第一部分 阅读理解 主题语境3 1.自然生态-【创新教程】2022-2026五年高考英语真题分类特训

最新真题分类特训·英语 主题语境3人与自然 1.自然生态 [真题题组·实战集训] Passage1(2026全国二卷，C篇) 海平面作为海拔高度参考点的 题材 体裁 说明文 词数 454 建议用时 8 概念史和现实意义 难度： The peak of Mount Qomolangma,8,849 In this book I examine three crucial stages meters above sea level.Chimborazo,6,263 m; in the history of mean sea level.These stages Mont Blanc,4,806 m;Pradidali hut,at the foot mirror the development of human conceptions of of the Pala group in the Dolomites,2,278 m.It the sea.Since I began thinking about this project is common practice to provide the elevation in August 2011,the issue of sea-level rise and of a place.Simple readings are now readily the need to place it historically have only become available on our phones and wearables.But ele- more urgent:between then and the end of 2022 vation is necessarily relative:only the choice of a the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, reference point allows us to express numerically about half of the overall rise recorded by satel- lites since 1993. the height of an object or a location. 28.What does the author point out at the begin- The idea of sea level as a reference point for ning of the text? elevations has by now been around for so long as A.Some mountains are getting higher. to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it B.Data on wearables are misleading. without even considering what it means.That C.The concept of elevation is relative. the concept has a history is easily ignored.We D.The reference point is hard to locate. tend to forget that sea level is a product of tech- 29.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? nically and culturally determined assumptions. A.How the altimeter was invented. In this book I tell a story of these assumptions. B.What initiated the author's research. Appropriately,the book took shape during a C.Why the digital readings varied. summer spent between sea and mountains.A D.Where the author spent his holiday. month after visiting the French Riviera and enjo- 30.What does the underlined word“it”refer to ying the sandy beaches of Nice and Menton,I in the last paragraph? went hiking with friends in the Pala group.Rest- A.The book. B.The project. ing on a pass near the Pradidali hut,we began C.The issue. D.The development. discussing the readings offered by our altimeters 31.What can be the title of the book mentioned (测高仪).Why did they vary ever so slightly in the text? from one instrument to the next?This sense of A.The Altimeter:A Must-Have uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of B.Sea Level:A History zero.This is how I began my search for the con- C.Meaning of Zero:Nothing or Everything D.Mountains to Seas:Ups and Downs ceptual history of sea level. 第一部分阅读理解 Passage2(2025天津卷，A篇) 题材 旅游参观 体裁 应用文 词数 320 建议用时5’难度：山 Welcome to our university's Botanic Garden Group Tours plan your visit,and find out about what Our experienced volunteer guides will help we do! you enjoy the highlights and provide some of the You can either pay at the Ticket Office on background history and development of this arrival,or book your tickets online.Please amazing garden. note:Tickets cannot be used on any date other These 90-minute,pre-bookable tours are than the one they were booked for and are non- ideal for adult groups wishing to make the most refundable(不可退款的). of their visit to our 40-acre site.Please visit the Guidelines for Visitors Group Guided Tours page for more details. The Garden is an active research facility 36.What should a potential visitor take note of before booking a ticket to the Garden? and a living museum with a collection of over A.Whether one can afford the visit. 8,000 plants. B.Whether the Garden website is accessible. Please bear in mind some simple rules for C.Whether one can accept the ticket-booking your visit: policy. Only trained working dogs are permitted to D.Whether the tickets are still available at enter the Garden. the Ticket Office. Children must stay with a grown-up at all 37.A kid is allowed to visit the Garden when times. they are Stick strictly to the paths and lawns(草坪). A.well trained Do not climb the trees. B.with a bicycle Please do not pick any part of a growing C.accompanied by an adult plant. D.guided by their working dog Cycling and ball games are not permitted in 38.What behaviour is acceptable in the Garden? the Garden. A.Picking a flower. Guided Tours in the Garden B.Climbing a tree. With over 8,000 plant species and a won- C.Playing a ball game. derful range of gardens and plantings to enjoy, D.Walking on the lawns. there is something for everyone at the Garden, 39.Where do the free drop-in weekend tours and many different aspects to appeal to a wide start? variety of interest groups. A.Snowdrops. B.The Fountain. Free Drop-in Weekend Tours C.The Main Lawn. Enjoy a free-of-charge Garden tour with one D.The Winter Garden. of our expert guides,taking in the seasonal 40.What special service can visitors enjoy on the highlights of the Garden. group tour? Our weekend tours are available every Sun- A.The company of professional guides. day at 11:30 a.m.and 2 p.m.throughout the B.The explanation of how the Garden year.During the months of January and Febru- works. ary these tours focus on the Winter Garden, C.The extended visit in and around the Gar- Snowdrops and general winter interest. den. The free tours last one hour and start from D.The introduction to the birth and growth the Fountain,near the Main Lawn. of the Garden. 最新真题分类特训·英语 [真题题组·实战集训2] Passage3(2025天津卷，C篇) 题材 海豹生理科研 体裁 说明文 词数 330建议用时6'难度： All animals take in oxygen from the air they on CO2 levels is risky,especially on repeated di- breathe in,and release CO2 from their blood ves.Because every time we surface and breathe when breathing out.Most mammals(哺乳动 in,our sensitivity to CO2 is decreased,even if can't directly detect oxygen levels in the its levels are already high,and this increases the blood supplied to their tissues.Instead,they re- chance that a person will,without awareness, ly on the rising level of CO2 in their blood to sig- pass out before they get to the surface. nal that they might need to take a breath.But a 46.What do most mammals rely on to determine recent study published in Science suggests seals when to take a breath? (海豹)can sense the amount of oxygen in the A.The growing amount of CO2 in their blood. blood,and change their diving behavior in re- B.The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. sponse. C.The intensity of their physical activity. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal be- D.The blood supply to body tissues. havior,Professor McKnight at the University of 47.When would the seals stay at the feeder for a St.Andrews and his colleagues created a special longer period of time? section in a pool where young seals were held. A.When they needed to take in more food at In one corner,there was a breathing chamber the feeder. (呼吸室)，where they were sheltered from the B.When the oxygen level in the chamber rain and the wind. grew higher. The breathing chamber was surrounded by C.When they familiarized themselves with panels that prevented surface swimming,yet the setup. swimming below the surface for about 200 feet D.When the CO2 level in the chamber was would give the seals access to a feeder where raised. they could eat as much fish as they liked.Once 48.What results in humans'inability to notice the seals got familiar with the setup,the re- low oxygen levels in their blood? searchers started to gradually change the compo- A.The unstable CO2 levels in the air. sition of the air in the breathing chamber,in- B.Their lack of attention to breathing. creasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and C.The constant oxygen levels on land. CO2 to see an effect on their behavior.Sure D.Their functionally changeable heart rate. enough:the higher the level of oxygen,the lon- 49.Why do accidents often occur when divers go ger the seals stayed at the feeder. free-diving? The finding suggests that seals don't just A.Their breath cannot be held long enough. physically respond to oxygen levels by changing B.They cannot adjust the consumption of their heart rate or breathing,but that they are oxygen. sufficiently aware of them to change their be- C.They may fail to notice rising CO2 levels havior.This ability would put seals in a class soon enough. beyond any land mammals that have been test- ed.Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, D.Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. humans don't seem to have evolved(演化)to 50.Which statement is probably supported by notice low blood oxygen levels,sometimes not even when they're about to pass out in free-div- McKnight's seal research? A.Seals have evolved to survive in low oxy- ing. Therefore,in free-diving without oxygen gen environments. tanks,accidents are quite common.Our reliance B.Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and on sensing CO2 levels in our blood instead of ox- act accordingly. ygen may be to blame.Actually,this is a per- C.Seals can maintain their heart rate even fectly reasonable strategy on land,where grow- with low blood oxygen levels. ing CO2 tends to signal breathing issues.But D.Seals are more sensitive to changes in the when holding our breath during diving,relying environment than other mammals. 第一部分阅读理解 Passage4(2025浙江1月卷，C篇) 题材 “矩阵式”种植法 体裁 说明文 词数 294建议用时8 难度： A novel design approach to gardening has The benefits are substantial for both the been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred gardener and planet.With human inputs dra- to as matrix planting,this approach aims for na- matically reduced,the garden's ecology can de- ture to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the velop well.Established matrix gardens should garden,and even some of the designing.Esche- not need the life support we give most gardens: wing fertilizers(化肥)and power tools,it's fertilizer,dividing,regular watering.Compared based on an elegantly simple principle:to gar- to traditional garden plots,they increase carbon den more like nature does. absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland habitat and biodiversity significantly. after World War II in a reproducible way that 28.What does the underlined word“Eschewing” would need minimal maintenance.Planners cre- in the first paragraph mean? ated planting mixes that could be used modularly A.Running out of. (模块化).In a matrix garden,plants with simi-- B.Keeping away from. lar cultural needs are grouped so that they will C.Putting up with. grow together above and below ground,forming D.Taking advantage of. a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water 29.Why was the idea of matrix planting intro- and discourages weeds. duced? Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's A.To control weeds in large gardens. gardens popularized this style,adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with B.To bring in foreign species of plants. color and form,including four-season interest C.To conserve soil and water resources. and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year- D.To develop low-maintenance parkland. round,they invite you to enjoy the smallest de- 30.Which of the following best describes Piet tail,from the sound of grasses in the gentle Oudolf's gardens? wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. A.Traditional. B.Odd-looking. It takes a lot of thought to look this natu- C.Tasteful. D.Well-protected. ral.While matrix gardens appear wild,they are 31.Which of the following can be a suitable title carefully planned,with cultural needs the first for the text? consideration.Led by the concept of "right A.The future of gardening is WILD plant,right place",they match plants that en- B.Nature treats all lives as EQUALS joy the same soil,sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of C.Matrix gardens need more CARE growth. D.Old garden plots work WONDERS 最新真题分类特训·英语 [真题题组·实战集训3] Passage5(2024新课标Ⅱ卷，A篇) 卡洛秋季徒步节的 题材 体裁 应用文 词数 290 建议用时 四项徒步旅行活动 难度： Choice of Walks for Beginner dressed inappropriately will be refused permis- and Experienced Walkers sion to participate. The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at great opportunity for the beginner,experienced 18:30 or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Start Point:The Town Hall Carlow's mountain hikes or the peace of its Walk Duration:3 hours woodland walks. Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish For- Walk 1-The Natural World est With environmentalist Eanna Lamhna as This informative walk led by Richard Smyth in- the guide,this walk promises to be an informa- troduces you to the basic principles of photography in tive tour.Walkers are sure to learn lots about the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the the habitats and natural world of the Black- wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest stairs. path. Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 09:00 11:45 Start Point:Scratoes Bridge Start Point:Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area Walk Duration:6 hours Walk Duration:1.5 hours Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking 21.Which walk takes the shortest time? Emmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide, A.The Natural World. has a passion for making the great outdoors accessi- B.Introduction to Hillwalking. ble to all.This mountain walk provides an insight C.Moonlight Under the Stars. into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure D.Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest. you get the most from future walking trips. 22.What are participants in Walk 3 required Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 09:00 to do? Start Point:Deerpark Car Park A.Wear proper clothes. Walk Duration:5 hours B.Join a walking club. Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars C.Get special permits. Walking at night-time is a great way to step D.Bring a survival guide. out of your comfort zone.Breathtaking views of 23.What do the four walks have in common? the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the pres- A.They involve difficult climbing. ence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A B.They are for experienced walkers. torch(手电简)along with suitable clothing is es- C.They share the same start point. sential for walking in the dark.Those who are D.They are scheduled for the weekend. 第一部分阅读理解 Passage6(2024全国甲卷，B篇) 题材 了解猫的行为 体裁 说明文 词数 302建议用时8难度l Animals can express their needs using a lot bring them to their owners.This is a very old of ways.For instance,almost all animals have habit that's been present in all kinds of preda- distinct vocals()that they rely on to either tors(食肉动物).Cats bring gifts for their own ask for help,scare away any dangerous animals ers to show they love you.These adorable little or look for shelter.But cats are special creatures hunters are just doing something that it's been who possess amazing vocalization skills.They in their nature since the beginning of time.So are able to have entire conversations with hu- just go along with it！ mans using meows and you're able to interpret 24.What can be learned about cats'meowing it.If a pet cat is hungry,it will keep meowing to from the first paragraph? attract attention and find food.However,when a A.It's a survival skill. cat is looking for affection,they tend to produce B.It's taught by mother cats. stretched and soft meows.Meowing starts as C.It's hard to interpret. soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it D.It's getting louder with age. to get the mother's attention and be fed. 25.How does a pet cat assess different situa- Cats have many heightened senses,but their tions? sense of smell is quite impressive.They use their A.By listening for sounds. noses to assess their environment and look out B.By touching familiar objects. for any signs of danger.They will sniff out spe- C.By checking on smells. cific areas before they choose a place to relax. D.By communicating with other cats. However,another way the cats are able to dis- 26.Which best explains the phrase "take...up tinguish between situations is by looking for fa- a notch"in Paragraph 3? miliar smells.Your cat will likely smell your face A.Perform appropriately. and store the smell in its memory and use it to B.Move faster. recognize you in the future.That's why most pet C.Act strangely. cats are able to tell immediately if their owners D.Do better. were around any other cats,which they don't 27.What is a suitable title for the text? usually like. A.Tips on Finding a Smart Cat Dogs are known for their impressive fetch- B.Understanding Your Cat's Behavior ing habit,but cats take this behavior up a notch. C.Have Fun with Your Cat Many cats will find random objects outside and D.How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 最新真题分类特训·英语 [真题题组·实战集训4] Passage7(2023全国甲卷，D篇) 题材 美国灰熊生存环境和状况体裁 说明文 词数 319建议用时8难度： Grizzly bears,which may grow to about search of food.If people remove food and at- 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg,occupy a tractants from their yards and campsites,griz- conflicted corner of the American psyche-we zlies will typically pass by without trouble.Put- revere(敬畏)them even as they give us frighte ting electric fencing around chicken houses and ning dreams.Ask the tourists from around the other farm animal quarters is also highly effec- world that flood into Yellowstone National Park tive at getting grizzlies away."Our hope is to what they most hope to see,and their answer is have a clean,attractant-free place where bears often the same:a grizzly bear. can pass through without learning bad habits," "Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas says James Jonkel,longtime biologist who mana- of their former range,"says bear biologist Chris ges bears in and around Missoula. Servheen.As grizzly bears expand their range 32.How do Americans look at grizzlies? into places where they haven't been seen in a A.They cause mixed feelings in people. century or more,they're increasingly being B.They should be kept in national parks. sighted by humans. C.They are of high scientific value. The western half of the U.S.was full of D.They are a symbol of American culture. grizzlies when Europeans came,with a rough 33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly number of 50,000 or more living alongside population? Native Americans.By the early 1970s,after cen- A.The European settlers'behavior. turies of cruel and continuous hunting by set- B.The expansion of bears'range. tlers,600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 C.The protection by law since 1975. percent of their former range in the Northern D.The support of Native Americans. Rockies.In 1975,grizzlies were listed under the 34.What has stopped the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Act. Service from delisting grizzlies? Today,there are about 2,000 or more griz- A.The opposition of conservation groups. zly bears in the U.S.Their recovery has been so B.The successful comeback of grizzlies. successful that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Serv- C.The voice of the biologists. ice has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,which D.The local farmers'advocates. would loosen legal protections and allow them to 35.What can be inferred from the last para- be hunted.Both efforts were overturned due to graph? lawsuits from conservation groups.For now, A.Food should be provided for grizzlies. grizzlies remain listed. B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies. Obviously,.if precautions(预防)aren't taken, C.A special path should be built for grizzlies. grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes D.Technology can be introduced to protect killing farm animals or walking through yards in grizzlies. 第一部分阅读理解 Passage8(2023新课标Ⅱ卷，D篇) 题材城市中的自然场所有益健康体裁 说明文词数 454 建议用时8难度： As cities balloon with growth,access to na- "We're trying to generate a language that ture for people living in urban areas is becoming helps bring the human-nature interactions back harder to find.If you're lucky,there might be a into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we pocket park near where you live,but it's unusu- also need to protect nature so that we can inter- al to find places in a city that are relatively wild. act with it,"said Peter Kahn,a senior author of Past research has found health and wellness the study. benefits of nature for humans,but a new study 32.What phenomenon does the author describe shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely at the beginning of the text? important for human well-being. A.Pocket parks are now popular. The research team focused on a large urban B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities. park.They surveyed several hundred park-go- C.Many cities are overpopulated. ers,asking them to submit a written summary D.People enjoy living close to nature. online of a meaningful interaction they had with 33.Why did the researchers code participant nature in the park.The researchers then exam- submissions into categories? ined these submissions,coding(编码)experi- A.To compare different types of park-go- ences into different categories.For example, ers. one participant's experience of "We sat and lis- B.To explain why the park attracts tour- tened to the waves at the beach for a while"was ists. assigned the categories "sitting at beach"and C.To analyze the main features of the park. “listening to waves.” D.To find patterns in the visitors'summa- Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of ries. categories the researchers call a "nature lan- 34.What can we learn from the example given in guage"began to emerge.After the coding of all Paragraph 5? submissions,half a dozen categories were noted A.Walking is the best way to gain access to most often as important to visitors.These in- nature. clude encountering wildlife,walking along the B.Young people are too busy to interact edge of water,and following an established with nature. trail. C.The same nature experience takes differ- Naming each nature experience creates a ent forms. usable language,which helps people recognize D.The nature language enhances work per- and take part in the activities that are most sat- formance. isfying and meaningful to them.For example, 35.What should be done before we can interact the experience of walking along the edge of wa- with nature according to Kahn? ter might be satisfying for a young professional A.Language study. on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown B.Environmental conservation. during a workday,they can enjoy a more domes- C.Public education. tic form of this interaction by walking along a D.Intercultural communication. fountain on their lunch break. 最新真题分类特训·英语 Passage9(2022全国甲卷，B篇) 题材 鹦鹉识别物体形状实验 体裁 说明文 词数 250建议用时8' 难度：l Goffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot The next step,according to the researchers, native to australasia,have been shown to have is to try and work out whether the cockatoos re- similar shape-recognition abilities to a human ly entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in sense of touch in making their shape selections. the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use 24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment, box in the experiment? cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut A.By following instructions. inside it.The clear front of the box had a "key- B.By using a tool. hole"in a geometric shape,and the birds were C.By turning the box around. given five differently shaped "keys"to choose D.By removing the lid. from.Inserting the correct "key"would let out 25.Which task can human one-year-olds most the nut. likely complete according to the text? In humans,babies can put a round shape in A.Using a key to unlock a door. a round hole from around one year of age,but it B.Telling parrots from other birds. will be another year before they are able to do C.Putting a ball into a round hole. the same with less symmetrical（对称的) D.Grouping toys of different shapes. shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape 26.What does the follow-up test aim to find out will need to be turned in a specific direction be- about the cockatoos? fore it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of A.How far they are able to see. reference".In the experiment,Goffin's cockatoos B.How they track moving objects. were able to select the right tool for the job,in C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys. most cases,by visual recognition alone.Where D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. trial-and-error was used,the cockatoos did bet- 27.Which can be a suitable title for the text? ter than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an al- B.Cockatoos:Independent Learners locentric frame of reference when moving objects C.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers in space,similar to two-year-old babies. D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters最新真题分类特训·英语 知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路 成为可能。 29.C词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that Euro pean railways alone spend approximately 20 billion eu- ros a year on maintenance,including sending mainte- nance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维 护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派 遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在ma intenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure(检查和维修铁路基础设施)”，由此可知 "That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.”是指大幅 节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和C 项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。 30.A细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train,and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see ahead,they could signal any problem,so that fast- moving trains would be able to react in time.(工程师们 现在正在研究一个新概念：未来的铁路无人机。它们 将在列车前方的轨道上运行，并被设定为自动运行。 配备了先进传感器和人工智能的小型无人机可以像副 驾驶员一样引导火车前进。它们有预见未来的能力， 可以发出任何问题的信号，这样快速行驶的列车就能 及时做出反应。)”由此可知，人们期待未来的铁路无人 机具备提供早期预警的功能。 3l.D主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and relia- bility of railways and,at the same time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year?That is the very likely future of applying today's'eyes in the sky' technology to making sure that the millions of kilome- ters of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)world- wide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机 能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每 年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的‘空中之 眼’技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和 基础设施全天候安全运行)”以及后文第二段讲到了 使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成 为可能；第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本 和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用 最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价 值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未 来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文 章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。 Passage 11 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时 使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名 立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司 机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。 8.A推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years,most states have banned texting by drivers,and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of meth- ods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.(在过去的七年里，大多数州 都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的 方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。)”以及第二段中 "Yet the problem,by just about any measure,appears to be getting worse..(然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题 似乎都在恶化。)”可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方 法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来 越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意 为“无效的”，与此相符。 9.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands--free driving laws..(这项技术可以确 定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾 驶法不允许的其他事情。)”可知，Textalyzer能够确定的 是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不 允许的行为。B选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此 相符。 l0.D词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,(我们需要 一些能改变人们行为的东西，)”可知，something是能够 改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,'people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.'(他说，如果 Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机，')” 可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成 为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车 的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。 11.B主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段闸述的是 “虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们 在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段 中“That is partly because people are driving more.(部分 原因是开车的人越来越多。)”可知，解释了该行为产生 的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问 题，纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer 技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后 一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的 法案，由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Tex- ting and Driving?Watch Out for the Textalyzer(发短信 还是在开车？防范短信监控器)”适合做文章的标题。 主题语境3人与自然 1.自然生态 Passage 1 [语篇解读]文章主要探讨了海拔高度的相对性，以及海 平面作为参考，点的历史演变。作者通过个人经历引出对 海平面概念的思考，并介绍了其著作中关于平均海平面历 史的研究。 28.C细节理解题。根据第一段“But elevation is necessa- rily relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a lo- cation.(但海拔必定是相对的：只有选择一个参考点， 我们才能用数字表达一个物体或位置的高度。)”可知， 作者在文章开头指出海拔的概念是相对的。 29.B段落大意题。根据第三段“Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the readings of- fered by our altimeters(测高仪).Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero.This is how I began my search for the concep- tual history of sea level.(在Pradidali小屋附近的山口 休息时，我们开始讨论测高仪上的读数。为什么不同 仪器之间的读数略有差异？这种不确定性让我开始思 考零的含义。这就是我开始探究海平面概念史的原 因。)”可推知，本段主要讲述了作者研究工作的起因。 30.C词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only be- come more urgent:between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 从我在2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上 升的问题以及将它置于历史背景下的必要性变得愈发 紧迫：从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘 米，约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总体上升幅度的一 半。)”可知，划线词“it”指代前文提到的“the issue of sea-level rise'”中的“the issue”,即海平面上升的问题。 3l.B推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“That the con cept has a history is easily ignored.We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and culturally determined assumptions.In this book I tell a story of these assumptions.(这个概念有一段历史很容易被忽 视。我们往往忘记海平面是技术和文化决定的假设的 产物。在这本书中，我讲述了这些假设的故事。)”以及 第四段“In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level.(在这本书中，我考察了平 均海平面历史的三个关键阶段。)”可推知，该书主要探 讨海平面的历史。因此，这本书最合适的标题是“海平 面：一段历史” Passage 2 [语篇解读]这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了大学植物园的 购票规则、游客需遵守的规定，还提及免费周末导览和需 预约的团体导览，助力游客规划参观。 36.C细节理解题。根据第二段“Tickets cannot be used on any date other than the one they were booked for and are non-refundable(不可退款的).（这些票只能在预订 的日期使用，其他日期不可使用，而且一经售出不予退 款。)”可知，在预订前往花园的门票之前，潜在游客应 该注意是否能接受该门票预订政策。故选C。 37.C细节理解题。根据Guidelines for Visitors部分 “Children must stay with a grown-up at all times.(孩子 们任何时候都必须与成年人在一起。)”可知，孩子由成 人陪同下可以进入花园。故选C。 38.D细节理解题。根据Guidelines for Visitors部分 “Stick strictly to the paths and lawns(草坪).（一定要 沿着人行道和草坪行走。)”可知，在草坪上行走是被允 许的。故选D。 39.B细节理解题。根据◆Free Drop-in Weekend Tours 部分“The free tours last one hour and start from the Fountain,near the Main Lawn.(免费导览活动时长一 小时，从靠近主草坪的喷泉处开始。)”可知，免费的周 末旅游从喷泉处开始。故选B。 40.D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Our experienced volunteer guides will help you enjoy the highlights and provide some of the background history and develop- ment of this amazing garden.(我们经验丰富的志愿者 导游会帮助您领略这座花园的精华之处，并为您介绍 一些有关这座神奇花园的历史背景和发展历程。)”可 知，团体游中游客可以享受到介绍花园的诞生与成长。 故选D。 Passage 3 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了海豹能 感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类则因陆地氧 气稳定未演化出此能力。 46.A细节理解题。根据第一段中“Most mammals(哺乳 can't directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues.Instead,they rely on the ris ing level of CO2 in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath.(大多数哺乳动物不能直接检测 供应给组织的血液中的氧气水平。相反，它们依靠血 液中二氧化碳水平的上升来发出可能需要呼吸的信 号。)”可知，大多数哺乳动物依靠血液中二氧化碳含量 的上升来判断何时呼吸。故选A。 详解详析 47.B细节理解题。根据第三段中“Once the seals got fa- miliar with the setup,the researchers started to gradu- ally change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber,increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior.Sure e- nough:the higher the level of oxygen,the longer the seals stayed at the feeder..(一旦海豹熟悉了这种设置， 研究人员开始逐渐改变呼吸室中空气的成分，增加或 减少氧气和二氧化碳的水平，以观察对其行为的影响。 果然如此：氧气水平越高，海豹在喂食器停留的时间就 越长。)”可知，当呼吸室中的氧气水平升高时，海豹会 在喂食器停留更长时间。故选B。 48.C细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since oxygen levels on land remain stable,humans don't seem to have evolved (to notice low blood oxygen levels,sometimes not even when they're about to pass out in free-diving. (由于陆地上的氧气水平保持稳定，人类似乎没有进化 出注意到血液中低氧水平的能力，有时甚至在自由潜 水即将昏倒时也没有。)”可知，人类无法察觉血液中低 氧水平是因为陆地上氧气水平稳定。故选C。 49.C细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Because every time we surface and breathe in,our sensitivity to CO,is de- creased,even if its levels are already high,and this in- creases the chance that a person will,without aware- ness,pass out before they get to the surface.(因为每次 我们浮出水面吸气时，我们对二氧化碳的敏感性都会 降低，即使其水平已经很高，这也会增加一个人在浮出 水面之前无意识地昏倒的可能性。)”可知，潜水员在自 由潜水时经常发生事故是因为他们可能没有及时注意 到二氧化碳水平的上升。故选C。 5O.B推理判断题。根据第一段中“But a recent study published in Science suggests seals can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood,and change their div- ing behavior in response..(但最近发表在《科学》杂志上 的一项研究表明，海豹可以感知血液中的氧气量，并相 应地改变它们的潜水行为。)”和第四段中“The finding suggests that seals don't just physically respond to oxy- gen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing,but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior..（这一发现表明，海豹不仅仅是通过改变心率 或呼吸来对氧气水平做出身体反应，而是它们对氧气 水平有足够的意识来改变它们的行为。)”可知，McK- night的海豹研究表明，海豹能迅速感知氧气水平并据 此采取行动。故选B。 Passage 4 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型 园艺设计方法一矩阵种植。 28.B词句猜测題。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然 在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工 作。)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工 作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers(化 and power tools,it's based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing 化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大 自然那样进行园艺种植。)”中“to garden more like na- ture does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大 自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动 工具。所以划线词“Eschewing'”的意思是“避开、远离”， 与B项“Keeping away from,”同义。 最新真题分类特训·英语 29.D细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生 于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且 需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地。)”可知，引入 矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低雏护成本的公园绿地。 30.C推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while pla- ying with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计 师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中 增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看 点，还满足了野生动物的需求。)”可知，Piet Oudolf的 花园有艺术气息，很有品味。 3l.A主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers()and power tools,it's based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植 的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作， 甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基 于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种 i.)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden's ecology can develop well.Estab- lished matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regular wa- tering.Compared to traditional garden plots,they in- crease carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.（随着人' 投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成 熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手 段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们 增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地 和生物多样性。)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种 新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状 态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发 展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的 未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。 Passage 5 [语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加 卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案，及其日期、起点和步行 时间等相关细节。 21.D细节理解题。通读全文，根据文章所给出的四种方 案中的“Walk Duration(步行时间)”部分比较可知， “Walk4一Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest(步 行4一基尔布兰尼什森林摄影步行)”的步行时间是1.5 小时，用时最短。 22.A细节理解题。根据文章“Walk3一Moonlight Un- der the Stars(步行3一星光下的月光)”部分中的“Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permis- sion to participate.(穿着不当的人将被拒绝参加。)”可知， 第三种步行方案的参与者需要穿合适的衣服。 23.D细节理解题。根据四种步行方案中的“Date and Time(日期和时间)”部分比较可知，这四种方案都被安 排在周末。 Passage 6 [语篇解读]文章主要介绍了猫的行为及其背后的原因， 帮助读者更好地理解猫的行为。 24.A细节理解题。由第一段内容可知，动物通过不同的 叫声表达自己的需求，如求助、驱赶危险动物或寻找住所 等，表明和大多数动物一样，猫的叫声也是一种生存技能。 25.C细节理解题。由第二段内容可知，猫通过嗅觉来评 估环境和寻找危险的迹象，它们会在选择放松的地方 之前嗅闻特定区域。因此，猫通过嗅觉来评估不同的 情况。 26.D词义猜测题。由第三段中“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,but cats take this be- havior up a notch.”以及接下来的描述可知，猫通过带 回物品给主人来表示爱意，这种行为比狗的取物行为 更进一步，即做得更好。 27.B标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了猫的行为及其背后 的原因，帮助读者更好地理解猫的行为，因此最合适的 标题是“理解你的猫的行为”。 Passage 7 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。讲述了美国灰熊从濒 危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。 32.A细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears,which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. 可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心 理中占据着一个矛盾的角落一 一即使它们给我们带来 可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们。”可知，美国人对灰熊既有 害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。 33.C推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In1975,griz zlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. 1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》。”以及第四段“T0 day,there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.Their recovery has been so successful that the U. S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.如今，美国大约有2000 只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国 鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除 名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。”可 推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了 增长。 34.A细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today,there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.Their re- covery has been so successful that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups.For now,grizzlies remain listed.如今，美国大约有2000只或更多的灰熊。它们 的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局 两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法 律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两 次提案都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上。”可知，是 环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将 灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。 35.B推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously,if pre cautions aren't taken,grizzlies can become trouble- some,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites,grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.'Our hope is to have a clean,attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,'says James Jonkel,longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.显然，如果不采 取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动 物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱 剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过 在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能 有效地赶走灰熊。‘我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的 地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，’詹姆斯·琼克 尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉市及其周围熊的生物 学家。”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦 但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。 Passage 8 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。城市化的发展让人们 越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生 自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一 座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动 可以创造出一种可用的语言，可帮助人们认识和参与最令 人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生 自然。 32.B细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you're lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it's un- usual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. 着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难 以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可 能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地 方是罕见的。”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在 城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。 33.D推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding (experiences into dif- ferent categories.他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他 们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大 自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交 的信息，将体验分为不同的类别。”可知，研究人员按照 公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客 分类，再根据第四段“Across the320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a nature lan- guage'began to emerge.After the coding of all submis- sions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.在这320份提交的作品中，一种 被研究人员称为‘自然语言’的分类模式开始出现。在 对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对 游客最重要。”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行 了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式并确定对游客最重 要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语 言，”帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义 的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。 34.C推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps peo- ple recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can en- joy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.命名每一种自然 体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参 与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如， 沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在 周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中 心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家 的互动方式。”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造了一种 可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与到对自己来说最 满意和最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人 士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步 让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷 泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们 可以知道一样的自然体验可以以不同的形式呈现。 35.B推理判断题。根据最后一段“We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,'said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.‘我们正试图创 造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的 日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自 详解详析 然，这样我们才能与它互动，’该研究的资深作者彼 得·卡恩说。”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大 自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。 Passage 9 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种 会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。 24.B细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.(虽然人们不知道这些 鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里 时就能熟练地使用工具。)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped 'key'to choose from.Inserting the correct 'key’would let out the nut.(研究人员给了 这些鸟5把形状各异的‘钥匙’供它们选择。插入正确 的‘钥匙’会让坚果出来。)”可知，在实验中，凤风头鹦鹉 是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。 25.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把 个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知 一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞 里”的任务。 26.D推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues,or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selec- tions.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤 头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择 它们的形状。)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦 鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。 27.D主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段 "Goffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape- recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.（科芬的 凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识 别能力与两岁的人类相似。)”可推知，本文主要介绍了 会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹅：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文 意，最适合作为本文标题。 2.环境保护 Passage 1 [语篇解读]本文聚焦纽约植树计划暗藏的忧患：现有的 主要树种（橡树和胶皮枫香树）会释放异戊二烯，与氨氧化 物反应形成近地面臭氧，威胁空气质量，间接危害人体健 康，引发人们思考 28.C推理判断题。本题问这项有关橡树和胶皮枫香树的 新研究说明了什么。根据文章第二段中的“Oaks and sweetgums...produce huge amounts of a chemical sub- stance called isoprene...to form ground-level ozone-a major factor in many breathing problems.”可知，橡树和 胶皮枫香树会释放出一种叫作异戊二烯的化学物质， 它与空气中的氯氧化物反应会产生近地面臭氧，是许 多呼吸问题的重要诱因，即这些树木会间接危害人体 健康。故选C项。 29.C推理判断题。本题问科曼基于研究可能提出的建 议。根据文章第二段内容可知，现有的主要树种（橡树 和胶皮枫香树)会间接危害人体健康；第三段中的“f the city maintains past species patterns in new plant- ings...ozone levels as much as30%”表明，研究发现， 若在新栽植的树中维持过去的树种模式，异戊二烯和 夏季臭氧水平都将大幅增加；同时根据第四段的科曼 的话可知，科曼赞同多植树，但认为应当谨慎对待植树 活动。由此可推知，科曼可能会建议改变新栽植的树 种。故选C项。 30.B词义猜测题。本题问第五段中的画线短语“oblivi- ous to”的含义。根据第五段第二句“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago conclu- ded that city trees did release isoprene.”可知，公园部门 3