话题综合06 人与社会—科学与技术（综合训练）（北京专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 以“科学与技术”为核心话题，整合多题型考查语言能力与跨学科思维，逻辑清晰且贴近高考命题趋势。 **综合设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |语法填空|3篇短文（11小题）|语境中考查语法应用（从句、时态等）|语法规则在科技相关场景中的运用，提升语言能力| |阅读理解|3篇（9小题）|细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意|通过科技与人文关系等话题培养批判性思维，涵养文化意识| |七选五|1篇（5小题）|语篇结构与逻辑衔接|科技对写作影响的语篇分析，发展思维品质| |阅读表达|1篇（4小题）|信息提取与开放表达|大脑默认模式网络的科学知识与语言表达结合，增强学习能力| |书信写作|1题|应用写作|“智绘中华”科技作品介绍，实现跨文化沟通，体现文化意识|

话题综合06 人与社会— 科学与技术 （考试时间：60分钟 试卷满分：75分） 一、语法填空(共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 （2026·北京·三模） A The Karl Wallenda Effect refers to a psychological phenomenon 1 people fail because they become preoccupied with avoiding failure rather than attending to the task at hand. A tightrope walker (走钢丝演员) Wallenda, who had never fallen before, suddenly started thinking about “not falling” instead of just walking. That small shift in attention, which might seem harmless, finally led to his tragedy. This effect is so powerful because excessive worry about results often 2 (disturb) our natural ability to concentrate. We should focus on the task itself rather than constantly thinking about success or 3 (fail). B （2026·北京海淀·三模） Firefighters constantly face danger when battling wildfires or managing controlled burns. Previously, there was no reliable method to evacuate (疏散) them when a firefighter’s health 4 (threaten). This changed with a wearable AI system. It uses cellphone-sized sensors 5 (monitor) poisonous smoke levels, sending real-time data to a command center, 6 then displays color-coded alerts, showing firefighters’ safety status. A volunteer team designed this practical solution. Their goal is to introduce this cutting-edge technology to protect frontline responders, 7 (true) making a life-saving difference. C （2026·北京房山·二模） A growing body of research suggests that blue spaces may benefit well-being. For starters, 8   (spend) time in blue spaces encourages movement —   9   you’re walking around a lake or swimming in it — and physical activity is vital for a healthier body and brain. When people exercise in or near water, they tend to do so for longer than those working out in green or urban settings, 10   (potential) because they perceive time differently. Studies suggest that, under the right conditions, blue spaces can also reduce noise in urban areas, help improve air quality, and cool down hot climates — all of 11 contribute to physical health. 二、阅读理解(共9小题；每小题 2 分，共18 分) A （2026·北京通州·一模）The opinion that “the humanities are useless” is not new, but it has gained renewed attention in today’s artificial intelligence-driven world. As a journalist, I’ve noticed a growing tension: technical skills are celebrated for their direct economic value, disciplines like literature, philosophy and foreign languages are often dismissed as impractical. In this climate, the essential qualities cultivated by the humanities — critical thinking, self-reflection, cultural empathy, aesthetic (审美的) taste — are pushed to the edges. And with the rise of large language models capable of writing essays and composing poetry, a pressing question emerges: Will AI replace the study of the humanities altogether? In a recent lecture, a professor of the humanities noted that AI still cannot adequately cover the unique domain of “critical thinking” that belongs to the humanities. While AI efficiently processes data, it lacks true reflection. True critical thinking cannot be coded or replaced; it must be continuously cultivated through the intensive training of the humanities. A renowned mathematician spoke passionately about the interdependence of knowledge, citing Newton, Einstein and the Renaissance as evidence. Even at institutes like MIT and Caltech, which began with a focus on engineering, strong humanities programs eventually emerged — because innovation is highly boosted where the human mind is inspired by philosophy, literature, and art. As a liberal arts major myself, I think the humanities teach us to sit with ambiguity (歧义), to listen to stories different from our own, and to recognize that not every important question has a single right answer. In an era of algorithms (算法) and automation, what we risk losing is not just creativity but conscience. AI can process data, but it cannot assume responsibility. The humanities instill the habit of asking not only “Can we do this?” but “Should we?” — a question that grows more urgent as technology permeates every layer of life. I believe the real usefulness of the humanities lies in their ability to connect — not just past to present, but person to person. In a fragmented digital world, the study of culture, history and philosophy helps rebuild shared understanding. So, no, the humanities are not useless. If anything, they are becoming more vital. The real challenge lies not in proving their worth, but in ensuring they remain a living, questioning and courageous force in education and society — especially now, when we need them most. 12．From the first two paragraphs, we know that ______. A．technical skills are widely recognized B．AI has replaced humanities studies already C．the humanities bring obvious economic gains D．people fully ignore the value of the humanities 13．What does the word “permeates” underlined in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Ignores and neglects. B．Reflects and enhances. C．Enters and spreads through. D．Avoids and stays away from. 14．What is the main idea of the passage? A．AI is a threat to the study of the humanities. B．Science promotes the development of society. C．Critical thinking is the value of the humanities. D．The humanities are irreplaceable in the digital era. B （2026·北京海淀·一模）For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence. His new book, The Human Edge, takes a fresh look at analogy as a defining feature of human thought. At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. Unlike simple perceptual similarity, analogy maps relational patterns across different domains. The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage. This capacity for relational mapping underpins fluid intelligence — the ability to reason about new problems — and strongly predicts performance on intelligence tests. Analogy also drives creativity. Holyoak’s classic research on the “radiation problem” illustrates this: participants struggled to destroy a tumor (肿瘤) with rays without harming healthy tissue. But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent (会聚的) ray solution. While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently, exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking. This cognitive capacity develops early and naturally. Children begin reasoning analogically around age three and the capacity continues to develop until adulthood. Holyoak identifies this as a “Late System” — a uniquely human, evolutionarily recent ability for general relational reasoning. It builds upon and cooperates with older, specialized “Early Systems” we share with other animals. While nonhuman species perform tasks that resemble analogical reasoning, these successes remain domain-specific. Humans alone can map relations across any content, from fairy tales to physics. This special ability, however, grants neither wisdom nor morality. Abstract thought has yielded both medical cures and weapons of mass destruction. As Holyoak notes, if Earth becomes uninhabitable, it won’t be the chimpanzees’ fault. The rise of AI presents a new frontier. Large language models (LLMs) now solve analogy problems at a college-student level, and their computational power could eventually produce superhuman intelligence. Yet they lack autonomy and, crucially, the ability to spontaneously notice a meaningful analogy. In art, this limitation may prove difficult to overcome. AI, lacking emotion, consciousness, and individuality, produces work many find soulless. Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage. Their integration is the very essence of the human edge. 15．What does the word “underpins” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Supports. B．Evaluates. C．Replaces. D．Frames. 16．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “Late System” is developed in adulthood. B．The “two dogs” proverb encourages competitions. C．The convergent ray solution arose from an analogy. D．LLMs can’t form analogies due to lack of autonomy. 17．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Developing Analogy: The Core of Human Creativity B．Decoding Analogy: A Capacity Setting Humans Apart C．Defining Analogy: The Force Driving Human Evolution D．Defending Analogy: A Mechanism of Human Perception C （2026·北京石景山·二模）After the school basketball final, Jason sat alone on the playground, staring at his phone. His team had lost by one point, and he had missed the last shot. Then came a message from his friend: “Don’t worry. It’s just one game.” Instead of feeling better, Jason felt even more alone. Most people have probably responded like Jason’s friend at some point. When someone around us is upset, our first instinct (本能) is often to make that person feel better as quickly as possible. As a result, many people turn to familiar expressions such as “It will be fine.” However, researchers have begun to question whether optimism is really what people in distress need most. Dr Laura Chen, a researcher at a Canadian university, has been studying how people respond to different kinds of comforting messages, especially in online exchanges. In one of her studies, more than 1,000 participants were presented with various texting scenarios (场景) and asked to imagine themselves as the receiver of each message. In one example, Alex texted his friend Jamie to say that he had just failed his driving test. Some participants saw Jamie reply, “I’m really sorry. That must feel awful.” Others saw a different response: “Don’t worry, you’ll be fine next time!” They were then asked how understood they would feel in Alex’s situation. Most said the first response made them feel more understood because it acknowledged Alex’s disappointment. By contrast, the second response, though clearly well-intentioned, was often judged less helpful. This is where the idea of validation (认同) becomes important. According to Chen, one possible explanation is that optimistic phrases sometimes create a form of emotional pressure. When people hear “Don’t worry”, they may feel pressured to recover quickly or move beyond their negative feelings before they are ready. Yet emotions such as sadness, anger, or disappointment usually do not disappear on command (指令). Chen further points out that comforting language may sometimes serve the speaker more than the listener. Saying something hopeful can help the comfort-giver feel useful or emotionally in control. For the person in distress, however, the same words may create a sense of isolation (孤立) rather than relief, especially if they suggest that strong feelings are inconvenient. Still, Chen is careful not to overgeneralise. Her research focuses mainly on online communication, and reactions may differ in other settings. In more formal relationships, such as those between doctors and patients, comforting language may function differently. 18．The author mentions Jason at the beginning mainly to ________. A．introduce the topic B．describe the background C．present a social problem D．compare different attitudes 19．According to Chen, a hopeful phrase in comforting messages would ________. A．help the listener feel relieved B．increase validation of the messages C．harm the friendship between friends D．make the one offering comfort feel better 20．Which of the following would Chen most probably agree with? A．People in distress usually prefer advice to sympathy. B．The effect of comforting language varies with context. C．Emotional support should focus on solving the problem first. D．Positive messages are more helpful in offline communication. 三、七选五 (共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分) （2026·北京朝阳·模拟预测）Writing is one of the great channels of expression. It gave human thought the power to travel across centuries. But that may be changing. Writing hasn’t failed, but the conditions around it, particularly Large Language Models, have deeply changed it. Writing is more than words on a page. 21 Behind the words is a mind trying to work something out. Writing has what I would call a biography behind it. 22 That gives the written word a kind of authority that is not only literary, but psychological. It feels connected to a person. That connection is disappearing. Large Language Models can write. The work is often smooth and the structure is convincing. And it can be generated quite easily at a very large scale. 23 It no longer reliably signals the labor of thought. This is a critical shift. The issue here isn’t just that machines can write, but that writing itself starts to feel disconnected from the human struggle that gives it substance and worth. Now, if writing loses some of its old authority, we may begin looking elsewhere for signs of genuine thought, such as human speech. 24 It can be challenged, and in that challenge it can be subject to interrogation (质询). If these qualities begin to matter more, authority may begin moving away from the written record and back toward live performance, toward what can be spoken and defended in the moment. That would be a cultural change, it would be a cultural one. But we need to point out the danger as well. Presence isn’t truth. 25 The return of speech wouldn’t solve the problem but relocate it. Still, the movement itself tells us something important — it suggests that writing — from term paper to court brief — no longer feels like enough. A．It comes from somewhere and it belongs to someone. B．More and more contemporary writing feels oddly empty. C．It reflects effort and the difficult mechanics of human thought. D．And a charming speaker can mislead us just as easily as LLM. E．In this context, writing begins to lose what made it feel substantial. F．Writing will weaken memory by moving knowledge outside the mind. G．A speech carries a presence that is harder to produce in the same way. 四、阅读表达 (共4小题；第26、27题各 2 分，28题 3 分，第29题 5 分，共 12 分) （2026·北京通州·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英语回答问题 A neighbor once told me that he often dresses, ties his shoelaces, drags his toothbrush around, starts the car, drives down the parkway, and arrives at his office without much mental effort; this sometimes alarms him. Yet we all do it. We all have days where we go through the motions like an automaton. Scientists explain this “zombie-like” state with something called the default mode network (DMN). It is a group of brain areas in the prefrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Researchers from Washington University first studied it in the early 2000s. They found that the DMN becomes active when we are not focused on a specific task. It helps prevent the brain from becoming overloaded and allows the mind to wander. The default mode actually protects us. It saves energy by letting us complete simple, repetitive tasks — such as sweeping the floor or washing dishes — without thinking too hard. This is also because of heuristics, which are mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions. For example, financial workers often use heuristics to judge whether they should buy or sell stocks. These shortcuts allow the brain to work faster without using too much effort. Two researchers, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, showed that people often make quick judgments, especially when they feel uncertain. Besides using shortcuts, our brain also performs basic tasks automatically. Walking, riding a bicycle, or washing dishes can be done without full attention because our bodies rely on muscle memory. However, letting the brain stay on autopilot during important tasks — like driving — can be dangerous. Many drivers experience moments of mind-wandering, especially when close to home, and this can lead to accidents. Our autopilot can also appear during conversations. Sometimes we nod along even though we are not really listening. The DMN also stores daydreams, memories, and imaginations. While some are helpful or creative, others bring negative thoughts such as worry, anxiety, or self-criticism. When negative thinking repeats again and again, it can trap us in a cycle of stress. To stop autopilot, we can practice mindfulness, which means staying aware of the present moment. For example, when eating an apple, we can pay attention to its taste, smell, and texture instead of thinking about other things. We can also fully listen when someone speaks or notice the trees while walking. 26．What is the function of the default mode network (DMN)? 27．Why can walking or riding a bicycle be done automatically? 28．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. The default mode network (DMN) is dangerous because it makes our brain work on autopilot, which always leads to negative results. 29．How can we avoid the negative effects of being on autopilot in daily life? Explain your suggestion. (In about 40 words) 三、书信写作(20 分) 30．（2026·北京东城·一模）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的外国好友Jim得知你参加了主题为“智绘中华”的科技赋能原创作品征集活动，来信就此询问。请你用英文给他回信，内容包括： 1．介绍你的作品； 2．分享你的感受。 注意：1．词数100左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 4 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 话题综合06 人与社会— 科学与技术 （考试时间：60分钟 试卷满分：75分） 一、语法填空(共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。 （2026·北京·三模） A The Karl Wallenda Effect refers to a psychological phenomenon 1 people fail because they become preoccupied with avoiding failure rather than attending to the task at hand. A tightrope walker (走钢丝演员) Wallenda, who had never fallen before, suddenly started thinking about “not falling” instead of just walking. That small shift in attention, which might seem harmless, finally led to his tragedy. This effect is so powerful because excessive worry about results often 2 (disturb) our natural ability to concentrate. We should focus on the task itself rather than constantly thinking about success or 3 (fail). 【答案】1．that 2．disturbs 3．failure 【导语】主要介绍卡尔·瓦伦达效应的含义、由来以及带给人们做事要专注过程的启示。 【解析】 1．考查同位语从句。句意：卡尔·瓦伦达效应指一种心理现象，人们因一心想着规避失败、忽略手头事务而最终失败。此处引导同位语从句，解释说明phenomenon的具体内容，从句句意完整、不缺成分，用连接词that，无词义只起连接作用。 2．考查动词时态。句意：该效应影响力极强，因为过度纠结结果常常扰乱我们天生的专注力。此处为谓语动词，陈述客观规律用一般现在时，主语excessive worry为单数，disturb使用第三人称单数形式disturbs。 3．考查名词。句意：我们应当专注事情本身，而非反复思虑成败。此处与名词success并列作介词about的宾语，fail对应的名词为failure意为“失败”。 B （2026·北京海淀·三模） Firefighters constantly face danger when battling wildfires or managing controlled burns. Previously, there was no reliable method to evacuate (疏散) them when a firefighter’s health 4 (threaten). This changed with a wearable AI system. It uses cellphone-sized sensors 5 (monitor) poisonous smoke levels, sending real-time data to a command center, 6 then displays color-coded alerts, showing firefighters’ safety status. A volunteer team designed this practical solution. Their goal is to introduce this cutting-edge technology to protect frontline responders, 7 (true) making a life-saving difference. 【答案】4．was threatened 5．to monitor 6．which 7．truly 【导语】文章介绍了一种可穿戴AI系统通过实时监测烟雾并发送警报，为消防员的安全疏散提供了可靠的解决方案。 【解析】 4．考查时态语态。句意：此前，当消防员的健康受到威胁时，却没有一种可靠的方法来将他们转移出去。主语a firefighter’s health与谓语构成被动关系，根据上文there was可知为一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用单数。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：它使用手机大小的传感器来监测有毒烟雾的浓度，并将实时数据发送至指挥中心，指挥中心随后会以不同颜色的警报形式展示相关信息，以显示消防员的安全状况。短语use sth. to do sth.表示“用某物做某事”，空处需填动词不定式to monitor。 6．考查定语从句。句意：它使用手机大小的传感器来监测有毒烟雾的浓度，并将实时数据发送至指挥中心，指挥中心随后会以不同颜色的警报形式展示相关信息，以显示消防员的安全状况。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词command center，在从句作主语，指物，需用关系代词which引导。 7．考查副词。句意：他们的目标是将这项前沿技术引入应用，以保护一线救援人员，从而真正带来拯救生命的巨大影响。修饰后文动词短语用副词truly作状语。 C （2026·北京房山·二模） A growing body of research suggests that blue spaces may benefit well-being. For starters, 8   (spend) time in blue spaces encourages movement —   9   you’re walking around a lake or swimming in it — and physical activity is vital for a healthier body and brain. When people exercise in or near water, they tend to do so for longer than those working out in green or urban settings, 10   (potential) because they perceive time differently. Studies suggest that, under the right conditions, blue spaces can also reduce noise in urban areas, help improve air quality, and cool down hot climates — all of 11 contribute to physical health. 【答案】8．spending 9．whether 10．potentially 11．which 【导语】本文介绍越来越多研究表明蓝色空间有益于人们的身心健康。 【解析】 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：首先，在蓝色空间中度过时光能促进人们活动 ——无论你是在湖边散步还是在湖中游泳 —— 而体育锻炼对身心健康至关重要。空处作主语，需用动名词形式spending。 9．考查状语从句。句意同上。whether...or...为固定句式，意为“无论…… 还是……”，引导让步状语。 10．考查副词。句意：人们在水中或水边锻炼时，往往比在绿地或城市环境中锻炼的时间更长，这可能是因为他们对时间的感知有所不同。空处修饰句子，需用副词potentially，作状语。 11．考查定语从句。句意：研究表明，在适宜条件下，蓝色空间还能降低城市噪音、助力改善空气质量、缓解气候炎热 ——所有这些都对身体健康有益。空处引导定语从句，先行词是上文句子，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，需用关系代词which引导。 二、阅读理解(共9小题；每小题 2 分，共18 分) A （2026·北京通州·一模）The opinion that “the humanities are useless” is not new, but it has gained renewed attention in today’s artificial intelligence-driven world. As a journalist, I’ve noticed a growing tension: technical skills are celebrated for their direct economic value, disciplines like literature, philosophy and foreign languages are often dismissed as impractical. In this climate, the essential qualities cultivated by the humanities — critical thinking, self-reflection, cultural empathy, aesthetic (审美的) taste — are pushed to the edges. And with the rise of large language models capable of writing essays and composing poetry, a pressing question emerges: Will AI replace the study of the humanities altogether? In a recent lecture, a professor of the humanities noted that AI still cannot adequately cover the unique domain of “critical thinking” that belongs to the humanities. While AI efficiently processes data, it lacks true reflection. True critical thinking cannot be coded or replaced; it must be continuously cultivated through the intensive training of the humanities. A renowned mathematician spoke passionately about the interdependence of knowledge, citing Newton, Einstein and the Renaissance as evidence. Even at institutes like MIT and Caltech, which began with a focus on engineering, strong humanities programs eventually emerged — because innovation is highly boosted where the human mind is inspired by philosophy, literature, and art. As a liberal arts major myself, I think the humanities teach us to sit with ambiguity (歧义), to listen to stories different from our own, and to recognize that not every important question has a single right answer. In an era of algorithms (算法) and automation, what we risk losing is not just creativity but conscience. AI can process data, but it cannot assume responsibility. The humanities instill the habit of asking not only “Can we do this?” but “Should we?” — a question that grows more urgent as technology permeates every layer of life. I believe the real usefulness of the humanities lies in their ability to connect — not just past to present, but person to person. In a fragmented digital world, the study of culture, history and philosophy helps rebuild shared understanding. So, no, the humanities are not useless. If anything, they are becoming more vital. The real challenge lies not in proving their worth, but in ensuring they remain a living, questioning and courageous force in education and society — especially now, when we need them most. 12．From the first two paragraphs, we know that ______. A．technical skills are widely recognized B．AI has replaced humanities studies already C．the humanities bring obvious economic gains D．people fully ignore the value of the humanities 13．What does the word “permeates” underlined in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Ignores and neglects. B．Reflects and enhances. C．Enters and spreads through. D．Avoids and stays away from. 14．What is the main idea of the passage? A．AI is a threat to the study of the humanities. B．Science promotes the development of society. C．Critical thinking is the value of the humanities. D．The humanities are irreplaceable in the digital era. 【答案】12．A 13．C 14．D 【导语】本文反驳人文科学无用的片面观点，结合人工智能发展现状，论证人文科学在数字时代具备独特价值且不可替代。 【解析】 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As a journalist, I’ve noticed a growing tension: technical skills are celebrated for their direct economic value, disciplines like literature, philosophy and foreign languages are often dismissed as impractical.(作为一名记者，我注意到一种日益加剧的矛盾：人们推崇具备直接经济价值的技术类能力，而文学、哲学、外语等学科却常被视作无用之学。)”可知，技术技能广受认可。 13．词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“The humanities instill the habit of asking not only “Can we do this?” but “Should we?” — a question that grows more urgent as technology permeates every layer of life.(人文学科使人养成一种思考习惯，不只追问“我们能否做到”，更会思考“我们是否该做”——随着科技permeates生活的方方面面，这个问题变得愈发紧迫。)”可知，科技不断深入并遍布日常生活各个领域，因此，画线单词“permeates”暗示“进入并遍布、渗透”符合语境。 14．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“So, no, the humanities are not useless. If anything, they are becoming more vital. The real challenge lies not in proving their worth, but in ensuring they remain a living, questioning and courageous force in education and society — especially now, when we need them most. (所以，人文学科绝非无用。恰恰相反，它们正变得愈发重要。真正的挑战不在于证明其价值，而在于确保其在教育与社会中，始终保有鲜活的生命力、批判的思考力与无畏的力量 —— 尤其在我们最需要它们的当下。)”可知，文章驳斥人工智能会取代人文学科的看法，多角度阐述人文的核心作用，旨在说明人文科学在数字时代不可被替代。 B （2026·北京海淀·一模）For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence. His new book, The Human Edge, takes a fresh look at analogy as a defining feature of human thought. At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. Unlike simple perceptual similarity, analogy maps relational patterns across different domains. The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage. This capacity for relational mapping underpins fluid intelligence — the ability to reason about new problems — and strongly predicts performance on intelligence tests. Analogy also drives creativity. Holyoak’s classic research on the “radiation problem” illustrates this: participants struggled to destroy a tumor (肿瘤) with rays without harming healthy tissue. But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent (会聚的) ray solution. While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently, exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking. This cognitive capacity develops early and naturally. Children begin reasoning analogically around age three and the capacity continues to develop until adulthood. Holyoak identifies this as a “Late System” — a uniquely human, evolutionarily recent ability for general relational reasoning. It builds upon and cooperates with older, specialized “Early Systems” we share with other animals. While nonhuman species perform tasks that resemble analogical reasoning, these successes remain domain-specific. Humans alone can map relations across any content, from fairy tales to physics. This special ability, however, grants neither wisdom nor morality. Abstract thought has yielded both medical cures and weapons of mass destruction. As Holyoak notes, if Earth becomes uninhabitable, it won’t be the chimpanzees’ fault. The rise of AI presents a new frontier. Large language models (LLMs) now solve analogy problems at a college-student level, and their computational power could eventually produce superhuman intelligence. Yet they lack autonomy and, crucially, the ability to spontaneously notice a meaningful analogy. In art, this limitation may prove difficult to overcome. AI, lacking emotion, consciousness, and individuality, produces work many find soulless. Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage. Their integration is the very essence of the human edge. 15．What does the word “underpins” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Supports. B．Evaluates. C．Replaces. D．Frames. 16．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “Late System” is developed in adulthood. B．The “two dogs” proverb encourages competitions. C．The convergent ray solution arose from an analogy. D．LLMs can’t form analogies due to lack of autonomy. 17．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Developing Analogy: The Core of Human Creativity B．Decoding Analogy: A Capacity Setting Humans Apart C．Defining Analogy: The Force Driving Human Evolution D．Defending Analogy: A Mechanism of Human Perception 【答案】15．A 16．C 17．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。心理学家霍利奥克研究类比——即识别看似不同事物之间内在关联性的能力——并将此视为人类智慧的关键要素。 【解析】 15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. Unlike simple perceptual similarity, analogy maps relational patterns across different domains. The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage. (从本质上讲，类比使我们能够将已有的知识应用到新的情境中。与简单的感知相似性不同，类比能在不同领域之间映射出关系模式。例如，关于两只狗为一块骨头而争斗，而第三只狗却跑开的这句谚语，就揭示了一个商业场景：相互竞争的公司会削弱彼此，从而使对手有机可乘。)”及下文“...fluid intelligence — the ability to reason about new problems — and strongly predicts performance on intelligence tests. ( 流体智力——即对新问题进行推理的能力，并且能很好地预测智力测试的成绩。)”可知，作者认为通过类比我们可以提升智力，灵活运用已有知识。由此推测，划线词指这种进行关系映射的类比能力促进提升流体智力，与Supports意思相近。故选A项。 16．细节理解题。根据第三段“Analogy also drives creativity. Holyoak’s classic research on the “radiation problem” illustrates this: participants struggled to destroy a tumor (肿瘤) with rays without harming healthy tissue. But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent (会聚的) ray solution. (类比也能激发创造力。霍利奥克关于“辐射问题”的经典研究就很好地说明了这一点：参与者努力想用射线来摧毁肿瘤，同时又不伤害健康组织。但那些最先接触到关于一位将军从多个方向攻打城堡的故事的人，很快就想出了集中射线的解决方案。)”可知，参与者先读了将军多路进攻城堡的故事，才设计出会聚射线治疗肿瘤的方案，这个方案本身就是跨领域类比得到的结果。C选项结论符合文章内容。故选C项。 17．主旨大意题。根据第一段“For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence. His new book, The Human Edge, takes a fresh look at analogy as a defining feature of human thought. (半个世纪以来，心理学家基思·霍利奥克一直致力于研究类比——即识别看似不同事物之间内在关联性的能力——并将此视为人类智慧的关键要素。他的新书《人类的优势》从全新的角度探讨了类比作为人类思维特征的重要性。)”第二段“At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. (从本质上讲，类比使我们能够将已有的知识应用到新的情境中)”第三段“Analogy also drives creativity. (类比也能激发创造力。)”及最后一段“Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage. Their integration is the very essence of the human edge. (人类的独特性源于合作系统的进化：一种“晚期系统”能够进行复杂的关联推理，还有“早期系统”则反映了我们丰富的生物遗传特征。它们的融合正是人类优势的所在。)”可知，全文都在讲类比是人类独有的，别的动物只有领域特定的，AI也没有自发类比的能力，最后说这就是人类的优势，这个整合是人类独特性来源。由此可知，B项Decoding Analogy: A Capacity Setting Humans Apart (解码类比：区分人类与动物的能力)概括了文章主旨，适合作标题。故选B项。 C （2026·北京石景山·二模）After the school basketball final, Jason sat alone on the playground, staring at his phone. His team had lost by one point, and he had missed the last shot. Then came a message from his friend: “Don’t worry. It’s just one game.” Instead of feeling better, Jason felt even more alone. Most people have probably responded like Jason’s friend at some point. When someone around us is upset, our first instinct (本能) is often to make that person feel better as quickly as possible. As a result, many people turn to familiar expressions such as “It will be fine.” However, researchers have begun to question whether optimism is really what people in distress need most. Dr Laura Chen, a researcher at a Canadian university, has been studying how people respond to different kinds of comforting messages, especially in online exchanges. In one of her studies, more than 1,000 participants were presented with various texting scenarios (场景) and asked to imagine themselves as the receiver of each message. In one example, Alex texted his friend Jamie to say that he had just failed his driving test. Some participants saw Jamie reply, “I’m really sorry. That must feel awful.” Others saw a different response: “Don’t worry, you’ll be fine next time!” They were then asked how understood they would feel in Alex’s situation. Most said the first response made them feel more understood because it acknowledged Alex’s disappointment. By contrast, the second response, though clearly well-intentioned, was often judged less helpful. This is where the idea of validation (认同) becomes important. According to Chen, one possible explanation is that optimistic phrases sometimes create a form of emotional pressure. When people hear “Don’t worry”, they may feel pressured to recover quickly or move beyond their negative feelings before they are ready. Yet emotions such as sadness, anger, or disappointment usually do not disappear on command (指令). Chen further points out that comforting language may sometimes serve the speaker more than the listener. Saying something hopeful can help the comfort-giver feel useful or emotionally in control. For the person in distress, however, the same words may create a sense of isolation (孤立) rather than relief, especially if they suggest that strong feelings are inconvenient. Still, Chen is careful not to overgeneralise. Her research focuses mainly on online communication, and reactions may differ in other settings. In more formal relationships, such as those between doctors and patients, comforting language may function differently. 18．The author mentions Jason at the beginning mainly to ________. A．introduce the topic B．describe the background C．present a social problem D．compare different attitudes 19．According to Chen, a hopeful phrase in comforting messages would ________. A．help the listener feel relieved B．increase validation of the messages C．harm the friendship between friends D．make the one offering comfort feel better 20．Which of the following would Chen most probably agree with? A．People in distress usually prefer advice to sympathy. B．The effect of comforting language varies with context. C．Emotional support should focus on solving the problem first. D．Positive messages are more helpful in offline communication. 【答案】18．A 19．D 20．B 【导语】文章主要讲述了研究表明安慰性话语中的乐观表达未必最有效，认同对方感受更重要。 【解析】 18．推理判断题。根据第一段中“After the school basketball final, Jason sat alone on the playground, staring at his phone. His team had lost by one point, and he had missed the last shot. Then came a message from his friend: “Don’t worry. It’s just one game.” Instead of feeling better, Jason felt even more alone.(学校篮球决赛后，杰森独自坐在操场上，盯着手机。他的球队输了一分，他错过了最后一球。然后，他的朋友发来一条信息：“别担心。这只是一场比赛。”杰森非但没有感觉好一些，反而感到更加孤独)”可知，作者用Jason的例子引出下文对安慰方式的讨论，即朋友说“Don’t worry. It’s just one game”反而让Jason更孤独，从而引出“乐观安慰是否有效”这一话题。 19．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Saying something hopeful can help the comfort-giver feel useful or emotionally in control.(说些充满希望的话可以帮助安慰者觉得自己有用或情绪上能掌控局面)”可知，Chen认为乐观的安慰话语主要让给予安慰的人自己感觉更好，而非帮助被安慰者。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Chen is careful not to overgeneralise. Her research focuses mainly on online communication, and reactions may differ in other settings. In more formal relationships, such as those between doctors and patients, comforting language may function differently.(Chen小心地不过度概括。她的研究主要关注线上交流，其他场合反应可能不同。在更正式的关系中，如医患之间，安慰性语言可能起不同作用)”可知，Chen认为安慰语言的效果因语境不同而不同。 三、七选五 (共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分) （2026·北京朝阳·模拟预测）Writing is one of the great channels of expression. It gave human thought the power to travel across centuries. But that may be changing. Writing hasn’t failed, but the conditions around it, particularly Large Language Models, have deeply changed it. Writing is more than words on a page. 21 Behind the words is a mind trying to work something out. Writing has what I would call a biography behind it. 22 That gives the written word a kind of authority that is not only literary, but psychological. It feels connected to a person. That connection is disappearing. Large Language Models can write. The work is often smooth and the structure is convincing. And it can be generated quite easily at a very large scale. 23 It no longer reliably signals the labor of thought. This is a critical shift. The issue here isn’t just that machines can write, but that writing itself starts to feel disconnected from the human struggle that gives it substance and worth. Now, if writing loses some of its old authority, we may begin looking elsewhere for signs of genuine thought, such as human speech. 24 It can be challenged, and in that challenge it can be subject to interrogation (质询). If these qualities begin to matter more, authority may begin moving away from the written record and back toward live performance, toward what can be spoken and defended in the moment. That would be a cultural change, it would be a cultural one. But we need to point out the danger as well. Presence isn’t truth. 25 The return of speech wouldn’t solve the problem but relocate it. Still, the movement itself tells us something important — it suggests that writing — from term paper to court brief — no longer feels like enough. A．It comes from somewhere and it belongs to someone. B．More and more contemporary writing feels oddly empty. C．It reflects effort and the difficult mechanics of human thought. D．And a charming speaker can mislead us just as easily as LLM. E．In this context, writing begins to lose what made it feel substantial. F．Writing will weaken memory by moving knowledge outside the mind. G．A speech carries a presence that is harder to produce in the same way. 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．E 24．G 25．D 【导语】文章主要探讨了大型语言模型的出现对写作的冲击，指出写作正脱离人类思考，权威转向口头表达，同时警示其弊端。 【解析】 21．由上文“Writing is more than words on a page. (写作不只是纸上的文字)”以及下文“Behind the words is a mind trying to work something out. (文字背后是一个试图解决问题的头脑)”可知，本空要说明写作承载着人类的思考与努力，C选项“It reflects effort and the difficult mechanics of human thought. (它反映了人类思考的努力和复杂过程。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“It”指代上文的“Writing”，且该选项中的“effort and the difficult mechanics of human thought”与下文的“a mind trying to work something out”相呼应，体现写作与人类思考的关联。 22．由上文“Writing has what I would call a biography behind it. (写作背后有我所说的一段人生历程)”以及下文“That gives the written word a kind of authority that is not only literary, but psychological. (这赋予了文字一种不仅是文学上的，而且是心理上的权威)”可知，本空要说明写作的归属与来源，A选项“It comes from somewhere and it belongs to someone. (它有出处，也归属于某个人。)”承接上文，解释了写作背后人生历程的内涵，符合题意，该选项中的“It”指代上文的“Writing”，且该选项内容为下文文字具备心理层面权威的原因。 23．由上文“Large Language Models can write. The work is often smooth and the structure is convincing. And it can be generated quite easily at a very large scale. (大型语言模型可以写作。作品往往流畅，结构令人信服。而且可以很容易地大规模生成)”以及下文“It no longer reliably signals the labor of thought. (它不再可靠地体现思考的付出)”可知，本空要说明大型语言模型写作带来的影响，E选项“In this context, writing begins to lose what made it feel substantial. (在这种背景下，写作开始失去使其具有实质意义的东西。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“In this context”指代上文LLM易生成大量文字的情况，且该选项中的“lose what made it feel substantial”与下文“no longer reliably signals the labor of thought”相呼应，体现写作失去价值。 24．由上文“Now, if writing loses some of its old authority, we may begin looking elsewhere for signs of genuine thought, such as human speech. (现在，如果写作失去了一些旧的权威，我们可能开始在其他地方寻找真正思想的标志，比如人类演讲)”以及下文“It can be challenged, and in that challenge it can be subject to interrogation (质询). (它可以被质疑，在质疑中接受质询)”可知，本空要说明口语的特性，G选项“A speech carries a presence that is harder to produce in the same way. (口语带有一种难以被同样方式复刻的现场感。)”承接上文，引出口语的特点，符合题意，该选项中的“A speech”指代上文的“human speech”，且该选项中的“presence”与下文口语可被质疑、质询的现场属性相呼应。 25．由上文“Presence isn’t truth. (现场感不等于真相)”以及下文“The return of speech wouldn’t solve the problem but relocate it. (口语的回归不会解决问题，只是转移了问题)”可知，本空要说明口语也存在弊端，D选项“And a charming speaker can mislead us just as easily as LLM. (一个有魅力的演讲者也能像大型语言模型一样轻易误导我们。)”承接上文，解释现场感不等于真相的原因，符合题意，该选项内容与下文口语回归只是转移问题的表述相呼应，体现口语的局限性。 四、阅读表达 (共4小题；第26、27题各 2 分，28题 3 分，第29题 5 分，共 12 分) （2026·北京通州·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英语回答问题 A neighbor once told me that he often dresses, ties his shoelaces, drags his toothbrush around, starts the car, drives down the parkway, and arrives at his office without much mental effort; this sometimes alarms him. Yet we all do it. We all have days where we go through the motions like an automaton. Scientists explain this “zombie-like” state with something called the default mode network (DMN). It is a group of brain areas in the prefrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Researchers from Washington University first studied it in the early 2000s. They found that the DMN becomes active when we are not focused on a specific task. It helps prevent the brain from becoming overloaded and allows the mind to wander. The default mode actually protects us. It saves energy by letting us complete simple, repetitive tasks — such as sweeping the floor or washing dishes — without thinking too hard. This is also because of heuristics, which are mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions. For example, financial workers often use heuristics to judge whether they should buy or sell stocks. These shortcuts allow the brain to work faster without using too much effort. Two researchers, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, showed that people often make quick judgments, especially when they feel uncertain. Besides using shortcuts, our brain also performs basic tasks automatically. Walking, riding a bicycle, or washing dishes can be done without full attention because our bodies rely on muscle memory. However, letting the brain stay on autopilot during important tasks — like driving — can be dangerous. Many drivers experience moments of mind-wandering, especially when close to home, and this can lead to accidents. Our autopilot can also appear during conversations. Sometimes we nod along even though we are not really listening. The DMN also stores daydreams, memories, and imaginations. While some are helpful or creative, others bring negative thoughts such as worry, anxiety, or self-criticism. When negative thinking repeats again and again, it can trap us in a cycle of stress. To stop autopilot, we can practice mindfulness, which means staying aware of the present moment. For example, when eating an apple, we can pay attention to its taste, smell, and texture instead of thinking about other things. We can also fully listen when someone speaks or notice the trees while walking. 26．What is the function of the default mode network (DMN)? 27．Why can walking or riding a bicycle be done automatically? 28．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. The default mode network (DMN) is dangerous because it makes our brain work on autopilot, which always leads to negative results. 29．How can we avoid the negative effects of being on autopilot in daily life? Explain your suggestion. (In about 40 words) 【答案】26．It prevents the brain from becoming overloaded and allows the mind to wander. 27．Because our bodies rely on muscle memory. 28．The false part: always leads to negative results Explanation: The DMN is protective in most cases and only causes risks when used in important tasks. 29．We can practice mindfulness by focusing on the present, like paying attention to food taste or fully listening to others. It helps us stay aware and avoid autopilot. 【导语】本文介绍大脑默认模式网络（DMN）的概念、功能、利弊，以及如何通过正念练习避免其带来的负面影响。 【解析】 26．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“It helps prevent the brain from becoming overloaded and allows the mind to wander(它有助于防止大脑超负荷，并让思绪自由漫游)”可推知，DMN 的功能是防止大脑超负荷、让思绪漫游。 27．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“because our bodies rely on muscle memory(因为我们的身体依靠肌肉记忆)”可知，走路、骑车能无意识完成是因为肌肉记忆。 28．考查推理判断。根据文章第三段“The default mode actually protects us(默认模式实际上保护我们)”及第四段“letting the brain stay on autopilot during important tasks — like driving — can be dangerous(在完成驾驶这类重要任务时，让大脑处于“自动模式”会很危险。)”可推知，DMN 并非总带来负面结果，题干中“always leads to negative results”表述错误。 因为“默认模式网络（DMN）在大多数情况下具有保护作用，仅在用于重要任务时才会带来风险。” 29．开放试题。根据文章第六段“we can practice mindfulness, which means staying aware of the present moment(我们可以练习正念，即专注于当下)”可知，我们可以通过专注于当下进行正念练习，比如留意食物的味道、认真倾听他人说话。这能帮助我们保持清醒，避免进入大脑自动模式。 三、书信写作(20 分) 30．（2026·北京东城·一模）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的外国好友Jim得知你参加了主题为“智绘中华”的科技赋能原创作品征集活动，来信就此询问。请你用英文给他回信，内容包括： 1．介绍你的作品； 2．分享你的感受。 注意：1．词数100左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Jim, Glad to hear from you! I’m excited to share my project for the “Painting China with Intelligence” innovation contest. I made a digital animation based on Dunhuang murals using AI painting tools. It brings Dunhuang murals to life — those ancient figures now dance beautifully across the screen with modern visual effects. By combining traditional art with technology, I aimed to show that cultural heritage can be both timeless and trendy. This experience was truly eye-opening. I realized technology isn’t just about coding; it’s a powerful bridge connecting our past to the future. Watching thousand-year-old paintings breathe again filled me with pride in our culture and confidence in digital innovation. Have you ever tried mixing tech with art? Looking forward to your reply! Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生用英文给外国好友Jim写一封回信，向他介绍自己参加主题为“智绘中华”的科技赋能原创作品并分享感受。 【解析】 1.词汇积累 制作，创作：make → create 优美地：beautifully → gracefully 展示：show → display/present 融合，结合：combine → blend/ integrate 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I’m excited to share my project for the “Painting China with Intelligence” innovation contest. 拓展句：I’m so excited to share my project for the “Painting China with Intelligence” innovation contest, which explores how technology can bring traditional culture to life. 【点睛】 【高分句型1】By combining traditional art with technology, I aimed to show that cultural heritage can be both timeless and trendy. (运用了动名词作介词的宾语及that引导的宾语从句) 【高分句型2】Watching thousand-year-old paintings breathe again filled me with pride in our culture and confidence in digital innovation. (运用了动名词短语作主语) 4 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 话题综合06 人与社会— 科学与技术 （考试时间：60分钟 试卷满分：75分） 一、语法填空 (共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分) 1．that 2．disturbs 3．failure 4．was threatened 5．to monitor 6．which 7．truly 8．spending 9．whether 10．potentially 11．which 二、阅读理解 (共9小题；每小题 2 分，共18 分) 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．A 16．C 17．B 18．A 19．D 20．B 三、七选五 (共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分) 21．C 22．A 23．E 24．G 25．D 四、阅读表达 (共4小题；第26、27题各 2 分，28题 3 分，第29题 5 分，共 12 分) 26．It prevents the brain from becoming overloaded and allows the mind to wander. 27．Because our bodies rely on muscle memory. 28．The false part: always leads to negative results Explanation: The DMN is protective in most cases and only causes risks when used in important tasks. 29．We can practice mindfulness by focusing on the present, like paying attention to food taste or fully listening to others. It helps us stay aware and avoid autopilot. 五、书信写作 (20 分) 30．Dear Jim, Glad to hear from you! I’m excited to share my project for the “Painting China with Intelligence” innovation contest. I made a digital animation based on Dunhuang murals using AI painting tools. It brings Dunhuang murals to life — those ancient figures now dance beautifully across the screen with modern visual effects. By combining traditional art with technology, I aimed to show that cultural heritage can be both timeless and trendy. This experience was truly eye-opening. I realized technology isn’t just about coding; it’s a powerful bridge connecting our past to the future. Watching thousand-year-old paintings breathe again filled me with pride in our culture and confidence in digital innovation. Have you ever tried mixing tech with art? Looking forward to your reply! Yours, Li Hua 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $