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals their former range,says bear biologist Chris in our environment,said a BMF employee. Servheen.As grizzly bears expand their range into 30 places where they haven't been seen in a century 1.How do Americans look at grizzlies? or more,they're increasingly being sighted by A.They cause mixed feelings in people. humans. B.They should be kept in national parks. The western half of the U.S.was full of C.They are of high scientific value. grizzlies when Europeans came,with a rough D.They are a symbol of American culture. number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native 2.What has helped the increase of the grizzly Americans.By the early 1970s,after centuries of population? cruel and continuous hunting by settlers,600 to A.The European settlers'behavior. 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of B.The expansion of bears'range. their former range in the Northern Rockies.In C.The protection by law since 1975. 1975,grizzlies were listed under the Endangered D.The support of Native Americans. Species Act. 3.What has stopped the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Today,there are about 2,000 or more Service from delisting grizzlies? grizzly bears in the U.S.Their recovery has been A.The opposition of conservation groups. so successful that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife B.The successful comeback of grizzlies. Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, C.The voice of the biologists. which would loosen legal protections and allow D.The local farmers'advocates. them to be hunted.Both efforts were overturned 4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? due to lawsuits from conservation groups.For A.Food should be provided for grizzlies. now,grizzlies remain listed. B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies. Obviously,if precautions(预防)aren't taken, C.A special path should be built for grizzlies. grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes D.Technology can be introduced to protect killing farm animals or walking through yards in grizzlies. search of food.If people remove food and;Passage4(2022·全国甲卷，8分) attractants from their yards and campsites, Goffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.native to Australasia,have been shown to have Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and similar shape-recognition abilities to a human other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in getting grizzlies away."Our hope is to have a clean,the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use attractant-free place where bears can pass through while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment, without learning bad habits,"says James Jonkel,cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut longtime biologist who manages bears in and around inside it.The clear front of the box had a Missoula. “keyhole”in a geometric shape,and the birds 31 were given five differently shaped "keys"to 1.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in choose from.Inserting the correct "key"would the experiment? let out the nut. A.By following instructions. In humans,babies can put a round shape in a B.By using a tool. round hole from around one year of age,but it C.By turning the box around. will be another year before they are able to do the D.By removing the lid. same with less symmetrical()shapes.This 2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely ability to recognize that a shape will need to be complete according to the text? turned in a specific direction before it will fit is A.Using a key to unlock a door. called an "allocentric frame of reference".In the B.Telling parrots from other birds. experiment,Goffin's cockatoos were able to select; C.Putting a ball into a round hole. D.Grouping toys of different shapes. the right tool for the job,in most cases,by visual 3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was about the cockatoos? used,the cockatoos did better than monkeys in A.How far they are able to see. similar tests.This indicates that Goffin's B.How they track moving objects. cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys. of reference when moving objects in space,similar D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. to two-year-old babies. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? The next step,according to the researchers, A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely B.Cockatoos:Independent Learners entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a sense C.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers of touch in making their shape selections. D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters 题组二 Passage1(2025·浙江1月，10分) The concept was born when German city A novel design approach to gardening has planners sought to plant large areas of parkland been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred toafter World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.Planners as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature: created planting mixes that could be used to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the :nodularly(模块化).In a matrix garden,plants garden,and even some of the designing.; with similar cultural needs are grouped so that Eschewing fertilizers()and power tools,it's they will grow together above and below ground, based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves more like nature does. water and discourages weeds. 32 Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's :2.Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? gardens popularized this style,adding artistic A.To control weeds in large gardens flavors to the planting mixes while playing with B.To bring in foreign species of plants. color and form,including four-season interest C.To conserve soil and water resources. and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year- D.To develop low-maintenance parkland. round,they invite you to enjoy the smallest3.Which of the following best describes Piet T detail,from the sound of grasses in the gentle Oudolf's gardens? wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. A.Traditional. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. B.Odd-looking. C.Tasteful. 圜 While matrix gardens appear wild,they are D.Well-protected. carefully planned,with cultural needs the first 修 4.Which of the following can be a suitable title consideration.Led by the concept of "right plant, 拼 for the text? right place,"they match plants that enjoy the A.The future of gardening is WILD same soil,sun and weather conditions, and B.Nature treats all lives as EQUALS arrange them according to their patterns of C.Matrix gardens need more CARE growth D.Old garden plots work WONDERS 量 The benefits are substantial for both the Passage2(2023·新课标I卷，10分) gardener and planet.With human inputs When John Todd was a child,he loved to explore dramatically reduced,the garden's ecology can the woods around his house,observing how nature develop well.Established matrix gardens should solved problems.A dirty stream,for example,often not need the life support we give most gardens: 烂 became clear after flowing through plants and along fertilizer,dividing,regular watering.Compared to rocks where tiny creatures lived.When he got older, traditional garden plots,they increase carbon John started to wonder if this process could be used to absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost clean up the messes people were making 抵 habitat and biodiversity significantly. After studying agriculture,medicine,and 1.What does the underlined word"Eschewing"in fisheries in college,John went back to observing 郑 the first paragraph mean? nature and asking questions.Why can certain A.Running out of. plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)？Which kinds 出 B.Keeping away from. of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals?With the C.Putting up with. right combination of animals and plants,he D.Taking advantage of. figured,maybe he could clean up waste the way 33 nature did.He decided to build what he would parts for the inventor,he says."You put organisms later call an eco-machine. in new relationships and observe what's happening. The task John set for himself was to remove Then you let these new systems develop their own harmful substances from some sludge(污泥).！ways to self-repair.” First,he constructed a series of clear fiberglass 1.What can we learn about John from the first tanks connected to each other.Then he went two paragraphs? around to local ponds and streams and brought A.He was fond of traveling. back some plants and animals.He placed them in B.He enjoyed being alone. the tanks and waited.Little by little,these C.He had an inquiring mind. different kinds of life got used to one another and D.He longed to be a doctor. formed their own ecosystem.After a few weeks,:2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? John added the sludge. A.To feed the animals. He was amazed at the results.The plants B.To build an ecosystem. and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as C.To protect the plants. food and began to eat it!Within weeks,it had all D.To test the eco-machine. been digested,and all that was left was pure 3.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? water. A.To review John's research plans. Over the years,John has taken on many big B.To show an application of John's idea. jobs.He developed a greenhouse-like facility that C.To compare John's different jobs. treated sewage(污水)from 1,600 homes in D.To erase doubts about John's invention. South Burlington.He also designed an eco-4.What is the basis for John's work? machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in A.Nature can repair itself. southeast China. B.Organisms need water to survive. “Ecological design”is the name John gives to C.Life on Earth is diverse. what he does."Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare D.Most tiny creatures live in groups. 题组三 Passage1(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷，7.5分) Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone(May 26 Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of to September 2) ranger programs throughout the park,and throughout Whether you're hiking a backcountry trail the year.The following are descriptions of the ranger )camping,or just enjoying the park's amazing programs this summer. wildlife from the road,this quick workshop is for you 34 and your family.Learn where to look for animals and 2.What is the short talk at Artist Point about? how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. A.Works of famous artists. Meet at the Canyon Village Store. B.Protection of wild animals. Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to C.Basic photography skills. August 21) D.History of the canyon area. Kids can test their skills and compare their 3.Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop? abilities to the animals of Yellowstone.Stay for as A.Artist Point. little or as long as your plans allow.Meet in front B.Washburn Trailhead. of the Visitor Education Center. C.Canyon Village Store. Canyon Talks at Artist Point June 9 to D.Visitor Education Center. September 2) Passage2(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷，10分) From a classic viewpoint,enjoy Lower Falls, As cities balloon with growth,access to nature the Yellowstone River,and the breathtaking oorfor people living in uban areas is becoming harder to of the canyon()while learning about the area's find.If you're lucky,there might be a pocket park near natural and human history.Discover why artists and where you live,but it's unusual to find places in a city photographers continue to be drawn to this special that are relatively wild. place.Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on Past research has found health and wellness the South Rim Drive for this short talk. benefits of nature for humans,but a new study Photography Workshops(June 19 &July 10) shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely Enhance your photography skills join important for human well-being. Yellowstone's park photographer for a hands-on The research team focused on a large urban program to inspire new and creative ways ofpark.They surveyed several bundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone. of a meaningful interaction they had with nature 6/19-Waterfalls &Wide Angles:meet at Artist in the park.The researchers then examined these Point. submissions,coding (experiences into different 7/10-Wildflowers &White Balance:meet at categories.For example,one participant's experience Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area. of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach 1.Which of the four programs begins the earliest? forlwas assigned the categories"sitting A.Photography Workshops. at beach”and“listening to waves..” B.Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics. Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of C.Canyon Talks at Artist Point. categories the researchers call a "nature lan- D.Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone. guage"began to emerge.After the coding of all 35 submissions,half a dozen categories were noted C.Many cities are overpopulated. most often as important to visitors.These include D.People enjoy living close to nature. encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of 2.Why did the researchers code participant submis- water,and following an established trail. sions into categories? Naming each nature experience creates a A.To compare different types of park-goers. usable language,which helps people recognize B.To explain why the park attracts tourists. and take part in the activities that are most C.To analyze the main features of the park. satisfying and meaningful to them.For example, D.To find patterns in the visitors'summaries. the experienee of walking along the edge of water3.What can we learn from the example given in Para- might be satisfying for a young professional on a graph 5? weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form B.Young people are too busy to interact with na- of this interaction by walking along a fountain on ture. their lunch break. C.The same nature experience takes different "We're trying to generate a language that forms. helps bring the human-nature interactions back D.The nature language enhances work per- into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we formance. also need to protect nature so that we can interact 、 4.What should be done before we can interact with it,said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the with nature according to Kahn? study. 1.What phenomenon does the author describe at A.Language study. the beginning of the text? B.Environmental conservation. A.Pocket parks are now popular. C.Public education. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities. D.Intercultural communication. 361.C[理解具体信息读题题目问“在第一段中作者指出 了什么现象？”。A项“汽车经常在路上堵塞”；B项“交通事 故频繁发生”：C项“人们步行更少，开车更多”：D项“行人 未能遵守规则”。 解题根据第一段可知，交通研究也显示行人（尤其是儿 童)的活动能力在下降。许多家长表示道路上车流量太 大，孩子步行上学不安全，因此他们选择开车送孩子。故 选C。 2.A「理解具体信息读题题目问“那位加拿大记者和其 他活动人士试图做什么？”。A项“保持他们城市的宜居 性”：B项“促进文化多样性”：C项“帮助贫困家庭”；D项 “使高速公路通达”。 解题根据第三段中的“Describing her alarm at its pro posed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (to champion'New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through.,"可知，Jane Jacobs 描述了当得知公园计划被高速公路取代时的恐慌，她呼吁 市长将纽约建设成一个宜居的好地方，而不仅仅是一个人 们匆匆而过的地方。故选A。livable是decent place to live 的同义转换。] 3.B[推断读题题目问“关于20世纪60年代末和20 世纪70年代澳大利亚的运动，可以推断出什么？”。A项 “它们促进了汽车销售”；B项“它们在很大程度上被证明无 效”；C项“它们赢得了政府支持”：D项“它们倡导建设新公 园”。 解题根据第四段中的“Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car'”可知，尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数 西方城市都围绕着机动车的需求进行了彻底的重新设 计。再结合最后一段中的“We invest a lot,.,.but we fail to account for the true costs'”可知，这些运动并没有解决 真正的需求，说明在很大程度上它们是无效的运动。故 选B。」 4,A[理解文章主旨要义文章的核心批判是当前的城市 规划和交通方式（以车为主）让人们“匆勿而过”(rush through),只追求通行效率(help us rush through),却忽视 了这种“勿忙”(rush)带来的社会成本（如儿童失去安全活 动的空间，活动能力下降)。作者呼吁重新思考街道的作 用，让城市成为生活的地方，而不仅仅是通道。A项“Why the Rush?”(我们为何要如此匆忙？)直接，点明了文章质疑 的核心一一这种追求速度、忽视生活质量的“多忙”是否有 必要？它是否值得付出如此高的社会代价？这个标题最 能引发学生的批判性思考。B项“接下来是什么？”：C项 “待在何处？”：D项“谁负责？”。] Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。作者从几个角度探讨群 体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。 1.B[通读第二段内容可知，本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的 底层逻辑。故选B项。门 2.D[结合第二段中的“In more technical terms,the wis dom of crowds requires that people's estimates be inde- pendent'”和第三段中的“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discus- sion,.independent individuals'”可知，Navajas的研究发 现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依 旧会提升。故选D项。] 3.C[第四段说在随后对100名大学生的研究中，研究人员 发现，团队讨论中起决定作用的是队员们能集体辩论 (shared arguments and reasoned together),因此选C。] -12 4.D[最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是 从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的， 由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。] 题组三 Passage 语篇类型：记叙文主题语境：人与社会一社会进步 电话亭的变迁。 文章大意：作者回忆了自己最后一次使用电话亭的经历，并 发现家附近最后一个电话亭被改造成了“迷你社区图书馆”， 这为社区提供了新的价值。 l.B[理解词汇根据第一段中的“I was conducting audi- tions ()for my play in my tiny old shared house in Lon- don”和“I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more‘young professional'”可推断出， 作者是在合租房里安排试演，为了给一些有天赋的演员留 下深刻印象而将合租房布置了一番，故选B项。」 2,A[推断根据题干信息将答案定位在第一、二段。第二 段提到作者被锁在了门外，但是幸运的是“there was a tele phone box across the street'”,因此作者打电话拿到了备用 钥匙，才得以及时赶回家。由此可推断出，在2006年作者 使用电话亭是为了拔打紧急电话，故选A项。] 3.B[理解具体信息根据题千中的“mini community li brary”将答案锁定在第三段。由该段中的“a‘mini commu nity library':any passer-by can...or replace it with anoth- er title from their own collection”可知，任何路过的人都能 用自己的另一本藏书来替换其中的一本书，也就是说任何 人都可以为这个图书馆的藏书做出贡献，故选B项。A项 “它提供免费电话服务”；C项“它在年轻读者中受欢迎”；D 项“一个月之内必须归还图书”。] 4.C[理解具体信息根据第四段可知，作者一开始认为这 个“图书馆”里都是一些庸俗的爱情故事书，但后来却注意 到那里有各种主题的大部头书，而且这些书都是免费的。 这个无与伦比的价格，点鼓励作者尝试许多自己通常不会 考虑购买的书，并且发现了一些很棒的书。由此可知，作 者因为发现那里有免费的好书，才转变之前的想法，开始 使用这个“图书馆”。故选C项。] 考点五阅读理解（生态环保类） 题组一 Passage 1 语篇类型：应用文主题语境：人与自然一一环境保护一 全球交通领域的碳排放及绿色转型方案 文章大意：文章主要围绕全球交通领域的碳排放及绿色转型 展开，说明不同交通方式有特定燃料需求，全球能源转型中 可再生能源需求巨大。 1,C「理解具体信息题目问“2018年公路车辆在全球交通 排放中所占百分比是多少？”。根据文中第一张图中的相 关数据“ROAD(PASSENGER)45.1%”和“ROAD (G))DS)29.4%”可知，公路车辆在全球交通排放中的总 占比为45.1%十29.4%=74.5%。故选C项。」 2.C[理解具体信息题目问“娜种交通方式相对容易实现 绿色转型？”。根据文中第二张图中“TRAINS一Electrici- y”部分的描述可知，火车使用电能作为能源，一些火车已 经实现了电气化，其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现 电气化。相对图中描述的飞机、卡车和轮船的燃料转型， 火车绿色转型更简单。故选C项。] 3.B[理解具体信息根据文中最后一段Wipke的话“We need to speed up..used”可知，Wipke认为需要加快绿色 能源的发展，绿色能源将全部投入使用。B项“加大对可再 生能源的投入”与文意相符。故选B项。] Passage 2 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会一科学与技术 一BMF缩短食物到餐桌的距离 文章大意：本文介绍了一家旨在为人们提供新鲜食材的BMF 公司。 l.C[推断根据第一段中的“However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table'”和“Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF)shortens it even more”可知，大部分商 店的农产品要经历几周的运输并跨越很长距离才能到达 人们的餐桌。BMF公司大大缩短了这一过程。末句中的 “it”代指前文的“journey”,并和选项C中的“distance”构成 同义词替换，故选C项。门 2.BL理解具体信息根据第三段中的“there is a conven ient app that provides growing data in real time”可知，有一 个便捷的应用程序实时提供（植物的）生长数据，这和B项 的意思契合。] 3.D[推断根据文章末段中对BMF公司员工的生活和工 作情况的描述以及BMF员工的自述“We are passionate a- bout reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environ- ment”可知，BMF员工们在日常生活中践行可持续发展，大 约半数的员工走路或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通 过限制垃圾桶数量及避免使用一次性塑料的方式鼓励回 收利用及减少废物。他们都热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳 和化学物质。据此可以推断：BMF公司的员工有着强烈的 环保意识，故选D项。」 4,A[理解文章主旨要义文章首段介绍BMF公司缩短了 食物到餐桌的运输过程，接着第二至四段介绍了BMF的 创新设计系统及其优势，最后一段介绍了BMF员工在生 活和工作中践行可持续发展。综上所述，文章从各个方面 凸显了BMF的优势。」 Passage 3 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了美国灰 熊从多变少的发展过程，和在法律的保护下，灰熊数量增长， 并探讨了针对灰熊的应对保护方案。 l.A[根据第一段的“Grizzly bears...occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche(灰熊在美国人心中占据了 一个矛盾的角落)”和“we revere(敬畏)them even as they give us frightening dreams...their answer is often the same:a grizzly bear"”可知，人们对灰熊既怕又爱。由此可 见，人们对它们的感情很复杂，故A项正确。] 2.C[根据第三段的“Inl975,grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act(1975年，灰熊被列入《美国频危动 物法案》中)”和第四段的“Today,there are about2,000or more grizzly bears in the U.S.(如今，美国大约有2000或 更多头灰熊)”可以推断，灰熊数量增长与1975年以来的 法律保护息息相关，故C项正确。 3.AL根据题千的“theU.S.Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies”可以迅速锁定第四段。根据第四段的 "Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conser- vation groups(由于来自保护组织的诉讼，这两次尝试都被 推翻了)”可知，动物保护组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类及野 生动物管理局将灰熊从《美国濒危动物法案》中除名，故A 项正确。」 4.B[根据最后一段的“If people remove food and attractants., is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away(如果人们把食物 和引诱剂从他们的院子和营地拿走，灰熊经过时通常会平安 无事。在鸡舍和其他农场动物住所周围安装电围栏对赶走灰 熊也非常有效)”可以推断，人类可以和灰熊和谐共处，故B项 正确。] 12 Passage 4 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一种会识 别形状的凤头鹭鹉。 l.B[细节理解题。根据第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage,(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会 使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地 使用工具。)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped 'keys'to choose from.Inserting the correct 'keys' would【et out the nut..(研究人员给了这些鸟五把形状各异 的‘朝匙’供它们选择。插入正确的‘钥匙’会让坚果出 来。)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里 取出坚果的。故选B。] 2.C[细节理解题。根据第二段“In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品 放进一个圆形的洞里)”可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将 一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。] 3.D[推理判断题。通过最后一段“The next step,according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cock- atoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.(根据研究人员的 说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹅是完全依靠视觉线 索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状。)”可推知，后续测 试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故 选D。」 4.D[标题归纳题。通读全文，再结合第一段“Goffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old..(戈芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大 洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相 似。)”可推知，本文主要介绍会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。 D项“Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters(凤头鹨鹉：识别形 状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故 选D。] 题组二 Passage 1 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与自然一人与环境 “矩阵式”种植方法 文章大意：“矩阵式”种植方法是一种越来越受欢迎的新颖的 园艺设计方法，其目的是让大自然在花园中承担更多的艰巨 工作，甚至是一些设计。该种植方法基于一个简单的原则， 即更加像大自然一样地种植花木。 l.B[理解词汇根据画线词后的“it's based on an elegant- ly simple principle:to garden more like nature does”可知， “矩阵式”种植方法基于一个简单的原则，即更加像大自然 一样地种植花木。结合常识可知，自然种植不会用到化肥 和电动工具，故画线词的意思与B项“远离”最为接近。 run out of'“用完，耗尽”；put up with“容忍，忍受”；take ad- vantage of“利用”。] 2.D[理解具体信息根据第二段的“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War ll in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance'”可知，“矩阵式”种植方法 的概念诞生于德国二战后，当时的城市规划者试图使用一 种可复制的方式来开发大面积的公园用地，这种方法需要 最少的维护。由此可知，推行“矩阵式”种植方法是为了开 发低维护成本的公园用地，故选D。A项“为了管理大型 花园中的杂草”：B项“为了引进外来植物”：C项“为了保 护水土资源”。] 5 3.C[推断根据题千中的“Piet Oudolf's gardens”可快速 将答定位到第三段。根据第三段的“adding artistic fla- vors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife..Beautiful year-round'”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园 在巧妙地利用色彩和表现形式的同时，在混合种植中增添 了艺术气息，包括四季皆宜的观赏性，并满足野生动物的 需求，这些花园全年都很美丽，故选C项tasteful'“高雅的， 雅致的，优美的”。odd-looking“外表怪异的，奇形怪状的”； wellprotected“受良好保护的”。] 4.A[理解文章主旨要义本文第一段引入话题“矩阵式” 种植方法，介绍该方法的目的和基本原则；第二段介绍该 方法的诞生及基本操作方式；第三段以Piet)udolf的花园 为例，讲述了采用该方法种植的花园的特色；第四段讲这 种花园是经过精心规划的：最后一段讲这样种植方法带来 的生态好处。由此可知，本文主要介绍了“矩阵式”种植方 法。文章的第一段是本文的主旨段，“A novel design ap proach to gardening has been gaining in popularity world- wide”表明“矩阵式”种植方法在全世界越来越受欢迎，即这 种方法是种植花木的未来：“it's based on an elegantly sim ple principle:to garden more like nature does'"表明“矩阵 式”种植方法的核心是侣导像大自然一样种植花木，即模仿自 然设计园林。故A项“园艺的未来是自然生长”最适合作本文 的标题。B项“大自然平等对待所有生命”：C项“‘矩阵式’花 园需要更多照看”；D项“老旧的花园地块创造奇迹”。] Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。John Todd从小就喜欢观 察大自然，并被自然的自净能力折服。大学时期经过专业的 学习之后，John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合，发明出了 “生态设计”，并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。 l.C[根据第一段中的“observing how nature solved prob- lems”和“When he got older,John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making”和第二段中的“John went back to observing nature and asking questions'”以及第二段中的两个问题可 以看出，John是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人，故C项 正确。long to do sth.“渴望做某事”。] 2.D[根据第三段中的“The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge 泥).，，placed them in the tanks”可知，John修建水箱是为 了清理污泥中的有害物质，为此，他在水箱里放了一些动植 物。第四段中的“all that was left was pure water'”表明了将 污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可以推断，John在水箱里 放入污泥是为了检验他的生态机器的效果，故D项正确。] 3.B[上文讲到了John的发明成功了，根据第五段的中心 句“Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs”"可知， 多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的 运河水是为了举例说明Jon的发明及其理念在实践中的 应用，故B项正确。A“为了回顾John的研究计划”：B“为 了展示John的理念的实际应用”：C“为了比较John的不同 工作”：D“为了消除对John的发明的怀疑”。] 4.A[本文主要围绕John的疑问“A dirty stream,for ex- ample,often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived...if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making" 展开，即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的 岩石后，往往会变得清澈，这个过程是否可以用来清理人 们制造的脏乱呢？正是在这个疑问的指引下，John发明了 “生态设计”，因此，John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修 复能力，且最后一段中的“Then you let these new systems -12 develop their own ways to self-repair'”也印证了John的工作依 据就在于“自我修复“这一理念，故A项正确。门 题组三 Passage 1 【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。本文主要介绍了美国黄 石国家公园的四个护林员项目。 l.D[对比四个项目的时间信息可知，Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone是最早开始的(May26)。故D项正确。] 2.D[根据Canyon Talks at Artist Point部分中的“while learning about the area's natural and human history”及本段 最后的“for this short talk”可知，这个简短的演讲是关于 Canyon这个地方的历史的。故D项正确。] 3.B[根据Photography Workshops部分中的“7/10.，meet at Washburn Trailhead”可知，7月l0日参加者要在这里碰 面。故B项正确。] Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对一项新的研 究结果及其过程的描述，向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类 键康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。 1,B[题千问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根 据第一段中的“access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find(城市居民越来越难以接触 大自然)”以及“it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见 的)”可知，在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。」 2.D[题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原 因。根据第四段第一句话“Across the320 submissions,a pattern of categories..,began to emerge(在320份提交的 材料中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的类别模式开始 出现)”可知，研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中 找出类别规律。故D项正确。」 3.C[题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。 根据第五段所举的例子“the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break”可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，周内 可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自 然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。] 4.B题千问的是在我们与大自然互动之前，我们应该做些 什么。根据最后一段Kahn的话“And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with t(为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便与之互 动)”可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然，故B 项正确。 考点六阅读理解（史地人文类） 题组一 Passage 1 语篇类型：应用文主题语境：人与社会一社会与文化 —一英国的特色集镇 文章大意：本文主要介绍了英国四个特色集镇，每个集镇均 以市场贸易为核心，同时具备独特的历史文化特色或自然 景观。 l.C[理解具体信息根据Hereford,Herefordshire部分中 "The Hereford Cathedral...One of the four original cop- ies of the Magna Carta is displayed there”可知，《大宪章》的 原件展示在赫里福德大教堂。故选C项。] 2.B[理解具体信息读题题千问“什鲁斯伯里镇中心的 一个特点是什么？”。A项“它位于一个大岛附近”；B项“它 几乎被水包围”；C项“它以花卉节闻名”：D项“从伦敦很容 易到达”。