周周有招同步提高班Unit2 讲义第一讲 2026-2027学年人教版八年级英语上册

该初中英语讲义以“功能-场景-应答”三维框架系统构建can/could语法知识体系，通过“社交距离模型”“礼貌阶梯”“时间坐标”等结构化工具，结合对比表格和知识体系图谱，清晰呈现能力表达、请求帮忙、请求许可三大功能的内在联系，突出“问用could、答用can”等核心重难点。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计与方法创新，A层基础填空巩固语法规则，B层完形填空结合社区活动情境，C层补全对话提升语言运用能力，培养语言能力与思维品质。通过“礼貌程度排序”“否定请求结构公式”等技巧指导，辅以高频易错点口诀，帮助不同层次学生掌握，收获清单支持自主复习，助力教师实施精准教学。

人教版八年级英语上册 Unit 2 Home Sweet Home 教师版讲义 知识进化体系 · 全2讲 第1讲 请求与许可的"语法基因" 教学时长：120分钟（2课时） | 授课对象：八年级学生 | 课型：语法建构课 核心问题链：如何用英语礼貌地请人帮忙？→ can和could有什么区别？→ 如何得体地回应请求？ 模块一 课前诊断（10分钟） 1.1 热身激活（3分钟） 判断下列句子的功能（填写"请求帮忙""请求许可"或"表示能力"）： ( ) (1) Can you help me carry this box? → 请求帮忙 ( ) (2) I can swim very fast. → 表示能力 ( ) (3) Could I use your phone? → 请求许可 ( ) (4) Could you please open the window? → 请求帮忙 ( ) (5) My little sister could read when she was four. → 表示能力 核心追问： 第(1)句和第(4)句都表示请求，为什么一个用can一个用could？它们有什么区别？ 解析： can和could都可以表示请求，但could比can更委婉、更礼貌。can用于日常熟悉场合（朋友、家人之间），could用于更正式或需要表达敬意的场合（对长辈、陌生人）。注意：这里的could不是can的过去式，而是表达委婉语气。 1.2 诊断测试（7分钟） 一、选择最佳答案（每题1分，共5分） ( ) (1) —_______ you please help me clean the room? —Sure, no problem. A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should 答案：B 解析：本题考查请求的礼貌程度。Could you please...?是最礼貌、最常用的请求句式。虽然Can也可以表示请求，但Could更委婉。解题步骤：①识别句子功能（请求帮忙）；②判断语气需求（please表明需要礼貌表达）；③选择最委婉的Could。 ( ) (2) —Could I use your dictionary? —Of course you _______. A. could B. can C. must D. need 答案：B 解析：本题考查请求许可的答语。问句用Could表示委婉请求，但给予许可时只能用can，不能用could。这是中考高频考点。解题步骤：①识别问句是请求许可；②记住规则：给予许可用can不用could。 ( ) (3) —_______ you pass me the salt, please? —Here you are. A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should 答案：B 解析：句中有please，且是礼貌请求，用Could最合适。Can也可以，但Could更礼貌。最佳答案是B。 ( ) (4) When I was five, I _______ ride a bike. A. can B. could C. must D. should 答案：B 解析：时间状语从句"When I was five"表明是过去时间，表示过去的能力用could。这里的could是can的过去式。 ( ) (5) —Could I go out with my friends? —Sorry, you _______. You have a test tomorrow. A. could B. can C. can't D. couldn't 答案：C 解析：拒绝他人的请求许可时，用can't。问句中的could仅表示委婉语气，回答时不用couldn't。解题步骤：①识别是否定回答；②拒绝许可用can't；③后文说明理由。 二、将下列请求按礼貌程度从低到高排序（5分） A. Open the window. B. Could you please open the window? C. Can you open the window? 答案：A → C → B 解析：A是祈使句（命令语气），礼貌程度最低；C是一般请求（日常礼貌）；B是最委婉礼貌的请求。礼貌程度阶梯：祈使句 < Can you...? < Could you please...? 模块二 课堂精讲（80分钟） 2.1 社交场景模型（8分钟） 核心问题： 为什么同样是想请人帮忙，有时说"Can you..."，有时却说"Could you please..."？ 社交距离模型（板书）： 亲近关系 ────────────────── 疏远关系 家人/好友 熟人 陌生人/长辈 │ │ │ Can you Can you Could you Can I Could you Could I please please 核心规律： 语言礼貌程度与社交距离成正比——关系越疏远，请求越需要委婉。 情态动词can/could的三种核心功能： 功能 说明 can could 表示能力 某人"能/会"做某事 I can swim.（现在的能力） I could swim at age 5.（过去的能力） 请求帮忙 请对方为自己做某事 Can you help me? Could you help me?（更委婉） 请求许可 请对方允许自己做某事 Can I go out? Could I go out?（更委婉） ( ) 例题1 —Mum, _______ I watch TV after finishing my homework? —Yes, you can. A. can B. could C. must D. need 答案：B 解析：第一步，识别句子功能——孩子在向妈妈请求许可。第二步，判断语气——孩子对妈妈提出请求，用could更委婉礼貌。第三步，选择B。注意：虽然答语用you can，但问句可以用could表示委婉。考点溯源：人教版八上Unit 2 Section A Grammar Focus核心考点。 2.2 Can/Could表请求帮忙——"礼貌阶梯"（15分钟） 核心句型： 句型 语气 适用场景 例句 Can you + 动词原形? 日常礼貌 熟人、平辈 Can you help me? Can you please + 动词原形? 礼貌请求 日常正式 Can you please sweep the floor? Could you + 动词原形? 委婉礼貌 长辈、陌生人 Could you give me a ride? Could you please + 动词原形? 最委婉 正式场合 Could you please open the door? please的位置变化（不影响句意）： 位置 例句 语气特点 句中（最常用） Can you please sweep the floor? 日常礼貌 句尾 Can you sweep the floor, please? 语气舒缓 句首 Please can you sweep the floor? 强调请求 肯定回答： 答语 语气 使用场景 Sure. 日常肯定 熟人之间 Of course. 当然可以 日常通用 No problem. 没问题 积极肯定 Certainly. 当然（正式） 正式场合 With pleasure. 很乐意 正式、热情 否定回答： 答语 礼貌程度 示例 Sorry, I can't. + 原因 礼貌拒绝 Sorry, I can't. I have to do my homework. I'm afraid I can't. + 原因 非常礼貌 I'm afraid I can't. I'm busy right now. 易错警示： Could you...?的肯定回答用can，不能用could。例如：—Could you help me? —Sure, I can.（不能说I could.） ( ) 例题2 —Could you please _______ the floor? It's very dirty. —Sure, I'll do it right now. A. sweep B. to sweep C. sweeping D. swept 答案：A 解析：第一步，识别句型——Could you please + 动词原形。第二步，情态动词could后接动词原形。第三步，选择sweep。考点溯源：人教版八上Unit 2核心句型。易错警示：学生可能受汉语影响误加to，但情态动词后必须用动词原形。 例题3 按要求完成句子 (1) Can you open the door?（改为更礼貌的表达） 答案：Could you please open the door? 解析：将Can改为Could，加上please，礼貌程度提升两级。 (2) Could you please not talk loudly?（翻译成中文） 答案：请你不要大声说话好吗？ 解析：否定请求的结构为"Could you please not + 动词原形"。注意not的位置在please之后、动词原形之前。 2.3 Can/Could表请求许可——"准入规则"（15分钟） 核心句型： 句型 语气 适用场景 例句 Can I + 动词原形? 日常请求许可 熟人之间 Can I use your pen? Could I + 动词原形? 委婉请求许可 对长辈/正式 Could I hang out with my friends? 答语规则（中考必考）： 问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Can I...? Yes, you can. Sorry, you can't. + 原因 Could I...? Yes, you can. Sorry, you can't. + 原因 核心规律： 问句用Could表示礼貌，但回答时统一用can/can't，不能用could/couldn't。 ( ) 例题4 —Could I use your bike this afternoon? —Sorry, you _______. I need it myself. A. could B. can C. can't D. couldn't 答案：C 解析：第一步，识别问句是请求许可。第二步，记住核心规则：回答请求许可时用can/can't，不用could/couldn't。第三步，根据后文"I need it myself"判断是否定回答，选择can't。易错警示：学生可能看到问句用Could就误选couldn't，这是中考高频陷阱。 ( ) 例题5 —Could I put some flowers on the table? —Yes, _______. A. you could B. you can C. you can't D. you couldn't 答案：B 解析：肯定回答请求许可用you can。注意：虽然问句用Could表示委婉，但回答必须用can。 请求许可的常见场景： 场景 请求 答语 借东西 Could I borrow your pen? Sure, here you are. 外出 Could I hang out with my friends? Sorry, you can't. You have to clean your room. 使用物品 Can I use your computer? Yes, you can. Go ahead. 邀请朋友 Could I invite my friends to our new house? Of course you can. 语音意识训练（教师朗读稿）： 教师朗读以下对话，学生注意听语调变化（请求句用升调，陈述句用降调）： A: Could you please help me sweep the floor?（升调） B: Sure, no problem.（降调） A: Could I borrow your dictionary?（升调） B: Sorry, you can't. I'm using it now.（降调） 解析： 英语中一般疑问句（包括请求句）用升调，陈述句和答语用降调。学生通过听读训练培养语感。 2.4 Can/Could表能力——"时间坐标"（10分钟） 核心规律： 时态 情态动词 例句 现在的能力 can I can swim. 过去的能力 could（can的过去式） When I was five, I could swim. 注意区分： could表能力和could表请求——前者是can的过去式，表示过去的能力；后者不是过去式，只是表达委婉语气。 判断方法： 看句中有没有过去时间标志。有→could表过去能力；没有→could表委婉请求。 ( ) 例题6 My grandmother _______ play chess when she was young, but now she _______ because of her poor eyesight. A. could; can't B. can; can't C. could; couldn't D. can; couldn't 答案：A 解析：第一步，前半句有"when she was young"（她年轻时）——过去时间，用could表示过去的能力。第二步，后半句有"now"（现在）——现在时间，用can't表示现在不能。第三步，选择could; can't。易错警示：学生可能忽略时间状语，误用can/could。 ( ) 例题7 Even Einstein _______ read until he was seven. A. can't B. mustn't C. couldn't D. needn't 答案：C 解析：第一步，时间状语"until he was seven"（直到他七岁）表明是过去的事情。第二步，表示"过去不能"用couldn't。第三步，选择C。考点溯源：本题改编自各地中考真题，考查could表过去能力的否定形式。 2.5 Could you please not...?——否定请求结构（10分钟） 结构公式： Could you please not + 动词原形 + ...? 功能： 礼貌地请求对方不要做某事。 请求类型 结构 例句 肯定请求（请对方做某事） Could you please + 动词原形? Could you please close the window? 否定请求（请对方不做某事） Could you please not + 动词原形? Could you please not smoke here? ( ) 例题8 —Could you please _______ loudly? The baby is sleeping. —Sorry, I won't. A. not talk B. don't talk C. not to talk D. no talk 答案：A 解析：第一步，识别是否定请求（请对方不要大声说话）。第二步，否定请求的结构为"Could you please not + 动词原形"。第三步，选择not talk。易错警示：学生可能误用don't（助动词）或no（形容词），但情态动词后只能用not + 动词原形。 例题9 完成句子 请你不要把垃圾扔在地上。 Could you please _______ _______ rubbish on the floor? 答案：not throw 解析：否定请求结构：Could you please not + 动词原形。throw是动词原形。 2.6 课堂练习（15分钟） A层·识记层（5分钟）——基础语法填空 用can, can't, could, couldn't填空： (1) I _______ swim when I was five, but now I _______ swim very well. 答案：couldn't; can 解析：第一空"五岁时"是过去时间，用couldn't表示过去不会；第二空"now"是现在时间，用can表示现在会。 (2) —_______ you please help me carry this box? —Sure, I _______. 答案：Could; can 解析：第一空请求帮忙用Could（委婉）；第二空肯定回答用can。 (3) —_______ I use your ruler? —Sorry, you _______. I'm using it. 答案：Could; can't 解析：第一空请求许可用Could（委婉）；第二空否定回答用can't。 (4) —_______ you pass me the salt, please? —Here you are. 答案：Could 解析：please提示需要礼貌表达，用Could。 (5) —Could I go to the cinema tonight? —Yes, you _______. But you must be back before 9 p.m. 答案：can 解析：肯定回答请求许可用can。 B层·理解层（5分钟）——完形填空（原创题） 素材来源： 自编题，素材基于2026年"社区邻里节"活动背景。 Last Saturday, our community had a "Neighbor Festival". Everyone could join in the activities. My neighbor Mrs. Li is 75 years old and uses a wheelchair. She wanted to join the flower-arranging class, but she _______ (1) go there by herself. I saw her and asked, "Mrs. Li, _______ (2) I help you push the wheelchair?" She smiled and said, "That's very kind of you, but _______ (3) you please go to the class first and save a seat for me? I'll come later." "Of course I _______ (4)," I said. "But please be careful." Another neighbor, Mr. Wang, was carrying some heavy flower pots. He asked me, "_______ (5) you please give me a hand?" "Sure, no problem," I said. At the end of the day, Mrs. Li said to me, "You _______ (6) come to my home for dinner if you are free." "Thank you! I'd love to!" I said. ( ) (1) A. can B. could C. couldn't D. must ( ) (2) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (3) A. can B. could C. must D. need ( ) (4) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (5) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (6) A. can B. could C. must D. need 答案：(1) C (2) B (3) B (4) B (5) B (6) A 详细解析： (1) 根据前文"uses a wheelchair"和"by herself"可知，她自己去不了，用couldn't表示"不能"。 (2) 向长辈主动提供帮助，用Could I...?更礼貌委婉。 (3) Mrs. Li请求"我"帮忙，用Could you please...?最礼貌。 (4) 肯定回答请求用can。注意：问句用Could，答语用can。 (5) 邻居请求帮忙，用Could you please...?最礼貌。 (6) Mrs. Li邀请"我"去吃饭，用can表示"可以"。 C层·应用层（5分钟）——补全对话（原创题） 根据对话内容，从方框中选择恰当的句子补全对话（有两项多余）。 A: Mum, _______ (1) B: Sure. What's wrong? A: My bike is broken. _______ (2) B: Let me have a look. Oh, the chain is off. I can fix it, but I need some tools. _______ (3) A: Sure, I'll get them right away. (A few minutes later) A: Here are the tools. _______ (4) B: Of course you can. But be careful with your hands. A: OK. _______ (5) B: You're welcome. A. Could I watch TV now? B. Could you please help me fix my bike? C. Could you please bring me the toolbox? D. Thank you, Mum. E. Could I watch you fix it? F. Could I go out to play? G. Could you please clean your room? 答案：(1) B (2) C (3) C (4) E (5) D 详细解析： (1) 孩子找妈妈帮忙修自行车，用Could you please help me...?最合适。 (2) 解释完问题后，自然需要工具，请求妈妈拿工具箱。 (3) 根据答语"Sure, I'll get them right away"可知上句是请求拿东西。 (4) 根据答语"Of course you can"可知上句是请求许可，E选项"Could I watch you fix it?"符合语境。 (5) 对话结尾，妈妈帮忙后表示感谢。 2.7 课堂精讲反馈（5分钟） 重点讲解内容： 1. can/could的三种功能区分： 能力（can表现在/could表过去）、请求帮忙（Could更委婉）、请求许可（Could更委婉）。 1. 答语规则： 请求帮忙/许可的肯定回答用can（不用could）；否定回答用can't（不用couldn't）。 1. 否定请求结构： Could you please not + 动词原形。 1. please的位置： 句中（最常用）、句尾、句首，不影响句意。 高频易错点总结： 易错点 错误示例 正确用法 纠错口诀 Could I...?肯定答语用could —Could I...? —Yes, you could. —Could I...? —Yes, you can. 问用could表委婉，回答只用can Could you...?肯定答语用could —Could you...? —Yes, I could. —Could you...? —Sure, I can. 请求回答用can，不用could 否定请求用don't Could you please don't talk? Could you please not talk? 否定请求not + 原形 could表能力不分时间 He could swim now. He can swim now. 现在能力用can，过去能力用could 情态动词后加to Could you to help me? Could you help me? 情态动词后跟原形，不加to 模块三 课堂小结（5分钟） 第1讲知识体系图谱： can/could核心功能 ├── 功能一：表示能力 │ ├── can：现在的能力（I can swim.） │ └── could：过去的能力（I could swim at 5.） ├── 功能二：请求帮忙（请对方做某事） │ ├── Can you...? / Can you please...?（日常礼貌） │ └── Could you...? / Could you please...?（委婉礼貌） ├── 功能三：请求许可（请对方允许我做某事） │ ├── Can I...?（日常） │ └── Could I...?（委婉） ├── 答语规则 │ ├── 肯定回答：用can（不用could） │ └── 否定回答：用can't + 理由（不用couldn't） └── 否定请求 └── Could you please not + 动词原形 教师结语： 今天我们学习了情态动词can/could表示请求与许可的核心用法。记住一个关键原则：问用could表礼貌，答用can表许可。 下节课，我们将在这个基础上深化——从"单个请求句"进化到"真实场景中的礼貌交际"。 今日收获清单： 1. 区分了can/could的三种功能。 1. 掌握了"问用could、答用can"的核心规则。 1. 学会了否定请求的结构。 1. 能在不同场景中选择恰当的礼貌程度。 模块四 课后巩固作业（30分钟量） 4.1 基础巩固（10分钟） 一、单项选择（每题1分，共8分） ( ) (1) —Could you please _______ the door? It's too cold. —OK, I'll close it. A. close B. to close C. closing D. closed 答案：A 解析：Could you please后接动词原形。close是原形。解题步骤：①识别句型"Could you please + 动词原形"；②选择close。 ( ) (2) —_______ I borrow your book? —Of course you can. A. Must B. Need C. Could D. Should 答案：C 解析：根据答语"Of course you can"可知上句是请求许可，用Could I...?表示委婉。 ( ) (3) When I was young, I _______ play the piano very well. A. can B. could C. must D. need 答案：B 解析：时间状语"When I was young"是过去时间，表示过去的能力用could。 ( ) (4) —Could you please not _______ here? It's a library. —Sorry, I won't. A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked 答案：A 解析：否定请求结构"Could you please not + 动词原形"，talk是原形。 ( ) (5) —Could I use your phone? —Sorry, you _______. I'm waiting for an important call. A. could B. can C. can't D. couldn't 答案：C 解析：否定回答请求许可用can't。 ( ) (6) —Mum, _______ I hang out with my friends after lunch? —Sorry, you can't. You have to clean your room. A. must B. could C. should D. need 答案：B 解析：孩子向妈妈请求外出许可，用Could I...?更委婉礼貌。 ( ) (7) —Could you please help me with my English? —Sure, I _______. A. could B. can C. must D. need 答案：B 解析：肯定回答请求用can。 ( ) (8) My brother is very smart. He _______ read and write when he was four. A. can B. could C. must D. should 答案：B 解析："when he was four"是过去时间，表示过去的能力用could。 二、按要求完成句子（每题1分，共4分） (1) Can you help me?（改为更礼貌的表达） 答案：Could you please help me? (2) Could you please open the window?（改为否定请求） 答案：Could you please not open the window? (3) Could I use your pen?（作肯定回答） 答案：Yes, you can. / Of course you can. (4) Can I watch TV?（作否定回答并说明理由） 答案：Sorry, you can't. You have to finish your homework first. 4.2 能力提升（12分钟） 三、完形填空（原创题，每题1分，共10分） 素材来源： 自编题，素材基于2026年"社区青少年志愿者"项目——帮助社区老人使用智能手机。 Last month, our community started a "Smart Phone Help" program. We volunteers help elderly people learn how to use smartphones. I was a little nervous at first because I didn't know how to teach them. One day, Mrs. Chen, a 70-year-old lady, came to me. She said, "Excuse me, _______ (1) you please help me? I want to video call my daughter, but I _______ (2) do it." "Of course I _______ (3)," I said. "Let me show you." I taught her step by step. "First, _______ (4) you please open this app? Then press the video call button." She tried but failed. "I'm sorry, I _______ (5) do it. My fingers are not so good." "Don't worry. Let me help you again." After half an hour, she finally made the call. She was so happy! "Thank you! _______ (6) I call you if I have more questions?" "Of course you _______ (7). I'm always here to help." Another volunteer, Li Ming, was helping Mr. Zhang. Mr. Zhang asked, "_______ (8) I take a photo with my phone?" "Sure, you _______ (9). Let me show you how." At the end of the day, Mrs. Chen said to me, "You are so patient. _______ (10) you please come to my home for tea this weekend?" "I'd love to!" I said. ( ) (1) A. can B. could C. must D. need ( ) (2) A. can B. could C. can't D. couldn't ( ) (3) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (4) A. can B. could C. must D. should ( ) (5) A. can B. could C. can't D. couldn't ( ) (6) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (7) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (8) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (9) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (10) A. can B. could C. must D. should 答案：(1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) C (6) A (7) B (8) B (9) B (10) B 详细解析： (1) Mrs. Chen请求帮助，用Could you please...?最礼貌。注意对长辈要用委婉语气。 (2) "我不会做"——表示现在的能力不足，用can't。 (3) 肯定回答请求用can。注意：问句用Could，答语用can。 (4) "我"教Mrs. Chen操作，礼貌请求用Could you please...? (5) "我做不到"——表示现在的能力不足，用can't。 (6) Mrs. Chen询问是否可以打电话请教，用Can I...?即可（日常询问）。 (7) 肯定回答请求许可用can。 (8) Mr. Zhang请求许可拍照，用Could I...?更礼貌。 (9) 肯定回答请求许可用can。 (10) Mrs. Chen邀请"我"去喝茶，用Could you please...?最礼貌。 四、阅读理解（原创题，每题2分，共8分） 素材来源： 自编题，素材基于2026年"智慧社区"项目中AI家居助手的使用场景。 In a smart community in Hangzhou, every family has a smart home assistant called "Xiao Ai". Xiao Ai can do many things: it can turn on lights, play music, and even order food. But how do people communicate with it politely? Mr. Wang, a 65-year-old man, was new to using Xiao Ai. At first, he just gave orders like "Turn on the TV!" But his granddaughter, 14-year-old Lin Lin, taught him to be more polite. "Grandpa, you should say 'Could you please turn on the TV?'" Lin Lin said. "Xiao Ai is a machine, but being polite is a good habit." Mr. Wang tried it. "Xiao Ai, could you please turn on the TV?" The TV turned on. "Wow, it works the same!" he laughed. One day, Lin Lin's friend Zhang Wei came to visit. He saw Xiao Ai and asked, "Could I use it to order some pizza?" "Sure, you can," Lin Lin said. "Just say 'Could you please order a pizza?'" Zhang Wei tried. Xiao Ai replied, "Sure. What kind of pizza would you like?" "Wow, it's so smart!" Zhang Wei said. Later, Mr. Wang wanted to take a nap. He said, "Xiao Ai, could you please not play music for an hour?" Xiao Ai replied, "OK. I will keep quiet for one hour." Lin Lin smiled. "See, Grandpa? Being polite works well with AI too!" ( ) (1) What can Xiao Ai do according to the passage? A. It can cook meals. B. It can turn on lights and play music. C. It can clean the house. D. It can walk and talk like a person. 答案：B 解析：原文第一段明确列出"it can turn on lights, play music, and even order food"。B选项涵盖其中两项。解题方法：细节理解题，在原文中直接寻找信息。 ( ) (2) How did Mr. Wang talk to Xiao Ai at first? A. He used polite requests. B. He gave orders directly. C. He didn't talk to it at all. D. He whispered to it. 答案：B 解析：原文"At first, he just gave orders like 'Turn on the TV!'"说明他一开始直接下命令。 ( ) (3) What did Zhang Wei ask Xiao Ai to do? A. To turn on the TV. B. To order a pizza. C. To play music. D. To keep quiet. 答案：B 解析：原文"Could I use it to order some pizza?"说明他想用Xiao Ai订披萨。 ( ) (4) What is the main idea of the passage? A. AI assistants are very useful. B. Being polite is important even with AI. C. Old people can't use AI. D. Smart communities are popular. 答案：B 解析：主旨大意题。全文通过Mr. Wang从命令式到礼貌请求的转变，说明对AI也要保持礼貌的习惯。Lin Lin说"being polite is a good habit"点明主旨。 4.3 思维拓展（8分钟） 五、书面表达（10分） 假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Tom下周要来你家做客。请根据以下提示，写一封80词左右的英文邮件告诉他你家的安排。 提示：1. 请Tom帮忙带一些英国特色小礼物；2. 你可以去机场接他；3. 你父母邀请他一起吃晚餐；4. 你希望他住在你家。 要求：使用can/could表达请求和许可，至少使用3次。 参考范文： Dear Tom, I'm so excited that you will visit my home next week! Here is our plan. First, could you please bring some special gifts from England? My parents love British things. Second, I can pick you up at the airport. Just tell me your flight number. Third, my parents invite you to have dinner with us. Could I ask what food you like best? Finally, you can stay in my room and I will sleep in the living room. Please let me know if you have any questions. I can't wait to see you! Yours, Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 人教版八年级英语上册 Unit 2 Home Sweet Home 学生版讲义 全2讲 姓名：_______________ 班级：_______________ 学号：_______________ 第1讲 请求与许可的"语法基因" 核心问题：如何用英语礼貌地请人帮忙？can和could有什么区别？如何得体地回应请求？ 模块一 课前诊断（10分钟） 1.1 热身激活（3分钟） 判断下列句子的功能（在横线上填写"请求帮忙""请求许可"或"表示能力"）： (1) Can you help me carry this box? → ________________ (2) I can swim very fast. → ________________ (3) Could I use your phone? → ________________ (4) Could you please open the window? → ________________ (5) My little sister could read when she was four. → ________________ 思考： 第(1)句和第(4)句都表示请求，为什么一个用can一个用could？它们有什么区别？ 1.2 诊断测试（7分钟） 一、选择最佳答案（每题1分，共5分） ( ) (1) —_______ you please help me clean the room? —Sure, no problem. A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (2) —Could I use your dictionary? —Of course you _______. A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (3) —_______ you pass me the salt, please? —Here you are. A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (4) When I was five, I _______ ride a bike. A. can B. could C. must D. should ( ) (5) —Could I go out with my friends? —Sorry, you _______. You have a test tomorrow. A. could B. can C. can't D. couldn't 二、将下列请求按礼貌程度从低到高排序（5分） A. Open the window. B. Could you please open the window? C. Can you open the window? 排序：______ → ______ → ______ 模块二 课堂精讲（80分钟） 2.1 社交场景模型（8分钟） 核心问题： 为什么同样是想请人帮忙，有时说"Can you..."，有时却说"Could you please..."？ 社交距离模型（根据老师讲解补充完整）： 亲近关系 ────────────────── 疏远关系 家人/好友 熟人 陌生人/长辈 │ │ │ _______ _______ ________ _______ _______ ________ _______ _______ 核心规律： 语言礼貌程度与社交距离成________——关系越疏远，请求越需要________。 情态动词can/could的三种核心功能（根据老师讲解填写）： 功能 说明 can could 表示能力 某人"能/会"做某事 I can swim.（现在的能力） ________________ 请求帮忙 请对方为自己做某事 Can you help me? ________________ 请求许可 请对方允许自己做某事 Can I go out? ________________ ( ) 例题1 —Mum, _______ I watch TV after finishing my homework? —Yes, you can. A. can B. could C. must D. need 2.2 Can/Could表请求帮忙——"礼貌阶梯"（15分钟） 核心句型（根据老师讲解填写）： 句型 语气 适用场景 Can you + 动词原形? ________ 熟人、平辈 Can you please + 动词原形? ________ 日常正式 ________ + 动词原形? 委婉礼貌 长辈、陌生人 Could you please + 动词原形? ________ 正式场合 please的位置变化： 位置 例句 语气特点 句中（最常用） Can you ______ sweep the floor? ________ 句尾 Can you sweep the floor, ______? 语气舒缓 句首 ______ can you sweep the floor? 强调请求 肯定回答（根据老师讲解填写）： 答语 语气 使用场景 ________ 日常肯定 熟人之间 Of course. 当然可以 ________ ________ 没问题 积极肯定 Certainly. ________ 正式场合 With pleasure. ________ 正式、热情 否定回答（根据老师讲解填写）： 答语 礼貌程度 ________ + 原因 礼貌拒绝 I'm afraid I can't. + 原因 ________ 易错警示： Could you...?的肯定回答用________，不能用________。 ( ) 例题2 —Could you please _______ the floor? It's very dirty. —Sure, I'll do it right now. A. sweep B. to sweep C. sweeping D. swept 例题3 按要求完成句子 (1) Can you open the door?（改为更礼貌的表达） (2) Could you please not talk loudly?（翻译成中文） 2.3 Can/Could表请求许可——"准入规则"（15分钟） 核心句型（根据老师讲解填写）： 句型 语气 适用场景 Can I + 动词原形? ________ 熟人之间 ________ + 动词原形? 委婉请求许可 对长辈/正式 答语规则（中考必考，根据老师讲解填写）： 问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Can I...? Yes, you ________. Sorry, you ________. + 原因 Could I...? Yes, you ________. Sorry, you ________. + 原因 核心规律： 问句用Could表示礼貌，但回答时统一用________/，不能用/________。 ( ) 例题4 —Could I use your bike this afternoon? —Sorry, you _______. I need it myself. A. could B. can C. can't D. couldn't ( ) 例题5 —Could I put some flowers on the table? —Yes, _______. A. you could B. you can C. you can't D. you couldn't 请求许可的常见场景（根据老师讲解填写）： 场景 请求 答语 借东西 Could I borrow your pen? ________ 外出 ________ Sorry, you can't. You have to clean your room. 使用物品 Can I use your computer? ________ 邀请朋友 ________ Of course you can. 语音意识训练（教师朗读稿）： 听老师朗读以下对话，注意听语调变化（在横线上标注升调或降调）： A: Could you please help me sweep the floor? （） B: Sure, no problem. （） A: Could I borrow your dictionary? （） B: Sorry, you can't. I'm using it now. （） 2.4 Can/Could表能力——"时间坐标"（10分钟） 核心规律（根据老师讲解填写）： 时态 情态动词 例句 现在的能力 ________ I ________ swim. 过去的能力 ________（can的过去式） When I was five, I ________ swim. 注意区分： could表能力是can的________，表示________的能力；could表请求________是过去式，只是表达________语气。 判断方法： 看句中有没有________。有→could表过去能力；没有→could表委婉请求。 ( ) 例题6 My grandmother _______ play chess when she was young, but now she _______ because of her poor eyesight. A. could; can't B. can; can't C. could; couldn't D. can; couldn't ( ) 例题7 Even Einstein _______ read until he was seven. A. can't B. mustn't C. couldn't D. needn't 2.5 Could you please not...?——否定请求结构（10分钟） 结构公式： Could you please ________ + 动词原形 + ...? 功能： 礼貌地请求对方________做某事。 请求类型 结构 例句 肯定请求（请对方做某事） ________ Could you please close the window? 否定请求（请对方不做某事） ________ Could you please not smoke here? ( ) 例题8 —Could you please _______ loudly? The baby is sleeping. —Sorry, I won't. A. not talk B. don't talk C. not to talk D. no talk 例题9 完成句子 请你不要把垃圾扔在地上。 Could you please _______ _______ rubbish on the floor? 2.6 课堂练习（15分钟） A层·识记层——基础语法填空 用can, can't, could, couldn't填空： (1) I _______ swim when I was five, but now I _______ swim very well. (2) —_______ you please help me carry this box? —Sure, I _______. (3) —_______ I use your ruler? —Sorry, you _______. I'm using it. (4) —_______ you pass me the salt, please? —Here you are. (5) —Could I go to the cinema tonight? —Yes, you _______. But you must be back before 9 p.m. B层·理解层——完形填空 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Last Saturday, our community had a "Neighbor Festival". Everyone could join in the activities. My neighbor Mrs. Li is 75 years old and uses a wheelchair. She wanted to join the flower-arranging class, but she _______ (1) go there by herself. I saw her and asked, "Mrs. Li, _______ (2) I help you push the wheelchair?" She smiled and said, "That's very kind of you, but _______ (3) you please go to the class first and save a seat for me? I'll come later." "Of course I _______ (4)," I said. "But please be careful." Another neighbor, Mr. Wang, was carrying some heavy flower pots. He asked me, "_______ (5) you please give me a hand?" "Sure, no problem," I said. At the end of the day, Mrs. Li said to me, "You _______ (6) come to my home for dinner if you are free." "Thank you! I'd love to!" I said. ( ) (1) A. can B. could C. couldn't D. must ( ) (2) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (3) A. can B. could C. must D. need ( ) (4) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (5) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (6) A. can B. could C. must D. need C层·应用层——补全对话 根据对话内容，从方框中选择恰当的句子补全对话（有两项多余）。 A: Mum, _______ (1) B: Sure. What's wrong? A: My bike is broken. B: Let me have a look. Oh, the chain is off. I can fix it, but I need some tools. _______ (2) A: Sure, I'll get them right away. (A few minutes later) A: Here are the tools. _______ (3) B: Of course you can. But be careful with your hands. A: OK. _______ (4) B: You're welcome. A. Could I watch TV now? B. Could you please help me fix my bike? C. Could you please bring me the toolbox? D. Thank you, Mum. E. Could I watch you fix it? F. Could I go out to play? G. Could you please clean your room? 2.7 课堂精讲反馈（5分钟） 高频易错点记录： 易错点 正确用法 纠错口诀 Could I...?肯定答语用could Yes, you can. ________________ Could you...?肯定答语用could Sure, I can. ________________ 否定请求用don't Could you please not talk? ________________ could表能力不分时间 He can swim now. ________________ 情态动词后加to Could you help me? ________________ 模块三 课堂小结（5分钟） 第1讲知识体系图谱（根据老师讲解补充完整）： can/could核心功能 ├── 功能一：表示能力 │ ├── can：________________（I can swim.） │ └── could：________________（I could swim at 5.） ├── 功能二：请求帮忙（请对方做某事） │ ├── Can you...? / Can you please...?（________） │ └── Could you...? / Could you please...?（________） ├── 功能三：请求许可（请对方允许我做某事） │ ├── Can I...?（________） │ └── Could I...?（________） ├── 答语规则 │ ├── 肯定回答：用________（不用________） │ └── 否定回答：用________ + 理由（不用________） └── 否定请求 └── ________ + 动词原形 今日收获清单（在已完成项前打✓）： □ 区分了can/could的三种功能 □ 掌握了"问用could、答用can"的核心规则 □ 学会了否定请求的结构 □ 能在不同场景中选择恰当的礼貌程度 模块四 课后巩固作业 4.1 基础巩固 一、单项选择（每题1分，共8分） ( ) (1) —Could you please _______ the door? It's too cold. —OK, I'll close it. A. close B. to close C. closing D. closed ( ) (2) —_______ I borrow your book? —Of course you can. A. Must B. Need C. Could D. Should ( ) (3) When I was young, I _______ play the piano very well. A. can B. could C. must D. need ( ) (4) —Could you please not _______ here? It's a library. —Sorry, I won't. A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked ( ) (5) —Could I use your phone? —Sorry, you _______. I'm waiting for an important call. A. could B. can C. can't D. couldn't ( ) (6) —Mum, _______ I hang out with my friends after lunch? —Sorry, you can't. You have to clean your room. A. must B. could C. should D. need ( ) (7) —Could you please help me with my English? —Sure, I _______. A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (8) My brother is very smart. He _______ read and write when he was four. A. can B. could C. must D. should 二、按要求完成句子（每题1分，共4分） (1) Can you help me?（改为更礼貌的表达） (2) Could you please open the window?（改为否定请求） (3) Could I use your pen?（作肯定回答） (4) Can I watch TV?（作否定回答并说明理由） 4.2 能力提升 三、完形填空（每题1分，共10分） 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Last month, our community started a "Smart Phone Help" program. We volunteers help elderly people learn how to use smartphones. I was a little nervous at first because I didn't know how to teach them. One day, Mrs. Chen, a 70-year-old lady, came to me. She said, "Excuse me, _______ (1) you please help me? I want to video call my daughter, but I _______ (2) do it." "Of course I _______ (3)," I said. "Let me show you." I taught her step by step. "First, _______ (4) you please open this app? Then press the video call button." She tried but failed. "I'm sorry, I _______ (5) do it. My fingers are not so good." "Don't worry. Let me help you again." After half an hour, she finally made the call. She was so happy! "Thank you! _______ (6) I call you if I have more questions?" "Of course you _______ (7). I'm always here to help." Another volunteer, Li Ming, was helping Mr. Zhang. Mr. Zhang asked, "_______ (8) I take a photo with my phone?" "Sure, you _______ (9). Let me show you how." At the end of the day, Mrs. Chen said to me, "You are so patient. _______ (10) you please come to my home for tea this weekend?" "I'd love to!" I said. ( ) (1) A. can B. could C. must D. need ( ) (2) A. can B. could C. can't D. couldn't ( ) (3) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (4) A. can B. could C. must D. should ( ) (5) A. can B. could C. can't D. couldn't ( ) (6) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (7) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (8) A. Can B. Could C. Must D. Should ( ) (9) A. could B. can C. must D. need ( ) (10) A. can B. could C. must D. should 四、阅读理解（每题2分，共8分） 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 In a smart community in Hangzhou, every family has a smart home assistant called "Xiao Ai". Xiao Ai can do many things: it can turn on lights, play music, and even order food. But how do people communicate with it politely? Mr. Wang, a 65-year-old man, was new to using Xiao Ai. At first, he just gave orders like "Turn on the TV!" But his granddaughter, 14-year-old Lin Lin, taught him to be more polite. "Grandpa, you should say 'Could you please turn on the TV?'" Lin Lin said. "Xiao Ai is a machine, but being polite is a good habit." Mr. Wang tried it. "Xiao Ai, could you please turn on the TV?" The TV turned on. "Wow, it works the same!" he laughed. One day, Lin Lin's friend Zhang Wei came to visit. He saw Xiao Ai and asked, "Could I use it to order some pizza?" "Sure, you can," Lin Lin said. "Just say 'Could you please order a pizza?'" Zhang Wei tried. Xiao Ai replied, "Sure. What kind of pizza would you like?" "Wow, it's so smart!" Zhang Wei said. Later, Mr. Wang wanted to take a nap. He said, "Xiao Ai, could you please not play music for an hour?" Xiao Ai replied, "OK. I will keep quiet for one hour." Lin Lin smiled. "See, Grandpa? Being polite works well with AI too!" ( ) (1) What can Xiao Ai do according to the passage? A. It can cook meals. B. It can turn on lights and play music. C. It can clean the house. D. It can walk and talk like a person. ( ) (2) How did Mr. Wang talk to Xiao Ai at first? A. He used polite requests. B. He gave orders directly. C. He didn't talk to it at all. D. He whispered to it. ( ) (3) What did Zhang Wei ask Xiao Ai to do? A. To turn on the TV. B. To order a pizza. C. To play music. D. To keep quiet. ( ) (4) What is the main idea of the passage? A. AI assistants are very useful. B. Being polite is important even with AI. C. Old people can't use AI. D. Smart communities are popular. 4.3 思维拓展 五、书面表达（10分） 假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Tom下周要来你家做客。请根据以下提示，写一封80词左右的英文邮件告诉他你家的安排。 提示：1. 请Tom帮忙带一些英国特色小礼物；2. 你可以去机场接他；3. 你父母邀请他一起吃晚餐；4. 你希望他住在你家。 要求：使用can/could表达请求和许可，至少使用3次。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $