专题03 阅读理解之说明文（知识清单）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习知识清单聚焦阅读理解之说明文专题，系统整合知识脑图搭建、考点深研、优题精练三大模块，涵盖写作目的、语言特点、结构模式等核心要素及科技发明、自然生态等五大常见话题，构建完整复习框架。 清单以知识脑图梳理说明文逻辑脉络，考点分层突破重难点，如标注总-分-总等经典结构模式，优题精练按话题分类精选试题。配套高频词汇积累、长难句分析等模块，培养学生语言能力与思维品质，助力自主复习，为教师提供精准教学辅助。

清单03 阅读理解之说明文 目录导航 01知识脑图·核心脉络搭建——梳理专题框架，搭建知识体系 02 考点深研·知能分层突破——深挖高频考点，分层突破重难点 考点一 简述 1. 写作目的—解释说明，传递信息； 2. 语言特点--客观准确，科学严谨； 3. 结构特点--按逻辑关系组织； 4. 人称使用--第三人称为主； 5. 情感色彩--保持客观中立。 考点二 常见话题 知识点一 科技发明-- AI、机器人、太空探索、互联网发展 知识点二 自然生态--气候变化、动物行为、植物特征、环境保护 知识点三 健康医学-- 疾病研究、饮食营养、运动科学、心理健康； 知识点四 社会研究--教育方式、行为心理、社交关系 知识点五 历史文化---语言演变、节日起源、建筑风格 03优题精练·专题实战通关——精选优质试题，强化实战应用 知识脑图·核心脉络搭建 考点深研●知能分层突破 一. 简述 说明文是一种以客观、清晰、有条理的方式向读者介绍或解释某个事物、现象、概念、流程或事理的文体，核心特征是聚焦 “说明清楚”，多用定义、分类、数据、举例等手法，不掺杂主观说服或叙事抒情。说明文的经典结构模式 1.总—分—总(最常见)第一部分(Para. 1)：总述——提出说明对象/主题；第二部分(Para. 2-4)：分述——从不同角度分别说明；第三部分(Para. 5/最后一段)：总结——综合概括/展望未来；2.总—分(无总结)第一部分(Para. 1)：引入主题；第二部分(Para. 2-4/5)：多角度说明，无单独总结段3.问题—原因—解决 提出问题(Problem)→分析原因(Causes)→给出方案(Solutions)这种结构在环保类、健康类文章中尤其常见。 二.解题技巧 说明文信息量大、逻辑性强，最有效的策略是先读题干，再读文章。先读题干，划关键词；然后定位原文，精读定位句；再则比对选项，排除干扰；最后确认答案，回文验证。 1、关键是抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时也要注意说明的顺序，说明的顺序有时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(因果、现象与本质)。 2、掌握说明文的说明方法：举例子、作比较——举例子、作比较(对比说明相异、类比说明相似)、列数字、作诠释、下定义、作引用、打比方等。 3、把握文章的脉络和长难句的分析。 4. 说明文主旨大意题常与说明对象有关。中心句常出现在标题或者段首, 高频词；常见的标志词/句①According to a new study ②The study shows that…③However, as a result, in fact, but…。主旨题正确选项特征同义复现，概括呈现.。 5. 说明文细节理解题的步骤①划出题干、选项关键词;②回忆文章结构，定位具体段落;③关注关键词句，找出答案；正确选项特征：同词/同义复现。 四、高考典题分析 考点1.自然生态类--(气候变化、动物行为、植物特征、环境保护) (2026·全国二卷·阅读C)The peak of Mount Qomolangma, 8,849 meters above sea level. Chimborazo, 6,263 m; Mont Blanc, 4,806 m; Pradidali hut, at the foot of the Pala group in the Dolomites, 2,278 m. It is common practice to provide the elevation(高度) of a place. Simple readings are now readily available on our phones and wearables. But elevation is necessarily relative: only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a location. The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it without even considering what it means. That the concept has a history is easily ignored. We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and culturally determined assumptions. In this book, I tell a story of these assumptions. Appropriately, the book took shape during a summer spent between sea and mountains. A month after visiting the French Riviera and enjoying the sandy beaches of Nice and Menton, I went hiking with friends in the Pala group. Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut, we began discussing the readings offered by our altimeters (测高仪). Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next? This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero. This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level. These stages mirror the development of human conceptions of the sea. Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011, the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent: between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 28. What does the author point out at the beginning of the text? A. Some mountains are getting higher. B. Data on wearables are misleading. C. The concept of elevation is relative. D. The reference point is hard to locate. 29. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. How the altimeter was invented. B. What initiated the author’s research. C. Why the digital readings varied. D. Where the author spent his holiday. 30. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in the last paragraph? A. The book. B. The project. C. The issue. D. The development. 31. What can be the title of the book mentioned in the text? A. The Altimeter: A Must-Have B. Sea Level: A History C. Meaning of Zero: Nothing or Everything D. Mountains to Seas: Ups and Downs 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. C 31. B 【语篇导读】文章主要探讨了海拔高度的相对性，以及海平面作为参考点的历史演变。作者通过个人经历引出对海平面概念的思考，并介绍了其著作中关于平均海平面历史的研究。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段“But elevation is necessarily relative: only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a location. (但海拔必定是相对的：只有选择一个参考点，我们才能用数字表达一个物体或位置的高度。) ”可知，作者在文章开头指出海拔的概念是相对的。 29.主旨大意题。根据第三段“Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut, we began discussing the readings offered by our altimeters(测高仪). Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next? This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero. This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. (在Pradidali小屋附近的山口休息时，我们开始讨论测高仪上的读数。为什么不同仪器之间的读数略有差异？这种不确定性让我开始思考零的含义。这就是我开始探究海平面概念史的原因。)”可推知，本段主要讲述了作者研究工作的起因。 30.词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011, the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent: between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993.(自从我在2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上升的问题以及将它置于历史背景下的必要性变得愈发紧迫：从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘米，约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总体上升幅度的一半。)”可知，划线词“it”指代前文提到的“the issue of sea-level rise”中的“the issue”，即海平面上升的问题。 31.推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“That the concept has a history is easily ignored. We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and culturally determined assumptions. In this book, I tell a story of these assumptions.(这个概念有一段历史很容易被忽视。我们往往忘记海平面是技术和文化决定的假设的产物。在这本书中，我讲述了这些假设的故事。)”以及第四段“In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level.(在这本书中，我考察了平均海平面历史的三个关键阶段。)”可推知，该书主要探讨海平面的历史。因此，这本书最合适的标题是“海平面：一段历史”。 【高频词汇积累】 1. ________n. 山峰 2. ________v. 仔细研究 3. ________adj. 关键性的 4. ________adj. 紧迫的 5. ________v. 开始实施，发起 6. ________n. 认知，理解 7. ________adj. 全部的 【答案】1.peak 2.examine 3.crucial 4.urgent 5.initiate 6.conception 7.overall 【派生(合成)词汇】 1. relate vi. & vt.联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述→related adj. 有联系的；相关的→relation n. 关系；联系→relationship n. 关系→________ adj. 相比较而言的n. 亲戚，亲属 2. assume vt.假定，假设→________ n. 假定，假设 3. wear v. 穿，戴→________ n. 可穿戴设备 4. number n. 数字→________ adv. 用数字表示地 5. essential adj. 基本的→________ adv. 基本上 6. notice v.注意→________ adj. 被忽视的 7. technique n. 技术→ technical adj. 技术上的→________ adv. 技术上 8. culture n. 文化→cultural adj. 文化的→________ adv. 文化上 9. appropriate adj. 恰当的→________ adv. 适当地 10. slight adj. 稍微→________ adv. 略微地 11. certain adj. 确定的，一定的→certainty n. 确定性→________ n. 不确定(性) 12. concept n. 概念→________ adj. 概念的 【答案】 1. relative 2. assumption 3. wearable 4. numerically 5. essentially 6. unnoticed 7. technically 8. culturally 9. appropriately 10. slightly 11. uncertainty 12. conceptual 【熟词生义】 1.reading n. ________ 2.around adv. ________ 3.pass n. ________ 4.mean adj. ________ 5.mirror v. ________ 【答案】1.(仪表的)读数 2. 存在着 3.山道 4. 平均的 5. 反映 【高频短语】 1. common practice ________________ 2. be readily available ________________ 3. take shape ________________ 4. place sth. historically ________________ 【答案】1. 惯常做法 2. 唾手可得 3. 成形 4. 从历史角度审视某事 【长难句分析】 The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed— we mention it without even considering what it means. 分析：本句主干为 The idea has been around。for so long as to go essentially unnoticed为结果状语；破折号后we mention it without even considering what it means是对前句的补充说明，其中what it means为________从句，作considering 的宾语。 翻译:海平面作为海拔参照点的概念由来已久，以至于几乎被忽视--我们提到它时甚至不会去想它意味着什么。 【答案】宾语 考点2.自然生态类--(语言演变、节日起源、建筑风格) (2026全国一卷 D)A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive(认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle’s Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the “beauty” group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it’s in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. “We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen,” said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. “It’s becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that’s when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes.” 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 34. Why were the participants’ emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 【答案】32. B 33. A 34. D 35. D 【语篇导读】主要介绍剑桥心理学家开展对照实验，对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影响，并解读实验结论：主动欣赏艺术之美能够促进抽象思维，让人跳出具体、狭隘的思维方式。 32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the “beauty” group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself.(参与者被随机分成两组：“美感组”被要求主动思考，然后为他们所观看的每一件物品的美感打分，而对照组只是把物品的线条图和这件艺术品实物进行配对。)”可知，美感组要为每件作品打分评级。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group.(在那些人当中，效果更加显著：美感组中有艺术爱好的受试者，其抽象思维平均分比对照组中有艺术爱好的受试者高出25%以上。)”以及第四段中的“Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group.(在所有受试者中，审美组受试者所报告的 “蜕变感与自我超越感”(诸如感动、豁然开朗、备受鼓舞这类情绪)平均水平，比对照组高出23%。)”可知，拥有艺术爱好的美感组成员测试平均分最高。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience.(研究人员还通过询问受试者在参观美术馆任务过程中的内心感受，测评了他们的情绪状态。在全部受试者里，美感组汇报的“蜕变感与自我超越感”(例如心生触动、豁然开悟、备受鼓舞等感受)平均分值，比对照组高出23%。但关键的一点是，美感组并未表示自己比对照组更快乐。这就说明，是对美的感知体验影响了抽象思维能力，而非这段经历带来的整体积极情绪在起作用。)”可知，研究者通过检测情绪，排除了积极情绪干扰，找到了造成两组测试分数差距的真实原因，也就是确定测试结果背后的影响因素。 35.推理判断题。根据第一段的“A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive (认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is.(剑桥大学的一组心理学家进行了一项实验，旨在比较仅仅观看艺术作品与主动评判其美感所产生的认知效应。)”；第三段中的“Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking.(在所有参与者中，美感组的抽象思维平均分比对照组高出近 14%。)”以及第五段中的“Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes.(欣赏艺术之美或许是启动抽象认知过程的理想途径。)”可知，实验全程数据都体现出主动品鉴艺术美感可以提升抽象思维得分，研究者最终也证实欣赏艺术能够启动抽象认知过程，因此推断欣赏艺术之美促进抽象思维。 【高频词汇积累】 1. ________v. 进行; 2. ________n. 物品 3. ________v. 赋予灵感 4. ________ v. 欣赏 5. ________v. 开始 【答案】1.conduct 2.object 3. inspire 4. admire 5. initiate 【派生(合成)词汇】 1. mere adj. 仅仅→________ adv. 仅仅 2. act v. 表演→active adj. 积极的→________ adv. 主动地 3. exhibit v. 展览→________ n. 展览 4. participate v. 参加→________ n. 参与者 5. random adj. 随机的→________ adv. 随机地 6. practice n. 实践，练习→________ adj. 实际的 7. transform v. 使改观，使变形，使转化；变换→________ adj. 具有变革性的 8. lighten v. 减轻；发亮→________ v. 启发 9. engage v. 雇用，聘请；参加，从事；吸引，引起→________ n. (与.....密切关系 10. positive adj. 积极的→________ n. 积极性 11. hand + made=handmade adj. ________ 【答案】 1.merely 2. actively 3. exhibition 4. participant 5. randomly 6. practical 7. transformative 8. enlighten 9. engagement 10. positivity 11. 手工制作的 【熟词生义】 1. process v. ________ 2. rate v. ________ 3. score v. ________ 4. measure v. ________ 5.concrete adj. _________ 【答案】1.处理 2. 评估 3. 得分 4. 评估 5. 具体的 【高频短语】 1. ________________被分为 2. ________________使某物与某物相匹配 3. ________________平均 4. ________________走神 5. ________________从......角度 6.let the mind wander ________________ 【答案】 1. be divided into 2. match sth. with sth. 3. on average 4. zone out 5. in ... terms 6. 让思绪漫游 【长难句分析】 Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 分析：本句主干为 the beauty group did not report feeling any happier。suggesting that为动词-ing形式作结果状语；that引导________从句。从句中使用了 it was... that... ________句型，强调的部分是 the engagement with beauty, rather than any overall positivity是与之比较的成分。 句意：然而，重要的是，审美组并没有报告他们比对照组感到更快乐这表明影响抽象思维的是与美的互动本身，而非他们本次体验带来的总体积极感受。 【答案】宾语; 强调 优题精练●专题实战通关 科技发明-- AI、机器人、太空探索、互联网发展 Passage 1 (2026届浙江宁波市镇海中学高三上学期模拟预测英语试题)A newly engineered molecule acts like a “rechargeable” solar heat battery, storing sunlight and releasing it on demand. Solar energy has one persistent weakness: it disappears at sunset. Finding a reliable way to store that energy for later use remains one of the biggest obstacles to expanding renewable power. A research team at UC Santa Barbara may have found an unexpected workaround. Instead of relying on conventional batteries, they created a small organic molecule that captures sunlight, locks that energy into its structure, and releases it later as heat. To understand the idea, Nguyen points to a familiar example. “Think of photochromic sunglasses(光致变色太阳镜). When you’re inside, they’re just clear lenses. You walk out into the sun, and they darken on their own. Come back inside, and the lenses become clear again,” Nguyen said. “That kind of reversible change is what we’re interested in. Only instead of changing color, we want to use the same idea to store energy, release it when we need it, and then reuse the material over and over.” To build this molecule, the researchers turned to DNA for inspiration. The pyrimidone structure(嘧啶酮结构) resembles a DNA component that can reversibly change its form when exposed to UV light. By creating a synthetic version, the team designed a molecule capable of repeatedly storing and releasing energy. They worked with Ken Houk, a distinguished research professor at UCLA, using computational modeling to understand how the molecule can hold energy while remaining stable for years. “We prioritized a lightweight, compact molecule design,” Nguyen said. “For this project, we cut everything we didn’t need. Anything that was unnecessary, we removed to make the molecule as compact as possible.” Unlike solar panels that generate electricity, this system stores solar energy in chemical form. The molecule behaves like a coiled spring. When exposed to sunlight, it shifts into a strained, high energy configuration. It remains in that state until triggered by heat or a catalyst, which allows it to return to its original form and release the stored energy as heat. “We typically describe it as a rechargeable solar battery,” Nguyen said. “It stores sunlight, and it can be recharged.” The critical breakthrough for Han’s group was translating high energy density into a tangible result. In the study, the researchers demonstrated that the heat released from the material was intense enough to boil water — a feat previously difficult to achieve in this field. 1. What is the key solution to solar energy’s biggest limitation? A. Using conventional batteries to store solar power B. Applying the new organic molecule to store heat C. Saving sunlight for nighttime electricity production D. Updating solar devices to generate power nonstop 2. Why did the researchers simplify and compact the structure of the molecule? A. To copy the basic form of natural human DNA B. To guarantee its high energy density for boiling water C. To improve its practical performance in real-life application D. To prevent it from changing forms under strong sunlight 3. Which diagram best shows the molecule’s energy storage and release process? A. B. C. D. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. An Innovative Molecule: Rechargeable Solar Heat Storage B. Daily Applications of Advanced DNA Technology C. Comparison Between Solar Panels and New Batteries D. Simple Methods to Produce Boiling Water 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 【导语】文章主要讲述新型有机分子可储存太阳能并按需释放热量。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead of relying on conventional batteries, they created a small organic molecule that captures sunlight, locks that energy into its structure, and releases it later as heat.(他们没有依靠传统电池，而是研发出一种小型有机分子，该分子能捕获阳光、将能量锁存在自身结构中，之后以热量形式释放出来。)”以及第一段中“Solar energy has one persistent weakness: it disappears at sunset. Finding a reliable way to store that energy for later use remains one of the biggest obstacles to expanding renewable power.(太阳能有一个长期存在的短板：日落之后能量就消失了。找到可靠方式储存太阳能供后续使用，仍是推广可再生能源最大阻碍之一。)”可知，解决太阳能短板的核心方案是使用新型有机分子储存热量。 2. 推理判断题。根据第五段中““We prioritized a lightweight, compact molecule design,” Nguyen said. “For this project, we cut everything we didn’t need. Anything that was unnecessary, we removed to make the molecule as compact as possible.”Unlike solar panels that generate electricity, this system stores solar energy in chemical form. The molecule behaves like a coiled spring. When exposed to sunlight, it shifts into a strained, high energy configuration. It remains in that state until triggered by heat or a catalyst, which allows it to return to its original form and release the stored energy as heat.(阮表示：“我们优先选择了轻量化、结构紧凑的分子设计，在这个项目里，我们砍掉了所有不必要的部分，把冗余结构全部移除，让分子尽可能小巧。”和发电的太阳能板不同，这套系统以化学形式储存太阳能，分子就像一根被拧紧的弹簧：暴露在阳光下时，它会切换到受力的高能构型，一直维持这个状态，直到被热量或催化剂触发，才会变回原本的形态，同时把储存的能量以热量的形式释放出来。)”可知，轻量化、紧凑设计是为了提升实际使用性能，方便现实应用。 3. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“The molecule behaves like a coiled spring. When exposed to sunlight, it shifts into a strained, high energy configuration. It remains in that state until triggered by heat or a catalyst, which allows it to return to its original form and release the stored energy as heat.(分子就像一根被拧紧的弹簧：暴露在阳光下时，它会切换到受力的高能构型，一直维持这个状态，直到被热量或催化剂触发，才会变回原本的形态，同时把储存的能量以热量的形式释放出来。)”可知，过程：阳光照射弹簧储能→释放热量变回原形，A图符合题意。 4. 主旨大意题。全文围绕可充能、储存太阳能热量的新型分子展开，介绍研发灵感、工作原理、优势与突破成果。“An Innovative Molecule: Rechargeable Solar Heat Storage(创新分子：可充式太阳能储热材料)”符合题意。 Passage 2 (2026年贵州贵阳市高三年级适应性考试(二)Our solar system orbits the Milky Way galaxy’s center once about every 210 million years, traveling along at around 240 kilometers per second — an astonishing rate we don’t feel because the entire system moves at the same constant speed. But a new study suggests our solar system is a laggard in the universe compared with one system in our galaxy that was somehow accelerated to a speed of 541 kilometers a second, making it the swiftest planetary system ever found. “This speed was extremely high and kind of shocking,” says astrophysicist Terry. It introduces a series of questions about the survivability of these types of systems. This galactic speed “monster” appears to center on a red dwarf star (红矮星) which is smaller and less bright than our sun. It’s about 24,500 light years from Earth and some 1,500 light years away from our galaxy’s center. Astronomers discovered the star and a suspected accompanying planet after a 2011 “microlensing” event called MOA-2011-BLG-262, when the system passed in front of a background star and bent the latter’s light. Terry and his colleagues observed the system again in 2021. They found that its known planet is most likely a gas giant with about 29 times Earth’s mass that orbits its star at a distance between those at which Venus and Earth orbit our sun. The researchers also mapped the system’s position in the 2021 data relative to where it was about a decade prior, revealing how fast it traveled. It might be a hyper-speed star system, an example of a rare class of astronomical objects that have been sped up by past encounters with other stars’ gravity — or even by a gravitational slingshot(弹弓) from the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. These objects travel faster than 500 kilometers a second, and the speediest known one travels at over 2,000 kilometers a second. “It’s an extraordinary category of stars,” Terry says, estimating that the system in this study more than doubled its speed after its own dramatic encounter. “No previous hyper-speed stars have been found with planets. This might open up a new study of the origin and evolution of planets around very high-speed stars,” he adds. 5. What does the underlined word “laggard” in the first paragraph refer to? A. Something moving slowly. B. Something becoming famous. C. Something traveling endlessly. D. Something looking incomparable. 6. What can we learn about the “monster” from paragraph 2? A. Its star is much brighter than our sun. B. Its planet’s mass is identical to Venus’s. C. It’s a system discovered through its own light. D. It’s closer to the galactic center than Earth. 7. What does Terry think of the discovery? A. It is accidental. B. It is common. C. It is pioneering. D. It is strange. 8. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Milky Way Galaxy’s Center B. The Solar System’s Bright Stars C. The Fastest Astronomical Objects D. The Planetary System Speed Record 【答案】5. A 6. D 7. C 8. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了天文学家发现了银河系中速度最快的行星系统，该系统的运行速度远超太阳系，引发了关于此类系统生存性、行星起源与演化的一系列新研究。 5. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Our solar system orbits the Milky Way galaxy’s center once about every 210 million years, traveling along at around 240 kilometers per second — an astonishing rate we don’t feel because the entire system moves at the same constant speed. But a new study suggests our solar system is a laggard in the universe compared with one system in our galaxy that was somehow accelerated to a speed of 541 kilometers a second, making it the swiftest planetary system ever found.(太阳系绕银河系中心运行一周约需2.1亿年，运行速度约为每秒240公里——这一惊人速度我们无法感知，因为整个系统以相同的恒定速度运动。但一项新研究表明，与银河系中一个被加速到每秒541公里的行星系统相比，我们的太阳系是宇宙中的laggard，该系统是迄今为止发现的速度最快的行星系统。)”可知，太阳系速度约240公里/秒，新发现系统速度达541公里/秒，二者对比能看出“laggard”表示“移动缓慢的事物”。故选A。 6. 推理判断题。根据第二段“It’s about 24,500 light years from Earth and some 1,500 light years away from our galaxy’s center.(它距离地球约24500光年，距离银河系中心约1500光年。)”结合地球距离银河系中心约26000光年的常识，可知该系统比地球更靠近银河系中心。故选D。 7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““No previous hyper-speed stars have been found with planets. This might open up a new study of the origin and evolution of planets around very high-speed stars,” he adds.(“此前从未发现过带有行星的超高速恒星。这可能会开启对超高速恒星周围行星起源与演化的新研究。”他补充道。)”可知，Terry认为该发现是首次发现带有行星的超高速恒星系统，能开辟新的研究方向，属于开创性的发现。故选C。 8. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“But a new study suggests our solar system is a laggard in the universe compared with one system in our galaxy that was somehow accelerated to a speed of 541 kilometers a second, making it the swiftest planetary system ever found.(但一项新研究表明，与银河系中一个被加速到每秒541公里的行星系统相比，我们的太阳系是宇宙中的移动缓慢的事物，该系统是迄今为止发现的速度最快的行星系统。)”以及全文围绕该速度最快的行星系统展开介绍其特征、发现过程、研究意义等内容，可知本文核心是介绍这一打破速度纪录的行星系统，D选项“The Planetary System Speed Record(行星系统速度纪录)”最能概括全文主旨。故选D。 Passage 3 A new study was conducted by AI expert André Barcaui of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, who ran an experiment with a group of university students. Half were allowed to use ChatGPT to help them respond to an assignment on artificial intelligence, and half weren’t. In a surprise test 45 days after the assignment, the students who used ChatGPT scored an average of 5.75 out of 10, while those who took the traditional study route averaged 6.85. That’s a notable difference, which chimes with other research showing that using AI to find information means we don’t take as much in. “This suggests that unrestricted ChatGPT use affected long-term memory storage, likely by reducing the cognitive effort that supports durable memory,” Barcaui writes. In the study, the students were given two weeks to learn about AI, then had to give a 10-minute demonstration. The ChatGPT group could use the tool to search, integrate, and structure information; the other group stuck to traditional methods. Learning was faster with AI: the ChatGPT group spent an average of 3.2 hours on the assignment, compared with 5.8 hours for the non-AI group. This reminds us that using apps like ChatGPT could be robbing our brains of the exercise they need — and that has consequences. The idea of cognitive offloading isn’t new. In 2011, a team led by psychologist Betsy Sparrow first described “digital amnesia(失忆症)” — the effect of search engines like Google on our ability to remember information. With AI assistants now able to take on much of the mental workload, studies suggest they could be changing how we think, perceive, focus and remember — not necessarily for the better. “Future teaching strategies should aim to take advantage of the benefits of AI without sacrificing the cognitive engagement and productive struggle required for durable learning,” Barcaui writes. “In the age of AI, the core principles of human learning are not outdated; in fact, they are more important than ever to uphold.” 9. What does the underlined phrase “chimes with” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Conflicts with. B. Corresponds to. C. Contributes to. D. Comes from. 10. What explains the faster learning of ChatGPT group? A. Limited memory storage. B. Enriched learning experience. C. Increased learning motivation. D. Reduced cognitive involvement. 11. Why does the author mention “digital amnesia”? A. To emphasize AI’s great risk. B. To clarify cognitive offloading. C. To add evidence to the findings. D. To criticize over-reliance on tools. 12. What is Barcaui’s attitude toward the use of AI? A. Supportive. B. Unclear. C. Dismissive. D. Doubtful. 【答案】9. B 10. D 11. C 12. A 【导语】本文讲述了一项新研究证实，无限制使用人工智能工具完成学习任务会降低学习者的认知努力程度，对长期记忆留存产生负面影响，建议未来教育应当在发挥人工智能优势的同时，坚持人类学习的核心原则，保证学习者获得足够的认知锻炼，支撑长效学习。 9. 词句猜测题。根据第二段“In a surprise test 45 days after the assignment, the students who used ChatGPT scored an average of 5.75 out of 10, while those who took the traditional study route averaged 6.85. That’s a notable difference, which chimes with other research showing that using AI to find information means we don’t take as much in.(在布置作业后45天的一次意外测试中，使用ChatGPT的学生平均得分为5.75分(满分10分)，而采用传统学习方式的学生平均分为6.85分。这是一个显著的差异，chimes with其他研究结果，这些研究表明使用人工智能查找信息意味着我们吸收的知识更少)”可知，本项研究发现使用ChatGPT的学生测试成绩远低于不使用的学生，该结论和其他已有研究得出的“使用AI会减少知识吸收”的结论一致，可知chimes with意思是“与……一致、相符”，与Corresponds to“与……一致、符合”意思一致。 10. 细节理解题。根据第二段“This suggests that unrestricted ChatGPT use affected long-term memory storage, likely by reducing the cognitive effort that supports durable memory(这表明无限制使用ChatGPT会影响长期记忆存储，原因很可能是它减少了支撑长效记忆所需的认知努力)”以及第三段“This reminds us that using apps like ChatGPT could be robbing our brains of the exercise they need(这提醒我们，使用ChatGPT这类应用可能会剥夺大脑所需的锻炼)”可知，ChatGPT组完成任务更快，是因为人工智能承担了大部分认知工作，减少了学习者自身的认知参与。 11. 推理判断题。第四段开头提出“The idea of cognitive offloading isn’t new.(认知卸载的概念并不新鲜)”，接着“In 2011, a team led by psychologist Betsy Sparrow first described “digital amnesia (失忆症)” — the effect of search engines like Google on our ability to remember information. With AI assistants now able to take on much of the mental workload, studies suggest they could be changing how we think, perceive, focus and remember — not necessarily for the better.(2011年，心理学家Betsy Sparrow领导的一个团队首次描述了“数字失忆症”——谷歌等搜索引擎对我们记忆信息能力的影响。随着人工智能助手现在能够承担大部分的脑力工作，研究表明，它们可能会改变我们思考、感知、专注和记忆的方式，但不一定会变得更好。 )”介绍“数字失忆症”概念，谷歌这类搜索引擎已经证明会影响人类的信息记忆能力，现在人工智能可以承担更多认知工作，也会对人类的思维、感知、注意力和记忆产生不一定向好的改变。由此可推知，作者提到早已被提出的“数字失忆症”，是为新研究结论提供更早的相关研究佐证。 12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Future teaching strategies should aim to take advantage of the benefits of AI without sacrificing the cognitive engagement and productive struggle required for durable learning(未来的教学策略应当着眼于利用人工智能的优势，同时不牺牲长效学习所需的认知参与和有效的思考努力)”可知，Barcaui并不反对使用人工智能，他支持合理发挥AI的优势，只是要求保证学习者获得足够认知参与和大脑锻炼，因此他对AI的使用持支持态度，只是强调要理性合理应用。 Passage 4 For two decades, images from European spacecraft have contained tiny color marks caused by fast-moving dust devils(尘卷风). Now, scientists have turned these marks into a discovery: winds on Mars are far more powerful than previously believed. The study used data from two European Space Agency missions: Mars Express (2004) and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016). Neither was designed to measure wind. However, thanks to a special design in their imaging instruments, both create color images that were taken by combining several pictures with a very short shooting delay(极短拍摄间隔). For a still scene, this process works smoothly. But for a moving dust devil, the delay makes it appear in slightly different positions, creating a faint digital mark. To analyze the data, the team trained a computer program to scan the images and identify these color marks. By measuring the distance of the marks and comparing it with the known short delay, they calculated the dust devil’s exact speed and direction. “We turned image noise into valuable scientific measurements,” said lead researcher Valentin Bickel. The results were surprising. The Mars Climate Database (MCD) — the standard model for predicting Martian weather — regularly gives near-surface wind speeds that are too low in 76% to 96% of cases. Previously, scientists thought only winds above 51 mph could lift dust into the air. According to the MCD, only 6 of the 1,039 dust devils observed should have been driven by winds that strong. But direct measurements showed that 124 dust devils actually passed that limit, with winds reaching up to 98 mph. This means far more dust is being lifted into Mars’s thin air than models predicted. Dust drives the planet’s entire weather system, so this finding forces a major rethink of Martian climate. The new data also serve as the first risk map for Mars explorers. Knowing where strong winds are most common can help mission planners avoid dangerous landing sites and protect equipment from dust. The information is already being used to plan the 2030 landing of the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover, ensuring it arrives outside the planet’s global dust-storm season. 13. What led the scientists to the new discovery? A. Color marks captured by accident. B. Space missions for observing wind. C. Delayed shots of unchanged scenery. D. Special cameras targeting dust devils. 14. What did the scientists do to turn image noise into valuable scientific measurements? A. They compared differences of colors. B. They redesigned the instruments. C. They worked out the wind movements. D. They created a training program. 15. What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A. Strong winds can bring huge dangers. B. The standard MCD model is inaccurate. C. The number of dust devils is endless. D. Weather on Mars changes dramatically. 16. In which aspect can the research findings benefit future Mars missions? A. The forecast of disasters. B. The upgrading of equipment. C. The reduction of dust-storm. D. The selection of landing areas. 【答案】13. A 14. C 15. B 16. D 【导语】本文主要介绍了科学家利用欧洲航天局火星探测器图像中意外留下的尘卷风痕迹，通过分析计算出火星表面风速远超此前模型预测，这一发现不仅修正了对火星气候的认知，还为未来火星探测任务的着陆选址和设备防护提供了关键依据。 13. 细节理解题。 根据第一段中的“For two decades, images from European spacecraft have contained tiny color marks caused by fast-moving dust devils (尘卷风). Now, scientists have turned these marks into a discovery: winds on Mars are far more powerful than previously believed.(二十年来，欧洲航天器传回的图像中一直包含着由快速移动的尘卷风造成的微小彩色痕迹。现在，科学家们将这些痕迹转化为一项发现：火星上的风比之前认为的要强得多。)”可知，是这些偶然捕捉到的颜色痕迹引导科学家做出了新发现。 14. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“By measuring the distance of the marks and comparing it with the known short delay, they calculated the dust devil’s exact speed and direction. ‘We turned image noise into valuable scientific measurements,’ said lead researcher Valentin Bickel.(通过测量痕迹的距离并将其与已知的极短延迟进行比较，他们计算出了尘卷风的精确速度和方向。首席研究员瓦伦丁·比克尔说：‘我们将图像噪声转化为有价值的科学测量数据。’)”可知，科学家通过计算尘卷风的速度和方向，将原本被视为噪声的图像痕迹转化为了科学测量数据。 15. 推理判断题。 根据第四段中的“The Mars Climate Database (MCD) — the standard model for predicting Martian weather — regularly gives near-surface wind speeds that are too low in 76% to 96% of cases.(火星气候数据库(MCD)——预测火星天气的标准模型——在76%到96%的情况下定期给出的近地表风速都过低。)”以及对比观测数据与模型预测的差异可知，标准的MCD模型是不准确的。 16. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Knowing where strong winds are most common can help mission planners avoid dangerous landing sites and protect equipment from dust. The information is already being used to plan the 2030 landing of the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover, ensuring it arrives outside the planet’s global dust-storm season.(了解强风高发区域，有助于任务规划人员避开危险着陆地点，并保护设备免受沙尘侵害。该信息已应用于 2030 年火星生命探测任务罗莎琳德・富兰克林号火星车的着陆规划，确保其在火星全球沙尘暴季之外抵达火星。)”可知，该研究成果能帮助规划者选择合适的着陆区域。 自然生态--气候变化、动物行为、植物特征、环境保护 Passage 1 (2026届云南省红河州、文山州高三第四次州统测三模英语试题)Twice a year, when animals like bears and squirrels are either curling up for a deep sleep or stretching their way into spring, migratory birds are getting ready to take epic journeys over land and sea. And in so doing, they play a crucial role in keeping nature in balance. As they fly from one place to another, pollinating plants, spreading seeds and controlling pests by eating insects and other invertebrates(无脊椎动物), they help to maintain ecosystem health, which in turn contributes to food security. And that’s not all. Francisco Rilla, a wildlife biologist and consultant to the UN, said migratory birds also serve as “bioindicators”. In other words, because they tend to avoid polluted areas, their movements provide useful information in the assessment of water and air quality. Migrating birds use the sun, stars, coastlines and large bodies of water to guide them on their journeys across the world. But some places where they stop to rest and refuel along the coasts are being altered by floods connected to rising sea levels. Small crustaceans(甲科动物), which are an important food source for migratory birds, can struggle to build their shells and skeletons(骨架) in oceans made more acidic by having to absorb more carbon dioxide. And this has a knock-on effect on migratory birds. Without sufficient food, they are less likely to survive tough journeys or successfully reproduce. Though humans often feed birds, Rilla said putting food out for migratory birds can do them more harm than good. If they are given bread and seeds meant for people, they might feel too full to eat the things that provide them with crucial nutrients. He added that putting food in places where it will be easy to spot could expose birds to predators. Instead, Rilla recommended helping these travelers by urging governments to expand the network of protected areas through international treaties. This year’s World Migratory Bird Day emphasizes promoting the coexistence between humans and birds. If migratory birds start to disappear, it could affect agriculture and the food chain. In other words, as Rilla said, “whatever happens to them could also happen to us.” 1. What is the main role of migratory birds in ecosystems? A. Improving food quality. B. Inspiring airplane design. C. Maintaining ecological balance. D. Indicating animals’ migration paths. 2. How does climate change affect migratory birds? A. By polluting coastlines. B. By disturbing their reproduction. C. By confusing their navigation. D. By reducing their food sources. 3. What does Rilla advise helping migratory birds? A. Feeding them nutrient-rich food. B. Expanding protected areas globally. C. Creating safe rest stops along coasts. D. Teaching people to avoid disturbing them. 4. What does the last sentence in the text imply? A. Humans depend on migratory birds. B. Migratory birds need human protection. C. Birds and humans face the same problems. D. The disappearance of birds is unavoidable. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文介绍了候鸟在生态系统中的作用、气候变化对其的影响及专家建议的保护措施，强调人与鸟类命运共存。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“And in so doing, they play a crucial role in keeping nature in balance. As they fly from one place to another, pollinating plants, spreading seeds and controlling pests by eating insects and other invertebrates (无脊椎动物), they help to maintain ecosystem health, which in turn contributes to food security.(这样一来，它们在维持自然平衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用。它们在各地飞行，为植物授粉、传播种子，并通过捕食昆虫和其他无脊椎动物来防治虫害，从而帮助维护生态系统的健康，而这反过来又促进了粮食安全)”可知，鸟类迁徙对维持生态平衡起到重要作用。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Small crustaceans (甲科动物), which are an important food source for migratory birds, can struggle to build their shells and skeletons (骨架) in oceans made more acidic by having to absorb more carbon dioxide. And this has a knock-on effect on migratory birds.(小型甲壳类动物是候鸟的重要食物来源，但在因吸收过多二氧化碳而酸化加剧的海水中，它们难以形成外壳和骨架。这对候鸟产生了连锁反应)”可知，海洋酸化导致甲壳类动物难以形成外壳(食物源减少)，直接影响鸟类生存。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Instead, Rilla recommended helping these travelers by urging governments to expand the network of protected areas through international treaties.(相反，Rilla建议通过敦促各国政府借助国际条约来扩大保护区网络，以此帮助这些“旅行者”)”可知，Rilla建议通过国际条约敦促政府扩大鸟类迁徙的保护区域。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一句“In other words, as Rilla said, “whatever happens to them could also happen to us.”(换言之，正如Rillo所言：“发生在它们身上的事，也可能会发生在我们身上。”)”以及结合前文提到的候鸟对生态平衡、粮食安全的重要性可知，这句话暗示人类依赖候鸟，它们的生存状况与人类息息相关。 Passage 2 (2026届浙江宁波市镇海中学高三模拟预测11英语试题)As basalt(玄武岩) naturally weathers, it captures CO2, converting it into bicarbonate ions(碳酸氢根离子) in the water, which cannot reenter the atmosphere. Grinding and spreading basalt on farmlands, an approach known as enhanced rock weathering (ERW), has recently gathered steam. But it also has caused polarized viewpoints in terms of trapping CO2 and boosting crop yields. While mining, crushing and transporting these rocks release CO2, those emissions pale in comparison to the amount of CO2 that the rock stores away more permanently. It could remove up to two billion metric tons of CO2 from the air every year were ERW to be scaled up globally, according to David Beerling, a biochemist at the University of Sheffield in England. As great as this would sound, compared with some costly and ecosystem-unfriendly ways, such as CO2-pulling machinery and iron spread across the sea floor to enhance the growth of algae that absorb CO2, some scientists just frown on this idea. Lethal Page had an unpromising result after he conducted an experiment in Malaysia where basalt dust was spread across parts of a palm oil plantation. The dark soil contains more decaying organic matter and more clay than the soil elsewhere. Those charged materials can cling on to the breakdown products of basalt, keeping them from changing CO2 into bicarbonate. “There is a delay in capturing carbon dioxide, which may take somewhere between 5 and 15 years,” Lethal says. Acidity is another complicating factor, according to a trial on tropical sugarcane fields in northeastern Australia. The soil there is acidic, so it can potentially consume the basalt before it has a chance to react with CO2. Initial results show that CO2 capture rates are extremely low. Paul Nelson, a soil scientist at James Cook University who helped lead the study, says it is impossible to fix the problem just by neutralizing acidic soil before adding basalt because in wet tropical areas the acidity extends many meters down, to the bedrock. “ERW is a potentially valuable opportunity to remove CO2, but the aforementioned factors definitely impact its effect, and if companies cut corners, like applying the wrong type of rock or spreading it too thinly, ERW could blow up on the launch pad,” Paul cautions. 5. What is an important feature of basalt? A. It tends to be enveloped by steam. B. It makes for high output of crops. C. It is a useful indicator for weather. D. It disarms a greenhouse gas for good. 6. Why did the Malaysian experiment fall short? A. The soil consumed basalt too slowly. B. Organic matter blocked carbon conversion. C. Clay particles sped up the weathering. D. Bicarbonate formed faster than expected. 7. What is Paul Nelson’s attitude to treating acidic soil before using basalt? A. Enthusiastic. B. Dismissive. C. Reserved. D. Unbiased. 8. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D. 【答案】5. D 6. B 7. B 8. D 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了ERW 玄武岩固碳技术，它固碳潜力可观，但受土壤有机质、酸度制约，操作不当也会失效，业内对此看法分歧。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“As basalt (玄武岩) naturally weathers, it captures CO2, converting it into bicarbonate ions (碳酸氢根离子) in the water, which cannot reenter the atmosphere.( 随着玄武岩自然风化，它会捕获二氧化碳，并将其转化为水中的碳酸氢根离子，这些离子无法再次进入大气。)”可知，玄武岩的核心特征是自然风化时能捕获二氧化碳，将其转化为无法重返大气的碳酸氢根离子，也就是永久消除了温室气体 CO₂。 6. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The dark soil contains more decaying organic matter and more clay than the soil elsewhere. Those charged materials can cling on to the breakdown products of basalt, keeping them from changing CO2 into bicarbonate.( 这种暗色土壤中含有的腐烂有机物以及黏土都比其他地方的土壤要多。这些带电物质能够附着在玄武岩的分解产物上，从而阻止其将二氧化碳转化为碳酸氢盐。)”可知，马来西亚实验失败的直接原因是土壤中大量的腐殖质和黏土颗粒会吸附玄武岩的分解产物，阻断了 CO₂向碳酸氢根的转化过程。 7. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Paul Nelson, a soil scientist at James Cook University who helped lead the study, says it is impossible to fix the problem just by neutralizing acidic soil before adding basalt because in wet tropical areas the acidity extends many meters down, to the bedrock.( 詹姆斯·库克大学的土壤科学家保罗·尼尔森协助领导了这项研究，他表示，仅仅通过在添加玄武岩之前中和酸性土壤来解决这个问题是不可能的，因为在潮湿的热带地区，酸性会向下延伸数米，直至到达基岩。)”可推知，保罗·尼尔森对于在使用玄武岩之前先对酸性土壤进行处理持不屑一顾的态度。 8. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，五段内容的逻辑关系如下：P1(开头总段)：引入 ERW 玄武岩固碳技术，提出人们对此观点两极分化(总起全文)。P2：阐述 ERW 的优点：固碳量远高于开采排放，减排潜力巨大；P3、P4：连续两个实验，并列说明技术缺陷(土壤有机质阻碍转化、酸性土壤消耗玄武岩)；→ P3、P4 构成一组从属分支。P5(结尾总段)：总结：ERW 有潜力，但多重因素限制效果、违规操作会导致失败(收尾总结)。 健康医学-- 疾病研究、饮食营养、运动科学、心理健康； Passage 1 Sleeping five more minutes, exercising 1.9 more minutes, and eating healthier each day could add a year to your life. This isn’t just wishful thinking — it’s the conclusion of a new study led by researchers from Australia and the UK. “We always think that we need to make massive adjustments,” Nicholas Koemel, who led the study, told the magazine Scientific American. But small changes add up to make something meaningful. For about eight years, the team followed 59,078 people in the UK. All participants provided information about their lifestyles and health, and some wore wristwatches that tracked their sleep and activity levels. Researchers evaluated everyone’s diet using a scoring system ranging from 0 to 100 across 10 categories, with higher scores indicating healthier diets. For example, eating at least three servings of fruit per day earned the maximum 10 points in the fruit category. Based on these data, researchers estimated approximate changes in lifespan using scientific modeling, NBC News reported. The results showed that people who sleep 5.5 hours per night, exercise 7.3 minutes per day and have a diet quality score of 36.9 could theoretically live a year longer with just five additional minutes of sleep, 1.9 minutes of vigorous(剧烈的) or moderate exercise and half an extra serving of vegetables each day. If improving all three areas is too challenging, either 25 extra minutes of sleep per night or an additional 2.3 minutes of exercise per day can also help. Professor Kevin McConway from the Open University in the UK argued that the study didn’t clearly describe its statistical methods. This makes it difficult to determine whether the findings are due to the data itself or the researchers’ choice of analyses. Koemel told NBC News that the message here should not necessarily be that making these small changes is a magic solution. Instead, it’s about taking the first step towards creating sustainable and achievable opportunities for more people. 1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A. People tend to think that big changes are needed to improve health. B. The study on lifestyle was only conducted by Australian researchers. C. Small lifestyle changes have been proven to extend people’s lifespan. D. Nicholas Koemel believes that massive lifestyle adjustments are useless. 2. What can we infer about the diet scoring system from the example of fruit consumption? A. The system only evaluates fruit intake. B. Higher scores in the fruit category mean a healthier overall diet. C. The system sets quantifiable standards for each dietary component. D. Eating less than three servings of fruit per day results in a score of 0. 3. What is Professor Kevin McConway’s attitude towards the new study? A. Indifferent and unconcerned. B. Fully supportive and optimistic. C. Strongly critical and dismissive. D. Doubtful and cautiously reserved. 4. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A. A New Study on Lifespan and Lifestyle. B. How to Improve Your Lifestyle Effectively. C. The Importance of Sleep, Exercise and Diet. D. Small Lifestyle Changes Can Prolong Your Life. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. D 【导语】文章介绍了一项联合研究，证实日常微小的睡眠、运动、饮食调整有助于延长寿命，同时也提及外界对该研究统计方法的质疑。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Sleeping five more minutes, exercising 1.9 more minutes, and eating healthier each day could add a year to your life. This isn’t just wishful thinking — it’s the conclusion of a new study led by researchers from Australia and the UK.(每天多睡五分钟、多运动1.9分钟、饮食更健康一点，或许能让你的寿命延长一年。这并非空想，而是澳英两国研究人员联合开展的一项新研究得出的结论。)”和第二段“ ‘We always think that we need to make massive adjustments,’ Nicholas Koemel, who led the study, told the magazine Scientific American. But small changes add up to make something meaningful. (该研究负责人尼古拉斯・科梅尔在接受《科学美国人》杂志采访时表示：‘我们总觉得必须做出巨大改变。但点滴改变累积起来，就能带来可观的效果。’)”可知，人们通常认为改善健康需要做出大的改变。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Researchers evaluated everyone’s diet using a scoring system ranging from 0 to 100 across 10 categories, with higher scores indicating healthier diets. For example, eating at least three servings of fruit per day earned the maximum 10 points in the fruit category. Based on these data, researchers estimated approximate changes in lifespan using scientific modeling, NBC News reported. (研究人员采用0至100分的评分体系，从十个维度对所有人的饮食进行评估，分数越高代表饮食越健康。例如，每日食用至少三份水果，就能在水果这一项拿到满分10分。据美国全国广播公司报道，研究人员依托这些数据，通过科学模型估算出了人们寿命的大致变化。)”可知，饮食评分系统分为十个维度，举例“每天至少吃3份水果就能在水果这一项拿到满分”，可以推断出该系统对每个饮食组成都设定了可量化的标准。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Professor Kevin McConway from the Open University in the UK argued that the study didn’t clearly describe its statistical methods. This makes it difficult to determine whether the findings are due to the data itself or the researchers’ choice of analyses. (英国开放大学的凯文・麦康韦教授提出，这项研究未清晰说明统计方法，因此很难判断研究结果是源于真实数据，还是研究人员的分析方式导致。)”可知，麦康韦教授指出该研究没有清晰说明统计方法，难以判定研究结果是否可靠，说明他对研究结论持怀疑、谨慎保留的态度。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sleeping five more minutes, exercising 1.9 more minutes, and eating healthier each day could add a year to your life. This isn’t just wishful thinking — it’s the conclusion of a new study led by researchers from Australia and the UK. (每天多睡五分钟、多运动1.9分钟、饮食更健康一点，或许能让你的寿命延长一年。这并非空想，而是澳英两国研究人员联合开展的一项新研究得出的结论。)”并结合全文可知，文章介绍了一项联合研究：日常微小的作息、运动、饮食改变能够延长寿命，全文围绕这个研究结论展开，选项D“Small Lifestyle Changes Can Prolong Your Life (微小的生活方式改变可以延长你的寿命)”能精准概括文章核心，适合作为标题。 Passage 2 (2025-2026学年浙江宁波市镇海中学高三模拟预测英语试题)Grief can bring waves of heartache but for most people those feelings gradually fade. For some, they don’t. The loss remains intense, persistent, and difficult to handle in daily life. This condition, known as prolonged grief disorder (PGD), was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) in 2022. “There’s something blocking their ability to finally say ‘I have to accept this,’” says Katherine Shear, director of the Center for Prolonged Grief at Columbia University. Researchers are now beginning to understand why PGD may involve breakdowns in the brain systems that govern attachment and reward, according to a 2026 study published in Trends in Neurosciences. In people with prolonged grief those systems may continue to signal that the lost loved one is still expected, creating conflict between memory and reality. PGD is a “long-term, intense painful reaction to loss”, says Holly Prigerson at Weill Cornell Medicine. Individuals remain “stuck”, marked by persistent yearning and not accepting the reality of the loss. Grief is considered PGD when symptoms last longer than 12 months. How does it affect the brain? Regions involved in reward and motivation appear to remain active. “People with severe grief are still expecting the existence of what is gone, making it harder for the brain to update and accept the loss,” says Shear. Research published in 2020 also found that PGD involves different activity patterns in the amygdala(大脑杏仁核). PGD can lead to a higher risk of death. One explanation is that prolonged grief keeps the body in a lasting stress response. High levels of cortisol can hurt the heart system and interfere with immune function. The most common treatment is Prolonged Grief Therapy. “The treatment focuses on helping people accept the reality of the loss and restore their capacity for well-being, but formal recognition of PGD is crucial, as it ensures accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for those stuck in this disabling experience.” Shear explains. 5. What is PGD according to the text? A. Grief that can’t be treated. B. Grief that brings heartaches. C. Grief that comes from great loss. D. Grief that doesn’t ease with time. 6. What does the study published in 2026 mainly focus on? A. Who PGD affects. B. What PGD brings. C. How PGD works. D. Why PGD spreads. 7. How does PGD affect humans according to Katherine Shear? A. It disturbs brain functions. B. It reduces memory activity. C. It weakens the immune system. D. It shortens people’s lifetime. 8. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Official identification of PGD leads to better medical help. B. Well-being can be recovered with short-term PGD therapy. C. Reality acceptance of the loss is the main goal of curing PGD. D. Recognition of PGD largely relies on patients’ self-awareness. 【答案】5. D 6. C 7. A 8. A 【导语】文章主要介绍了持续性哀伤障碍(PGD)的定义、大脑发病机制、对人体产生的危害以及对应的主流治疗方式。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Grief can bring waves of heartache but for most people those feelings gradually fade. For some, they don’t. The loss remains intense, persistent, and difficult to handle in daily life. This condition, known as prolonged grief disorder (PGD), was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) in 2022. (悲伤会带来阵阵心痛，但大多数人的情绪会慢慢消退。一部分人却不会，失落感强烈持久，难以应对日常生活。这种名为持续性哀伤障碍(PGD)的病症，于2022年被纳入《精神疾病诊断与统计手册(第五版)》(DSM-5)。)”可知，PGD是不会随着时间缓解的悲伤。 6. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers are now beginning to understand why PGD may involve breakdowns in the brain systems that govern attachment and reward, according to a 2026 study published in Trends in Neurosciences. (据2026年发表在《神经科学趋势》期刊上的一项研究显示，研究人员如今开始探明持续性哀伤障碍为何会造成人体负责依恋与奖赏机制的大脑系统出现功能紊乱。)”可知，这项研究主要探究PGD的运作原理、发病机制。 7. 细节理解题。根据第四段“‘People with severe grief are still expecting the existence of what is gone, making it harder for the brain to update and accept the loss,’ says Shear. (Shear说：‘重度哀伤人群仍期盼逝去之人还在，致使大脑难以更新认知、接受离别事实。’)”可知，PGD会扰乱大脑机能。 8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘The treatment focuses on helping people accept the reality of the loss and restore their capacity for well-being, but formal recognition of PGD is crucial, as it ensures accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for those stuck in this disabling experience.’ Shear explains. (Shear解释道：‘该疗法重在帮助人们正视亲人离世的现实，重拾身心健康的能力；而对持续性哀伤障碍进行官方正式认定尤为关键，这能为深陷这种身心困境的人群提供精准诊断与有效治疗。’)”可知，PGD获得官方认定能够带来更优质的医疗帮扶。 社会研究--教育方式、行为心理、社交关系 Passage 1 (2026届内蒙古乌兰察布市高三年级第二次模拟考试二模英语试题)For decades, high grades, early medals, or strong test scores are often seen as signs of future greatness. Talent programs frequently select top-performing children and push them into intensive, single-discipline training from a young age. However, this approach may be flawed. A team led by Arne Güllich, professor of University Kaiserslautern Landau, found these assumptions didn’t match how most world-class performers actually developed. Earlier research mainly studied young or sub-elite(亚精英) performers, such as school students, youth athletes, and conservatory musicians. What was missing was a close look at adults who reached the highest level in their fields. “Traditional research into giftedness and expertise didn’t sufficiently consider how world-class performers at peak performance age developed in their early years,” said Güllich. Given all this, a new international research team was formed. The team reanalyzed data from massive earlier studies, bringing together evidence from different fields for the first time. In total, they examined the developmental paths of 34,839 top performers. This group included Nobel Prize winners in science, Olympic medalists, excellent chess players, etc. The researchers found early success didn’t reliably predict later greatness. First, individuals who performed best at a young age were usually not the same people who later reached the world-class level. Second, future top performers tended to not stand out early, and many weren’t among the best in their age group. Third, those who eventually reached peak performance explored multiple areas early in life. According to the researchers, trying different disciplines helps individuals discover what truly fits them best over time, and that varied experiences build stronger learning skills, making it easier to improve later at the highest level. “Those who find an optimal(最适宜的) discipline for themselves and develop enhanced potential for long-term learning have improved chances of developing world-class performance,” said Güllich. “Thus, to support young talent, don’t make them specialize in just one discipline too early,” said Güllich. “Provide opportunities to pursue different areas of interest, and support development in two or three disciplines.” A young person might enjoy both mathematics and languages, or philosophy and geography. Looking ahead, these insights could help design better approaches to talent development. 1. What does the underlined word “flawed” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Confusing. B. Unattractive. C. Discouraging. D. Unsound. 2. What is the uniqueness of the new study compared to previous research? A. The focus on comprehensive data. B. The massive financial investment. C. The dependence on technology. D. The cooperation between countries. 3. What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A. Ways to choose disciplines. B. The power of early variety. C. The qualities of top performers. D. The applications of the findings. 4. What did Güllich think was the most important about approaches to talent development? A. Creativity. B. Resistance. C. Flexibility. D. Sustainability. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项新研究发现早期成功不能预测未来成就，指出过早单一学科训练有缺陷，提出人才培养应注重多领域探索。 1. 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“For decades, high grades, early medals, or strong test scores are often seen as signs of future greatness. Talent programs frequently select top-performing children and push them into intensive, single-discipline training from a young age. However, this approach may be flawed. A team led by Arne Güllich, professor of University Kaiserslautern Landau, found these assumptions didn’t match how most world-class performers actually developed.(几十年来，高分、早期奖牌或优异的考试成绩通常被视为未来成就卓越的标志。人才项目经常挑选表现顶尖的孩子，从小就推动他们接受高强度的单一学科训练。然而，这种方法可能是 flawed。凯撒斯劳滕-兰道大学的阿恩·居利希教授领导的团队发现，这些假设与大多数世界级表演者的实际发展方式并不相符)”可知，“从小进行单一学科高强度训练”的方法被研究证明与世界级表演者的实际发展不符，由此猜测flawed意为“有缺陷的、不健全的”,与unsound同义。故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Earlier research mainly studied young or sub-elite (亚精英) performers, such as school students, youth athletes, and conservatory musicians. What was missing was a close look at adults who reached the highest level in their fields.(早期的研究主要研究年轻或亚精英表演者，如学生、青少年运动员和音乐学院的音乐家。所缺少的是对那些在各自领域达到最高水平的成年人的仔细观察)”和第三段中的“The team reanalyzed data from massive earlier studies, bringing together evidence from different fields for the first time. In total, they examined the developmental paths of 34,839 top performers.(该团队重新分析了早期大量研究的数据，首次整合了不同领域的证据。他们总共研究了34839名顶尖表演者的发展路径)”可知，与之前的研究相比，这项新研究的独特之处在于它聚焦于综合数据，首次整合不同领域证据，研究顶尖成年人的发展路径，而非仅研究年轻或亚精英群体。故选A项。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“According to the researchers, trying different disciplines helps individuals discover what truly fits them best over time, and that varied experiences build stronger learning skills, making it easier to improve later at the highest level.(研究人员表示，随着时间的推移，尝试不同的学科有助于个人发现最适合自己的领域，而多样化的经历能培养更强的学习技能，使他们后来更容易在最高水平上取得进步)”可知，第五段主要讲述了早期尝试多种领域(多样化经历)的好处和作用，即早期多样化的力量。故选B项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Thus, to support young talent, don’t make them specialize in just one discipline too early,” said Güllich. “Provide opportunities to pursue different areas of interest, and support development in two or three disciplines.”(居利希说：“因此，为了支持年轻人才，不要让他们过早地只专注于一个学科。提供追求不同兴趣领域的机会，并支持在两到三个学科领域的发展。”)”可知，居利希认为人才培养方法中最重要的是灵活性，即不要过早单一化，要支持多领域发展。故选C项。 Passage 2 (2026届贵州中央民族大学附属中学贵阳学校第二学期高三年级模拟英语试题)A new study on 26 chimpanzees(黑猩猩) from zoos around the world found that chimpanzees can recognise family members and long lost friends even after decades of separation. The participating chimpanzees were given juice while sitting at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the screen chimp for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where each chimpanzee was looking and for how long. Data showed their eyes spent more time staring at the pictures of their former companions. There is also evidence that they became more intimate when shown a picture of a chimpanzee with whom they’d had more positive interactions, compared with conflicting relationships. In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen more than 26 years. The team said Louise’s results represented the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date. “We tend to see ourselves as unique special creatures with incredible intellectual(智力的) capacity that are very different from other animals on earth,” said Laura Simone Lewis, a postdoctoral fellow in Berkeley’s psychology department and lead author of the study. “This study is showing us how similar we are to chimpanzees.” She noted that the findings support the theory that chimps have long term social memory in humans and modern-day chimps had our “last common ancestor” that lived somewhere between 5 to 7 million years ago who also likely had long-term social memory. Now that they have definitive evidence that these endangered species possess long-term social memories, researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they have the ability to do so,” Lewis said. 5. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The nature of chimps. B. The method of the study. C. The analysis of the recorded data. D. The layout of experimental equipment. 6. What does the underlined word “intense” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Attentive. B. Doubtful. C. Hesitant. D. Emotional. 7. Why is the example of Louise in paragraph 4 mentioned? A. To stress chimps as intelligent as human beings. B. To explain where chimps’ social memory comes from. C. To better demonstrate the chimps’ memory length. D. To further prove the existence of chimps’ social memory. 8. What will the research team most probably continue to explore? A. Whether chimps feel strong emotions to their long lost friends. B. How to strengthen chimps’ long-term social connections. C. How chimps recognise their close contacts after long separation. D. Why chimps possess the amazing social memories. 【答案】5. B 6. A 7. D 8. A 【导语】文章主要介绍实验证明黑猩猩拥有长达数十年的长期社交记忆，并引出后续待研究问题。 5. 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“The participating chimpanzees were given juice while sitting at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the screen chimp for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where each chimpanzee were looking and for how long.(参与实验的黑猩猩坐在屏幕前喝果汁，屏幕并排展示其他黑猩猩照片，一组照片里一只曾和它共同生活至少一年，另一只为陌生同类，眼动相机记录黑猩猩注视位置和时长。)”可知，本段完整介绍这项实验的操作流程与实验手段，即研究方法。 6. 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen more than 26 years. The team said Louise’s results represented the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date.(其中最令人惊叹的案例是：一只46岁名叫路易丝的黑猩猩，在时隔26年多后再次看到姐姐洛蕾塔与外甥艾琳的照片时，反复表现出intense注意的状态。研究团队表示，路易丝的实验数据，是目前所有非人类动物中有记录的、持续时间最久的社交记忆。)”以及第二段“Data showed their eyes spent more time staring at the pictures of their former companions.(数据显示它们会花费更多时间凝视昔日同伴的照片)”可知，再次看到姐姐洛蕾塔与外甥艾琳的照片时，反复表现出专注的注意的状态。intense意为“专注的”。 7. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“A new study on 26 chimpanzees (黑猩猩) from zoos around the world found that chimpanzees can recognise family members and long lost friends even after decades of separation.(一项针对全球动物园 26 只黑猩猩的新研究发现，黑猩猩时隔数十年仍能认出亲人与久别同伴。)”和第四段中“The team said Louise’s results represented the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date.(研究团队表示，路易丝的实验数据，是目前所有非人类动物中有记录的、持续时间最久的社交记忆。)”可知，前文提出黑猩猩拥有长期社交记忆这一核心结论，举路易丝时隔26年仍能识别亲属的典型案例，是用极具说服力的实例进一步证实黑猩猩长期社交记忆真实存在。 8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now that they have definitive evidence that these endangered species possess long-term social memories, researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they have the ability to do so,” Lewis said.(研究人员已经掌握确凿证据，证明这类濒危动物拥有长期社交记忆，但他们心中还有更多疑问，其中一点是：黑猩猩是否会思念再也无法相见的亲友。刘易斯称：“我们的研究尚且无法证实它们会产生思念之情，但这项研究提出了一种可能性——它们或许拥有思念他人的能力。”)”可知，团队接下来很可能探究黑猩猩是否会对久别亲友产生思念这类强烈情绪。 历史文化---语言演变、节日起源、建筑风格 Passage 1 (2026届湖北黄冈市黄梅县育才高级中学高三考前模拟预测英语试题)Have you ever noticed people around you who always seem to be “creating drama”? John always turns minor workplace disagreements into intense conflicts, describing them as if they were plot twists in a horror movie. Emily on social media carefully selects every photo to present her life as a series of idealized moments, each post framed as an essential scene in her personal story. Or consider Mark, who often expects special treatment in group settings and reacts with visible disappointment when he isn’t given priority. In doing so, they often struggle to genuinely understand or empathize with the experiences of those around them. Such behavior is characteristic of what is commonly referred to as “main character syndrome”. What causes this syndrome? Cultural and media influences, such as movies, books and TV shows centered on a single character, shape people’s perception of their own life roles. Social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook and TikTok further facilitate this tendency by rewarding self-presentation and attention-seeking behaviors. Additionally, personalities like narcissistic tendencies or emotional struggles such as insecurity and low self-esteem, as well as self-focused family upbringing, can increase the likelihood of developing such a mindset. This mindset is not entirely negative, as framing oneself as life’s leading role can develop a strong sense of purpose and motivation, encouraging individuals to pursue their goals with greater confidence and determination. However, its potential downsides often outweigh these benefits: It breeds more than enough self-centeredness, weakens interpersonal empathy, and ruins genuine relationships by reducing others to mere “supporting roles” rather than equals in mutual interactions. Since main character syndrome is not a formally recognized psychological disorder, there is no targeted medical treatment for it. Nevertheless, practical approaches can effectively address its underlying issues: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps individuals adjust self-centered behaviors and address interpersonal relationships; empathy training enhances the ability to understand and appreciate others’ feelings; mindfulness practices promote a more grounded and less self-focused perspective; and social skills workshops develop collaborative and empathetic interpersonal relationships. Together, these practices cultivate balanced self-awareness and fuel meaningful personal growth. 1. How does the author illustrate the term “main character syndrome”? A. By giving examples. B. By defining a concept. C. By quoting an expert. D. By providing statistics. 2. Who is most likely to have the main character syndrome? A. Students absorbed in social media. B. Teenagers modelling roles in the movies. C. People struggling with physical disabilities. D. Children prioritized by overprotective parents. 3. What is the author’s attitude toward the main character syndrome? A. Unclear. B. Critical. C. Favorable. D. Dismissive. 4. What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. Star of Your Own Story? B. To Focus on Yourself or Others? C. Acting in the Way You Wish? D. Right to Be the Main Character? 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 【导语】文章主要讲的是通过描述“主角综合征”的表现、成因、影响及应对方法，向读者介绍这一社会心理现象。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“John always turns minor workplace disagreements into intense conflicts, describing them as if they were plot twists in a horror movie. Emily on social media carefully selects every photo to present her life as a series of idealized moments, each post framed as an essential scene in her personal story. Or consider Mark, who often expects special treatment in group settings and reacts with visible disappointment when he isn’t given priority. In doing so, they often struggle to genuinely understand or empathize with the experiences of those around them. Such behavior is characteristic of what is commonly referred to as “main character syndrome”.(约翰总是把职场上的小事矛盾升级为激烈的冲突，他将这些矛盾描述得如同恐怖电影中的剧情转折一般。艾米丽在社交媒体上精心挑选每一张照片，将自己的生活呈现为一系列理想化的时刻，每条帖子都被塑造成她个人故事中不可或缺的一幕。再比如马克，他常常期待在群体场合中得到特殊对待，一旦没有被优先考虑，就会明显表现出失望。正因如此，他们往往难以真正理解或感同身受身边人的经历。这种行为正是所谓“主角综合征”的典型表现)”可知，作者通过描述John、Emily和Mark三个具体人物的行为来阐述“主角综合征”这一概念，即作者使用了举例子的说明方法。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Additionally, personalities like narcissistic tendencies or emotional struggles such as insecurity and low self-esteem, as well as self-focused family upbringing, can increase the likelihood of developing such a mindset.(此外，诸如自恋倾向或情感困扰(如不安全感和低自尊)以及以自我为中心的家庭教育方式，也可能增加个体形成此类思维模式的可能性)”可知，由过度保护的父母抚养的孩子最有可能出现主角综合征。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“However, its potential downsides often outweigh these benefits: It breeds more than enough self-centeredness, weakens interpersonal empathy, and ruins genuine relationships by reducing others to mere “supporting roles” rather than equals in mutual interactions.(然而，其潜在的弊端往往远大于这些好处：它滋生出过多的自我中心，削弱了人际间的同理心，并通过将他人简化为“配角”而非平等互动的伙伴，破坏了真正的人际关系)”可知，作者对主角综合征持批判态度。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“In doing so, they often struggle to genuinely understand or empathize with the experiences of those around them. Such behavior is characteristic of what is commonly referred to as “main character syndrome”.(正因如此，他们往往难以真正理解或感同身受身边人的经历。这种行为正是所谓“主角综合征”的典型表现)”以及文章主要讲的是通过描述“主角综合征”的表现、成因、影响及应对方法，向读者介绍这一社会心理现象。A项“Star of Your Own Story?”(做自己故事的主角?)既概括了主题，又以问号引发思考，与文章讨论该现象利弊的内容相符。 Passage 2 (2025-2026学年安徽芜湖市第一中学高三下学期最后一卷英语试题)Despite advances in digital technology, no virtual platform has yet solved the problem of physical presence. While virtual tours have gained popularity, many users acknowledge that viewing an object through a screen fundamentally changes their perception. Features such as texture, weight, and scale are inevitably affected by a flat image. This sensory gap suggests that digital representations, however advanced, remain imperfect substitutes for direct engagement. Beyond these sensory limitations, technological and economic barriers further complicate the ideal of universal access. A virtual museum that relies on virtual reality headsets, high-speed network, or recently released devices may unknowingly exclude individuals with older hardware or unstable connections. Moreover, digital preservation introduces challenges different from those associated with physical collections. Websites become outdated, software platforms are discontinued, and file formats fall out of use. Whereas a physical museum demands structural maintenance, a virtual one requires continuous migration of data and updating of systems — a commitment often underestimated. Trust also poses a significant concern. In a virtual environment — particularly one operated by individuals or small organizations — viewers may find it difficult to determine whether an image faithfully represents the original or merely offers a loosely sourced picture accompanied by incomplete documentation. Clear origin notes and transparent labeling can mitigate such concerns, yet skepticism remains a reasonable response. Interestingly, the museum term “deaccessioning”(藏品注销) also fits private collectors who want to sell or give away their collections. Virtual museums and digital catalogs are very helpful for them. When collectors make clear digital records, they sort out key details: where they got the items, sizes, condition and related materials. These records are greatly useful for their family inheritors who know little about the collection. They also help museums decide whether to accept the donated items. Even if the collection is later divided up, the digital record keeps its original order and value, so its hidden meaning and logical connection will not disappear. 5. What does the author point out about virtual tours in paragraph 1? A. They rely heavily on advanced equipment. B. They are preferred by most museum visitors. C. They fail to convey certain physical qualities. D. They improve the resolution of digital images. 6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “mitigate”? A. Reduce. B. Ignore. C. Identify. D. Create. 7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about private collectors? A. They prefer to keep their collections complete. B. They underestimate the value of documentation. C. They can benefit a lot from creating digital records. D. They often rely on digital list to sell their collections. 8. Which statement best summarizes the main idea of the text? A. Digital technology has transformed museum experiences. B. Virtual museums face limitations in accessibility and authenticity. C. Private collectors benefit more from digitization than museums do. D. Physical museums are superior to virtual alternatives in every aspect. 【答案】5. C 6. A 7. C 8. B 【导语】文章主要说明了虚拟博物馆存在感官体验、设备门槛、长期维护及真伪判定等诸多不足，但数字化档案能为私人收藏家及其后人妥善留存藏品信息。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Features such as texture, weight, and scale are inevitably affected by a flat image.(纹理、重量和比例等特征不可避免地会受到平面图像的影响)”可知，虚拟导览无法传达某些物理特性。 6. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“In a virtual environment — particularly one operated by individuals or small organizations — viewers may find it difficult to determine whether an image faithfully represents the original or merely offers a loosely sourced picture accompanied by incomplete documentation.(在虚拟环境中——尤其是由个人或小型组织运营的场合中，观众可能难以判断一张图片是否真实反映了原始内容，还是仅仅提供了一张来源模糊、资料不完整的图像)”以及后文“such concerns”可知，清晰标注能减轻人们的疑虑，故划线词意思是“减轻、缓解”。 7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interestingly, the museum term “deaccessioning”(藏品注销) also fits private collectors who want to sell or give away their collections. Virtual museums and digital catalogs are very helpful for them. When collectors make clear digital records, they sort out key details: where they got the items, sizes, condition and related materials.(有趣的是，博物馆术语“藏品注销”也适用于希望出售或赠送收藏的私人收藏家。虚拟博物馆和数字目录对他们非常有帮助。当收藏家建立清晰的数字记录时，他们就能整理出关键信息：物品的来源、尺寸、状况及相关资料)”可知，私人收藏家可以通过创建数字记录获得很大益处。 8. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Despite advances in digital technology, no virtual platform has yet solved the problem of physical presence.(尽管数字技术不断进步，但至今没有任何虚拟平台能够解决实体在场的问题)”结合文章主要说明了虚拟博物馆存在感官体验、设备门槛、长期维护及真伪判定等诸多不足，但数字化档案能为私人收藏家及其后人妥善留存藏品信息。可知，故文章的主旨是虚拟博物馆在可及性和真实性方面存在局限。 2 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 清单03 阅读理解之说明文 目录导航 01知识脑图·核心脉络搭建——梳理专题框架，搭建知识体系 02 考点深研·知能分层突破——深挖高频考点，分层突破重难点 考点一 简述 1. 写作目的—解释说明，传递信息； 2. 语言特点--客观准确，科学严谨； 3. 结构特点--按逻辑关系组织； 4. 人称使用--第三人称为主； 5. 情感色彩--保持客观中立。 考点二 常见话题 知识点一 科技发明-- AI、机器人、太空探索、互联网发展 知识点二 自然生态--气候变化、动物行为、植物特征、环境保护 知识点三 健康医学-- 疾病研究、饮食营养、运动科学、心理健康； 知识点四 社会研究--教育方式、行为心理、社交关系 知识点五 历史文化---语言演变、节日起源、建筑风格 03优题精练·专题实战通关——精选优质试题，强化实战应用 知识脑图·核心脉络搭建 考点深研●知能分层突破 一. 简述 说明文是一种以客观、清晰、有条理的方式向读者介绍或解释某个事物、现象、概念、流程或事理的文体，核心特征是聚焦 “说明清楚”，多用定义、分类、数据、举例等手法，不掺杂主观说服或叙事抒情。说明文的经典结构模式 1.总—分—总(最常见)第一部分(Para. 1)：总述——提出说明对象/主题；第二部分(Para. 2-4)：分述——从不同角度分别说明；第三部分(Para. 5/最后一段)：总结——综合概括/展望未来；2.总—分(无总结)第一部分(Para. 1)：引入主题；第二部分(Para. 2-4/5)：多角度说明，无单独总结段3.问题—原因—解决 提出问题(Problem)→分析原因(Causes)→给出方案(Solutions)这种结构在环保类、健康类文章中尤其常见。 二.解题技巧 说明文信息量大、逻辑性强，最有效的策略是先读题干，再读文章。先读题干，划关键词；然后定位原文，精读定位句；再则比对选项，排除干扰；最后确认答案，回文验证。 1、关键是抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时也要注意说明的顺序，说明的顺序有时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(因果、现象与本质)。 2、掌握说明文的说明方法：举例子、作比较——举例子、作比较(对比说明相异、类比说明相似)、列数字、作诠释、下定义、作引用、打比方等。 3、把握文章的脉络和长难句的分析。 4. 说明文主旨大意题常与说明对象有关。中心句常出现在标题或者段首, 高频词；常见的标志词/句①According to a new study ②The study shows that…③However, as a result, in fact, but…。主旨题正确选项特征同义复现，概括呈现.。 5. 说明文细节理解题的步骤①划出题干、选项关键词;②回忆文章结构，定位具体段落;③关注关键词句，找出答案；正确选项特征：同词/同义复现。 四、高考典题分析 考点1.自然生态类--(气候变化、动物行为、植物特征、环境保护) (2026·全国二卷·阅读C)The peak of Mount Qomolangma, 8,849 meters above sea level. Chimborazo, 6,263 m; Mont Blanc, 4,806 m; Pradidali hut, at the foot of the Pala group in the Dolomites, 2,278 m. It is common practice to provide the elevation(高度) of a place. Simple readings are now readily available on our phones and wearables. But elevation is necessarily relative: only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a location. The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it without even considering what it means. That the concept has a history is easily ignored. We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and culturally determined assumptions. In this book, I tell a story of these assumptions. Appropriately, the book took shape during a summer spent between sea and mountains. A month after visiting the French Riviera and enjoying the sandy beaches of Nice and Menton, I went hiking with friends in the Pala group. Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut, we began discussing the readings offered by our altimeters (测高仪). Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next? This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero. This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level. These stages mirror the development of human conceptions of the sea. Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011, the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent: between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters, about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 28. What does the author point out at the beginning of the text? A. Some mountains are getting higher. B. Data on wearables are misleading. C. The concept of elevation is relative. D. The reference point is hard to locate. 29. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. How the altimeter was invented. B. What initiated the author’s research. C. Why the digital readings varied. D. Where the author spent his holiday. 30. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in the last paragraph? A. The book. B. The project. C. The issue. D. The development. 31. What can be the title of the book mentioned in the text? A. The Altimeter: A Must-Have B. Sea Level: A History C. Meaning of Zero: Nothing or Everything D. Mountains to Seas: Ups and Downs 【高频词汇积累】 1. ________n. 山峰 2. ________v. 仔细研究 3. ________adj. 关键性的 4. ________adj. 紧迫的 5. ________v. 开始实施，发起 6. ________n. 认知，理解 7. ________adj. 全部的 【派生(合成)词汇】 1. relate vi. & vt.联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述→related adj. 有联系的；相关的→relation n. 关系；联系→relationship n. 关系→________ adj. 相比较而言的n. 亲戚，亲属 2. assume vt.假定，假设→________ n. 假定，假设 3. wear v. 穿，戴→________ n. 可穿戴设备 4. number n. 数字→________ adv. 用数字表示地 5. essential adj. 基本的→________ adv. 基本上 6. notice v.注意→________ adj. 被忽视的 7. technique n. 技术→ technical adj. 技术上的→________ adv. 技术上 8. culture n. 文化→cultural adj. 文化的→________ adv. 文化上 9. appropriate adj. 恰当的→________ adv. 适当地 10. slight adj. 稍微→________ adv. 略微地 11. certain adj. 确定的，一定的→certainty n. 确定性→________ n. 不确定(性) 12. concept n. 概念→________ adj. 概念的 【熟词生义】 1.reading n. ________ 2.around adv. ________ 3.pass n. ________ 4.mean adj. ________ 5.mirror v. ________ 【高频短语】 1. common practice ________________ 2. be readily available ________________ 3. take shape ________________ 4. place sth. historically ________________ 【长难句分析】 The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed— we mention it without even considering what it means. 分析：本句主干为 The idea has been around。for so long as to go essentially unnoticed为结果状语；破折号后we mention it without even considering what it means是对前句的补充说明，其中what it means为________从句，作considering 的宾语。 翻译:海平面作为海拔参照点的概念由来已久，以至于几乎被忽视--我们提到它时甚至不会去想它意味着什么。 考点2.自然生态类--(语言演变、节日起源、建筑风格) (2026全国一卷 D)A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive(认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. In the study, 187 people were invited to visit Kettle’s Yard gallery during an exhibition of handmade clay objects. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the “beauty” group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed, while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself. All participants were then tested on how they process information, and whether it’s in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking. While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests, with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those, the effect was greater: those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25% higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23% higher levels of “transformative and self-transcendent feelings” — such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired — than the control group. Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. “We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen,” said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. “It’s becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind wander, but that’s when we think in ways that broaden our minds. Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cognitive processes.” 32. What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A. Draw their outlines. B. Give each piece a rating. C. Compare their prices. D. Make a copy of each piece. 33. Which participants got the highest score on average in the test? A. Beauty group, with an artistic hobby. B. Beauty group, without an artistic hobby. C. Control group, with an artistic hobby. D. Control group, without an artistic hobby. 34. Why were the participants’ emotional states measured? A. To discover their attitudes towards art. B. To identify their specific thinking patterns. C. To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D. To determine factors behind the test results. 35. What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A. It enhances emotional ties. B. It needs critical thinking skills. C. It creates positive feelings. D. It encourages abstract thinking. 【高频词汇积累】 1. ________v. 进行; 2. ________n. 物品 3. ________v. 赋予灵感 4. ________ v. 欣赏 5. ________v. 开始 【派生(合成)词汇】 1. mere adj. 仅仅→________ adv. 仅仅 2. act v. 表演→active adj. 积极的→________ adv. 主动地 3. exhibit v. 展览→________ n. 展览 4. participate v. 参加→________ n. 参与者 5. random adj. 随机的→________ adv. 随机地 6. practice n. 实践，练习→________ adj. 实际的 7. transform v. 使改观，使变形，使转化；变换→________ adj. 具有变革性的 8. lighten v. 减轻；发亮→________ v. 启发 9. engage v. 雇用，聘请；参加，从事；吸引，引起→________ n. (与.....密切关系 10. positive adj. 积极的→________ n. 积极性 11. hand + made=handmade adj. ________ 【熟词生义】 1. process v. ________ 2. rate v. ________ 3. score v. ________ 4. measure v. ________ 5.concrete adj. _________ 【高频短语】 1. ________________被分为 2. ________________使某物与某物相匹配 3. ________________平均 4. ________________走神 5. ________________从......角度 6.let the mind wander ________________ 【长难句分析】 Importantly, however, the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 分析：本句主干为 the beauty group did not report feeling any happier。suggesting that为动词-ing形式作结果状语；that引导________从句。从句中使用了 it was... that... ________句型，强调的部分是 the engagement with beauty, rather than any overall positivity是与之比较的成分。 句意：然而，重要的是，审美组并没有报告他们比对照组感到更快乐这表明影响抽象思维的是与美的互动本身，而非他们本次体验带来的总体积极感受。 优题精练●专题实战通关 科技发明-- AI、机器人、太空探索、互联网发展 Passage 1 (2026届浙江宁波市镇海中学高三上学期模拟预测英语试题)A newly engineered molecule acts like a “rechargeable” solar heat battery, storing sunlight and releasing it on demand. Solar energy has one persistent weakness: it disappears at sunset. Finding a reliable way to store that energy for later use remains one of the biggest obstacles to expanding renewable power. A research team at UC Santa Barbara may have found an unexpected workaround. Instead of relying on conventional batteries, they created a small organic molecule that captures sunlight, locks that energy into its structure, and releases it later as heat. To understand the idea, Nguyen points to a familiar example. “Think of photochromic sunglasses(光致变色太阳镜). When you’re inside, they’re just clear lenses. You walk out into the sun, and they darken on their own. Come back inside, and the lenses become clear again,” Nguyen said. “That kind of reversible change is what we’re interested in. Only instead of changing color, we want to use the same idea to store energy, release it when we need it, and then reuse the material over and over.” To build this molecule, the researchers turned to DNA for inspiration. The pyrimidone structure(嘧啶酮结构) resembles a DNA component that can reversibly change its form when exposed to UV light. By creating a synthetic version, the team designed a molecule capable of repeatedly storing and releasing energy. They worked with Ken Houk, a distinguished research professor at UCLA, using computational modeling to understand how the molecule can hold energy while remaining stable for years. “We prioritized a lightweight, compact molecule design,” Nguyen said. “For this project, we cut everything we didn’t need. Anything that was unnecessary, we removed to make the molecule as compact as possible.” Unlike solar panels that generate electricity, this system stores solar energy in chemical form. The molecule behaves like a coiled spring. When exposed to sunlight, it shifts into a strained, high energy configuration. It remains in that state until triggered by heat or a catalyst, which allows it to return to its original form and release the stored energy as heat. “We typically describe it as a rechargeable solar battery,” Nguyen said. “It stores sunlight, and it can be recharged.” The critical breakthrough for Han’s group was translating high energy density into a tangible result. In the study, the researchers demonstrated that the heat released from the material was intense enough to boil water — a feat previously difficult to achieve in this field. 1. What is the key solution to solar energy’s biggest limitation? A. Using conventional batteries to store solar power B. Applying the new organic molecule to store heat C. Saving sunlight for nighttime electricity production D. Updating solar devices to generate power nonstop 2. Why did the researchers simplify and compact the structure of the molecule? A. To copy the basic form of natural human DNA B. To guarantee its high energy density for boiling water C. To improve its practical performance in real-life application D. To prevent it from changing forms under strong sunlight 3. Which diagram best shows the molecule’s energy storage and release process? A. B. C. D. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. An Innovative Molecule: Rechargeable Solar Heat Storage B. Daily Applications of Advanced DNA Technology C. Comparison Between Solar Panels and New Batteries D. Simple Methods to Produce Boiling Water Passage 2 (2026年贵州贵阳市高三年级适应性考试(二)Our solar system orbits the Milky Way galaxy’s center once about every 210 million years, traveling along at around 240 kilometers per second — an astonishing rate we don’t feel because the entire system moves at the same constant speed. But a new study suggests our solar system is a laggard in the universe compared with one system in our galaxy that was somehow accelerated to a speed of 541 kilometers a second, making it the swiftest planetary system ever found. “This speed was extremely high and kind of shocking,” says astrophysicist Terry. It introduces a series of questions about the survivability of these types of systems. This galactic speed “monster” appears to center on a red dwarf star (红矮星) which is smaller and less bright than our sun. It’s about 24,500 light years from Earth and some 1,500 light years away from our galaxy’s center. Astronomers discovered the star and a suspected accompanying planet after a 2011 “microlensing” event called MOA-2011-BLG-262, when the system passed in front of a background star and bent the latter’s light. Terry and his colleagues observed the system again in 2021. They found that its known planet is most likely a gas giant with about 29 times Earth’s mass that orbits its star at a distance between those at which Venus and Earth orbit our sun. The researchers also mapped the system’s position in the 2021 data relative to where it was about a decade prior, revealing how fast it traveled. It might be a hyper-speed star system, an example of a rare class of astronomical objects that have been sped up by past encounters with other stars’ gravity — or even by a gravitational slingshot(弹弓) from the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. These objects travel faster than 500 kilometers a second, and the speediest known one travels at over 2,000 kilometers a second. “It’s an extraordinary category of stars,” Terry says, estimating that the system in this study more than doubled its speed after its own dramatic encounter. “No previous hyper-speed stars have been found with planets. This might open up a new study of the origin and evolution of planets around very high-speed stars,” he adds. 5. What does the underlined word “laggard” in the first paragraph refer to? A. Something moving slowly. B. Something becoming famous. C. Something traveling endlessly. D. Something looking incomparable. 6. What can we learn about the “monster” from paragraph 2? A. Its star is much brighter than our sun. B. Its planet’s mass is identical to Venus’s. C. It’s a system discovered through its own light. D. It’s closer to the galactic center than Earth. 7. What does Terry think of the discovery? A. It is accidental. B. It is common. C. It is pioneering. D. It is strange. 8. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Milky Way Galaxy’s Center B. The Solar System’s Bright Stars C. The Fastest Astronomical Objects D. The Planetary System Speed Record Passage 3 A new study was conducted by AI expert André Barcaui of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, who ran an experiment with a group of university students. Half were allowed to use ChatGPT to help them respond to an assignment on artificial intelligence, and half weren’t. In a surprise test 45 days after the assignment, the students who used ChatGPT scored an average of 5.75 out of 10, while those who took the traditional study route averaged 6.85. That’s a notable difference, which chimes with other research showing that using AI to find information means we don’t take as much in. “This suggests that unrestricted ChatGPT use affected long-term memory storage, likely by reducing the cognitive effort that supports durable memory,” Barcaui writes. In the study, the students were given two weeks to learn about AI, then had to give a 10-minute demonstration. The ChatGPT group could use the tool to search, integrate, and structure information; the other group stuck to traditional methods. Learning was faster with AI: the ChatGPT group spent an average of 3.2 hours on the assignment, compared with 5.8 hours for the non-AI group. This reminds us that using apps like ChatGPT could be robbing our brains of the exercise they need — and that has consequences. The idea of cognitive offloading isn’t new. In 2011, a team led by psychologist Betsy Sparrow first described “digital amnesia(失忆症)” — the effect of search engines like Google on our ability to remember information. With AI assistants now able to take on much of the mental workload, studies suggest they could be changing how we think, perceive, focus and remember — not necessarily for the better. “Future teaching strategies should aim to take advantage of the benefits of AI without sacrificing the cognitive engagement and productive struggle required for durable learning,” Barcaui writes. “In the age of AI, the core principles of human learning are not outdated; in fact, they are more important than ever to uphold.” 9. What does the underlined phrase “chimes with” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Conflicts with. B. Corresponds to. C. Contributes to. D. Comes from. 10. What explains the faster learning of ChatGPT group? A. Limited memory storage. B. Enriched learning experience. C. Increased learning motivation. D. Reduced cognitive involvement. 11. Why does the author mention “digital amnesia”? A. To emphasize AI’s great risk. B. To clarify cognitive offloading. C. To add evidence to the findings. D. To criticize over-reliance on tools. 12. What is Barcaui’s attitude toward the use of AI? A. Supportive. B. Unclear. C. Dismissive. D. Doubtful. Passage 4 For two decades, images from European spacecraft have contained tiny color marks caused by fast-moving dust devils(尘卷风). Now, scientists have turned these marks into a discovery: winds on Mars are far more powerful than previously believed. The study used data from two European Space Agency missions: Mars Express (2004) and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016). Neither was designed to measure wind. However, thanks to a special design in their imaging instruments, both create color images that were taken by combining several pictures with a very short shooting delay(极短拍摄间隔). For a still scene, this process works smoothly. But for a moving dust devil, the delay makes it appear in slightly different positions, creating a faint digital mark. To analyze the data, the team trained a computer program to scan the images and identify these color marks. By measuring the distance of the marks and comparing it with the known short delay, they calculated the dust devil’s exact speed and direction. “We turned image noise into valuable scientific measurements,” said lead researcher Valentin Bickel. The results were surprising. The Mars Climate Database (MCD) — the standard model for predicting Martian weather — regularly gives near-surface wind speeds that are too low in 76% to 96% of cases. Previously, scientists thought only winds above 51 mph could lift dust into the air. According to the MCD, only 6 of the 1,039 dust devils observed should have been driven by winds that strong. But direct measurements showed that 124 dust devils actually passed that limit, with winds reaching up to 98 mph. This means far more dust is being lifted into Mars’s thin air than models predicted. Dust drives the planet’s entire weather system, so this finding forces a major rethink of Martian climate. The new data also serve as the first risk map for Mars explorers. Knowing where strong winds are most common can help mission planners avoid dangerous landing sites and protect equipment from dust. The information is already being used to plan the 2030 landing of the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover, ensuring it arrives outside the planet’s global dust-storm season. 13. What led the scientists to the new discovery? A. Color marks captured by accident. B. Space missions for observing wind. C. Delayed shots of unchanged scenery. D. Special cameras targeting dust devils. 14. What did the scientists do to turn image noise into valuable scientific measurements? A. They compared differences of colors. B. They redesigned the instruments. C. They worked out the wind movements. D. They created a training program. 15. What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A. Strong winds can bring huge dangers. B. The standard MCD model is inaccurate. C. The number of dust devils is endless. D. Weather on Mars changes dramatically. 16. In which aspect can the research findings benefit future Mars missions? A. The forecast of disasters. B. The upgrading of equipment. C. The reduction of dust-storm. D. The selection of landing areas. 自然生态--气候变化、动物行为、植物特征、环境保护 Passage 1 (2026届云南省红河州、文山州高三第四次州统测三模英语试题)Twice a year, when animals like bears and squirrels are either curling up for a deep sleep or stretching their way into spring, migratory birds are getting ready to take epic journeys over land and sea. And in so doing, they play a crucial role in keeping nature in balance. As they fly from one place to another, pollinating plants, spreading seeds and controlling pests by eating insects and other invertebrates(无脊椎动物), they help to maintain ecosystem health, which in turn contributes to food security. And that’s not all. Francisco Rilla, a wildlife biologist and consultant to the UN, said migratory birds also serve as “bioindicators”. In other words, because they tend to avoid polluted areas, their movements provide useful information in the assessment of water and air quality. Migrating birds use the sun, stars, coastlines and large bodies of water to guide them on their journeys across the world. But some places where they stop to rest and refuel along the coasts are being altered by floods connected to rising sea levels. Small crustaceans(甲科动物), which are an important food source for migratory birds, can struggle to build their shells and skeletons(骨架) in oceans made more acidic by having to absorb more carbon dioxide. And this has a knock-on effect on migratory birds. Without sufficient food, they are less likely to survive tough journeys or successfully reproduce. Though humans often feed birds, Rilla said putting food out for migratory birds can do them more harm than good. If they are given bread and seeds meant for people, they might feel too full to eat the things that provide them with crucial nutrients. He added that putting food in places where it will be easy to spot could expose birds to predators. Instead, Rilla recommended helping these travelers by urging governments to expand the network of protected areas through international treaties. This year’s World Migratory Bird Day emphasizes promoting the coexistence between humans and birds. If migratory birds start to disappear, it could affect agriculture and the food chain. In other words, as Rilla said, “whatever happens to them could also happen to us.” 1. What is the main role of migratory birds in ecosystems? A. Improving food quality. B. Inspiring airplane design. C. Maintaining ecological balance. D. Indicating animals’ migration paths. 2. How does climate change affect migratory birds? A. By polluting coastlines. B. By disturbing their reproduction. C. By confusing their navigation. D. By reducing their food sources. 3. What does Rilla advise helping migratory birds? A. Feeding them nutrient-rich food. B. Expanding protected areas globally. C. Creating safe rest stops along coasts. D. Teaching people to avoid disturbing them. 4. What does the last sentence in the text imply? A. Humans depend on migratory birds. B. Migratory birds need human protection. C. Birds and humans face the same problems. D. The disappearance of birds is unavoidable. Passage 2 (2026届浙江宁波市镇海中学高三模拟预测11英语试题)As basalt(玄武岩) naturally weathers, it captures CO2, converting it into bicarbonate ions(碳酸氢根离子) in the water, which cannot reenter the atmosphere. Grinding and spreading basalt on farmlands, an approach known as enhanced rock weathering (ERW), has recently gathered steam. But it also has caused polarized viewpoints in terms of trapping CO2 and boosting crop yields. While mining, crushing and transporting these rocks release CO2, those emissions pale in comparison to the amount of CO2 that the rock stores away more permanently. It could remove up to two billion metric tons of CO2 from the air every year were ERW to be scaled up globally, according to David Beerling, a biochemist at the University of Sheffield in England. As great as this would sound, compared with some costly and ecosystem-unfriendly ways, such as CO2-pulling machinery and iron spread across the sea floor to enhance the growth of algae that absorb CO2, some scientists just frown on this idea. Lethal Page had an unpromising result after he conducted an experiment in Malaysia where basalt dust was spread across parts of a palm oil plantation. The dark soil contains more decaying organic matter and more clay than the soil elsewhere. Those charged materials can cling on to the breakdown products of basalt, keeping them from changing CO2 into bicarbonate. “There is a delay in capturing carbon dioxide, which may take somewhere between 5 and 15 years,” Lethal says. Acidity is another complicating factor, according to a trial on tropical sugarcane fields in northeastern Australia. The soil there is acidic, so it can potentially consume the basalt before it has a chance to react with CO2. Initial results show that CO2 capture rates are extremely low. Paul Nelson, a soil scientist at James Cook University who helped lead the study, says it is impossible to fix the problem just by neutralizing acidic soil before adding basalt because in wet tropical areas the acidity extends many meters down, to the bedrock. “ERW is a potentially valuable opportunity to remove CO2, but the aforementioned factors definitely impact its effect, and if companies cut corners, like applying the wrong type of rock or spreading it too thinly, ERW could blow up on the launch pad,” Paul cautions. 5. What is an important feature of basalt? A. It tends to be enveloped by steam. B. It makes for high output of crops. C. It is a useful indicator for weather. D. It disarms a greenhouse gas for good. 6. Why did the Malaysian experiment fall short? A. The soil consumed basalt too slowly. B. Organic matter blocked carbon conversion. C. Clay particles sped up the weathering. D. Bicarbonate formed faster than expected. 7. What is Paul Nelson’s attitude to treating acidic soil before using basalt? A. Enthusiastic. B. Dismissive. C. Reserved. D. Unbiased. 8. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D. 健康医学-- 疾病研究、饮食营养、运动科学、心理健康； Passage 1 Sleeping five more minutes, exercising 1.9 more minutes, and eating healthier each day could add a year to your life. This isn’t just wishful thinking — it’s the conclusion of a new study led by researchers from Australia and the UK. “We always think that we need to make massive adjustments,” Nicholas Koemel, who led the study, told the magazine Scientific American. But small changes add up to make something meaningful. For about eight years, the team followed 59,078 people in the UK. All participants provided information about their lifestyles and health, and some wore wristwatches that tracked their sleep and activity levels. Researchers evaluated everyone’s diet using a scoring system ranging from 0 to 100 across 10 categories, with higher scores indicating healthier diets. For example, eating at least three servings of fruit per day earned the maximum 10 points in the fruit category. Based on these data, researchers estimated approximate changes in lifespan using scientific modeling, NBC News reported. The results showed that people who sleep 5.5 hours per night, exercise 7.3 minutes per day and have a diet quality score of 36.9 could theoretically live a year longer with just five additional minutes of sleep, 1.9 minutes of vigorous(剧烈的) or moderate exercise and half an extra serving of vegetables each day. If improving all three areas is too challenging, either 25 extra minutes of sleep per night or an additional 2.3 minutes of exercise per day can also help. Professor Kevin McConway from the Open University in the UK argued that the study didn’t clearly describe its statistical methods. This makes it difficult to determine whether the findings are due to the data itself or the researchers’ choice of analyses. Koemel told NBC News that the message here should not necessarily be that making these small changes is a magic solution. Instead, it’s about taking the first step towards creating sustainable and achievable opportunities for more people. 1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A. People tend to think that big changes are needed to improve health. B. The study on lifestyle was only conducted by Australian researchers. C. Small lifestyle changes have been proven to extend people’s lifespan. D. Nicholas Koemel believes that massive lifestyle adjustments are useless. 2. What can we infer about the diet scoring system from the example of fruit consumption? A. The system only evaluates fruit intake. B. Higher scores in the fruit category mean a healthier overall diet. C. The system sets quantifiable standards for each dietary component. D. Eating less than three servings of fruit per day results in a score of 0. 3. What is Professor Kevin McConway’s attitude towards the new study? A. Indifferent and unconcerned. B. Fully supportive and optimistic. C. Strongly critical and dismissive. D. Doubtful and cautiously reserved. 4. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A. A New Study on Lifespan and Lifestyle. B. How to Improve Your Lifestyle Effectively. C. The Importance of Sleep, Exercise and Diet. D. Small Lifestyle Changes Can Prolong Your Life. Passage 2 (2025-2026学年浙江宁波市镇海中学高三模拟预测英语试题)Grief can bring waves of heartache but for most people those feelings gradually fade. For some, they don’t. The loss remains intense, persistent, and difficult to handle in daily life. This condition, known as prolonged grief disorder (PGD), was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) in 2022. “There’s something blocking their ability to finally say ‘I have to accept this,’” says Katherine Shear, director of the Center for Prolonged Grief at Columbia University. Researchers are now beginning to understand why PGD may involve breakdowns in the brain systems that govern attachment and reward, according to a 2026 study published in Trends in Neurosciences. In people with prolonged grief those systems may continue to signal that the lost loved one is still expected, creating conflict between memory and reality. PGD is a “long-term, intense painful reaction to loss”, says Holly Prigerson at Weill Cornell Medicine. Individuals remain “stuck”, marked by persistent yearning and not accepting the reality of the loss. Grief is considered PGD when symptoms last longer than 12 months. How does it affect the brain? Regions involved in reward and motivation appear to remain active. “People with severe grief are still expecting the existence of what is gone, making it harder for the brain to update and accept the loss,” says Shear. Research published in 2020 also found that PGD involves different activity patterns in the amygdala(大脑杏仁核). PGD can lead to a higher risk of death. One explanation is that prolonged grief keeps the body in a lasting stress response. High levels of cortisol can hurt the heart system and interfere with immune function. The most common treatment is Prolonged Grief Therapy. “The treatment focuses on helping people accept the reality of the loss and restore their capacity for well-being, but formal recognition of PGD is crucial, as it ensures accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for those stuck in this disabling experience.” Shear explains. 5. What is PGD according to the text? A. Grief that can’t be treated. B. Grief that brings heartaches. C. Grief that comes from great loss. D. Grief that doesn’t ease with time. 6. What does the study published in 2026 mainly focus on? A. Who PGD affects. B. What PGD brings. C. How PGD works. D. Why PGD spreads. 7. How does PGD affect humans according to Katherine Shear? A. It disturbs brain functions. B. It reduces memory activity. C. It weakens the immune system. D. It shortens people’s lifetime. 8. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Official identification of PGD leads to better medical help. B. Well-being can be recovered with short-term PGD therapy. C. Reality acceptance of the loss is the main goal of curing PGD. D. Recognition of PGD largely relies on patients’ self-awareness. 社会研究--教育方式、行为心理、社交关系 Passage 1 (2026届内蒙古乌兰察布市高三年级第二次模拟考试二模英语试题)For decades, high grades, early medals, or strong test scores are often seen as signs of future greatness. Talent programs frequently select top-performing children and push them into intensive, single-discipline training from a young age. However, this approach may be flawed. A team led by Arne Güllich, professor of University Kaiserslautern Landau, found these assumptions didn’t match how most world-class performers actually developed. Earlier research mainly studied young or sub-elite(亚精英) performers, such as school students, youth athletes, and conservatory musicians. What was missing was a close look at adults who reached the highest level in their fields. “Traditional research into giftedness and expertise didn’t sufficiently consider how world-class performers at peak performance age developed in their early years,” said Güllich. Given all this, a new international research team was formed. The team reanalyzed data from massive earlier studies, bringing together evidence from different fields for the first time. In total, they examined the developmental paths of 34,839 top performers. This group included Nobel Prize winners in science, Olympic medalists, excellent chess players, etc. The researchers found early success didn’t reliably predict later greatness. First, individuals who performed best at a young age were usually not the same people who later reached the world-class level. Second, future top performers tended to not stand out early, and many weren’t among the best in their age group. Third, those who eventually reached peak performance explored multiple areas early in life. According to the researchers, trying different disciplines helps individuals discover what truly fits them best over time, and that varied experiences build stronger learning skills, making it easier to improve later at the highest level. “Those who find an optimal(最适宜的) discipline for themselves and develop enhanced potential for long-term learning have improved chances of developing world-class performance,” said Güllich. “Thus, to support young talent, don’t make them specialize in just one discipline too early,” said Güllich. “Provide opportunities to pursue different areas of interest, and support development in two or three disciplines.” A young person might enjoy both mathematics and languages, or philosophy and geography. Looking ahead, these insights could help design better approaches to talent development. 1. What does the underlined word “flawed” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Confusing. B. Unattractive. C. Discouraging. D. Unsound. 2. What is the uniqueness of the new study compared to previous research? A. The focus on comprehensive data. B. The massive financial investment. C. The dependence on technology. D. The cooperation between countries. 3. What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A. Ways to choose disciplines. B. The power of early variety. C. The qualities of top performers. D. The applications of the findings. 4. What did Güllich think was the most important about approaches to talent development? A. Creativity. B. Resistance. C. Flexibility. D. Sustainability. Passage 2 (2026届贵州中央民族大学附属中学贵阳学校第二学期高三年级模拟英语试题)A new study on 26 chimpanzees(黑猩猩) from zoos around the world found that chimpanzees can recognise family members and long lost friends even after decades of separation. The participating chimpanzees were given juice while sitting at a screen flashing side by side photos of other chimps. One animal from each pair of photos had lived with the screen chimp for at least a year, while the other was a stranger. An eye-tracking camera recorded where each chimpanzee was looking and for how long. Data showed their eyes spent more time staring at the pictures of their former companions. There is also evidence that they became more intimate when shown a picture of a chimpanzee with whom they’d had more positive interactions, compared with conflicting relationships. In the most impressive case, a 46-year-old chimpanzee named Louise repeatedly demonstrated “intense” attention upon seeing photographs of her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn’t seen more than 26 years. The team said Louise’s results represented the longest-lasting social memory documented in any non-human animal to date. “We tend to see ourselves as unique special creatures with incredible intellectual(智力的) capacity that are very different from other animals on earth,” said Laura Simone Lewis, a postdoctoral fellow in Berkeley’s psychology department and lead author of the study. “This study is showing us how similar we are to chimpanzees.” She noted that the findings support the theory that chimps have long term social memory in humans and modern-day chimps had our “last common ancestor” that lived somewhere between 5 to 7 million years ago who also likely had long-term social memory. Now that they have definitive evidence that these endangered species possess long-term social memories, researchers have more questions, including whether chimpanzees miss the individuals they’re no longer with, especially their friends and family. “Our study doesn’t determine they are doing this, but it raises questions about the possibility that they have the ability to do so,” Lewis said. 5. What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The nature of chimps. B. The method of the study. C. The analysis of the recorded data. D. The layout of experimental equipment. 6. What does the underlined word “intense” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Attentive. B. Doubtful. C. Hesitant. D. Emotional. 7. Why is the example of Louise in paragraph 4 mentioned? A. To stress chimps as intelligent as human beings. B. To explain where chimps’ social memory comes from. C. To better demonstrate the chimps’ memory length. D. To further prove the existence of chimps’ social memory. 8. What will the research team most probably continue to explore? A. Whether chimps feel strong emotions to their long lost friends. B. How to strengthen chimps’ long-term social connections. C. How chimps recognise their close contacts after long separation. D. Why chimps possess the amazing social memories. 历史文化---语言演变、节日起源、建筑风格 Passage 1 (2026届湖北黄冈市黄梅县育才高级中学高三考前模拟预测英语试题)Have you ever noticed people around you who always seem to be “creating drama”? John always turns minor workplace disagreements into intense conflicts, describing them as if they were plot twists in a horror movie. Emily on social media carefully selects every photo to present her life as a series of idealized moments, each post framed as an essential scene in her personal story. Or consider Mark, who often expects special treatment in group settings and reacts with visible disappointment when he isn’t given priority. In doing so, they often struggle to genuinely understand or empathize with the experiences of those around them. Such behavior is characteristic of what is commonly referred to as “main character syndrome”. What causes this syndrome? Cultural and media influences, such as movies, books and TV shows centered on a single character, shape people’s perception of their own life roles. Social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook and TikTok further facilitate this tendency by rewarding self-presentation and attention-seeking behaviors. Additionally, personalities like narcissistic tendencies or emotional struggles such as insecurity and low self-esteem, as well as self-focused family upbringing, can increase the likelihood of developing such a mindset. This mindset is not entirely negative, as framing oneself as life’s leading role can develop a strong sense of purpose and motivation, encouraging individuals to pursue their goals with greater confidence and determination. However, its potential downsides often outweigh these benefits: It breeds more than enough self-centeredness, weakens interpersonal empathy, and ruins genuine relationships by reducing others to mere “supporting roles” rather than equals in mutual interactions. Since main character syndrome is not a formally recognized psychological disorder, there is no targeted medical treatment for it. Nevertheless, practical approaches can effectively address its underlying issues: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps individuals adjust self-centered behaviors and address interpersonal relationships; empathy training enhances the ability to understand and appreciate others’ feelings; mindfulness practices promote a more grounded and less self-focused perspective; and social skills workshops develop collaborative and empathetic interpersonal relationships. Together, these practices cultivate balanced self-awareness and fuel meaningful personal growth. 1. How does the author illustrate the term “main character syndrome”? A. By giving examples. B. By defining a concept. C. By quoting an expert. D. By providing statistics. 2. Who is most likely to have the main character syndrome? A. Students absorbed in social media. B. Teenagers modelling roles in the movies. C. People struggling with physical disabilities. D. Children prioritized by overprotective parents. 3. What is the author’s attitude toward the main character syndrome? A. Unclear. B. Critical. C. Favorable. D. Dismissive. 4. What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. Star of Your Own Story? B. To Focus on Yourself or Others? C. Acting in the Way You Wish? D. Right to Be the Main Character? Passage 2 (2025-2026学年安徽芜湖市第一中学高三下学期最后一卷英语试题)Despite advances in digital technology, no virtual platform has yet solved the problem of physical presence. While virtual tours have gained popularity, many users acknowledge that viewing an object through a screen fundamentally changes their perception. Features such as texture, weight, and scale are inevitably affected by a flat image. This sensory gap suggests that digital representations, however advanced, remain imperfect substitutes for direct engagement. Beyond these sensory limitations, technological and economic barriers further complicate the ideal of universal access. A virtual museum that relies on virtual reality headsets, high-speed network, or recently released devices may unknowingly exclude individuals with older hardware or unstable connections. Moreover, digital preservation introduces challenges different from those associated with physical collections. Websites become outdated, software platforms are discontinued, and file formats fall out of use. Whereas a physical museum demands structural maintenance, a virtual one requires continuous migration of data and updating of systems — a commitment often underestimated. Trust also poses a significant concern. In a virtual environment — particularly one operated by individuals or small organizations — viewers may find it difficult to determine whether an image faithfully represents the original or merely offers a loosely sourced picture accompanied by incomplete documentation. Clear origin notes and transparent labeling can mitigate such concerns, yet skepticism remains a reasonable response. Interestingly, the museum term “deaccessioning”(藏品注销) also fits private collectors who want to sell or give away their collections. Virtual museums and digital catalogs are very helpful for them. When collectors make clear digital records, they sort out key details: where they got the items, sizes, condition and related materials. These records are greatly useful for their family inheritors who know little about the collection. They also help museums decide whether to accept the donated items. Even if the collection is later divided up, the digital record keeps its original order and value, so its hidden meaning and logical connection will not disappear. 5. What does the author point out about virtual tours in paragraph 1? A. They rely heavily on advanced equipment. B. They are preferred by most museum visitors. C. They fail to convey certain physical qualities. D. They improve the resolution of digital images. 6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “mitigate”? A. Reduce. B. Ignore. C. Identify. D. Create. 7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about private collectors? A. They prefer to keep their collections complete. B. They underestimate the value of documentation. C. They can benefit a lot from creating digital records. D. They often rely on digital list to sell their collections. 8. Which statement best summarizes the main idea of the text? A. Digital technology has transformed museum experiences. B. Virtual museums face limitations in accessibility and authenticity. C. Private collectors benefit more from digitization than museums do. D. Physical museums are superior to virtual alternatives in every aspect. 19 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $