Unit 4 Period 1 Reading and Thinking（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单围绕“Journey Across a Vast Land”主题，系统梳理Unit 4核心语言知识。从重点单词、变形及必备词块切入，聚焦pleasant、arise等核心词汇的词形变化、搭配及语境应用，进而解析as引导的非限制性定语从句等经典句式，辅以词汇易混辨析和易错点提示，构建从基础积累到综合应用的学习支架。 知识链路以“词汇-句式-应用”为逻辑主线，通过即学即练强化语言能力，对比辨析提升思维品质，易错点总结优化学习策略。每个核心知识点配备例句与习题，实现知识理解与语言运用的深度结合，助力学生构建系统的语言知识体系。

Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land Reading and Thinking Travel for enough, you meet yourself. —David Mitchell 译文：走得足够远，你就会遇上你自己。 解读：旅行的意义并不只是抵达更远的地方，而是在离开熟悉的环境、身份和生活惯性之后，重新认识自己。路途中的孤独、陌生、选择与挑战，会让一个人看见平日被忽略的欲望、恐惧和能力。所谓“遇见自己”，不是找到一个全新的自我，而是逐渐看清自己真正重视什么、想过怎样的生活。因此，走得越远，有时反而越接近内心。 一、重点单词 1. n.航空公司 2. . adj.典型的；有代表性的 3. . n.(海或湖的)湾 4. . n.手艺；工艺；技艺 5. . n.古物；古董 adj.古老的；古董的 6. . adj.(天气)温和的，和煦的 7. . adj.令人愉快的；友好的 8. . vi.(arose, arisen)起身；出现；由……引起 9. . adj.巨大的；非常严重的 10. . adv.字面上；真正地 11. . n.呼吸的空气 12. . adj.准备前往(某地)；一定会 13. . n.风景；景色 14. . adj.令人惊叹的；可怕的；很好的 15. . adj.壮观的；壮丽的；惊人的 n．壮丽的场面；精彩的表演 16. . n.顶峰；山峰；尖形 17. . n.最好或最精彩的部分 vt.突出；强调；使醒目 18. . n.山羊 19. . vi.& vt.钻(孔)；打(眼) n. 钻(头)；训练；演习 20. . adj.极冷的；冰冻的 21. . n.(also shopping mall)购物商场；购物广场 22. . n.北美草原 23. . vt.预料；预见；期望 24. . n.束；串；捆 25. . adv.最后；终于 26. . vi.打雷；轰隆隆地响；轰隆隆地快速移动 n．雷声；轰隆声 27. . n.霜；严寒天气；霜冻 vt.使蒙上霜 vi.结霜 28. . v．(尤指提供证据来)证实，证明，确认 29. . n.窗帘 30. . n.国界；边界(地区) 31. . n.持续时间；期间 二、重点单词变形 1. pleasant adj.令人愉快的；友好的→. adj.高兴的；欢喜的→. adj.令人愉快的；令人满意的→. v. 使高兴；使满意→. adv. 愉快地；友好地→. n. 愉快；乐事 2. massive adj.巨大的；非常严重的→. n．大量；块；一堆 3. literally adv.字面上；真正地→. adj.字面意义的；完全按原文的 4. breath n. 呼吸的空气→. v. 呼吸→. adj. 喘不过气的；令人惊叹的→. adv. 气喘吁吁地；屏息地 5. awesome adj.令人惊叹的；可怕的；很好的→. n．敬畏；惊叹 6. freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的→. vi.& vt.结冰；(使)冻住→. adj. 冻结的；冻僵的→. n. 冰柜；冷冻室 7. anticipate vt.预料；预见；期望→. n．预料；预期→. adj. 预期的；预计的→. adj. 未预料到的；意外的 8. thunder vi.打雷；轰隆隆地响；轰隆隆地快速移动 n．雷声；轰隆声→. adj.如雷鸣般的 9. frost n．霜；严寒天气；霜冻 vt.使蒙上霜 vi.结霜→. adj.严寒的；霜冻的 三、必备词块 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. 而不是；与其，不愿 2. . 一路上；自始至终 3. 乘火车 4. . 出发 5. 一两个，几个 6. 典型的；一贯的 7. 徒步旅行 8. 因……产生(＝result from) 9. 令人惊叹 10. 一定会/很可能会做某事 11. 除……之外(还) 12. . n.灰熊 13. 极冷的；冻僵的 14. 是……的家园 15. 一束；一串；一群；大量 16. 拉开窗帘 17. 在边界上 18. 从各方面考虑；总的说来物 19. 穿过 四、核心词汇 1. pleasant adj. 令人愉快的；友好的 原文：Later, they took a pleasant hike in a forest just a short distance away. 随后，她们在不远处的森林中徒步旅行，十分惬意。 词形变化：please v. 使高兴；使满意 pleased adj. 感到高兴的；满意的 pleasing adj. 令人愉悦的 pleasantly adv. 愉快地；友好地 pleasure n. 愉快；乐事 常见搭配：pleasant weather 宜人的天气 be pleasant to sb. 对某人友好 例句：We enjoyed a pleasant trip through the countryside, stopping at old villages and peaceful lakes along the way. 我们享受了一次愉快的乡村之旅，沿途游览了古老的村庄和宁静的湖泊。 【即学即练】 1. Sarah felt . (please) when her teacher praised the clear structure and creative ideas in her essay. 2. It was a great . (please) to share stories with travelers from different countries around the campfire. 3. We were . (please) surprised by the delicious local food and the kindness of the village residents. 4. The room’s simple design created a . (please) atmosphere for quiet evening conversations. 5. Even when the shop was crowded, the assistant remained pleasant . every customer waiting for help. 6. Finding a handwritten note inside the library book was a . (please) surprise that brightened my entire morning. 7. 宜人的天气使我们一家决定在户外吃午饭，并穿过公园步行回家。 2. arise vi. (arose, arisen) 起身；出现；由……引起 原文：The next morning, the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise, passing through the Canadian Rockies. 次日清晨，两个女孩早早起床，登上开往路易斯湖的火车，穿越加拿大落基山脉。 常见搭配：arise from 由……引起；起因于 arise out of 由……产生；起因于 when the need arises 必要时；需要时 例句：Many serious conflicts arise from poor communication and a lack of mutual understanding. 许多严重的冲突都是由沟通不畅和缺乏相互理解引起的。 【即学即练】 1. The old man arose slowly his chair and walked toward the open window. 2. Several unexpected problems (arise) during the meeting, but the team solved them calmly. 3. Several new problems (arise) since the company introduced its new management system. 4. 旅途中可能会出现意想不到的困难，因此我们应该提前做好准备。 5. 团队成员彼此沟通不清时，问题往往会出现。 3. breath n．呼吸的空气 原文：When the train arrived at the station, they took a taxi to Lake Louise, where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. 火车到站后，她们乘坐出租车来到路易斯湖，那里湛蓝的湖水异常美丽，令她们惊叹不已。 词形变化：breathe v. 呼吸 breathless adj. 喘不过气的；令人惊叹的 breathlessly adv. 气喘吁吁地；屏息地 常见搭配：take one’s breath away 令某人惊叹；使某人叹为观止 hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸 lose one’s breath 喘不过气来 take a deep breath 深吸一口气 out of breath 上气不接下气 catch one’s breath 喘口气；恢复正常呼吸 例句：After climbing the steep hill, she paused for a moment to catch her breath and admire the view. 爬上陡峭的山坡后，她停下来喘口气，并欣赏眼前的景色。 【即学即练】 1. Doctors advised him to (breath) slowly and deeply whenever he felt nervous before speaking in public. 2. The children arrived (breath) at the classroom after running all the way from the playground. 3. She listened (breath) as the guide described how the climbers survived the sudden mountain storm. 4. The brilliant sunset over the snow-covered mountains took our breath during the evening journey. 5. Before answering the difficult question, Maria took deep breath and organized her thoughts calmly. 6. I was completely of breath after chasing the bus for nearly three crowded city blocks. 7. 山顶令人惊叹的景色让我叹为观止。 4. bound adj. 准备前往(某地)；一定会 原文：They spent the night, and then took a coach bound north through the Canadian Rockies to Jasper. 她们过了一夜，然后乘坐长途汽车，向北穿越加拿大的落基山脉，来到贾斯珀。 常见搭配：be bound for 准备前往…… be bound north/south/east/west 向北／南／东／西行进 be bound to do/be sth 一定会做……；很可能会…… be bound up in sth 忙于某事 be bound up with sth 和某事密切相关 例句：The ship, bound for Lisbon, slipped silently from the harbor as the city lights faded behind us. 那艘驶往里斯本的船悄然离港，城市的灯火渐渐消失在身后。 【即学即练】 1. They are bound tropical climes, with something magical in one of their packing cases. 2. Our understanding of the causal forces that bear upon our current circumstances is bound (be) limited and often contested. 3. They were too bound in their own problems to notice her sadness. 4. 你要是一直这么努力，迟早一定会成功。 5. 人们在过大压力下工作时，难免会出错。 5. freezing adj. 极冷的；冰冻的 原文：Edmonton is freezing cold in winter, with daily temperatures averaging －10℃. 埃德蒙顿冬季十分寒冷，日平均气温为零下10摄氏度。 词形变化：freeze v.（使）结冰；冻住 frozen adj. 冻结的；冻僵的 freezer n. 冰柜；冷冻室 常见搭配：freezing cold 极冷的；冻僵的 the freezing point 冰点 above/below freezing 零上/零下 be frozen to death 被冻死 例句：The freezing wind swept across the empty streets, forcing everyone to hurry home before nightfall. 刺骨的寒风横扫空荡的街道，迫使所有人在夜幕降临前匆匆回家。 【即学即练】 1. It is (freeze) cold outside, so you’d better put on a thick coat. 2. My hands were (freeze) after waiting outside for an hour. 3. The meat can be kept in the (freeze) for several months. 4. The lost climbers nearly froze death in the snowstorm. 5. 经过几个寒冷的夜晚，湖面完全结冰了。 6. 外面冷极了，你最好穿上一件厚外套。 6. anticipate vt. 预料；预见；期望 原文：However, they did not anticipate seeing such an open country, and were truly amazed. 但两人还是未曾料想能看到如此辽阔的国度，真是惊叹不已。 词形变化：anticipation n. 预料；预期；期待 anticipated adj. 预期的；预计的 unanticipated adj. 未预料到的；意外的 常见搭配：It is anticipated that ... 据预测…… anticipate doing sth 预计做某事；期待做某事 in anticipation of sth 预计某事的发生 例句：Wise people anticipate possible difficulties and prepare carefully, rather than waiting helplessly for problems to appear. 明智的人会预见可能出现的困难并认真准备，而不是无助地等待问题发生。 【即学即练】 1. We anticipate (receive) the final results next week. 2. It is (anticipate) that the new policy will improve public transportation. 3. The fans waited outside the stadium in (anticipate) of the singer’s arrival. 4. The sudden change in weather was completely (anticipate). 5. 她预料会有更多客人，因此准备了额外的食物。 6. 据预计，这条新铁路将于明年春天开通。 五、经典句式 1. as引导的非限制性定语从句 原文：During their first day, as is typical of Vancouver, it rained. 第一天，温哥华一如往常，下起了雨。 分析：as引导非限制性定语从句时，通常指代整个主句所表达的内容，并在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，常译为“正如……”“这一点……”。这种从句对主句起补充说明作用，与主句之间通常用逗号隔开，位置比较灵活，可以位于主句之前、之中或之后。as往往表示主句内容与人们的认知、预料或前文所述相一致；与 which相比，which引导的非限制性定语从句通常位于主句之后，侧重对前面整件事进行补充、评价或说明。 常见结构：as is known to all 众所周知 as we all know 正如我们都知道的 as is often the case ……通常如此 as was expected 正如人们普遍预料的那样 as has been mentioned above 正如上文所提到的 例句：As is often the case, success belongs to those who remain patient and keep working toward their goals. 正如常见的情况一样，成功属于那些保持耐心并不断朝目标努力的人。 【即学即练】 1. The team won the final match, was widely expected before the competition. 2. The situation is becoming more serious, everyone can clearly see. 3. 正如预料的那样，旅途中出现了几个困难。 4. 小孩子通常如此，他们很快就对这个游戏产生了兴趣。 5. 正如我们都知道的，经常锻炼对身心健康都很重要。 2. with复合结构 原文：Edmonton is freezing cold in winter, with daily temperatures averaging −10℃. 埃德蒙顿冬季严寒，日平均气温约为零下10摄氏度。 分析：with复合结构由“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”构成，其中宾语是补足语的逻辑主语，整个结构通常在句中作状语，表示伴随、原因、条件、方式或背景情况。 1. 宾语补足语可以由形容词、副词或介词短语充当，说明宾语所处的状态、位置或情形； 2. 也可以由非谓语动词充当： （1）不定式表示将要发生或尚未完成的动作； （2）现在分词表示宾语主动进行的动作； （3）过去分词表示宾语被动承受或已经完成的动作。 判断非谓语形式时，关键要看宾语与动作之间的主动、被动关系以及动作是否已经发生。 例句：With the wind blowing gently, we walked along the lake and enjoyed the peaceful scenery. 微风轻轻吹拂着，我们沿湖散步，欣赏宁静的景色 【即学即练】 1. With the final examination (approach), the students became increasingly nervous. 2. With so much homework (finish), Tom had no time to watch the football match. 3. The old man sat under the tree, with his eyes (fix) on the children playing nearby. 4. 所有工作完成后，学生们轻松而满意地离开了教室。 5. 夕阳渐渐落到群山之后，宁静的湖面如镜子般闪耀。 3. 同位语结构 原文：One of the train's first stops was in Edmonton, the provincial capital of Alberta, the centre of Canada's huge oil and gas drilling industry. 这列火车最初停靠的站点之一是埃德蒙顿——阿尔伯塔省的省会，也是加拿大庞大油气钻探业的中心。 分析：同位语结构是指两个名词性成分并列出现，后一个成分对前一个成分进行解释、说明、补充或重新命名，二者通常指向同一人、事物或概念，在句中承担相同的语法功能；同位语可以是名词、名词短语，也可以是由连接词引导的从句，用来使表达更加具体、清晰和准确。在主谓一致方面，谓语动词通常应与被解释的中心名词保持一致，而不是与同位语中的名词保持一致，因此判断单复数时应先确定句子的真正主语。 例句：Self-discipline, the ability to control our actions and emotions, plays a vital role in personal development. 自律，即控制自身行为和情绪的能力，在个人成长中发挥着重要作用。 【即学即练】 1. My best friend, a talented young architect, (be) designing a new community library. 2. My brother, one of the best students in his class, (study) very hard every day. 3. Mr. Smith, together with his two assistants, (be) responsible for the project. 4. Lucy’s two cousins, a doctor and a teacher, (be) coming to visit her this weekend. 5. 阅读这一简单却有益的习惯能够开阔我们的视野。 6. 我坚信，只有通过不断努力，我们才能实现目标。 4. It was/is not until...that...强调句 原文：It was not until 9:30 a.m. that they finally reached the capital of Ontario, Toronto. 分析：“It was not until…that…”是英语强调句型，用于突出某一时间点或时间条件，意为“直到……才……”。其中，It was和that构成强调句框架，not until引导的时间短语或时间状语从句是被强调部分，that之后陈述主要事件。该结构通常由“主语＋否定谓语＋until…”转换而来；转换后，否定意义已由not until表达，因此that后的谓语一般使用肯定形式，且保持正常陈述语序，不使用倒装。主句谓语的时态应根据具体语境确定；需要注意，只有将Not until置于句首而不使用强调句框架时，主句才需要部分倒装。 拓展：Not until + 时间/从句 + 助动词/情态动词/be + 主语 + 谓语 倒装句型，主句使用部分倒装。 主语 + not + 谓语 + until + 时间/从句 普通句型，表示“直到……才……”。 It was/is only when + 从句 + that + 主语 + 谓语 强调“只有当……时才……”，that 后正常语序。 例句：It was not until we lost something precious that we truly understood its value. 直到失去珍贵之物，我们才真正懂得它的价值。 【即学即练】 1. 改为强调句 ① We did not realize the importance of protecting nature until the environment had been seriously damaged. → ② Not until the project was completed did we feel truly relaxed. → 2. 改为倒装句 ① He did not realize that true courage lies in facing fear until he experienced the accident. → ② It was not until he faced a serious challenge that he discovered his true potential. → 3. 直到走出舒适区，她才发现自己可以如此坚强。 5. one of＋复数名词＋单数谓语 原文：One of the largest shopping malls in North America is in Edmonton. 分析：“one of＋复数名词”表示“……中的一个”，其中真正作主语的中心词是one，而不是后面的复数名词；“of＋复数名词”只是介词短语，用来限定“一个”是从哪个群体中选出的。因此，谓语动词应与单数的one保持一致，使用单数形式。 例句：One of the most valuable gifts that time gives us is the wisdom to accept what we cannot change. 时间给予我们最珍贵的礼物之一，是接受无法改变之事的智慧。 【即学即练】 1. One of the most important qualities a successful person should possess (be) perseverance. 2. One of the reasons for his remarkable achievement (lie) in his willingness to learn from failure. 3. One of the greatest sources of happiness (come) from helping others without expecting anything in return. 4. 理解世界的最佳方式之一，是从不同的角度看待它。 5. 面对困难时，最好的选择之一是保持冷静并寻找解决办法。 一、词汇易混辨析 1. antique/ old antique强调物品来自较早的年代，并且通常因稀有、精美、工艺出色或具有收藏价值而受到重视；可作形容词，也可作名词，主要用于家具、珠宝、钟表、艺术品等物品。作形容词时，通常放在名词前，如 an antique table。 old只强调人或事物已经存在、使用或生活了较长时间，是含义更广、更普通的词。它可以形容人、动物、建筑、机器、衣物、方法等，并不表示该事物稀有、珍贵或值得收藏。 因此，antique一定包含“年代久远”的意思，但old不一定能称为antique。一件东西可能很旧、破损或过时，却没有任何收藏价值。 易错点：看到“旧的”就一律使用antique。实际上，普通的旧物应使用old；只有具有一定年代、历史意义、稀有性或收藏价值的物品，才适合称为antique。此外，antique通常不用于形容人的年龄。 ✅ The old professor still teaches history with remarkable energy every Monday morning. ❌ The antique professor still teaches history with remarkable energy every Monday morning. 错误理由：这里描述的是教授年龄较大，应使用old。Antique 通常形容来自过去、可能具有收藏价值的物品，不能正常地用来表示“年老的人”。用an antique professor会显得荒谬，像是在把教授当成古董。 ✅ We replaced the old printer because it had become slow and unreliable after ten years. ❌ We replaced the antique printer because it had become slow and unreliable after ten years. 错误理由：这台打印机只是使用时间较长、性能变差，所以应使用old。十年前生产的普通打印机通常不具备历史意义、稀有性或收藏价值，不能仅因为“旧”就称为antique。Merriam-Webster 也指出，old可以表示实际或相对较长的存在时间，而antique更强调从过去时代流传下来的事物。 2. pleasing/ pleasant pleasing强调某物产生了令人满意、赏心悦目或愉悦的效果，侧重“给人的感受或效果”，语气比 pleasant 稍正式。常用于评价设计、外观、表演、声音、结果等，如a pleasing design、a pleasing performance、visually pleasing、pleasing to the eye。 pleasant强调人、事物、环境或经历本身令人感觉舒服、愉快、友好，含义更广，也更常用于日常表达。它可以修饰天气、气味、经历、下午、惊喜，也可以形容一个人“友善、容易相处”。 记忆：pleasing = 能带来愉悦或满意效果的，偏重客观评价和视觉、听觉效果。 pleasant = 令人感觉舒服愉快的，偏重整体体验，也可以形容人的性格或态度。 易错点1：表示“某人友善、随和”时误用 pleasing； ✅ Our new neighbor is pleasant, considerate, and always willing to help elderly residents. ❌ Our new neighbor is pleasing, considerate, and always willing to help elderly residents. 错误理由：这里描述的是邻居“性格友善、容易相处”，应使用pleasant。Pleasing通常表示某物能给观察者带来愉悦或满足，用来直接形容一个普通人的友善性格不自然。 易错点2：在visually / aesthetically pleasing等常见搭配中误用pleasant。需要注意，两词有时都符合语法，但搭配习惯和表达重点不同，不能在所有句子中直接互换。 ✅ The updated logo looks visually pleasing because its colors and shapes are carefully balanced. ❌ The updated logo looks visually pleasant because its colors and shapes are carefully balanced. 错误理由：评价设计、颜色或外观带来的视觉效果时，通常使用固定搭配visually pleasing或aesthetically pleasing。Visually pleasant虽然勉强可以理解，但不符合常见、自然的英语搭配。 3. arise/ rise/ raise/ arouse 单词 核心含义 是否接宾语 词形变化 arise 问题、机会等发生或出现 不接宾语 arise—arose—arisen rise 主语自己上升、增长或起身 不接宾语 rise—rose—risen raise 使某物升高、增加或被提出 必须接宾语 raise—raised—raised arouse 引起感情、兴趣或反应 通常接宾语 arouse—aroused—aroused 记忆：某种问题出现了，用arise；某个东西自己升高了，用rise；某人把某物提高了，用raise；某事把情绪或兴趣激发出来了，用arouse。 易错点1：表示“问题、误解、困难等出现”时，误用raise或arouse。arise表示事物自己出现，不需要外力，也不能接宾语。 ✅ Several unexpected problems arose during the meeting, so the manager postponed the final decision. ❌ Several unexpected problems raised during the meeting, so the manager postponed the final decision. 错误原因：raise是及物动词，表示“使某物升高或增加”，后面需要宾语。这里的主语problems是“自己出现”，因此应使用arose。 ✅ A serious misunderstanding may arise from unclear instructions given to new employees. ❌ A serious misunderstanding may arouse from unclear instructions given to new employees. 错误原因：arouse表示“引起某种感情或反应”，通常必须接宾语，如arouse suspicion。表示“误解产生于……”应使用不及物动词arise from。 易错点2：看到“上升、提高”就使用raise。判断关键是：如果主语自己上升，用rise；如果主语使别的东西上升，用raise。 ✅ Temperatures usually rise quickly after sunrise, especially during the hot summer months. ❌ Temperatures usually raise quickly after sunrise, especially during the hot summer months. 错误原因：这里是气温自己升高，动词后也没有宾语，因此应使用不及物动词rise。Raise必须表示“某人或某物提高了另一个事物”。 易错点3：把rise当作及物动词使用，如rise prices或rise your hand。只要动词后面直接出现“被提高、被举起的东西”，一般就要使用raise。 ✅ The company plans to raise salaries next year to retain experienced employees. ❌ The company plans to rise salaries next year to retain experienced employees. 错误原因：Salaries是动词的宾语，表示公司主动“提高工资”，所以必须使用及物动词raise。Rise不能直接接salaries。 4. literal/ literary/ literate literal强调词语的“字面意义、原始意义”，即完全按照文字本身理解，不使用比喻、夸张或引申义。也可以表示“逐字的、如实的”。 literary强调“与文学有关”，可以形容文学作品、文学研究、文学活动，或具有文学作品特点的语言和写作风格。 literate主要强调“能够读写、识字”。它还可以表示某人在特定领域具备必要的知识或技能，通常与其他词组合使用。 记忆：literal → letter / exact words → 字面的 literary → literature → 文学的 literate → literacy → 识字的、有某方面知识的 (Literal describes exact meaning; literary describes literature; literate describes a person’s skills.) 易错点1：把literal和literary混淆。 ✅ The phrase “break a leg” has a literal meaning involving actual physical injury. ❌ The phrase “break a leg” has a literary meaning involving actual physical injury. 错误理由：这里讨论的是短语按照文字本身理解时的“字面意义”，所以应该用literal meaning。Literary表示“与文学有关的”，不能表示词语的基本或字面含义。 易错点2：把literary和literate混淆 ✅ The digitally literate editor quickly identified several errors in the respected literary magazine. ❌ The digitally literary editor quickly identified several errors in the respected literate magazine. 错误理由：编辑具备数字方面的知识和技能，应使用digitally literate。杂志与文学有关，应使用literary magazine。Digitally literary不能表示“具备数字技能”；literate magazine也不能表示“文学杂志”。 5. scenery/ scene/ view/ sight scenery强调一个地区的自然风景或环境整体，如山脉、森林、河流、山谷等，通常带有“景色优美”的意味。它是不可数名词。在日常英语中，不能说a scenery，一般也不使用sceneries。 scene强调眼前一个具体、完整的场面或情景，通常像一幅画面，而且经常包含人物、动物、动作或正在发生的事情。 view强调从某个特定位置或角度能够看到的景色或视野。它通常是可数名词。 sight强调人所看到的某个具体事物、人物或景象，尤其是令人惊讶、壮观、感动、害怕或印象深刻的东西。复数sights还可以表示游客参观的“名胜、景点”，如see the sights of London。 记忆：scenery：一个地方的自然风景整体 scene：眼前正在展开的具体场面 view：从某个位置看到的景色或视野 sight：看到的某个事物、奇观或旅游景点 易错点1：看到“景象”就使用scenery，忽略画面中存在人物、动作或具体事件。 ✅ Children were playing beside the fountain, creating a lively scene in the square. ❌ Children were playing beside the fountain, creating lively scenery in the square. 错误理由： 这里描述的是孩子们正在活动的具体场面，应使用可数名词scene。Scenery主要指自然环境整体，不指人们正在进行活动的场面。 易错点2：描述酒店房间、窗户、山顶等特定观察位置时，误用scenery或scene。 ✅ Our room offers a magnificent view of the harbor and the surrounding islands. ❌ Our room offers magnificent scenery of the harbor and the surrounding islands. 错误理由：这里强调“从房间这个位置看到的景色”，应使用a view of。Scenery表示自然环境整体，一般不用于a room offers scenery of… 这一结构。 易错点3：用view表示旅游景点，或者用scenery表示突然看到的某个具体事物。 ✅ The old castle is one of the most popular sights in the entire region. ❌ The old castle is one of the most popular views in the entire region. 错误理由：城堡本身是游客参观的“景点”，应使用复数sights。Views表示从某些位置看到的景色，不表示供人参观的建筑或名胜。 6. freezing/ frozen freezing强调“非常寒冷、冷得让人受不了”，也可以表示事物“正在结冰”。常用于描述天气、空气、风、温度或环境，如freezing weather、freezing wind、freezing temperatures。作表语时，I’m freezing表示“我冷得要命”。 frozen强调“已经冻住、结冰或经过冷冻处理”的结果，常修饰湖泊、河流、地面、食物等，如a frozen lake、frozen ground、frozen vegetables。用于人或身体部位时，表示“冻僵的、冰冷麻木的”，如My hands are frozen. 记忆：freezing＝极其寒冷／正在结冰 frozen＝已经冻住／冷冻后的状态 易错点：表示“天气、风或房间非常冷”时误用frozen；表示“湖水、食物等已经冻住”时误用freezing。判断时要看句子强调的是“寒冷的感觉或过程”，还是“已经冻住的结果”。 ✅ The wind was freezing, so we hurried back to the cabin before sunset. ❌ The wind was frozen, so we hurried back to the cabin before sunset. 错误理由：风本身通常不会“冻成固体”。这里描述的是风让人感觉非常寒冷，应使用freezing。frozen强调某物已经结冰或冻住，不适合直接描述普通的寒风。 ✅ The lake was completely frozen, allowing children to skate safely near the shore. ❌ The lake was completely freezing, allowing children to skate safely near the shore. 错误理由：句中的allowing children to skate表明湖面已经形成坚固的冰层，因此要用强调结果的frozen。The lake was freezing通常表示湖水“正在结冰”，不能明确说明湖面已经完全冻牢。 7. anticipate/ expect anticipate强调“预先想到、预见”，语气比expect正式，常含有“事情发生前已经考虑，甚至采取准备措施”的意味。它既可以用于好事，也可以用于困难、风险等负面情况。 expect强调“认为或相信某事将会发生”，侧重说话者对未来情况的判断，含义更中性、更常用，不一定表示已经为此做了准备。它还可以表示“要求、期望某人履行责任”。 记忆：expect to do：预计会做 anticipate doing：预见将做 anticipate 常有“提前看见问题”的感觉，expect 只是“认为它会发生”。 易错点：把expect to do 的结构直接套用在anticipate后面，误写成anticipate to do。 ✅ The project team anticipates facing several technical challenges during the final testing stage next month. ❌ The project team anticipates to face several technical challenges during the final testing stage next month. 错误理由：表示“预计自己将做某事或经历某事”时，anticipate后通常接动名词 doing，不能直接接不定式to do。因此应使用anticipates facing，而不是anticipates to face。 ✅ Analysts expect the new policy to reduce household energy costs over the coming year. ❌ Analysts anticipate the new policy to reduce household energy costs over the coming year. 错误理由：expect可以使用“expect + 宾语 + to do”结构，因此可以说expect the new policy to reduce costs。但标准学习者英语中，anticipate通常不用这一结构。应改为：Analysts anticipate the new policy reducing household energy costs over the coming year. 或：Analysts anticipate that the new policy will reduce household energy costs over the coming year. Oxford将expect somebody/something to do something列为常见结构，而anticipate通常使用anticipate something doing something或anticipate that...。 二、短语搭配易错 1. rather than 而不是；与其 rather than后面可以接名词、代词、动词原形、动名词等并列成分，表示选择前者而不是后者。使用时要注意，rather than连接的两个部分形式要保持一致。 易错点：把rather than后面的成分形式用错，导致前后不平行。 ✅ I prefer to stay at home rather than go out on rainy days. （rather than连接两个动词短语stay和go，形式保持一致。） ❌ I prefer to stay at home rather than going out on rainy days. 错误原因：这里rather than连接的是两个动词短语，前面是to stay，后面却用了going，形式不一致。应改为go out。 2. in addition to除了……之外，还…… in addition to + 名词 / 动名词（doing），表示“除了……之外，还……”。它后面要接名词或动名词，不能接动词原形。 易错点：把in addition to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 ✅ In addition to studying English, she also learns French at school. ❌ In addition to study English, she also learns French at school. 错误原因：in addition to 中的to是介词，不是不定式符号，所以后面不能接动词原形；如果接动词，要用动名词形式 studying。 3. be bound for + 地点 前往某地；开往某地 be bound for + 地点，表示“前往某地；开往某地”，强调目的地。for后面接具体地点名词。 易错点：把表示方向的介词 to 误用在 be bound 后面。 ✅ The train is bound for London and will leave at eight tonight. ❌ The train is bound to London and will leave at eight tonight. 错误原因：be bound for表示“前往某个目的地”，后面应该接for + 地点；bound to 通常表示“必定会……”，后面接动词原形，如be bound to succeed，不能用于表示“开往某地”。 三、句型易错点 1. too + 形容词/副词 + to do sth：太……而不能…… 课文：Since it can be too cold to go outdoors, Edmonton is home to many shopping malls. 易错点：too...to...表示“太……而不能……”，其中too后接形容词或副词，to后接动词原形。该结构本身含有否定意义，不能再与not连用；另外不能误认为表示“非常……所以能够……”。 例子：✅ The road was too slippery for drivers to control their cars safely during the heavy rain. ❌ The road was too slippery for drivers not to control their cars safely during the heavy rain. 2. not only... but also... 课文：In addition to seeing spectacular mountain peaks and forests, one highlight of their trip was being able to see many different creatures. 易错点：当连接两个并列成分时，not only...but also...两部分结构要保持一致，不能一个接名词一个接句子。 例子：✅ The trip allowed us not only to explore nature but also to understand local cultures better. ❌ The trip allowed us not only exploring nature but also understand local cultures better. 3. 分词作状语：主动关系用doing，被动关系用done 课文：Seen from the train window, the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. 易错点：分词作状语时，要判断主语和分词之间的逻辑关系。主语是动作承受者，用过去分词；主动关系用现在分词。 例子：✅ Surrounded by tall trees, the small house looked peaceful in the quiet valley. ❌ Surrounding by tall trees, the small house looked peaceful in the quiet valley. $Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land Reading and Thinking Travel for enough, you meet yourself. —David Mitchell 译文：走得足够远，你就会遇上你自己。 解读：旅行的意义并不只是抵达更远的地方，而是在离开熟悉的环境、身份和生活惯性之后，重新认识自己。路途中的孤独、陌生、选择与挑战，会让一个人看见平日被忽略的欲望、恐惧和能力。所谓“遇见自己”，不是找到一个全新的自我，而是逐渐看清自己真正重视什么、想过怎样的生活。因此，走得越远，有时反而越接近内心。 一、重点单词 1. airline n.航空公司 2. typical adj.典型的；有代表性的 3. bay n.(海或湖的)湾 4. craft n.手艺；工艺；技艺 5. antique n.古物；古董 adj.古老的；古董的 6. mild adj.(天气)温和的，和煦的 7. pleasant adj.令人愉快的；友好的 8. arise vi.(arose, arisen)起身；出现；由……引起 9. massive adj.巨大的；非常严重的 10. literally adv.字面上；真正地 11. breath n.呼吸的空气 12. bound adj.准备前往(某地)；一定会 13. scenery n.风景；景色 14. awesome adj.令人惊叹的；可怕的；很好的 15. spectacular adj.壮观的；壮丽的；惊人的 n．壮丽的场面；精彩的表演 16. peak n.顶峰；山峰；尖形 17. highlight n.最好或最精彩的部分 vt.突出；强调；使醒目 18. goat n.山羊 19. drill vi.& vt.钻(孔)；打(眼) n. 钻(头)；训练；演习 20. freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的 21. mall n.(also shopping mall)购物商场；购物广场 22. prairie n.北美草原 23. anticipate vt.预料；预见；期望 24. bunch n.束；串；捆 25. eventually adv.最后；终于 26. thunder vi.打雷；轰隆隆地响；轰隆隆地快速移动 n．雷声；轰隆声 27. frost n.霜；严寒天气；霜冻 vt.使蒙上霜 vi.结霜 28. confirm v．(尤指提供证据来)证实，证明，确认 29. curtain n.窗帘 30. border n.国界；边界(地区) 31. duration n.持续时间；期间 二、重点单词变形 1. pleasant adj.令人愉快的；友好的→pleased adj.高兴的；欢喜的→pleasing adj.令人愉快的；令人满意的→please v. 使高兴；使满意→pleasantly adv. 愉快地；友好地→pleasure n. 愉快；乐事 2. massive adj.巨大的；非常严重的→mass n．大量；块；一堆 3. literally adv.字面上；真正地→literal adj.字面意义的；完全按原文的 4. breath n. 呼吸的空气→breathe v. 呼吸→breathless adj. 喘不过气的；令人惊叹的→breathlessly adv. 气喘吁吁地；屏息地 5. awesome adj.令人惊叹的；可怕的；很好的→awe n．敬畏；惊叹 6. freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的→freeze vi.& vt.结冰；(使)冻住→frozen adj. 冻结的；冻僵的→freezer n. 冰柜；冷冻室 7. anticipate vt.预料；预见；期望→anticipation n．预料；预期→anticipated adj. 预期的；预计的→unanticipated adj. 未预料到的；意外的 8. thunder vi.打雷；轰隆隆地响；轰隆隆地快速移动 n．雷声；轰隆声→thundering adj.如雷鸣般的 9. frost n．霜；严寒天气；霜冻 vt.使蒙上霜 vi.结霜→frosty adj.严寒的；霜冻的 三、必备词块 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. rather than 而不是；与其，不愿 2. all the way 一路上；自始至终 3. take the train 乘火车 4. start out 出发 5. a couple of 一两个，几个 6. be typical of 典型的；一贯的 7. take a hike 徒步旅行 8. arise from/out of 因……产生(＝result from) 9. take sb’s breath away 令人惊叹 10. be bound to do sth 一定会/很可能会做某事 11. in addition to 除……之外(还) 12. grizzly bear n.灰熊 13. freezing cold 极冷的；冻僵的 14. be home to 是……的家园 15. a bunch of 一束；一串；一群；大量 16. pull back the curtain拉开窗帘 17. on the border在边界上 18. all in all 从各方面考虑；总的说来物 19. pass through 穿过 四、核心词汇 1. pleasant adj. 令人愉快的；友好的 原文：Later, they took a pleasant hike in a forest just a short distance away. 随后，她们在不远处的森林中徒步旅行，十分惬意。 词形变化：please v. 使高兴；使满意 pleased adj. 感到高兴的；满意的 pleasing adj. 令人愉悦的 pleasantly adv. 愉快地；友好地 pleasure n. 愉快；乐事 常见搭配：pleasant weather 宜人的天气 be pleasant to sb. 对某人友好 例句：We enjoyed a pleasant trip through the countryside, stopping at old villages and peaceful lakes along the way. 我们享受了一次愉快的乡村之旅，沿途游览了古老的村庄和宁静的湖泊。 【即学即练】 1. Sarah felt pleased (please) when her teacher praised the clear structure and creative ideas in her essay. 2. It was a great pleasure (please) to share stories with travelers from different countries around the campfire. 3. We were pleasantly (please) surprised by the delicious local food and the kindness of the village residents. 4. The room’s simple design created a pleasing (please) atmosphere for quiet evening conversations. 5. Even when the shop was crowded, the assistant remained pleasant to every customer waiting for help. 6. Finding a handwritten note inside the library book was a pleasant (please) surprise that brightened my entire morning. 7. 宜人的天气使我们一家决定在户外吃午饭，并穿过公园步行回家。 The pleasant weather encouraged our family to eat lunch outside and walk home through the park. 2. arise vi. (arose, arisen) 起身；出现；由……引起 原文：The next morning, the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise, passing through the Canadian Rockies. 次日清晨，两个女孩早早起床，登上开往路易斯湖的火车，穿越加拿大落基山脉。 常见搭配：arise from 由……引起；起因于 arise out of 由……产生；起因于 when the need arises 必要时；需要时 例句：Many serious conflicts arise from poor communication and a lack of mutual understanding. 许多严重的冲突都是由沟通不畅和缺乏相互理解引起的。 【即学即练】 1. The old man arose slowly from his chair and walked toward the open window. 2. Several unexpected problems arose (arise) during the meeting, but the team solved them calmly. 3. Several new problems have arisen (arise) since the company introduced its new management system. 4. 旅途中可能会出现意想不到的困难，因此我们应该提前做好准备。 Unexpected difficulties may arise during the journey, so we should prepare carefully in advance. 5. 团队成员彼此沟通不清时，问题往往会出现。 Problems often arise when team members fail to communicate clearly with one another. 3. breath n．呼吸的空气 原文：When the train arrived at the station, they took a taxi to Lake Louise, where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty. 火车到站后，她们乘坐出租车来到路易斯湖，那里湛蓝的湖水异常美丽，令她们惊叹不已。 词形变化：breathe v. 呼吸 breathless adj. 喘不过气的；令人惊叹的 breathlessly adv. 气喘吁吁地；屏息地 常见搭配：take one’s breath away 令某人惊叹；使某人叹为观止 hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸 lose one’s breath 喘不过气来 take a deep breath 深吸一口气 out of breath 上气不接下气 catch one’s breath 喘口气；恢复正常呼吸 例句：After climbing the steep hill, she paused for a moment to catch her breath and admire the view. 爬上陡峭的山坡后，她停下来喘口气，并欣赏眼前的景色。 【即学即练】 1. Doctors advised him to breathe (breath) slowly and deeply whenever he felt nervous before speaking in public. 2. The children arrived breathless (breath) at the classroom after running all the way from the playground. 3. She listened breathlessly (breath) as the guide described how the climbers survived the sudden mountain storm. 4. The brilliant sunset over the snow-covered mountains took our breath away during the evening journey. 5. Before answering the difficult question, Maria took a deep breath and organized her thoughts calmly. 6. I was completely out of breath after chasing the bus for nearly three crowded city blocks. 7. 山顶令人惊叹的景色让我叹为观止。 The breathtaking view from the top of the mountain took my breath away. 4. bound adj. 准备前往(某地)；一定会 原文：They spent the night, and then took a coach bound north through the Canadian Rockies to Jasper. 她们过了一夜，然后乘坐长途汽车，向北穿越加拿大的落基山脉，来到贾斯珀。 常见搭配：be bound for 准备前往…… be bound north/south/east/west 向北／南／东／西行进 be bound to do/be sth 一定会做……；很可能会…… be bound up in sth 忙于某事 be bound up with sth 和某事密切相关 例句：The ship, bound for Lisbon, slipped silently from the harbor as the city lights faded behind us. 那艘驶往里斯本的船悄然离港，城市的灯火渐渐消失在身后。 【即学即练】 1. They are bound for tropical climes, with something magical in one of their packing cases. 2. Our understanding of the causal forces that bear upon our current circumstances is bound to be (be) limited and often contested. 3. They were too bound up in their own problems to notice her sadness. 4. 你要是一直这么努力，迟早一定会成功。 If you keep working this hard, you are bound to succeed sooner or later. 5. 人们在过大压力下工作时，难免会出错。 Mistakes are bound to happen when people work under too much pressure. 5. freezing adj. 极冷的；冰冻的 原文：Edmonton is freezing cold in winter, with daily temperatures averaging －10℃. 埃德蒙顿冬季十分寒冷，日平均气温为零下10摄氏度。 词形变化：freeze v.（使）结冰；冻住 frozen adj. 冻结的；冻僵的 freezer n. 冰柜；冷冻室 常见搭配：freezing cold 极冷的；冻僵的 the freezing point 冰点 above/below freezing 零上/零下 be frozen to death 被冻死 例句：The freezing wind swept across the empty streets, forcing everyone to hurry home before nightfall. 刺骨的寒风横扫空荡的街道，迫使所有人在夜幕降临前匆匆回家。 【即学即练】 1. It is freezing (freeze) cold outside, so you’d better put on a thick coat. 2. My hands were frozen (freeze) after waiting outside for an hour. 3. The meat can be kept in the freezer (freeze) for several months. 4. The lost climbers nearly froze to death in the snowstorm. 5. 经过几个寒冷的夜晚，湖面完全结冰了。 The lake was completely frozen after several cold nights. 6. 外面冷极了，你最好穿上一件厚外套。 It is freezing cold outside, so you’d better put on a thick coat. 6. anticipate vt. 预料；预见；期望 原文：However, they did not anticipate seeing such an open country, and were truly amazed. 但两人还是未曾料想能看到如此辽阔的国度，真是惊叹不已。 词形变化：anticipation n. 预料；预期；期待 anticipated adj. 预期的；预计的 unanticipated adj. 未预料到的；意外的 常见搭配：It is anticipated that ... 据预测…… anticipate doing sth 预计做某事；期待做某事 in anticipation of sth 预计某事的发生 例句：Wise people anticipate possible difficulties and prepare carefully, rather than waiting helplessly for problems to appear. 明智的人会预见可能出现的困难并认真准备，而不是无助地等待问题发生。 【即学即练】 1. We anticipate receiving (receive) the final results next week. 2. It is anticipated (anticipate) that the new policy will improve public transportation. 3. The fans waited outside the stadium in anticipation (anticipate) of the singer’s arrival. 4. The sudden change in weather was completely unanticipated (anticipate). 5. 她预料会有更多客人，因此准备了额外的食物。 She prepared extra food in anticipation of more guests. 6. 据预计，这条新铁路将于明年春天开通。 It is anticipated that the new railway will open next spring. 五、经典句式 1. as引导的非限制性定语从句 原文：During their first day, as is typical of Vancouver, it rained. 第一天，温哥华一如往常，下起了雨。 分析：as引导非限制性定语从句时，通常指代整个主句所表达的内容，并在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，常译为“正如……”“这一点……”。这种从句对主句起补充说明作用，与主句之间通常用逗号隔开，位置比较灵活，可以位于主句之前、之中或之后。as往往表示主句内容与人们的认知、预料或前文所述相一致；与 which相比，which引导的非限制性定语从句通常位于主句之后，侧重对前面整件事进行补充、评价或说明。 常见结构：as is known to all 众所周知 as we all know 正如我们都知道的 as is often the case ……通常如此 as was expected 正如人们普遍预料的那样 as has been mentioned above 正如上文所提到的 例句：As is often the case, success belongs to those who remain patient and keep working toward their goals. 正如常见的情况一样，成功属于那些保持耐心并不断朝目标努力的人。 【即学即练】 1. The team won the final match, as was widely expected before the competition. 2. The situation is becoming more serious, as everyone can clearly see. 3. 正如预料的那样，旅途中出现了几个困难。 As was anticipated, several difficulties arose during the journey. 4. 小孩子通常如此，他们很快就对这个游戏产生了兴趣。 As is often the case with young children, they quickly became interested in the game. 5. 正如我们都知道的，经常锻炼对身心健康都很重要。 As we all know, regular exercise is important for both physical and mental health. 2. with复合结构 原文：Edmonton is freezing cold in winter, with daily temperatures averaging −10℃. 埃德蒙顿冬季严寒，日平均气温约为零下10摄氏度。 分析：with复合结构由“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”构成，其中宾语是补足语的逻辑主语，整个结构通常在句中作状语，表示伴随、原因、条件、方式或背景情况。 1. 宾语补足语可以由形容词、副词或介词短语充当，说明宾语所处的状态、位置或情形； 2. 也可以由非谓语动词充当： （1）不定式表示将要发生或尚未完成的动作； （2）现在分词表示宾语主动进行的动作； （3）过去分词表示宾语被动承受或已经完成的动作。 判断非谓语形式时，关键要看宾语与动作之间的主动、被动关系以及动作是否已经发生。 例句：With the wind blowing gently, we walked along the lake and enjoyed the peaceful scenery. 微风轻轻吹拂着，我们沿湖散步，欣赏宁静的景色 【即学即练】 1. With the final examination approaching (approach), the students became increasingly nervous. 2. With so much homework to finish (finish), Tom had no time to watch the football match. 3. The old man sat under the tree, with his eyes fixed (fix) on the children playing nearby. 4. 所有工作完成后，学生们轻松而满意地离开了教室。 With all the work completed, the students left the classroom feeling relaxed and satisfied. 5. 夕阳渐渐落到群山之后，宁静的湖面如镜子般闪耀。 With the sun setting behind the mountains, the peaceful lake shone like a mirror. 3. 同位语结构 原文：One of the train's first stops was in Edmonton, the provincial capital of Alberta, the centre of Canada's huge oil and gas drilling industry. 这列火车最初停靠的站点之一是埃德蒙顿——阿尔伯塔省的省会，也是加拿大庞大油气钻探业的中心。 分析：同位语结构是指两个名词性成分并列出现，后一个成分对前一个成分进行解释、说明、补充或重新命名，二者通常指向同一人、事物或概念，在句中承担相同的语法功能；同位语可以是名词、名词短语，也可以是由连接词引导的从句，用来使表达更加具体、清晰和准确。在主谓一致方面，谓语动词通常应与被解释的中心名词保持一致，而不是与同位语中的名词保持一致，因此判断单复数时应先确定句子的真正主语。 例句：Self-discipline, the ability to control our actions and emotions, plays a vital role in personal development. 自律，即控制自身行为和情绪的能力，在个人成长中发挥着重要作用。 【即学即练】 1. My best friend, a talented young architect, is (be) designing a new community library. 2. My brother, one of the best students in his class, studies (study) very hard every day. 3. Mr. Smith, together with his two assistants, is (be) responsible for the project. 4. Lucy’s two cousins, a doctor and a teacher, are (be) coming to visit her this weekend. 5. 阅读这一简单却有益的习惯能够开阔我们的视野。 Reading, a simple but rewarding habit, can broaden our horizons. 6. 我坚信，只有通过不断努力，我们才能实现目标。 I hold the firm belief that only through continuous effort can we achieve our goals. 4. It was/is not until...that...强调句 原文：It was not until 9:30 a.m. that they finally reached the capital of Ontario, Toronto. 分析：“It was not until…that…”是英语强调句型，用于突出某一时间点或时间条件，意为“直到……才……”。其中，It was和that构成强调句框架，not until引导的时间短语或时间状语从句是被强调部分，that之后陈述主要事件。该结构通常由“主语＋否定谓语＋until…”转换而来；转换后，否定意义已由not until表达，因此that后的谓语一般使用肯定形式，且保持正常陈述语序，不使用倒装。主句谓语的时态应根据具体语境确定；需要注意，只有将Not until置于句首而不使用强调句框架时，主句才需要部分倒装。 拓展：Not until + 时间/从句 + 助动词/情态动词/be + 主语 + 谓语 倒装句型，主句使用部分倒装。 主语 + not + 谓语 + until + 时间/从句 普通句型，表示“直到……才……”。 It was/is only when + 从句 + that + 主语 + 谓语 强调“只有当……时才……”，that 后正常语序。 例句：It was not until we lost something precious that we truly understood its value. 直到失去珍贵之物，我们才真正懂得它的价值。 【即学即练】 1. 改为强调句 ① We did not realize the importance of protecting nature until the environment had been seriously damaged. → It was not until the environment had been seriously damaged that we realized the importance of protecting nature. ② Not until the project was completed did we feel truly relaxed. → It was not until the project was completed that we felt truly relaxed. 2. 改为倒装句 ① He did not realize that true courage lies in facing fear until he experienced the accident. → Not until he experienced the accident did he realize that true courage lies in facing fear. ② It was not until he faced a serious challenge that he discovered his true potential. → Not until he faced a serious challenge did he discover his true potential. 3. 直到走出舒适区，她才发现自己可以如此坚强。 It was not until she stepped out of her comfort zone that she discovered how strong she could be. 5. one of＋复数名词＋单数谓语 原文：One of the largest shopping malls in North America is in Edmonton. 分析：“one of＋复数名词”表示“……中的一个”，其中真正作主语的中心词是one，而不是后面的复数名词；“of＋复数名词”只是介词短语，用来限定“一个”是从哪个群体中选出的。因此，谓语动词应与单数的one保持一致，使用单数形式。 例句：One of the most valuable gifts that time gives us is the wisdom to accept what we cannot change. 时间给予我们最珍贵的礼物之一，是接受无法改变之事的智慧。 【即学即练】 1. One of the most important qualities a successful person should possess is (be) perseverance. 2. One of the reasons for his remarkable achievement lies (lie) in his willingness to learn from failure. 3. One of the greatest sources of happiness comes (come) from helping others without expecting anything in return. 4. 理解世界的最佳方式之一，是从不同的角度看待它。 One of the best ways to understand the world is to view it from different perspectives. 5. 面对困难时，最好的选择之一是保持冷静并寻找解决办法。 When facing difficulties, one of the best choices is to remain calm and look for a solution. 一、词汇易混辨析 1. antique/ old antique强调物品来自较早的年代，并且通常因稀有、精美、工艺出色或具有收藏价值而受到重视；可作形容词，也可作名词，主要用于家具、珠宝、钟表、艺术品等物品。作形容词时，通常放在名词前，如 an antique table。 old只强调人或事物已经存在、使用或生活了较长时间，是含义更广、更普通的词。它可以形容人、动物、建筑、机器、衣物、方法等，并不表示该事物稀有、珍贵或值得收藏。 因此，antique一定包含“年代久远”的意思，但old不一定能称为antique。一件东西可能很旧、破损或过时，却没有任何收藏价值。 易错点：看到“旧的”就一律使用antique。实际上，普通的旧物应使用old；只有具有一定年代、历史意义、稀有性或收藏价值的物品，才适合称为antique。此外，antique通常不用于形容人的年龄。 ✅ The old professor still teaches history with remarkable energy every Monday morning. ❌ The antique professor still teaches history with remarkable energy every Monday morning. 错误理由：这里描述的是教授年龄较大，应使用old。Antique 通常形容来自过去、可能具有收藏价值的物品，不能正常地用来表示“年老的人”。用an antique professor会显得荒谬，像是在把教授当成古董。 ✅ We replaced the old printer because it had become slow and unreliable after ten years. ❌ We replaced the antique printer because it had become slow and unreliable after ten years. 错误理由：这台打印机只是使用时间较长、性能变差，所以应使用old。十年前生产的普通打印机通常不具备历史意义、稀有性或收藏价值，不能仅因为“旧”就称为antique。Merriam-Webster 也指出，old可以表示实际或相对较长的存在时间，而antique更强调从过去时代流传下来的事物。 2. pleasing/ pleasant pleasing强调某物产生了令人满意、赏心悦目或愉悦的效果，侧重“给人的感受或效果”，语气比 pleasant 稍正式。常用于评价设计、外观、表演、声音、结果等，如a pleasing design、a pleasing performance、visually pleasing、pleasing to the eye。 pleasant强调人、事物、环境或经历本身令人感觉舒服、愉快、友好，含义更广，也更常用于日常表达。它可以修饰天气、气味、经历、下午、惊喜，也可以形容一个人“友善、容易相处”。 记忆：pleasing = 能带来愉悦或满意效果的，偏重客观评价和视觉、听觉效果。 pleasant = 令人感觉舒服愉快的，偏重整体体验，也可以形容人的性格或态度。 易错点1：表示“某人友善、随和”时误用 pleasing； ✅ Our new neighbor is pleasant, considerate, and always willing to help elderly residents. ❌ Our new neighbor is pleasing, considerate, and always willing to help elderly residents. 错误理由：这里描述的是邻居“性格友善、容易相处”，应使用pleasant。Pleasing通常表示某物能给观察者带来愉悦或满足，用来直接形容一个普通人的友善性格不自然。 易错点2：在visually / aesthetically pleasing等常见搭配中误用pleasant。需要注意，两词有时都符合语法，但搭配习惯和表达重点不同，不能在所有句子中直接互换。 ✅ The updated logo looks visually pleasing because its colors and shapes are carefully balanced. ❌ The updated logo looks visually pleasant because its colors and shapes are carefully balanced. 错误理由：评价设计、颜色或外观带来的视觉效果时，通常使用固定搭配visually pleasing或aesthetically pleasing。Visually pleasant虽然勉强可以理解，但不符合常见、自然的英语搭配。 3. arise/ rise/ raise/ arouse 单词 核心含义 是否接宾语 词形变化 arise 问题、机会等发生或出现 不接宾语 arise—arose—arisen rise 主语自己上升、增长或起身 不接宾语 rise—rose—risen raise 使某物升高、增加或被提出 必须接宾语 raise—raised—raised arouse 引起感情、兴趣或反应 通常接宾语 arouse—aroused—aroused 记忆：某种问题出现了，用arise；某个东西自己升高了，用rise；某人把某物提高了，用raise；某事把情绪或兴趣激发出来了，用arouse。 易错点1：表示“问题、误解、困难等出现”时，误用raise或arouse。arise表示事物自己出现，不需要外力，也不能接宾语。 ✅ Several unexpected problems arose during the meeting, so the manager postponed the final decision. ❌ Several unexpected problems raised during the meeting, so the manager postponed the final decision. 错误原因：raise是及物动词，表示“使某物升高或增加”，后面需要宾语。这里的主语problems是“自己出现”，因此应使用arose。 ✅ A serious misunderstanding may arise from unclear instructions given to new employees. ❌ A serious misunderstanding may arouse from unclear instructions given to new employees. 错误原因：arouse表示“引起某种感情或反应”，通常必须接宾语，如arouse suspicion。表示“误解产生于……”应使用不及物动词arise from。 易错点2：看到“上升、提高”就使用raise。判断关键是：如果主语自己上升，用rise；如果主语使别的东西上升，用raise。 ✅ Temperatures usually rise quickly after sunrise, especially during the hot summer months. ❌ Temperatures usually raise quickly after sunrise, especially during the hot summer months. 错误原因：这里是气温自己升高，动词后也没有宾语，因此应使用不及物动词rise。Raise必须表示“某人或某物提高了另一个事物”。 易错点3：把rise当作及物动词使用，如rise prices或rise your hand。只要动词后面直接出现“被提高、被举起的东西”，一般就要使用raise。 ✅ The company plans to raise salaries next year to retain experienced employees. ❌ The company plans to rise salaries next year to retain experienced employees. 错误原因：Salaries是动词的宾语，表示公司主动“提高工资”，所以必须使用及物动词raise。Rise不能直接接salaries。 4. literal/ literary/ literate literal强调词语的“字面意义、原始意义”，即完全按照文字本身理解，不使用比喻、夸张或引申义。也可以表示“逐字的、如实的”。 literary强调“与文学有关”，可以形容文学作品、文学研究、文学活动，或具有文学作品特点的语言和写作风格。 literate主要强调“能够读写、识字”。它还可以表示某人在特定领域具备必要的知识或技能，通常与其他词组合使用。 记忆：literal → letter / exact words → 字面的 literary → literature → 文学的 literate → literacy → 识字的、有某方面知识的 (Literal describes exact meaning; literary describes literature; literate describes a person’s skills.) 易错点1：把literal和literary混淆。 ✅ The phrase “break a leg” has a literal meaning involving actual physical injury. ❌ The phrase “break a leg” has a literary meaning involving actual physical injury. 错误理由：这里讨论的是短语按照文字本身理解时的“字面意义”，所以应该用literal meaning。Literary表示“与文学有关的”，不能表示词语的基本或字面含义。 易错点2：把literary和literate混淆 ✅ The digitally literate editor quickly identified several errors in the respected literary magazine. ❌ The digitally literary editor quickly identified several errors in the respected literate magazine. 错误理由：编辑具备数字方面的知识和技能，应使用digitally literate。杂志与文学有关，应使用literary magazine。Digitally literary不能表示“具备数字技能”；literate magazine也不能表示“文学杂志”。 5. scenery/ scene/ view/ sight scenery强调一个地区的自然风景或环境整体，如山脉、森林、河流、山谷等，通常带有“景色优美”的意味。它是不可数名词。在日常英语中，不能说a scenery，一般也不使用sceneries。 scene强调眼前一个具体、完整的场面或情景，通常像一幅画面，而且经常包含人物、动物、动作或正在发生的事情。 view强调从某个特定位置或角度能够看到的景色或视野。它通常是可数名词。 sight强调人所看到的某个具体事物、人物或景象，尤其是令人惊讶、壮观、感动、害怕或印象深刻的东西。复数sights还可以表示游客参观的“名胜、景点”，如see the sights of London。 记忆：scenery：一个地方的自然风景整体 scene：眼前正在展开的具体场面 view：从某个位置看到的景色或视野 sight：看到的某个事物、奇观或旅游景点 易错点1：看到“景象”就使用scenery，忽略画面中存在人物、动作或具体事件。 ✅ Children were playing beside the fountain, creating a lively scene in the square. ❌ Children were playing beside the fountain, creating lively scenery in the square. 错误理由： 这里描述的是孩子们正在活动的具体场面，应使用可数名词scene。Scenery主要指自然环境整体，不指人们正在进行活动的场面。 易错点2：描述酒店房间、窗户、山顶等特定观察位置时，误用scenery或scene。 ✅ Our room offers a magnificent view of the harbor and the surrounding islands. ❌ Our room offers magnificent scenery of the harbor and the surrounding islands. 错误理由：这里强调“从房间这个位置看到的景色”，应使用a view of。Scenery表示自然环境整体，一般不用于a room offers scenery of… 这一结构。 易错点3：用view表示旅游景点，或者用scenery表示突然看到的某个具体事物。 ✅ The old castle is one of the most popular sights in the entire region. ❌ The old castle is one of the most popular views in the entire region. 错误理由：城堡本身是游客参观的“景点”，应使用复数sights。Views表示从某些位置看到的景色，不表示供人参观的建筑或名胜。 6. freezing/ frozen freezing强调“非常寒冷、冷得让人受不了”，也可以表示事物“正在结冰”。常用于描述天气、空气、风、温度或环境，如freezing weather、freezing wind、freezing temperatures。作表语时，I’m freezing表示“我冷得要命”。 frozen强调“已经冻住、结冰或经过冷冻处理”的结果，常修饰湖泊、河流、地面、食物等，如a frozen lake、frozen ground、frozen vegetables。用于人或身体部位时，表示“冻僵的、冰冷麻木的”，如My hands are frozen. 记忆：freezing＝极其寒冷／正在结冰 frozen＝已经冻住／冷冻后的状态 易错点：表示“天气、风或房间非常冷”时误用frozen；表示“湖水、食物等已经冻住”时误用freezing。判断时要看句子强调的是“寒冷的感觉或过程”，还是“已经冻住的结果”。 ✅ The wind was freezing, so we hurried back to the cabin before sunset. ❌ The wind was frozen, so we hurried back to the cabin before sunset. 错误理由：风本身通常不会“冻成固体”。这里描述的是风让人感觉非常寒冷，应使用freezing。frozen强调某物已经结冰或冻住，不适合直接描述普通的寒风。 ✅ The lake was completely frozen, allowing children to skate safely near the shore. ❌ The lake was completely freezing, allowing children to skate safely near the shore. 错误理由：句中的allowing children to skate表明湖面已经形成坚固的冰层，因此要用强调结果的frozen。The lake was freezing通常表示湖水“正在结冰”，不能明确说明湖面已经完全冻牢。 7. anticipate/ expect anticipate强调“预先想到、预见”，语气比expect正式，常含有“事情发生前已经考虑，甚至采取准备措施”的意味。它既可以用于好事，也可以用于困难、风险等负面情况。 expect强调“认为或相信某事将会发生”，侧重说话者对未来情况的判断，含义更中性、更常用，不一定表示已经为此做了准备。它还可以表示“要求、期望某人履行责任”。 记忆：expect to do：预计会做 anticipate doing：预见将做 anticipate 常有“提前看见问题”的感觉，expect 只是“认为它会发生”。 易错点：把expect to do 的结构直接套用在anticipate后面，误写成anticipate to do。 ✅ The project team anticipates facing several technical challenges during the final testing stage next month. ❌ The project team anticipates to face several technical challenges during the final testing stage next month. 错误理由：表示“预计自己将做某事或经历某事”时，anticipate后通常接动名词 doing，不能直接接不定式to do。因此应使用anticipates facing，而不是anticipates to face。 ✅ Analysts expect the new policy to reduce household energy costs over the coming year. ❌ Analysts anticipate the new policy to reduce household energy costs over the coming year. 错误理由：expect可以使用“expect + 宾语 + to do”结构，因此可以说expect the new policy to reduce costs。但标准学习者英语中，anticipate通常不用这一结构。应改为：Analysts anticipate the new policy reducing household energy costs over the coming year. 或：Analysts anticipate that the new policy will reduce household energy costs over the coming year. Oxford将expect somebody/something to do something列为常见结构，而anticipate通常使用anticipate something doing something或anticipate that...。 二、短语搭配易错 1. rather than 而不是；与其 rather than后面可以接名词、代词、动词原形、动名词等并列成分，表示选择前者而不是后者。使用时要注意，rather than连接的两个部分形式要保持一致。 易错点：把rather than后面的成分形式用错，导致前后不平行。 ✅ I prefer to stay at home rather than go out on rainy days. （rather than连接两个动词短语stay和go，形式保持一致。） ❌ I prefer to stay at home rather than going out on rainy days. 错误原因：这里rather than连接的是两个动词短语，前面是to stay，后面却用了going，形式不一致。应改为go out。 2. in addition to除了……之外，还…… in addition to + 名词 / 动名词（doing），表示“除了……之外，还……”。它后面要接名词或动名词，不能接动词原形。 易错点：把in addition to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 ✅ In addition to studying English, she also learns French at school. ❌ In addition to study English, she also learns French at school. 错误原因：in addition to 中的to是介词，不是不定式符号，所以后面不能接动词原形；如果接动词，要用动名词形式 studying。 3. be bound for + 地点 前往某地；开往某地 be bound for + 地点，表示“前往某地；开往某地”，强调目的地。for后面接具体地点名词。 易错点：把表示方向的介词 to 误用在 be bound 后面。 ✅ The train is bound for London and will leave at eight tonight. ❌ The train is bound to London and will leave at eight tonight. 错误原因：be bound for表示“前往某个目的地”，后面应该接for + 地点；bound to 通常表示“必定会……”，后面接动词原形，如be bound to succeed，不能用于表示“开往某地”。 三、句型易错点 1. too + 形容词/副词 + to do sth：太……而不能…… 课文：Since it can be too cold to go outdoors, Edmonton is home to many shopping malls. 易错点：too...to...表示“太……而不能……”，其中too后接形容词或副词，to后接动词原形。该结构本身含有否定意义，不能再与not连用；另外不能误认为表示“非常……所以能够……”。 例子：✅ The road was too slippery for drivers to control their cars safely during the heavy rain. ❌ The road was too slippery for drivers not to control their cars safely during the heavy rain. 2. not only... but also... 课文：In addition to seeing spectacular mountain peaks and forests, one highlight of their trip was being able to see many different creatures. 易错点：当连接两个并列成分时，not only...but also...两部分结构要保持一致，不能一个接名词一个接句子。 例子：✅ The trip allowed us not only to explore nature but also to understand local cultures better. ❌ The trip allowed us not only exploring nature but also understand local cultures better. 3. 分词作状语：主动关系用doing，被动关系用done 课文：Seen from the train window, the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. 易错点：分词作状语时，要判断主语和分词之间的逻辑关系。主语是动作承受者，用过去分词；主动关系用现在分词。 例子：✅ Surrounded by tall trees, the small house looked peaceful in the quiet valley. ❌ Surrounding by tall trees, the small house looked peaceful in the quiet valley. $