内容正文:
Unit 4 Natural Disasters单元核心知识(背诵版)
一、词性转换
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1. disaster /dɪˈsɑːstə(r)/ n. 灾难;灾害 → disastrous adj. 灾难性的;极糟糕的
2. damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ n.&v. 损害;破坏 → damaging adj. 有破坏性的
3. destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ v. 摧毁;毁灭 → destruction n. 毁灭;破坏;→destructive adj. 破坏性的
4. affect /əˈfekt/ v. 影响;使感动 → effect n. 影响;效果;→effective adj. 有效的
5. survive /səˈvaɪv/ v. 幸存;生还 → survivor n. 幸存者;→survival n. 幸存;生存
6. suffer /ˈsʌfə(r)/ v. 遭受;忍受 → suffering n. 痛苦;苦难 adj. 受苦的
7. rescue /ˈreskjuː/ v.&n. 营救;救援 → rescuer n. 救援人员
8. recover /rɪˈkʌvə(r)/ v. 恢复;修复 → recovery n. 恢复;重建
9. shock /ʃɒk/ v.&n. 震惊;冲击 → shocked adj. 感到震惊的;→shocking adj. 令人震惊的
10. threaten /ˈθretn/ v. 威胁;预示 → threat n. 威胁;隐患
11. erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/ v. 爆发(火山)→ eruption n. 火山爆发
12. flood /flʌd/ n. 洪水 v. 淹没 → flooded adj. 被淹没的
13. strong /strɒŋ/ adj. 强烈的 → strongly adv. 强烈地;有力地;→strength n. 力量
二、核心单词
单词
音标
词性
释义
课文固定搭配
易错 / 考点提示
disaster
/dɪˈsɑːstə(r)/
n.
灾难;自然灾害
natural disasters 自然灾害;a terrible disaster 一场严重灾难
可数名词;形容词disastrous写作高级修饰词
damage
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
n./v.
损害;损坏;破坏
do damage to 对……造成损害;damage property 损毁财产
不可数名词;辨析damage(可修复损害)vs destroy(彻底毁灭)
destroy
/dɪˈstrɔɪ/
v.
摧毁;彻底破坏
destroy houses and roads 摧毁房屋道路;be destroyed completely 彻底被毁
无被动误用,侧重不可修复的毁灭;衍生名词destruction必考
affect
/əˈfekt/
v.
影响;使受损;感动
be affected by disasters 受灾害影响;
affect people’s lives
影响生活
动词affect / 名词effect 拼写辨析,改错、语法填空高频考点
survive
/səˈvaɪv/
v.
幸存;挺过;生还
survive the disaster 在灾难中幸存;survive from 从……存活
及物动词可直接接灾难、事故;衍生survivor幸存者为阅读高频词
suffer
/ˈsʌfə(r)/
v.
遭受;受苦;患病
suffer from 遭受(疾病、灾害);suffer losses 蒙受损失
suffer from 长期病痛/困扰;suffer 临时遭受损失,搭配区分必考
rescue
/ˈreskjuː/
v./n.
营救;救援
rescue sb. from danger 从危险中救人;a rescue team 救援队
固定搭配from不可替换;读写高频救援话题核心词
shock
/ʃɒk/
v./n.
震惊;使震撼;冲击
be shocked at 对……感到震惊;a great shock 巨大震撼
shocked修饰人,shocking修饰事物,形容词辨析必考
threaten
/ˈθretn/
v.
威胁;预示危险
threaten safety 威胁安全;a threat to 对……的威胁
动词threaten / 名词threat 变形搭配必考
三、重点短语
(一)灾害发生与破坏类
1. natural disasters 自然灾害
2. be hit by disasters 遭受灾害袭击
3. do great damage to 对……造成巨大损害
4. be destroyed by floods 被洪水摧毁
5. suffer heavy losses 蒙受重大损失
6. affect people’s normal life 影响人们正常生活
7. cause great harm 造成巨大伤害
8. fall into ruins 沦为废墟
(二)救援与重建类
9. carry out rescue work 开展救援工作
10. send rescue teams 派遣救援队
11. rescue survivors 营救幸存者
12. provide relief supplies 发放救援物资
13. help people recover 帮助民众恢复重建
14. rebuild homes and buildings 重建家园与建筑
15. offer help and support 提供帮助与支持
(三)防灾与警示写作类
16. raise awareness of disaster prevention 提高防灾意识
17. take preventive measures 采取预防措施
18. prepare for possible disasters 为潜在灾害做好准备
19. reduce disaster losses 降低灾害损失
20. protect our environment 保护生态环境
21. avoid natural disasters 规避自然灾害
四、重点句型
句型1:sth. do damage to… 某物对……造成损害
Heavy floods do serious damage to local houses and farmland.(单元课文原句)
特大洪水对当地房屋和农田造成了严重破坏。
详细解析:灾害话题核心句型,固定搭配无介词替换,语法填空、短文改错高频考点,适配灾害描述写作。
句型2:be affected by… 受到……的影响
Thousands of people are affected by the sudden natural disaster.(单元阅读原句)
成千上万的民众受到这场突发自然灾害的影响。
详细解析:被动语态核心句型,用于描述灾害造成的大范围影响,叙事类作文必备句式。
句型3:It is shocking that… 令人震惊的是……
It is shocking that the huge disaster took so many people’s lives.(单元写作原句)
令人震惊的是,这场巨大的灾难夺走了许多人的生命。
详细解析:形式主语万能句型,用于抒发情感、引出事件,读后续写情绪描写高分句式。
句型4:suffer from… 遭受;饱受……之苦
Many villages suffer from frequent floods during rainy seasons.(单元课文原句)
许多村庄在雨季饱受洪水频发的困扰。
详细解析:长期遭受灾害、疾病、困扰专用搭配,区分瞬时动词suffer,搭配辨析必考。
五、核心语法限制性定语从句(一)—— 关系代词 that /which/who /whom/whose
基础概念
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代词(人 / 物)
定语从句:相当于形容词,限定先行词,放在先行词后
关系代词:连接主句与从句,代替先行词,并在从句中充当成分(主 / 宾 / 定语)
本单元只学限制性定语从句:无逗号隔开,去掉从句后主句意思不完整
五大关系代词完整用法(课本原话题例句)
关系代词
指代
从句成分
用法 + 单元例句
who
人
主语、宾语
作主语不可省;作宾语可替换 whom/that
The volunteers who helped survivors were brave.(主语)
救助灾民的志愿者很勇敢。
whom
人
仅宾语
不能作主语;介词提前只能用 whom
The victims whom we visited lost homes.(宾语,可省略)
The doctor with whom James worked died in the quake.(介词后只用 whom)
which
物
主语、宾语
作宾语可省略;介词后、非限制性从句只能用 which
The flood which hit the village lasted 3 days.(主语)
that
人 + 物
主语、宾语
通用;不能用于介词后、非限制性定语从句
There were cracks that appeared in walls.(指物,主语)
Two thirds of people that lived there were injured.(指人)
whose
人 / 物
定语(表 “…… 的”)
后必须接名词;=the + 名词 + of whom/of which
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes were destroyed.(whose homes = the homes of the survivors)
关键考点 1:关系代词作宾语时可省略
当 that/which/who/whom 在从句里是宾语,书写中可以直接删掉引导词:
The supplies (which/that) we sent arrived fast. 我们送去的物资很快抵达。
The boy (who/whom/that) you met is a rescue worker.
关键考点 2:只能用 that,不能用 which 的 7 种情况(必考)
先行词为不定代词:all, everything, nothing, little, much 等 All that we need is water.
先行词被序数词、最高级修饰 This is the worst disaster that I have seen.
先行词被 the only, the very, last, all 修饰 The only house that survived the flood is here.
先行词既有人又有物 I remember the people and villages that the storm destroyed.
主句以 which/who 开头疑问句,避免重复 Which is the bag that was lost in the earthquake?
先行词被 every, any, no 等修饰 Any building that falls must be checked.
关系代词在从句中作表语 He is not the man that he was before the disaster.
关键考点 3:只能用 which,不能用 that 的 3 种情况
介词提前,放在关系词前面 The village in which the flood happened is remote.(不能 in that)
非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开主句) The river flooded, which destroyed many farms.(逗号后不用 that)
句中有两个定语从句,前一个用 that,后一个用 which 避免重复
whose 替换公式(写作加分)
指人:whose + n. = the + n. + of whom the girl whose parents died = the girl the parents of whom died
指物:whose + n. = the + n. + of which the house whose roof fell = the house the roof of which fell
课本原句语法拆解(单元原文)
There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. 先行词 cracks(物),that 从句作主语,不可省略
Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. 先行词 people(人),who 作主语
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. whose 表所属,修饰 homes
A doctor with whom James used to work died in the Ecuador earthquake. 介词 with 提前,只能用 whom,不可用 who/that
The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected nationwide. which 指代 supplies,从句作主语
易错点总结
介词 + 关系代词:人→介词 + whom;物→介词 + which;绝对不能介词 + that
that 永远不能用于逗号后(非限制性定语从句)
whom 只能作宾语,不能放在从句主语位置
whose 后面必须紧跟名词,单独不能使用
$Unit 4 Natural Disasters单元核心知识(默写版)
一、词性转换
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1. ______/dɪˈsɑːstə(r)/ n. 灾难;灾害 → ______adj. 灾难性的;极糟糕的
2. ______/ˈdæmɪdʒ/ n.&v. 损害;破坏 → ______adj. 有破坏性的
3. ______/dɪˈstrɔɪ/ v. 摧毁;毁灭 → ______n. 毁灭;破坏;→______adj. 破坏性的
4. ______/əˈfekt/ v. 影响;使感动 → ______n. 影响;效果;→______adj. 有效的
5. ______/səˈvaɪv/ v. 幸存;生还 → ______n. 幸存者;→______n. 幸存;生存
6. ______/ˈsʌfə(r)/ v. 遭受;忍受 → ______n. 痛苦;苦难 adj. 受苦的
7. ______/ˈreskjuː/ v.&n. 营救;救援 → ______n. 救援人员
8. ______/rɪˈkʌvə(r)/ v. 恢复;修复 → ______n. 恢复;重建
9. ______/ʃɒk/ v.&n. 震惊;冲击 → ______adj. 感到震惊的;→______adj. 令人震惊的
10. ______/ˈθretn/ v. 威胁;预示 → ______n. 威胁;隐患
11. ______/ɪˈrʌpt/ v. 爆发(火山)→ ______n. 火山爆发
12. ______/flʌd/ n. 洪水 v. 淹没 → ______adj. 被淹没的
13. ______/strɒŋ/ adj. 强烈的 → ______adv. 强烈地;有力地;→______n. 力量
二、核心单词
单词
音标
词性
释义
课文固定搭配
易错 / 考点提示
______
/dɪˈsɑːstə(r)/
n.
灾难;自然灾害
____________ 自然灾害;a terrible disaster 一场严重灾难
可数名词;形容词disastrous写作高级修饰词
______
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
n./v.
损害;损坏;破坏
____________ 对……造成损害;damage property 损毁财产
不可数名词;辨析damage(可修复损害)vs destroy(彻底毁灭)
______
/dɪˈstrɔɪ/
v.
摧毁;彻底破坏
destroy houses and roads 摧毁房屋道路;be destroyed completely 彻底被毁
无被动误用,侧重不可修复的毁灭;衍生名词destruction必考
______
/əˈfekt/
v.
影响;使受损;感动
be affected by disasters 受灾害影响;
affect people’s lives
影响生活
动词affect / 名词effect 拼写辨析,改错、语法填空高频考点
______
/səˈvaɪv/
v.
幸存;挺过;生还
survive the disaster 在灾难中幸存;____________ 从……存活
及物动词可直接接灾难、事故;衍生survivor幸存者为阅读高频词
______
/ˈsʌfə(r)/
v.
遭受;受苦;患病
____________ 遭受(疾病、灾害);suffer losses 蒙受损失
suffer from 长期病痛/困扰;suffer 临时遭受损失,搭配区分必考
______
/ˈreskjuː/
v./n.
营救;救援
rescue sb. from danger 从危险中救人;a rescue team 救援队
固定搭配from不可替换;读写高频救援话题核心词
______
/ʃɒk/
v./n.
震惊;使震撼;冲击
____________ 对……感到震惊;a great shock 巨大震撼
shocked修饰人,shocking修饰事物,形容词辨析必考
______
/ˈθretn/
v.
威胁;预示危险
threaten safety 威胁安全;a threat to 对……的威胁
动词threaten / 名词threat 变形搭配必考
三、重点短语
(一)灾害发生与破坏类
1. ____________ 自然灾害
2. be hit by disasters 遭受灾害袭击
3. ____________ 对……造成巨大损害
4. be destroyed by floods 被洪水摧毁
5. suffer heavy losses 蒙受重大损失
6. affect people’s normal life 影响人们正常生活
7. ____________ 造成巨大伤害
8. ____________ 沦为废墟
(二)救援与重建类
9. carry out rescue work 开展救援工作
10. send rescue teams 派遣救援队
11. ____________ 营救幸存者
12. provide relief supplies 提供救援物资
13. help people recover 帮助民众恢复重建
14. ____________ and buildings 重建家园与建筑
15. offer help and support 提供帮助与支持
(三)防灾与警示写作类
16. ____________ disaster prevention 提高防灾意识
17. take preventive measures 采取预防措施
18. prepare for possible disasters 为潜在灾害做好准备
19. reduce disaster losses 降低灾害损失
20. __________________保护生态环境
21. avoid natural disasters 规避自然灾害
四、重点句型
句型1:sth. do damage to… 某物对……造成损害
Heavy floods __________________________________________.(单元课文原句)
特大洪水对当地房屋和农田造成了严重破坏。
详细解析:灾害话题核心句型,固定搭配无介词替换,语法填空、短文改错高频考点,适配灾害描述写作。
句型2:be affected by… 受到……的影响
Thousands of people ______________________________.(单元阅读原句)
成千上万的民众受到这场突发自然灾害的影响。
详细解析:被动语态核心句型,用于描述灾害造成的大范围影响,叙事类作文必备句式。
句型3:It is shocking that… 令人震惊的是……
It is shocking that__________________________________________.(单元写作原句)
令人震惊的是,这场巨大的灾难夺走了许多人的生命。
详细解析:形式主语万能句型,用于抒发情感、引出事件,读后续写情绪描写高分句式。
句型4:suffer from… 遭受;饱受……之苦
Many villages ____________________________________.(单元课文原句)
许多村庄在雨季饱受洪水频发的困扰。
详细解析:长期遭受灾害、疾病、困扰专用搭配,区分瞬时动词suffer,搭配辨析必考。
五、核心语法限制性定语从句(一)—— 关系代词 that /which/who /whom/whose
基础概念
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代词(人 / 物)
定语从句:相当于形容词,限定先行词,放在先行词后
关系代词:连接主句与从句,代替先行词,并在从句中充当成分(主 / 宾 / 定语)
本单元只学限制性定语从句:无逗号隔开,去掉从句后主句意思不完整
五大关系代词完整用法(课本原话题例句)
关系代词
指代
从句成分
用法 + 单元例句
who
人
______、______
作主语不可省;作宾语可替换 ______/______
The volunteers who helped survivors were brave.(主语)
救助灾民的志愿者很勇敢。
whom
人
仅______语
不能作主语;介词提前只能用 whom
The victims whom we visited lost homes.(宾语,可省略)
The doctor with whom James worked died in the quake.(介词后只用 whom)
which
物
______语、______语
作宾语可省略;介词后、非限制性从句只能用 which
The flood which hit the village lasted 3 days.(主语)
that
人 + 物
______语、______语
通用;不能用于介词后、非限制性定语从句
There were cracks that appeared in walls.(指物,主语)
Two thirds of people that lived there were injured.(指人)
whose
人 / 物
______语(表 “…… 的”)
后必须接______词;=the + 名词 + of whom/of which
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes were destroyed.(whose homes = the homes of the survivors)
关键考点 1:关系代词作宾语时可省略
当 that/which/who/whom 在从句里是______语,书写中可以直接删掉引导词:
The supplies (which/that) we sent arrived fast. 我们送去的物资很快抵达。
The boy (who/whom/that) you met is a rescue worker.
关键考点 2:只能用 that,不能用 which 的 7 种情况(必考)
先行词为______:all, everything, nothing, little, much 等 All that we need is water.
先行词被______词、______修饰 This is the worst disaster that I have seen.
先行词被 the only, the very, last, all 修饰 The only house that survived the flood is here.
先行词既有______又有______ I remember the people and villages that the storm destroyed.
主句以 ______/______ 开头疑问句,避免重复 Which is the bag that was lost in the earthquake?
先行词被 every, any, no 等修饰 Any building that falls must be checked.
关系代词在从句中作______语 He is not the man that he was before the disaster.
关键考点 3:只能用 which,不能用 that 的 3 种情况
介词提前,放在关系词前面 The village in which the flood happened is remote.(不能 in that)
____________定语从句(有逗号隔开主句) The river flooded, which destroyed many farms.(逗号后不用 that)
句中有两个定语从句,前一个用 that,后一个用 which 避免重复
whose 替换公式(写作加分)
指人:whose + n. = the + n. + of whom the girl whose parents died = the girl the parents of whom died
指物:whose + n. = the + n. + of which the house whose roof fell = the house the roof of which fell
课本原句语法拆解(单元原文)
There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. 先行词 cracks(物),that 从句作主语,不可省略
Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. 先行词 people(人),who 作主语
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. whose 表所属,修饰 homes
A doctor with whom James used to work died in the Ecuador earthquake. 介词 with 提前,只能用 whom,不可用 who/that
The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected nationwide. which 指代 supplies,从句作主语
易错点总结
介词 + 关系代词:人→介词 + whom;物→介词 + which;绝对不能介词 + that
that 永远不能用于逗号后(非限制性定语从句)
whom 只能作宾语,不能放在从句主语位置
whose 后面必须紧跟名词,单独不能使用
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