做高考真题，记高频单词DAY 5（说明文阅读）任务单-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习任务单以说明文阅读为载体，系统整合微塑料污染主题的高频词汇、阅读技能及词形变换考点，通过“真题再现-核心词汇-词形变换-练习应用”的层级架构，引导学生从语篇语境中自主梳理词汇网络和阅读策略，构建说明文阅读的知识体系。 亮点在于自主诊断与语言能力培养，如真题再现环节通过4道阅读题检测理解能力，词形变换模块提供12组词性转换供背诵，选词填空和单词填空任务强化词汇应用，助力学生提升语言理解与表达能力。每个模块配有参考答案，支持学生自主纠错反思，教师可据此精准把握学情，实现个性化复习指导。

高考高频单词 DAY 5（说明文阅读） 板块一：真题再现 [（2025·全国一卷·高考真题）] Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap: boiling and filtering it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. "The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. "We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics." 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 板块二：核心词汇（30个） 做高考真题，记高频单词 A genius is the person who repeats the most times! 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 microplastic /ˌmaɪkrəʊˈplæstɪk/ 微塑料 source /sɔːs/ 来源；源头 pollution /pəˈluːʃən/ 污染 settle /ˈsetl/ 沉降；停留；定居 volcanic /vɒlˈkænɪk/ 火山的 stomach /ˈstʌmək/ 胃（复数stomachs） Antarctic /ænˈtɑːktɪk/ 南极的 human /ˈhjuːmən/ 人类 research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ 研究 measure /ˈmeʒə/ 措施；测量 reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ 减少 tap /tæp/ 水龙头 boil /bɔɪl/ 煮沸 filter /ˈfɪltə/ 过滤 publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ 发表；出版 remove /rɪˈmuːv/ 去除；移开 crucially /ˈkruːʃəli/ 关键地；至关重要地 rely on 依赖；依靠 calcium carbonate 碳酸钙 trap /træp/ 捕获；困住 hard water 硬水 sample /ˈsɑːmpəl/ 样品；样本 type /taɪp/ 类型 polystyrene /ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn/ 聚苯乙烯 polyethylene /ˌpɒliˈeθəliːn/ 聚乙烯 polypropylene /ˌpɒliˈprəʊpəliːn/ 聚丙烯 chemical /ˈkemɪkəl/ 化学物质 exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə/ 接触；暴露 determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ 确定；决定 upgrade /ʌpˈɡreɪd/ 升级；提升 板块三：词形变换（供背诵） 1. pollute /pəˈluːt/ 污染 — pollution /pəˈluːʃən/ 污染 — pollutant /pəˈluːtənt/ 污染物 — polluted /pəˈluːtɪd/ 受污染的 — polluter /pəˈluːtə/ 污染者 2. settle /ˈsetl/ 沉降；定居 — settlement /ˈsetlmənt/ 定居点；解决 — settler /ˈsetlə/ 定居者 — settled /ˈsetld/ 稳定的；固定的 — unsettled /ʌnˈsetld/ 不稳定的；未解决的 3. reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ 减少 — reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃən/ 减少 — reducer /rɪˈdjuːsə/ 减速器 — reducible /rɪˈdjuːsəbəl/ 可减少的 — irreducible /ˌɪrɪˈdjuːsəbəl/ 不可减少的 4. filter /ˈfɪltə/ 过滤 — filtration /fɪlˈtreɪʃən/ 过滤 — filterable /ˈfɪltərəbəl/ 可过滤的 — unfiltered /ʌnˈfɪltəd/ 未过滤的 — filtrate /ˈfɪltreɪt/ 滤液 5. publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ 发表 — publication /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən/ 出版物；发表 — publisher /ˈpʌblɪʃə/ 出版商 — published /ˈpʌblɪʃt/ 已发表的 — unpublished /ʌnˈpʌblɪʃt/ 未发表的 6. remove /rɪˈmuːv/ 去除 — removal /rɪˈmuːvəl/ 去除；移除 — removable /rɪˈmuːvəbəl/ 可移动的；可去除的 — remover /rɪˈmuːvə/ 去除剂 — irremovable /ɪˈriːmuvəbəl/ 不可移动的 7. crucial /ˈkruːʃəl/ 关键的 — crucially /ˈkruːʃəli/ 关键地 — cruciality /ˌkruːʃiˈæləti/ 关键性 — uncrucial /ʌnˈkruːʃəl/ 不关键的 — crucialness /ˈkruːʃəlnəs/ 重要性 8. expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ 暴露 — exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə/ 暴露；接触 — exposed /ɪkˈspəʊzd/ 暴露的 — unexposed /ˌʌnɪkˈspəʊzd/ 未暴露的 — exposure meter 曝光表 9. determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ 确定 — determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/ 决心；确定 — determined /dɪˈtɜːmɪnd/ 坚定的 — determinable /dɪˈtɜːmɪnəbəl/ 可确定的 — indeterminate /ˌɪndɪˈtɜːmɪnət/ 不确定的 10. upgrade /ʌpˈɡreɪd/ 升级 — upgradeable /ʌpˈɡreɪdəbəl/ 可升级的 — downgrade /ˌdaʊnˈɡreɪd/ 降级 — upgraded /ʌpˈɡreɪdɪd/ 已升级的 — upgrading /ʌpˈɡreɪdɪŋ/ 升级过程 11. harmful /ˈhɑːmfəl/ 有害的 — harm /hɑːm/ 伤害 — harmless /ˈhɑːmləs/ 无害的 — harmfully /ˈhɑːmfəli/ 有害地 — harmfulness /ˈhɑːmfəlnəs/ 有害性 12. involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/ 涉及；参与 — involvement /ɪnˈvɒlvmənt/ 参与；涉及 — involved /ɪnˈvɒlvd/ 参与的；复杂的 — uninvolved /ˌʌnɪnˈvɒlvd/ 未参与的 — involving /ɪnˈvɒlvɪŋ/ 包括的 板块四：选词填空 Group A（从以下词汇中选择填空：microplastic, source, pollution, settle, volcanic, stomach, Antarctic, human, research, measure） 1. The river has become a major __________ of drinking water for the city. 2. Air __________ is one of the most serious environmental problems in urban areas. 3. Dust particles will __________ at the bottom of the container over time. 4. The __________ eruption caused widespread damage to the surrounding area. 5. Birds use their __________ to digest food before it enters their intestines. 6. The __________ continent is covered with ice throughout the year. 7. __________ activities have greatly changed the natural environment. 8. Scientists are conducting __________ on the effects of climate change. 9. The government should take effective __________ to protect the environment. 10. Tiny __________ particles have been found in the deepest parts of the ocean. Group B（从以下词汇中选择填空：filter, publish, remove, crucially, rely on, trap, sample, type, exposure, upgrade） 11. The researchers __________ their findings in a well-known scientific journal. 12. The new technology can __________ harmful substances from drinking water. 13. __________, the success of the project depends on everyone's cooperation. 14. Many students __________ their parents for financial support during college. 15. The spider __________ insects by building a large web. 16. The water __________ was collected from different parts of the river. 17. There are several __________ of birds living in this area. 18. Long-term __________ to sunlight can damage your skin. 19. The company decided to __________ its computer systems to improve efficiency. 20. You should __________ the water before drinking it to remove impurities. 板块五：单词填空 A. 单句语法填空（用所给词的适当形式填空） 21. The __________ (pollute) of the river has made it unsafe for swimming. 22. The __________ (settle) of new residents has changed the character of the village. 23. The __________ (reduce) in carbon emissions is a global priority. 24. The water must go through several __________ (filter) processes before it is drinkable. 25. The __________ (publish) of the book was delayed due to legal issues. 26. The __________ (remove) of the old furniture made the room look larger. 27. The __________ (crucial) of this issue cannot be overstated. 28. The __________ (expose) of the workers to harmful chemicals is a major concern. 29. The __________ (determine) of the exact cause of the accident took several months. 30. The __________ (upgrade) of the city's infrastructure will cost millions of dollars. B. 首字母单词拼写（根据首字母和句意补全单词） 31. The r__________ found that boiling tap water could reduce microplastics significantly. 32. The factory is the main s__________ of air pollution in this area. 33. Scientists are still trying to d__________ the long-term effects of microplastics on health. 34. The new policy aims to r__________ the amount of plastic waste in the ocean. 35. The water s__________ was collected and analyzed in the laboratory. 36. There are many t__________ of bacteria living in the human digestive system. 37. The chemicals can be h__________ to both humans and animals. 38. Many people are concerned about their daily e__________ to microplastics through food and water. 39. The government plans to u__________ the sewage treatment system. 40. The p__________ of volcanic ash can have a cooling effect on the global climate. 板块六：语篇翻译（英译汉，黑体词为关键） Passage A Microplastics have become a major environmental concern in recent years. They have been found in the deepest oceans and on the highest mountains. These tiny plastic particles come from various sources, including the breakdown of larger plastic items and the release of plastic fibers from clothing. Once released into the environment, they can settle in soil and water, where they may be absorbed by plants and animals. Scientists are working hard to determine the extent of the harm caused by microplastics and to find effective ways to reduce our exposure to them. Passage B A simple and cost-effective method for removing microplastics from drinking water has been discovered by researchers. By boiling and then filtering tap water, up to 80 percent of microplastics can be removed. The effectiveness of this method depends on the hardness of the water, which determines whether calcium carbonate will form a crust that traps the plastic particles. This finding offers a practical solution for individuals who are concerned about the quality of their drinking water. However, the researchers emphasize that more work is needed to address the problem of microplastic pollution on a larger scale. Passage C The issue of microplastic pollution has attracted global attention. Studies have shown that microplastics are present not only in the environment but also in bottled water and even in human bodies. This has led to growing concerns about the potential health risks. Some experts advocate for upgrading drinking water treatment plants so that they can effectively remove microplastics. Others emphasize the importance of reducing plastic production and improving waste management. The solution to this problem requires combined efforts from governments, industries and individuals alike. We all have a responsibility to protect our environment and our health. 板块七：参考译文（全文翻译） 微塑料已经成为地球上一种常见的污染源——它们已经沉降在深海和喜马拉雅山上，卡在火山岩中，填满了海鸟的胃，甚至落在了新鲜的南极雪中。它们甚至出现在人体内。 现在，新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可以显著降低自来水中微塑料的含量：煮沸并过滤。在周三发表在《环境科学与技术快报》上的一项研究中，来自中国的研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸仅五分钟——然后在冷却后过滤——可以去除至少80%的微塑料。 至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料。在这项研究中，煮沸含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水导致塑料减少了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本中，煮沸仅使微塑料水平降低了25%。此外，该研究并未涵盖所有类型的塑料。研究团队仅聚焦于三种常见类型——聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯——他们也没有研究此前在水中发现的其他化学物质，如氯乙烯。 尽管如此，这些发现为减少微塑料暴露展示了一条潜在的前进道路——这是一项日益艰巨的任务。科学家们今年早些时候发现，即使是瓶装水，所含的微塑料也比原先认为的多10到1000倍。 科学家们仍在试图确定微塑料的危害有多大——但他们已知的信息已经引发了担忧。这项新研究表明，煮沸自来水可以作为限制摄入量的一种工具。“他们证明微塑料是如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很不错，”苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳·高肖特-林赛（未参与该研究）告诉《新科学家》。“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便去除微塑料。” 板块八：单词默写（汉译英） 微塑料 __________ 来源；源头 __________ 污染 __________ 沉降；停留；定居 __________ 火山的 __________ 胃 __________ 南极的 __________ 人类 __________ 研究 __________ 措施；测量 __________ 减少 __________ 水龙头 __________ 煮沸 __________ 过滤 __________ 发表；出版 __________ 去除；移开 __________ 关键地；至关重要地 __________ 依赖；依靠 __________ 碳酸钙 __________ 捕获；困住 __________ 硬水 __________ 样品；样本 __________ 类型 __________ 聚苯乙烯 __________ 聚乙烯 __________ 聚丙烯 __________ 化学物质 __________ 接触；暴露 __________ 确定；决定 __________ 升级；提升 __________ 【参考答案】 板块一 真题再现答案 32．C 33．A 34．B 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了微塑料污染的普遍性及其对人类健康的潜在威胁，并提出了一种简单且经济的方法——煮沸和过滤自来水——来减少饮用水中的微塑料含量。研究还指出，水的硬度（碳酸钙含量）是影响该方法效果的关键因素。文章强调微塑料污染问题的严峻性，并呼吁进一步升级饮用水处理厂，以应对微塑料污染问题。 【详解】 32.C 推理判断 根据第一段中的 ... they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow ... even appearing inside humans. 可知，第一段通过列举微塑料出现在深海、喜马拉雅山、火山岩、海鸟胃、南极雪中，甚至人体中的例子，说明其污染的普遍性和严重性，因此C项正确。 33.A 事实细节题 根据第三段中的 ... boiling hard water containing ... an almost 90 percent drop in plastics ... boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. 可知，煮沸硬水（含300毫克碳酸钙）可减少近90%的微塑料，而煮沸低碳酸钙含量的水仅减少25%的微塑料。由此可知，水的硬度（即碳酸钙含量）直接决定去除微塑料的有效性，因此A项正确。 34.B 推理判断题 根据第四段最后一句 Even bottled water ... contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. 可知，作者提到瓶装水，旨在强调微塑料污染的严重性，因此B项正确。 35.D 推理判断题 最后一段中 Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 提到，通过煮沸水去除微塑料的方法非常好，随后提到 We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics. 可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay建议升级饮用水处理厂以去除微塑料，这是这项发现的潜在应用，是将研究发现用于解决实际问题，因此D项正确。B项为易错选项，further study是研究层面，而对饮用水处理厂进行升级是一种落地的举措，故B项错误。 板块四 选词填空答案 Group A source pollution settle volcanic stomach Antarctic Human research measures microplastic Group B published remove Crucially rely on traps sample types exposure upgrade filter 板块五 单词填空答案 A. 单句语法填空 pollution settlement reduction filtration publication removal cruciality exposure determination upgrading B. 首字母单词拼写 research source determine reduce sample types harmful exposure upgrade presence 板块六 语篇翻译参考译文 Passage A 近年来，微塑料已成为一个主要的环境问题。它们在最深海洋和最高山脉上都被发现过。这些微小的塑料颗粒来自各种来源，包括较大塑料物品的分解和衣物中塑料纤维的释放。一旦被释放到环境中，它们会沉降在土壤和水中，并可能被植物和动物吸收。科学家们正在努力确定微塑料所造成的危害的程度，并寻找有效方法来减少我们对它们的暴露。 Passage B 研究人员发现了一种简单且成本效益高的方法来从饮用水中去除微塑料。通过煮沸然后过滤自来水，可以去除高达80%的微塑料。该方法的有效性 取决于水的硬度，这决定了碳酸钙是否会形成一层外壳来捕获塑料颗粒。这一发现为那些担心饮用水质量的个人提供了一个实用的解决方案。然而，研究人员强调，还需要做更多工作来在更大规模上解决微塑料污染问题。 Passage C 微塑料污染的问题已经引起了全球 关注。研究表明，微塑料不仅存在于环境中，还存在于瓶装水甚至人类 体内。这引发了人们对潜在健康风险的日益 担忧。一些专家主张 升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能够有效地去除微塑料。其他专家则强调 减少塑料生产和改善废物管理的重要性。解决这个问题 需要政府、工业界和个人共同努力。我们都有责任 保护我们的环境和我们的健康。 板块八 汉译英答案 microplastic source pollution settle volcanic stomach Antarctic human research measure reduce tap boil filter publish remove crucially rely on calcium carbonate trap hard water sample type polystyrene polyethylene polypropylene chemical exposure determine upgrade $