专题02 阅读理解说明文（7年汇编）（北京专用）2020-2026年高考英语真题分类汇编

**基本信息** 该试卷聚焦北京高考英语阅读理解说明文专题，汇编2020-2026年7年真题及1年模拟题，选材涵盖气候科学、人工智能、心理健康等前沿主题，严格遵循北京考情“题文同序”规律，以细节题为主（60%-70%），搭配主旨、推理题，助力学生精准把握命题套路。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（说明文）|8篇，约25题|细节理解（如2026年真题“雪的例子目的”）、主旨大意（如2024年“道德根源”标题题）、推理判断（如2025年“个人故事与幸福关联”）、词义猜测（如2023年“enamored”释义）|情境紧扣人与自然/社会主题，如2026年“气候对气味影响”；问题设计梯度分明，基础题考查信息定位，能力题要求逻辑梳理，干扰项设置“偷换对象”“无中生有”等固定套路，贴合高考命题趋势。|

专题02 阅读理解说明文 7年真题1年模拟 考点 北京考情（2020-2026） 命题规律 说明文 北京高考英语固定以 C 篇为说明文，每年 1 篇，3 -4道单选，词数 350—400 词，整体难度中等偏易。选材紧扣人与自然、人与社会两大主题，涵盖前沿科技、自然科普、健康心理、传统文化四大类。全文多为总分总结构，生词量可控，长难句少量出现。题型以细节题为核心，搭配主旨、推理题，词义猜测为选考，分值稳定，是阅读板块主要得分篇目。 题目严格遵循题文同序，细节题占 60%-70%，答案全部依托原文同义替换。主旨题常设 “以偏概全” 干扰项；推理题禁止主观常识脑补，只能基于文本浅层推导。干扰项套路固定：偷换对象、扩大范围、无中生有。选材贴合新课标，融入环保、科创、文化自信导向，常出现实验、科普流程类文本，侧重考查信息定位与逻辑梳理能力。 （2026·北京·高考真题）Smells are all around us. What we know as a scent (气味) is a collection of natural or artificial airborne chemicals released from objects. But smell is often overlooked and undervalued. So, as climate change and biodiversity loss threaten natural scents, many people may not even notice. Whether or not we pay attention to the world’s “scentscape”, heat and pollution are causing it to shift. As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment. “If you go to a forest, you have a given environment and temperature. If that temperature goes a little bit high, the profile of the chemical components in the air changes,” since temperature can affect the amount of smell-carrying gas particles (粒子) released from substances, explains John Smith, a chemical engineer. “And therefore, the perception of how the forest smells changes.” That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent. Warmer conditions can intensify smells, leading the snow to smell more unpleasant and potentially gather more pollutants. Climate change is also quickening the loss of biodiversity, threatening to erase certain smells entirely. When plants disappear, their scents become more difficult to produce. Some scents are linked to cultural heritage. A recent study reported that native communities in Peru noticed a change in the smell of the Amazon River due to industrial pollution. Over generations, communities became desensitised to increasingly smelly rivers, a sign of broader ecosystem degradation. At the same time, in some Amazonian belief systems, declining water quality and the unpleasant smells will lead to the dispersal (消散) of the river’s spiritual beings. The damage to the scentscape could result in harm to both health and spiritual practice. Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. If we don’t look at it, we lose all the richness behind it. 1．The author mentions snow in order to _____________. A．illustrate a point B．contrast approaches C．classify objects D．define a concept 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Biodiversity tends to be overlooked. B．Snow is intensified by a warming climate. C．Forest smell is likely to be changed by perception. D．Disappearance of the Earth’s smells can be a cultural loss. 3．What is implied in this passage? A．Loss of smells can lead to natural disasters. B．Damages of scentscapes can be artificially repaired. C．Scents of the missing plants are preserved in the atmosphere. D．Smell changes of forest and snow share a common underlying cause. （2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 1．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 3．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. （2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 1．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality （2023·北京·高考真题）What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? （2023·北京·高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 1．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 3．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. （2022·北京·高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 1．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending 2．What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B．The relationships among players have been clarified. C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 3．As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A．It may be used to justify power imbalance. B．It can be applied to tackle challenges. C．It helps to prove why hunger exists. D．It goes beyond human imagination. （2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 1．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Scientific. B．Credible. C．Original. D．Relevant. 2．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B．The author agrees with the message of the poem. C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D．The global collapse is well underway. （2020·北京·高考真题）Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 1．With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________. A．take pollutant readings B．record pollutant levels C．process collected data D．reduce air pollution 2．What can we learn from the Baggy data? A．High places are free of air pollution. B．Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C．Conventional monitors are more reliable. D．Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 3．What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A．To warn of a health risk. B．To find out pollution sources. C．To test his new monitor. D．To prove Baggy's abilities. 4．According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A．Modest. B．Generous. C．Creative. D．Outgoing. （2026·北京顺义·二模）There’s a relatively new word doing the rounds in sustainability research: defossilization. Beyond expert circles, it isn’t necessarily obvious that eliminating fossil (化石) fuels does not mean phasing out carbon. Defossilization means finding sustainable ways to make carbon-based chemicals. This carbon cannot come from the usual sources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. Alternative sources of carbon include the atmosphere and plants, as well as carbon in existing biological or industrial waste, such as used plastics or agricultural waste. In some cases, these chemicals will eventually return CO2 to the atmosphere through burning or biodegradation. In principle, this will occur as part of a circular process, rather than one that has added greenhouse gases. The extraction (提取) of carbon from tough plant matter in crop waste is an alternative with potential that remains mostly unused. One major advantage is the fact that it can be produced without the use of extra land. But it is expensive to extract, and production timelines are long, both of which prevent its large-scale application. Other potential sources of waste carbon include city and industrial waste, with used plastic among this. Current recycling methods break waste plastics into small pieces through melting, and then form small balls that can be used to make new products. For higher recycling rates to be achieved, chemical recycling methods will need to be further developed and scaled up. CO2 captured from the air offers one of the largest potential channels for defossilization. The global chemicals industry could obtain one-third of its carbon needs from this source by 2050. Although the atmosphere holds nearly 900 billion tons of carbon (almost twice the amount in vegetation), estimates of CO₂’s future contribution vary widely. Some say CO2 will become the main material for chemicals, whereas others say its contribution will be insignificant. To make useful carbon-based molecules (分子), CO2 must first be transformed into other molecules. This requires a considerable amount of renewable energy because CO₂ is highly stable. Capturing atmospheric CO2 is difficult and expensive, so some countries have not prioritized the technology—but this must change and needs a renewed focus on defossilization. 1．What does the phrase “phasing out” underlined in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Making use of. B．Getting rid of. C．Running out of. D．Taking the place of. 2．Which of the following is a way to achieve defossilization? A．Expanding farmland for carbon extraction. B．Producing carbon with traditional methods. C．Processing plastic waste to capture carbon. D．Extracting carbon by transforming carbon molecules. 3．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To make an appeal. B．To offer a comparison. C．To challenge a concept. D．To present a phenomenon. （2026·北京丰台·二模）Whales are some of the most highly intelligent species on Earth. Each species of whale has a distinct communication system that often varies within populations. Since humans have been researching and observing these forms of communication, a question has surfaced: Could humans one day engage in acoustic (声学的) interactions with whales? And what could these interactions reveal about non-human intelligence? Researchers from the University of California and the Alaska Whale Foundation have been exploring whale-to-human communication with humpback whales, and they’ve come up with some fascinating conclusions. When scientists recorded a humpback whale contact call, known as a whup, and played it underwater around their research vessel, they were surprised when a whale named Twain became a more than willing participant in the call-and-response exchange. Scientists produced a single sound, or whup call, that Twain would then respond with her own whup call to them, a “conversation” described in their PeerJ paper. “It might loosely translate to ‘hello’ or some sort of greeting call for when animals come together or just to signal that individuals are in a certain location,” says Dawson Hubbard, study author and animal behaviourist with Whale SETI. In this case, it was as if Twain was either saying “hello” to scientists or “I’m over here.” But in both instances, she was responding to and engaging with whale signals that humans produced. Of course, whether whales want to communicate with humans varies by the temperament of the whale and by the situation. Just like some humans are more extroverted than others, this could also be true for whales, although this would need more research to understand. Twain circled around the scientists’ boat and was in proximity to its speakers. Permit limitations only allow for researchers to produce the sound for 20 minutes, but once they stopped, Twain continued to produce more signals before leaving. “What’s cool about Twain is that she could have left at any point, as it wasn’t a caged environment where she couldn’t leave, so she was choosing to be close to us,” says Hubbard. Often, a willingness to communicate with humans would be food-mediated, but in this case, it wasn’t. There have also been other examples. Gray whales in the San Ignacio lagoon in Mexico, for example, are famously friendly. In fact, some gray whales regularly approach boats and allow visitors to have gentle contact with them. According to the Oceanic Society, this behaviour isn’t shared amongst all gray whales, and in fact, this species of whale was almost hunted to extinction just a generation ago. But the behaviour may have been passed down through generations, and some gray whales in this population voluntarily approach humans. In the end, these and other encounters show that, in some cases, individual whales appear willing to engage with humans. And the more we learn about their mode of communication and what they are saying to us, the more we can learn about them. 1．To study whales, the scientists _______. A．caught whales for controlled experiments B．trained whales to converse with humans C．responded to whales with recorded calls D．played whale calls to interact with them 2．What can we infer from the passage? A．The maximum duration of whales’ response is 20 minutes. B．Gray whales’ friendly behaviour may be a learned feature. C．Whales’ personality decides their willingness to interact. D．Humpback whales respond to humans for food rewards. 3．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．Decoding the Talk Between Humans and Whales B．Are Whales Willing to Talk with Humans? C．Could Humans Ever Talk with Whales? D．Unlocking the Secret of Whale Whups （2026·北京海淀·三模）During a digital faculty meeting, Brian Scholl, a psychologist and cognitive scientist at Yale University, found himself reacting unexpectedly to two colleagues. One was a close collaborator with whom he usually saw eye-to-eye, while the other was someone he tended to have differing opinions from. On that particular day, though, he found himself siding with the latter. “Everything he said was so rich and resonant,” Scholl recalls. Upon reflection, Scholl realized that there was a key difference between the two men’s messaging: the former used a junky built-in microphone on an old laptop, whereas the latter called in from a professional-grade home-recording studio. Scholl began to suspect that it was the sound quality, rather than the content of their arguments, that had swayed his judgment. Ample research has shown that factors such as confident tones or accents influence how others perceive the speakers. In a hope to see whether this tendency would hold when the only difference was technological distortion, Scholl and his team created audio recordings in which a human voice read one of three scripts. Each script dealt with a different topic: the reader posed as a job applicant, a potential romantic partner or someone describing a car accident. Some recordings were clear; others were manipulated to sound tinny (尖细的) . “If you spend time on Zoom, you probably know tons of people who sound like this,” Scholl says. The researchers recruited 5,000 people online, each of whom listened to one script and then answered simple questions about their judgment of the speaker by rating on a continuous scale. Across all three scripts, participants consistently rated the tinny voices as less hirable, credible and intelligent. The findings speak to the “deep power of perception,” Scholl says, and its ability to make us behave irrationally. “Everybody knows that this kind of auditory manipulation does not reflect on the person,” he says. “But our perception is operating, in some ways, autonomously from higher-level thought.” Nadine Lavan, a psychologist at Queen Mary University of London, says the findings are somewhat expected. “But this doesn’t mean the results are not important,” she says. The study raises questions, she continues, about how much of an effect microphone quality may have in more complicated real-world settings. For example, abstract ratings of being hirable are informative, but real-life decisions include much more complex trading off of different factors. Assuming the findings do hold in the real world, Scholl says the take-away lesson is clear: “You should really find out how you sound to other people online. And if you don’t sound good, take some remedial action,” he says. 1．It is implied in the first two paragraphs that _________. A．Offline relationships shape judgment in digital meetings. B．The use of microphones may give rise to differing views. C．In-person meetings are more reliable than digital ones. D．Technological factors may color listeners’ view. 2．What can we learn about Scholl’s research? A．The script was presented in the original voice. B．It shows perception is subjected to logical thinking. C．Participants believe one’s voice quality matters a lot D．All other factors except sound quality were controlled. 3．As for Scholl’s study, which would Nadine Lavan agree? A．It is somewhat reductive yet meaningful. B．It matters little due to lack of new insights. C．It calls on us to check how we sound to others. D．It challenges existing views on microphone quality. （2026·北京房山·二模）From a blackbird’s song to the rumble of a passing train,sounds are produced by vibrations (振动) moving through the air, ground, or water in invisible waves. When those soundwaves enter your ear, they make tiny membranes, bones, and hair cells inside vibrate, which triggers electrical signals that your brain interprets as sound. But when that sound is extremely loud or frequent,it can actually harm the human body. “You can be exposed to so much sound that it destroys your hearing,” says Erica Walker, an epidemiologist at Brown University. As volume increases, the length of time during which you’re exposed to it should decrease. It’s one thing to leave a concert with ringing ears or to be surprised by a sudden loud noise, but how does that actually affect your health? “When that stress response is stimulated, you start to breathe faster. Your heart rate starts to increase,” says Walker. If this happens once or twice it might not be that big of a deal, but over time, constant stimulation of your body’s stress response, or long-term noise exposure, can make you more likely to develop serious health problems. According to one estimate, long-term noise exposure leads to 48,000 new cases of heart disease in Europe each year and affects the quantity and quality of sleep for 6.5million people. Noise can raise your blood pressure and heart rate even while you sleep. But there can also be a psychological aspect, especially if people feel like they have no control over the noise they are exposed to. This can lead to mental health harms, such as increased anxiety and depression, says Walker. When it comes to sleep, noises don’t have to be nearly as loud to cause problems. According to Jackson, sounds as low as 30 to 40dB can cause a person to toss and turn or wake up. However, sounds in this range are only associated with modest health effects. It’s really when you see night noises in the range of 40 to 55 dB or more that negative health effects are observed. To keep noises from ruining your sleep studies suggest playing white noise through the night can help mask other sounds. Experts also suggest modifying your bedroom to safeguard against nighttime noise. “Add soft surfaces that help block or lessen noise, such as wall decorations, acoustic tiles, or a thicker bedroom door,” says Jackson. However, the best way to fight back against noise pollution is to focus on the source. We need to think about how to change that going forward. 1．What can be inferred about noise exposure from the passage? A．It is a major cause of heart disease in Europe. B．The body’s stress response fades with repeated noise. C．A sudden loud noise does more harm than a constant one. D．Its risk depends on the loudness and how long the noise lasts. 2．What can we leam from this passage? A．Even low-level sounds may lead to health problems. B．Noise pollution mainly causes psychological disorders. C．Poor sleep quality can result in more severe hearing loss. D．High blood pressure is the most common noise-related condition. 3．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To analyze how noise affects sleep quality. B．To suggest practical ways to reduce noise pollution in daily life. C．To explain how sound is produced and how the human ear hears it. D．To illustrate the health consequences of noise and the responses to it. （2026·北京昌平·二模）Imagine you’re in line at your favourite bakery, deciding whether to have a doughnut or a tart. You weigh them up, the doughnut wins, and you settle on that. By the time you’re at the front of the line, however, only tarts are left. So, you buy one. These two decisions feel completely different. One is a free decision that involves consideration based on your personal preferences, while the other is a forced decision that involves simply recognizing and picking the only available option. Neuroscientists have long assumed free decisions rely on different processes in the brain compared to forced decisions. But our latest research shows our brains actually make these decisions in surprisingly similar ways. Decades of research have shown that, to make decisions, our brains gradually gather evidence for each option over time. By measuring electrical brain activity, researchers have identified a brain signal that reflects this accumulation of evidence during simple decisions. Like a loading bar building to 100%, the signal gradually rises to a particular level before a decision is made. Rather than climbing steadily towards one option, the signal fluctuates back and forth between the alternatives. This partly explains why we aren’t always consistent with our choices, even when our preferences are stable. This signal has been identified for forced decisions. But what about open-ended choices? To answer this question, we recorded people’s brain activity while they chose between sets of coloured balloons. They viewed either two balloons of different colours to freely choose between, or a single balloon they were forced to pick. For both free and forced decisions, the brain activity unfolded in a strikingly similar way. The signal rose steadily to the same peak level before a choice was made, climbing faster for quick choices and slower for longer ones. One might assume the brain forms free and forced decisions similarly, suggesting decision-making may be more automatic than it feels. This echoes Benjamin Libet’s experiments in the 1980s, which show brain activity begins ramping up before people are even consciously aware of their intention to act. But while the process may be automatic, what the brain is accumulating tells a different story. The evidence it weighs up is drawn entirely from who you are — your preferences, your goals, your experiences. Two people may go through the same neural process and land on the same choice, and yet arrive there for completely different reasons. So rather than asking whether our choices are truly free, perhaps the better question is what it really means for a choice to be yours. And the next time you find yourself in line at the bakery, know that your brain has already been quietly gathering evidence toward your baked good of choice, and that choice happens a little faster than you realise. 1．Why does the author mention “a loading bar” in Paragraph 3? A．To explain why choices are inconsistent. B．To prove the required level for decisions. C．To highlight the speed of decision-making. D．To illustrate how evidence is gradually built. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Stable preferences reduce choice changes. B．Personal identity helps make your choices. C．The brain reacts to a decision at the last moment. D．Free and forced decisions vary in brain processes. 3．What is the logical chain of this passage? A．Problem Theory Test Solution B．Phenomenon Cause Theory Outcome C．Background Review Research Suggestion D．Situation Assumption Experiment Conclusion （2026·北京东城·二模）Two summers ago, in the blue waters off the coast of a small Caribbean island; a sperm whale named Rounder began to give birth. Eleven members of her family slowly gathered around to support her, coming from miles away in their home waters. They called to one another in Morse code-like clicks as they waited for the baby to arrive and in the hours that followed, when they held the baby above water so that she could breathe. Scientists are developing innovations in recording and analyzing their communications that could someday make it possible to understand at least some of what whales say to each other in this extraordinary moment. David Gruber, president of Project CTI — Cetacean (鲸类) Translation Initiative, has gathered dozens of linguists, biologists, roboticists, and experts in artificial intelligence to document the lives and communications of sperm whales. Gruber’s team is working to develop a translation tool, which would transform sperm whale sounds into human words. One result of the research might be a world in which humans “undeniably understand” these creatures’ experience from their own perspectives, and this might breathe new life into whale conservation. Consider, for instance, the problem of ocean noise pollution. Massive marine mammals such as sperm whales depend on highly-specialized echolocation systems to search for food and navigate the vast, lightless zones of the ocean and their highly-developed cerebral neural systems support near-constant communication with companions in their social groups. Thus, sound constitutes an irreplaceable and life-sustaining sensory core for them. Growing human noise — oil and gas exploration, construction, and most of all, ship engine noise — is a clear harm, disturbing the basic activities of sperm whale life. While the evidence of harm is obvious, current laws are far from functional. Existing regulations (法规) provide a legal framework for preventing harm, but noise-related harm is mostly ignored. This is exactly where the breakthrough lies. What if whales were documented not only struggling to make themselves heard above the noise, but actually talking about it? Were a sperm whale heard voicing the pain caused by ship engine noise, its words would likely carry more weight in a court of law than do human descriptions of the problem. Being able to present the whales’ own statement, so to speak, might lead to action being taken. The pursuit to find and translate complex animal communication should not reduce the worth of creatures who don’t appear to have those capacities. We may simply fail to appreciate their intelligence; and the lack of rich communication does not make any life less special. But it would still be incredible, and perhaps transformative, to know what sperm whales say — and this could be seen as an entry point, a beginning rather than a destination, on the journey to appreciating all creatures. 1．What is the main goal of Project CTI? A．To promote cetacean interactions. B．To build a bridge to sperm whales’ thoughts. C．To call for regulations to protect sperm whales. D．To secure a safer habitat for endangered whales. 2．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 4 to ________. A．express a doubt B．defend a viewpoint C．question an assumption D．introduce a possibility 3．What can we conclude from this passage? A．Research on animals should be conducted with care. B．Understanding whales is a start to unlock their potential. C．Whales’ own accounts may help reduce harm from humans. D．The lack of noise-related laws is due to common misconceptions. （2026·北京西城·一模）Intelligence is changing. For most of modern history, IQ was treated as the gold standard for potential, and later, EQ became the best way to succeed in relationship-driven spaces. Now, both are being challenged because AI models can complete cognitive (认知的) tasks with superior speed and accuracy while simulating (模拟) emotional connections with users in ways that feel increasingly realistic. Many of the abilities we once relied on to stand out are no longer exclusively human. Once, being the smartest in the room ensured success. Today, this advantage weakens — AI drafts complex strategies and processes information at a range and speed no human can match. The differentiator shifts from accessing information to interpreting it wisely, leaving many questioning their place as human skills are easily automated. One capacity gaining attention is spiritual intelligence (SQ). Although the term is often misunderstood as religious, most researchers use it in a worldly way to describe how people find meaning and direction in their lives. The common thread is that SQ can influence how we orient (确定方向) ourselves when familiar strategies fail, encouraging us to question whether productivity alone can sustain a meaningful life. SQ can serve as a framework to exercise our agency and stay connected to what matters during periods of rapid change and uncertainty. Unlike IQ and EQ, SQ resists automation because it develops through lived experience and the ongoing process of making meaning in our lives. It helps us perceive not only what we can do, but why it matters. Current research has associated higher levels of SQ with greater resilience (韧性), more moral leadership behaviors, higher well-being, and stronger interpersonal trust. One credible explanation is that SQ strengthens our sense of agency: when we root our decisions in meaning, we approach complexity with intentionality instead of urgency. Such value is reflected in its key qualities. Three key qualities of people who have developed SQ are often identified in research. First is systems awareness. Scholars believe SQ enables a broader perspective to spot event patterns and connections, with qualitative studies showing high SQ scorers often think interdependently. Besides, individuals with strong SQ tend to exhibit a purpose-driven orientation. Cambridge research suggests that having a sense of purpose is linked to motivation, creativity and well-being. SQ centers on purpose, though the direct causal pathway between SQ and purpose remains more correlational than definitive. Equally important is the quality of presence. Practices like mindfulness tied to SQ reduce reactivity and boost attention regulation, helping individuals stay grounded under stress for intentional actions. Perhaps SQ’s most notable trait is its gradual growth, with no dramatic reinvention needed. It emerges through honest reflection and a willingness to revisit long-held beliefs, accessible to anyone willing to engage with themselves intentionally and curiously. As AI advances, human uniqueness may shift from what we can produce to how we interpret, make choices, and live out our values. IQ and EQ will remain valuable, but no longer define our uniqueness. SQ — the ability to find consistence amid rapid change — may become our most essential human skill. 1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．Why new competitive skills are challenged. B．When traditional human advantages will fail. C．How human uniqueness is shifting in the AI era. D．What makes AI superior in information processing 2．What can be inferred about spiritual intelligence? A．It proves to be the cause of purpose. B．It grows by abandoning long-held beliefs. C．It helps people stay rooted amid uncertainty. D．It facilitates urgent decisions in complex situations. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．SQ’s Advantages Over IQ & EQ B．The Rise of Spiritual Intelligence C．The Development of Human Intelligence D．How Human Intelligence Outperforms Al 试卷第1页，共3页 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解说明文 7年真题1年模拟 参考答案 2026·北京·高考真题：1.A 2.D 3.D 2025·北京·高考真题：1.C 2.C 3.D 4.A 2024·北京·高考真题：1.A 2.B 3.D 2023·北京·高考真题：1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D 2023·北京·高考真题：1.D 2.C 3.A 2022·北京·高考真题：1.C 2.A 3.B 2021·北京·高考真题：1.D 2.A 3.B 2020·北京·高考真题：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 2026·北京顺义·二模：1.B 2.C 3.A 2026·北京丰台·二模：1.D 2.B 3.C 2026·北京海淀·三模：1.D 2.D 3.A 2026·北京房山·二模：1.D 2.A 3.D 2026·北京昌平·二模：1.D 2.B 3.D 2026·北京东城·二模：1.B 2.D 3.C 2026·北京西城·一模：1.C 2.C 3.B 试卷第1页，共3页 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解说明文 7年真题1年模拟 考点 北京考情（2020-2026） 命题规律 说明文 北京高考英语固定以 C 篇为说明文，每年 1 篇，3 -4道单选，词数 350—400 词，整体难度中等偏易。选材紧扣人与自然、人与社会两大主题，涵盖前沿科技、自然科普、健康心理、传统文化四大类。全文多为总分总结构，生词量可控，长难句少量出现。题型以细节题为核心，搭配主旨、推理题，词义猜测为选考，分值稳定，是阅读板块主要得分篇目。 题目严格遵循题文同序，细节题占 60%-70%，答案全部依托原文同义替换。主旨题常设 “以偏概全” 干扰项；推理题禁止主观常识脑补，只能基于文本浅层推导。干扰项套路固定：偷换对象、扩大范围、无中生有。选材贴合新课标，融入环保、科创、文化自信导向，常出现实验、科普流程类文本，侧重考查信息定位与逻辑梳理能力。 （2026·北京·高考真题）Smells are all around us. What we know as a scent (气味) is a collection of natural or artificial airborne chemicals released from objects. But smell is often overlooked and undervalued. So, as climate change and biodiversity loss threaten natural scents, many people may not even notice. Whether or not we pay attention to the world’s “scentscape”, heat and pollution are causing it to shift. As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment. “If you go to a forest, you have a given environment and temperature. If that temperature goes a little bit high, the profile of the chemical components in the air changes,” since temperature can affect the amount of smell-carrying gas particles (粒子) released from substances, explains John Smith, a chemical engineer. “And therefore, the perception of how the forest smells changes.” That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent. Warmer conditions can intensify smells, leading the snow to smell more unpleasant and potentially gather more pollutants. Climate change is also quickening the loss of biodiversity, threatening to erase certain smells entirely. When plants disappear, their scents become more difficult to produce. Some scents are linked to cultural heritage. A recent study reported that native communities in Peru noticed a change in the smell of the Amazon River due to industrial pollution. Over generations, communities became desensitised to increasingly smelly rivers, a sign of broader ecosystem degradation. At the same time, in some Amazonian belief systems, declining water quality and the unpleasant smells will lead to the dispersal (消散) of the river’s spiritual beings. The damage to the scentscape could result in harm to both health and spiritual practice. Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. If we don’t look at it, we lose all the richness behind it. 1．The author mentions snow in order to _____________. A．illustrate a point B．contrast approaches C．classify objects D．define a concept 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Biodiversity tends to be overlooked. B．Snow is intensified by a warming climate. C．Forest smell is likely to be changed by perception. D．Disappearance of the Earth’s smells can be a cultural loss. 3．What is implied in this passage? A．Loss of smells can lead to natural disasters. B．Damages of scentscapes can be artificially repaired. C．Scents of the missing plants are preserved in the atmosphere. D．Smell changes of forest and snow share a common underlying cause. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍气候变化与生物多样性减少正在改变地球上的自然气味，甚至导致其消失，这种气味景观的改变不仅影响自然环境，还会造成文化、精神层面的损失。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(这种影响不仅限于森林。积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可知，作者在论述完气温对森林气味的影响后，提到积雪是为了进一步证明“气温变化会改变气味”这一观点。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history.(尽管气候变化危及粮食获取等其他珍贵资源，但它同样关乎文化认同、文化存续与历史传承。)”并结合前文自然气味消失的内容可知，地球自然气味的消失也是一种文化损失。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment.(随着气温升高，人造物质释放出更多的气味分子，而由气候变化导致的生物多样性丧失则威胁着那些为环境增添香气的植物。)”以及第三段中的“Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可推知，森林气味和积雪气味发生改变的根本原因都是气候变暖、气温升高，二者成因一致。 （2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 1．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 3．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.  (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 （2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 1．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为;领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，加拿大北部严酷恶劣、生存艰难的环境，让因纽特人这种务实的道德准则十分必要。也就是说艰苦的生存环境促使、催生了他们的道德规范，即生存环境是道德规范形成的驱动力。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 【点睛】 （2023·北京·高考真题）What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 1．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature. C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。 （2023·北京·高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 1．The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 3．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 1．推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 （2022·北京·高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 1．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending 2．What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B．The relationships among players have been clarified. C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 3．As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A．It may be used to justify power imbalance. B．It can be applied to tackle challenges. C．It helps to prove why hunger exists. D．It goes beyond human imagination. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 （2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 1．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Scientific. B．Credible. C．Original. D．Relevant. 2．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B．The author agrees with the message of the poem. C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D．The global collapse is well underway. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 1．词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 2．推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 3．推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。 （2020·北京·高考真题）Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground. Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems. Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency. The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）. Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma." “Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it." Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her." 1．With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________. A．take pollutant readings B．record pollutant levels C．process collected data D．reduce air pollution 2．What can we learn from the Baggy data? A．High places are free of air pollution. B．Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids. C．Conventional monitors are more reliable. D．Air is more polluted closer to the ground. 3．What is Tom's purpose of doing the research? A．To warn of a health risk. B．To find out pollution sources. C．To test his new monitor. D．To prove Baggy's abilities. 4．According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt? A．Modest. B．Generous. C．Creative. D．Outgoing. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tom Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。 1．细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。 2．推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。 3．推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tom的意图是？根据文章第四段Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasize that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。 4．推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。 （2026·北京顺义·二模）There’s a relatively new word doing the rounds in sustainability research: defossilization. Beyond expert circles, it isn’t necessarily obvious that eliminating fossil (化石) fuels does not mean phasing out carbon. Defossilization means finding sustainable ways to make carbon-based chemicals. This carbon cannot come from the usual sources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. Alternative sources of carbon include the atmosphere and plants, as well as carbon in existing biological or industrial waste, such as used plastics or agricultural waste. In some cases, these chemicals will eventually return CO2 to the atmosphere through burning or biodegradation. In principle, this will occur as part of a circular process, rather than one that has added greenhouse gases. The extraction (提取) of carbon from tough plant matter in crop waste is an alternative with potential that remains mostly unused. One major advantage is the fact that it can be produced without the use of extra land. But it is expensive to extract, and production timelines are long, both of which prevent its large-scale application. Other potential sources of waste carbon include city and industrial waste, with used plastic among this. Current recycling methods break waste plastics into small pieces through melting, and then form small balls that can be used to make new products. For higher recycling rates to be achieved, chemical recycling methods will need to be further developed and scaled up. CO2 captured from the air offers one of the largest potential channels for defossilization. The global chemicals industry could obtain one-third of its carbon needs from this source by 2050. Although the atmosphere holds nearly 900 billion tons of carbon (almost twice the amount in vegetation), estimates of CO₂’s future contribution vary widely. Some say CO2 will become the main material for chemicals, whereas others say its contribution will be insignificant. To make useful carbon-based molecules (分子), CO2 must first be transformed into other molecules. This requires a considerable amount of renewable energy because CO₂ is highly stable. Capturing atmospheric CO2 is difficult and expensive, so some countries have not prioritized the technology—but this must change and needs a renewed focus on defossilization. 1．What does the phrase “phasing out” underlined in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Making use of. B．Getting rid of. C．Running out of. D．Taking the place of. 2．Which of the following is a way to achieve defossilization? A．Expanding farmland for carbon extraction. B．Producing carbon with traditional methods. C．Processing plastic waste to capture carbon. D．Extracting carbon by transforming carbon molecules. 3．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To make an appeal. B．To offer a comparison. C．To challenge a concept. D．To present a phenomenon. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文主要围绕“去化石化（defossilization）”这一可持续发展研究领域的新概念展开。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Defossilization means finding sustainable ways to make carbon-based chemicals. This carbon cannot come from the usual sources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. Alternative sources of carbon include the atmosphere and plants, as well as carbon in existing biological or industrial waste, such as used plastics or agricultural waste.(去化石化意味着找到可持续的方法来制造碳基化学品。这种碳不能来自通常的来源，如煤、天然气和石油。碳的替代来源包括大气和植物，以及现有的生物或工业废物中的碳，如用过的塑料或农业废物)”可知，摒弃化石燃料不是消除化石燃料，并不一定就意味着逐步淘汰碳，phasing out的意思是“去除，摆脱”，和Getting rid of意思相近。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Other potential sources of waste carbon include city and industrial waste, with used plastic among this. Current recycling methods break waste plastics into small pieces through melting, and then form small balls that can be used to make new products.(其他可能产生废碳排放的来源包括城市和工业废弃物，其中废弃塑料就属于此类。目前的回收方法是通过熔化将废弃塑料分解成小块，然后将其制成小球，用于制造新产品。)”可知，实现去化石燃料化的方法是将塑料废料加工以捕获碳。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Capturing atmospheric CO2 is difficult and expensive, so some countries have not prioritized the technology—but this must change and needs a renewed focus on defossilization.(从大气中捕获二氧化碳既困难又昂贵，因此一些国家尚未将这项技术列为优先事项——但这种情况必须改变，需要重新重视去碳化这一举措。)”可知，本文的目的是呼吁各国改变态度，重新聚焦于去化石化。 （2026·北京丰台·二模）Whales are some of the most highly intelligent species on Earth. Each species of whale has a distinct communication system that often varies within populations. Since humans have been researching and observing these forms of communication, a question has surfaced: Could humans one day engage in acoustic (声学的) interactions with whales? And what could these interactions reveal about non-human intelligence? Researchers from the University of California and the Alaska Whale Foundation have been exploring whale-to-human communication with humpback whales, and they’ve come up with some fascinating conclusions. When scientists recorded a humpback whale contact call, known as a whup, and played it underwater around their research vessel, they were surprised when a whale named Twain became a more than willing participant in the call-and-response exchange. Scientists produced a single sound, or whup call, that Twain would then respond with her own whup call to them, a “conversation” described in their PeerJ paper. “It might loosely translate to ‘hello’ or some sort of greeting call for when animals come together or just to signal that individuals are in a certain location,” says Dawson Hubbard, study author and animal behaviourist with Whale SETI. In this case, it was as if Twain was either saying “hello” to scientists or “I’m over here.” But in both instances, she was responding to and engaging with whale signals that humans produced. Of course, whether whales want to communicate with humans varies by the temperament of the whale and by the situation. Just like some humans are more extroverted than others, this could also be true for whales, although this would need more research to understand. Twain circled around the scientists’ boat and was in proximity to its speakers. Permit limitations only allow for researchers to produce the sound for 20 minutes, but once they stopped, Twain continued to produce more signals before leaving. “What’s cool about Twain is that she could have left at any point, as it wasn’t a caged environment where she couldn’t leave, so she was choosing to be close to us,” says Hubbard. Often, a willingness to communicate with humans would be food-mediated, but in this case, it wasn’t. There have also been other examples. Gray whales in the San Ignacio lagoon in Mexico, for example, are famously friendly. In fact, some gray whales regularly approach boats and allow visitors to have gentle contact with them. According to the Oceanic Society, this behaviour isn’t shared amongst all gray whales, and in fact, this species of whale was almost hunted to extinction just a generation ago. But the behaviour may have been passed down through generations, and some gray whales in this population voluntarily approach humans. In the end, these and other encounters show that, in some cases, individual whales appear willing to engage with humans. And the more we learn about their mode of communication and what they are saying to us, the more we can learn about them. 1．To study whales, the scientists _______. A．caught whales for controlled experiments B．trained whales to converse with humans C．responded to whales with recorded calls D．played whale calls to interact with them 2．What can we infer from the passage? A．The maximum duration of whales’ response is 20 minutes. B．Gray whales’ friendly behaviour may be a learned feature. C．Whales’ personality decides their willingness to interact. D．Humpback whales respond to humans for food rewards. 3．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A．Decoding the Talk Between Humans and Whales B．Are Whales Willing to Talk with Humans? C．Could Humans Ever Talk with Whales? D．Unlocking the Secret of Whale Whups 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】文章围绕人类能否与鲸鱼开展声学交流展开，介绍相关实验发现与鲸鱼互动的相关特点。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When scientists recorded a humpback whale contact call, known as a whup, and played it underwater around their research vessel, they were surprised when a whale named Twain became a more than willing participant in the call-and-response exchange.(当科学家录制了一种座头鲸的联络叫声，名为呜呜声，并在研究船的水下播放该声音时，他们惊讶地发现一头名为吐温的鲸鱼十分乐意参与这场一问一答的交流)”可知，科学家通过播放鲸鱼叫声与鲸鱼互动开展研究。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“But the behaviour may have been passed down through generations, and some gray whales in this population voluntarily approach humans.(但这种行为可能代代相传，该种群中的一些灰鲸会主动靠近人类)”可知，灰鲸友好的行为可能是后天习得、代代传承的特征。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Could humans one day engage in acoustic interactions with whales? And what could these interactions reveal about non-human intelligence?(人类有朝一日能否与鲸鱼开展声学交流？这些交流又能揭示出哪些非人类智慧的信息？)”以及全文内容可知，文章围绕人类能否与鲸鱼交流这一核心问题，结合实验、案例展开探讨。C选项“人类终将与鲸鱼对话吗？”精准概括全文主旨，是最佳标题。 （2026·北京海淀·三模）During a digital faculty meeting, Brian Scholl, a psychologist and cognitive scientist at Yale University, found himself reacting unexpectedly to two colleagues. One was a close collaborator with whom he usually saw eye-to-eye, while the other was someone he tended to have differing opinions from. On that particular day, though, he found himself siding with the latter. “Everything he said was so rich and resonant,” Scholl recalls. Upon reflection, Scholl realized that there was a key difference between the two men’s messaging: the former used a junky built-in microphone on an old laptop, whereas the latter called in from a professional-grade home-recording studio. Scholl began to suspect that it was the sound quality, rather than the content of their arguments, that had swayed his judgment. Ample research has shown that factors such as confident tones or accents influence how others perceive the speakers. In a hope to see whether this tendency would hold when the only difference was technological distortion, Scholl and his team created audio recordings in which a human voice read one of three scripts. Each script dealt with a different topic: the reader posed as a job applicant, a potential romantic partner or someone describing a car accident. Some recordings were clear; others were manipulated to sound tinny (尖细的) . “If you spend time on Zoom, you probably know tons of people who sound like this,” Scholl says. The researchers recruited 5,000 people online, each of whom listened to one script and then answered simple questions about their judgment of the speaker by rating on a continuous scale. Across all three scripts, participants consistently rated the tinny voices as less hirable, credible and intelligent. The findings speak to the “deep power of perception,” Scholl says, and its ability to make us behave irrationally. “Everybody knows that this kind of auditory manipulation does not reflect on the person,” he says. “But our perception is operating, in some ways, autonomously from higher-level thought.” Nadine Lavan, a psychologist at Queen Mary University of London, says the findings are somewhat expected. “But this doesn’t mean the results are not important,” she says. The study raises questions, she continues, about how much of an effect microphone quality may have in more complicated real-world settings. For example, abstract ratings of being hirable are informative, but real-life decisions include much more complex trading off of different factors. Assuming the findings do hold in the real world, Scholl says the take-away lesson is clear: “You should really find out how you sound to other people online. And if you don’t sound good, take some remedial action,” he says. 1．It is implied in the first two paragraphs that _________. A．Offline relationships shape judgment in digital meetings. B．The use of microphones may give rise to differing views. C．In-person meetings are more reliable than digital ones. D．Technological factors may color listeners’ view. 2．What can we learn about Scholl’s research? A．The script was presented in the original voice. B．It shows perception is subjected to logical thinking. C．Participants believe one’s voice quality matters a lot D．All other factors except sound quality were controlled. 3．As for Scholl’s study, which would Nadine Lavan agree? A．It is somewhat reductive yet meaningful. B．It matters little due to lack of new insights. C．It calls on us to check how we sound to others. D．It challenges existing views on microphone quality. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 【导语】文章介绍耶鲁大学学者的研究发现线上会议的麦克风音质等技术因素，会影响人们对他人的主观判断，并探讨该研究的价值与现实局限。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Scholl began to suspect that it was the sound quality, rather than the content of their arguments, that had swayed his judgment.(朔尔开始怀疑，是音质而非辩论内容影响了他的判断)”可知，前两段暗示技术因素可能影响听者的看法。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In a hope to see whether this tendency would hold when the only difference was technological distortion, Scholl and his team created audio recordings in which a human voice read one of three scripts. Each script dealt with a different topic: the reader posed as a job applicant, a potential romantic partner or someone describing a car accident. Some recordings were clear; others were manipulated to sound tinny (尖细的).(为了探究当唯一差异是技术失真时，这种倾向是否依然存在，朔尔和他的团队录制了音频，由同一人朗读三份文稿。三份文稿主题各不相同，朗读者分别扮演求职者、潜在交往对象以及车祸事件描述者。部分音频音质清晰，其余则被处理成尖细的音效)”可知，研究仅改变音质，控制了音质以外的所有变量。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers recruited 5,000 people online, each of whom listened to one script and then answered simple questions about their judgment of the speaker by rating on a continuous scale.(研究人员线上招募五千名受试者，每人收听一段文稿后，依据连续评分标准作答，给出对发言者的评价)”可知，实验做的是简单的抽象评价，结合第五段“Nadine Lavan, a psychologist at Queen Mary University of London, says the findings are somewhat expected. “But this doesn’t mean the results are not important,” she says. The study raises questions, she continues, about how much of an effect microphone quality may have in more complicated real-world settings. For example, abstract ratings of being hirable are informative, but real-life decisions include much more complex trading off of different factors.(伦敦玛丽女王大学的心理学家纳丁·拉文表示，这些发现在某种程度上是意料之中的。她说道：“但这并不意味着这些结果不重要。”她接着指出，这项研究引发了关于在更为复杂的真实环境中的麦克风质量究竟会产生多大影响的疑问。例如，对是否具备聘用资格的抽象评价是有参考价值的，但现实生活中的决策则需要综合考虑更多复杂的因素进行权衡)”可知，纳丁·拉文认为该研究略显简化但具有意义。 （2026·北京房山·二模）From a blackbird’s song to the rumble of a passing train,sounds are produced by vibrations (振动) moving through the air, ground, or water in invisible waves. When those soundwaves enter your ear, they make tiny membranes, bones, and hair cells inside vibrate, which triggers electrical signals that your brain interprets as sound. But when that sound is extremely loud or frequent,it can actually harm the human body. “You can be exposed to so much sound that it destroys your hearing,” says Erica Walker, an epidemiologist at Brown University. As volume increases, the length of time during which you’re exposed to it should decrease. It’s one thing to leave a concert with ringing ears or to be surprised by a sudden loud noise, but how does that actually affect your health? “When that stress response is stimulated, you start to breathe faster. Your heart rate starts to increase,” says Walker. If this happens once or twice it might not be that big of a deal, but over time, constant stimulation of your body’s stress response, or long-term noise exposure, can make you more likely to develop serious health problems. According to one estimate, long-term noise exposure leads to 48,000 new cases of heart disease in Europe each year and affects the quantity and quality of sleep for 6.5million people. Noise can raise your blood pressure and heart rate even while you sleep. But there can also be a psychological aspect, especially if people feel like they have no control over the noise they are exposed to. This can lead to mental health harms, such as increased anxiety and depression, says Walker. When it comes to sleep, noises don’t have to be nearly as loud to cause problems. According to Jackson, sounds as low as 30 to 40dB can cause a person to toss and turn or wake up. However, sounds in this range are only associated with modest health effects. It’s really when you see night noises in the range of 40 to 55 dB or more that negative health effects are observed. To keep noises from ruining your sleep studies suggest playing white noise through the night can help mask other sounds. Experts also suggest modifying your bedroom to safeguard against nighttime noise. “Add soft surfaces that help block or lessen noise, such as wall decorations, acoustic tiles, or a thicker bedroom door,” says Jackson. However, the best way to fight back against noise pollution is to focus on the source. We need to think about how to change that going forward. 1．What can be inferred about noise exposure from the passage? A．It is a major cause of heart disease in Europe. B．The body’s stress response fades with repeated noise. C．A sudden loud noise does more harm than a constant one. D．Its risk depends on the loudness and how long the noise lasts. 2．What can we leam from this passage? A．Even low-level sounds may lead to health problems. B．Noise pollution mainly causes psychological disorders. C．Poor sleep quality can result in more severe hearing loss. D．High blood pressure is the most common noise-related condition. 3．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To analyze how noise affects sleep quality. B．To suggest practical ways to reduce noise pollution in daily life. C．To explain how sound is produced and how the human ear hears it. D．To illustrate the health consequences of noise and the responses to it. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 【导语】文章主要阐述噪音的健康危害以及应对措施。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“As volume increases, the length of time during which you’re exposed to it should decrease.(随着音量越大，人能承受的暴露时间就应越短。)”和第四段” According to one estimate, long-term noise exposure leads to 48,000 new cases of heart disease in Europe each year and affects the quantity and quality of sleep for 6.5million people.(据估算，在欧洲，长期噪音污染每年会新增4.8万例心脏病，还会影响650万人的睡眠时长与质量。)”可知，关于噪声暴露可以推断出其风险取决于音量大小和持续时长。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“According to Jackson, sounds as low as 30 to 40dB can cause a person to toss and turn or wake up. However, sounds in this range are only associated with modest health effects. It’s really when you see night noises in the range of 40 to 55 dB or more that negative health effects are observed.(杰克逊认为，低至30至40分贝的声音就足以让人辗转难眠、甚至惊醒。不过，这个分贝区间的声音对健康的影响相对轻微。只有当夜间噪音达到40至55分贝甚至更高时，才会显现出明显的健康负面影响。)”可推知，从文中我们可以知道即使低音量也可能引发健康问题。 3．推理判断题。文章首先提出声音原理，接着重点阐述噪音对生理、心理、睡眠的健康危害，最后给出应对办法。由此可知，文章的写作目的是为了阐述噪音对健康的危害以及应对措施。 （2026·北京昌平·二模）Imagine you’re in line at your favourite bakery, deciding whether to have a doughnut or a tart. You weigh them up, the doughnut wins, and you settle on that. By the time you’re at the front of the line, however, only tarts are left. So, you buy one. These two decisions feel completely different. One is a free decision that involves consideration based on your personal preferences, while the other is a forced decision that involves simply recognizing and picking the only available option. Neuroscientists have long assumed free decisions rely on different processes in the brain compared to forced decisions. But our latest research shows our brains actually make these decisions in surprisingly similar ways. Decades of research have shown that, to make decisions, our brains gradually gather evidence for each option over time. By measuring electrical brain activity, researchers have identified a brain signal that reflects this accumulation of evidence during simple decisions. Like a loading bar building to 100%, the signal gradually rises to a particular level before a decision is made. Rather than climbing steadily towards one option, the signal fluctuates back and forth between the alternatives. This partly explains why we aren’t always consistent with our choices, even when our preferences are stable. This signal has been identified for forced decisions. But what about open-ended choices? To answer this question, we recorded people’s brain activity while they chose between sets of coloured balloons. They viewed either two balloons of different colours to freely choose between, or a single balloon they were forced to pick. For both free and forced decisions, the brain activity unfolded in a strikingly similar way. The signal rose steadily to the same peak level before a choice was made, climbing faster for quick choices and slower for longer ones. One might assume the brain forms free and forced decisions similarly, suggesting decision-making may be more automatic than it feels. This echoes Benjamin Libet’s experiments in the 1980s, which show brain activity begins ramping up before people are even consciously aware of their intention to act. But while the process may be automatic, what the brain is accumulating tells a different story. The evidence it weighs up is drawn entirely from who you are — your preferences, your goals, your experiences. Two people may go through the same neural process and land on the same choice, and yet arrive there for completely different reasons. So rather than asking whether our choices are truly free, perhaps the better question is what it really means for a choice to be yours. And the next time you find yourself in line at the bakery, know that your brain has already been quietly gathering evidence toward your baked good of choice, and that choice happens a little faster than you realise. 1．Why does the author mention “a loading bar” in Paragraph 3? A．To explain why choices are inconsistent. B．To prove the required level for decisions. C．To highlight the speed of decision-making. D．To illustrate how evidence is gradually built. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Stable preferences reduce choice changes. B．Personal identity helps make your choices. C．The brain reacts to a decision at the last moment. D．Free and forced decisions vary in brain processes. 3．What is the logical chain of this passage? A．Problem Theory Test Solution B．Phenomenon Cause Theory Outcome C．Background Review Research Suggestion D．Situation Assumption Experiment Conclusion 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍的是神经科学领域关于自由决策与被迫决策的最新研究发现，揭示了大脑处理这两种决策方式的相似性。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Like a loading bar building to 100%, the signal gradually rises to a particular level before a decision is made. (就像一个加载条逐渐达到100%，这个信号在做决定之前逐渐上升到某个特定水平。)”可知，作者提到“加载条”是为了形象地说明大脑在做决策时是如何逐步积累证据的。加载条从0%到100%的过程，正好类比了大脑信号逐渐累积证据直至达到决策阈值的过程。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段“The evidence it weighs up is drawn entirely from who you are—your preferences, your goals, your experiences. (大脑权衡的证据完全来自于你是谁——你的偏好、你的目标、你的经历。)”可知，个人身份特征（偏好、目标、经历）帮助做出属于你的选择。虽然决策过程可能是自动的，但积累的内容是个人化的，这正是“你的选择”的含义。 3．推理判断题。根据全文结构分析：第一，二两段以面包店排队选择的情境引入（Situation）；第三段提出神经科学家长期以来的假设——自由决策与被迫决策依赖不同的大脑过程（Assumption）；第四，五两段介绍通过彩色气球实验验证这一假设的研究过程（Experiment）；第六段得出结论，提出“什么是属于你的选择”这一更深层问题（Conclusion）。因此文章逻辑链为：情境→假设→实验→结论。 （2026·北京东城·二模）Two summers ago, in the blue waters off the coast of a small Caribbean island; a sperm whale named Rounder began to give birth. Eleven members of her family slowly gathered around to support her, coming from miles away in their home waters. They called to one another in Morse code-like clicks as they waited for the baby to arrive and in the hours that followed, when they held the baby above water so that she could breathe. Scientists are developing innovations in recording and analyzing their communications that could someday make it possible to understand at least some of what whales say to each other in this extraordinary moment. David Gruber, president of Project CTI — Cetacean (鲸类) Translation Initiative, has gathered dozens of linguists, biologists, roboticists, and experts in artificial intelligence to document the lives and communications of sperm whales. Gruber’s team is working to develop a translation tool, which would transform sperm whale sounds into human words. One result of the research might be a world in which humans “undeniably understand” these creatures’ experience from their own perspectives, and this might breathe new life into whale conservation. Consider, for instance, the problem of ocean noise pollution. Massive marine mammals such as sperm whales depend on highly-specialized echolocation systems to search for food and navigate the vast, lightless zones of the ocean and their highly-developed cerebral neural systems support near-constant communication with companions in their social groups. Thus, sound constitutes an irreplaceable and life-sustaining sensory core for them. Growing human noise — oil and gas exploration, construction, and most of all, ship engine noise — is a clear harm, disturbing the basic activities of sperm whale life. While the evidence of harm is obvious, current laws are far from functional. Existing regulations (法规) provide a legal framework for preventing harm, but noise-related harm is mostly ignored. This is exactly where the breakthrough lies. What if whales were documented not only struggling to make themselves heard above the noise, but actually talking about it? Were a sperm whale heard voicing the pain caused by ship engine noise, its words would likely carry more weight in a court of law than do human descriptions of the problem. Being able to present the whales’ own statement, so to speak, might lead to action being taken. The pursuit to find and translate complex animal communication should not reduce the worth of creatures who don’t appear to have those capacities. We may simply fail to appreciate their intelligence; and the lack of rich communication does not make any life less special. But it would still be incredible, and perhaps transformative, to know what sperm whales say — and this could be seen as an entry point, a beginning rather than a destination, on the journey to appreciating all creatures. 1．What is the main goal of Project CTI? A．To promote cetacean interactions. B．To build a bridge to sperm whales’ thoughts. C．To call for regulations to protect sperm whales. D．To secure a safer habitat for endangered whales. 2．The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 4 to ________. A．express a doubt B．defend a viewpoint C．question an assumption D．introduce a possibility 3．What can we conclude from this passage? A．Research on animals should be conducted with care. B．Understanding whales is a start to unlock their potential. C．Whales’ own accounts may help reduce harm from humans. D．The lack of noise-related laws is due to common misconceptions. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 【导语】文章主要介绍了CTI 项目的详细信息。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“David Gruber, president of Project CTI — Cetacean (鲸类) Translation Initiative, has gathered dozens of linguists, biologists, roboticists, and experts in artificial intelligence to document the lives and communications of sperm whales. Gruber’s team is working to develop a translation tool, which would transform sperm whale sounds into human words. One result of the research might be a world in which humans “undeniably understand” these creatures’ experience from their own perspectives, and this might breathe new life into whale conservation.(鲸类翻译倡议（CTI 项目）负责人戴维・格鲁伯集结了数十名语言学家、生物学家、机器人技术专家以及人工智能领域专家，致力于记录抹香鲸的生活习性与交流方式。格鲁伯的团队正研发一款翻译工具，旨在将抹香鲸的声音转化为人类语言。这项研究有望让人类真正从抹香鲸自身的视角理解它们的生存状态，也或将为鲸鱼保护事业注入新的活力。)”可知，CTI项目的主要目标是搭建通往抹香鲸思想想法的桥梁。 2．推理判断题。根据上文“While the evidence of harm is obvious, current laws are far from functional. Existing regulations (法规) provide a legal framework for preventing harm, but noise-related harm is mostly ignored. This is exactly where the breakthrough lies.(尽管危害的证据显而易见，但现行法律远远起不到实际作用。现有法规虽搭建了防范危害的法律框架，却基本忽视了噪音造成的危害。而这恰恰是可以取得突破的关键所在。)”可知，上文说现有法规忽视海洋噪音伤害；接着提出假设：如果我们记录到鲸鱼不只是费力发声，还能主动诉说噪音带来的困扰会怎样？由此可知，第四段划线句子的作用是引出一种可能性（假设情景，引出“读懂鲸类心声或将推动法律和保护行动”这一可能）。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Were a sperm whale heard voicing the pain caused by ship engine noise, its words would likely carry more weight in a court of law than do human descriptions of the problem. Being able to present the whales’ own statement, so to speak, might lead to action being taken.(倘若能听到抹香鲸亲口诉说船舶引擎噪音带来的痛苦，那么它的心声在法庭上的分量，很可能远超人类对这一问题的书面描述。可以说，若是能呈现鲸鱼自身的诉求，或许就能推动相关整治行动落地。)”可知，从文章中可以得出鲸鱼自身的心声表述或许有助于减少人类带来的伤害这一结论。 （2026·北京西城·一模）Intelligence is changing. For most of modern history, IQ was treated as the gold standard for potential, and later, EQ became the best way to succeed in relationship-driven spaces. Now, both are being challenged because AI models can complete cognitive (认知的) tasks with superior speed and accuracy while simulating (模拟) emotional connections with users in ways that feel increasingly realistic. Many of the abilities we once relied on to stand out are no longer exclusively human. Once, being the smartest in the room ensured success. Today, this advantage weakens — AI drafts complex strategies and processes information at a range and speed no human can match. The differentiator shifts from accessing information to interpreting it wisely, leaving many questioning their place as human skills are easily automated. One capacity gaining attention is spiritual intelligence (SQ). Although the term is often misunderstood as religious, most researchers use it in a worldly way to describe how people find meaning and direction in their lives. The common thread is that SQ can influence how we orient (确定方向) ourselves when familiar strategies fail, encouraging us to question whether productivity alone can sustain a meaningful life. SQ can serve as a framework to exercise our agency and stay connected to what matters during periods of rapid change and uncertainty. Unlike IQ and EQ, SQ resists automation because it develops through lived experience and the ongoing process of making meaning in our lives. It helps us perceive not only what we can do, but why it matters. Current research has associated higher levels of SQ with greater resilience (韧性), more moral leadership behaviors, higher well-being, and stronger interpersonal trust. One credible explanation is that SQ strengthens our sense of agency: when we root our decisions in meaning, we approach complexity with intentionality instead of urgency. Such value is reflected in its key qualities. Three key qualities of people who have developed SQ are often identified in research. First is systems awareness. Scholars believe SQ enables a broader perspective to spot event patterns and connections, with qualitative studies showing high SQ scorers often think interdependently. Besides, individuals with strong SQ tend to exhibit a purpose-driven orientation. Cambridge research suggests that having a sense of purpose is linked to motivation, creativity and well-being. SQ centers on purpose, though the direct causal pathway between SQ and purpose remains more correlational than definitive. Equally important is the quality of presence. Practices like mindfulness tied to SQ reduce reactivity and boost attention regulation, helping individuals stay grounded under stress for intentional actions. Perhaps SQ’s most notable trait is its gradual growth, with no dramatic reinvention needed. It emerges through honest reflection and a willingness to revisit long-held beliefs, accessible to anyone willing to engage with themselves intentionally and curiously. As AI advances, human uniqueness may shift from what we can produce to how we interpret, make choices, and live out our values. IQ and EQ will remain valuable, but no longer define our uniqueness. SQ — the ability to find consistence amid rapid change — may become our most essential human skill. 1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．Why new competitive skills are challenged. B．When traditional human advantages will fail. C．How human uniqueness is shifting in the AI era. D．What makes AI superior in information processing 2．What can be inferred about spiritual intelligence? A．It proves to be the cause of purpose. B．It grows by abandoning long-held beliefs. C．It helps people stay rooted amid uncertainty. D．It facilitates urgent decisions in complex situations. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．SQ’s Advantages Over IQ & EQ B．The Rise of Spiritual Intelligence C．The Development of Human Intelligence D．How Human Intelligence Outperforms Al 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 【导语】文章主要介绍了在人工智能时代，传统智力（IQ）和情商（EQ）正面临挑战，而精神智力（SQ）作为一种新兴的人类核心能力，正受到越来越多的关注。 1．主旨大意。根据第一段“Intelligence is changing. (智力正在发生变化。)”以及第二段“Many of the abilities we once relied on to stand out are no longer exclusively human. (我们曾经赖以脱颖而出的许多能力，已不再为人类所独有。)”和Many of the abilities we once relied on to stand out are no longer exclusively human.（我们曾经赖以脱颖而出的许多能力不再为人类独有。）以及“The differentiator shifts from accessing information to interpreting it wisely, leaving many questioning their place as human skills are easily automated. (区分点从获取信息转向明智地解读信息，随着人类技能轻易被自动化，许多人开始质疑自己的位置。)”可知，前两段主要讲在AI时代人类的独特性如何转变。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“SQ can serve as a framework to exercise our agency and stay connected to what matters during periods of rapid change and uncertainty. (精神智商可以作为一种框架，在快速变化和不确定的时期，帮助我们行使自主能力，并坚守重要的事物。)”可知，精神智商帮助人们在不确定性中保持定力。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“SQ — the ability to find consistence amid rapid change — may become our most essential human skill.(精神智力——在快速变化中找到一致性（内心定力）的能力——可能成为我们最核心的人类技能。)”以及全文内容可知，文章围绕精神智力（SQ）的兴起、内涵、特点及其在AI时代的重要性展开论述。 试卷第1页，共3页 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $