精品解析：上海市向明中学2024-2025学年第一学期期末考试高一年级英语试卷

2024学年第一学期向明中学期末考试 高一年级英语试卷 （考试时间：90分钟，满分100分） Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20分，1-20每题1分) Section A (10分) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. In a library. B. In a bookstore. C. In the museum. D. At the coffee bar. 2. A. Collecting old stuff. B. Fake historical stories. C. Buying and selling stuff. D. Reproducing historical items. 3. A. Ten. B. Six. C. Two. D. Nine. 4. A. Terrific. B. Awkward. C. Comfortable. D. Terrible. 5. A. The woman is going on a trip to China. B. The man knows very little about China. C. The woman is asking for help for her report. D. The woman’s report is concerned with Chinese food. 6. A. The woman does need a pair of sunglasses. B. The woman is packing up her luggage for a trip. C. The man doesn’t worry about the woman at all. D. The woman is going on a trip to the lake with her class. 7. A. The papers piled up while he was on vacation. B. The papers are his plan for the vacation. C. Too much work makes his vacation impossible. D. He will finish the work during the vacation. 8. A. She is going to buy a piece of wood. B. She is going to load the wood into the car. C. She is going to drive her car up into the yard. D. She is going to a yard with several gentlemen. 9. A. She disliked novels until she went to college. B. She enjoyed the class even though the teacher was not good. C. She liked reading novels rather than history books. D. The study of literary history spoiled her enjoyment of novels. 10. A. The woman has made a deal with the man. B. The two speakers do not reach an agreement. C. The woman can still give up the deal right now. D. The two speakers are dealing with something together. Section B (10分) Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. It has helped solve the problem of climate change. B. It has raised the standard of living for many people. C. It has well equipped us to face universal challenges. D. It has made us fully understand the complexity of nature. 12. A. It can reveal humanity problems. B. It can enhance the capacity of people’s minds. C. It can ask researchers question about nature. D. It can boost fundamental breakthroughs in science. 13. A. Advances and challenges of science. B. AI’s role in promoting science advances. C. Applications of data in scientific research. D. Debate on whether to develop AI technology. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. On the east side of the campus. B. On the west side of the campus. C. On the south side of the campus. D. In the middle of the campus. 15. A. It is located in the town center. B. The apartments are well furnished. C. No empty apartments are available. D. Each apartment has four single bedrooms. 16. A. To add names to the waiting list. B. To contact the speaker right away. C. To apply as soon as possible for next year. D. To get information from the off-campus housing office. Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Go to the art museum. B. Paint the walls in the house. C. Watch a movie at home. D. Go to a movie theatre. 18. A. There are no decorations inside. B. The walls in the house are bare. C. Some paintings hang on the wall. D. His decorations are contemporary paintings. 19. A. People should keep an open mind about art. B. Art in general is impractical and useless. C. Only the art masterpieces are worth looking at. D. Art should be used for good causes. 20. A. It helps artists in need. B. It can spur people into action. C. It enables people to appreciate beauty. D. It is the most effective means of communication. Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary. (20分，21-40每题/每空1分) Section A (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. Chicken soup and other home remedies linked to fighting off a cold? There are few experiences as universal as catching a cold. And while there are around 200 viruses that cause it, there seem to be almost as many home remedies to combat it. But do any of them work? ____1____ the core of any home remedy is the idea that it improves our immune system (免疫系统). When a virus ____2____ (enter) our bodies, it comes up against two systems of defence. The innate immune system tries to flush invading cells out. The adaptive system targets specific pathogens (病原体) ____3____ the body already has had contact with. The latter also creates memory cells when it encounters new pathogens, ____4____ (allow) the body to fight them off if they return. This is ____5____ we tend to get chickenpox only once, but the common cold changes its appearance ____6____ it passes from one person to the next, confusing our immune memory cells. Thus, it is ____7____ we can experience often several times a year. ____8____ is well-known that both lifestyle habits and diet affect the strength of our immune systems. It’s why many of the remedies often known to keep the common cold at bay were circulated on social media with the promise that they could keep us safe during the coronavirus pandemic. So which home remedies are worth trying ____9____ (fight) off a cold or virus? ____10____ supplements like garlic fight off a virus? Because the immune system is only impaired in otherwise healthy people when we have a vitamin or mineral deficiency, supplementing our diets with so-called cold-busting foods will make little difference if we already have a relatively good diet, says Charles Bangham, head of the Division of Infectious Diseases at Imperial College London. 【答案】1. At 2. enters 3. that##which 4. allowing 5. why 6. as##when 7. what 8. It 9. to fight 10. Can 【解析】 【导语】文章探讨了针对感冒的家庭疗法是否有效，解释了免疫系统的工作原理，并指出在饮食均衡的情况下这些疗法作用有限。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：任何家庭疗法的核心都是它能增强我们的免疫系统。at the core of为固定搭配，意为“在……的核心”，句首字母需大写。 【2题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：当病毒进入我们的身体时，它会遇到两道防御系统。enter(进入)是When引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词，与主语a virus之间是主动关系；句子描述科学事实，应用一般现在时态；主语是单数名词，谓语用第三人称单数形式enters。 【3题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：适应性系统针对身体已经接触过的特定病原体。此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词pathogens，指物，关系词在从句中作with的宾语，应用关系代词that或which引导该从句。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：后者在遇到新病原体时还会产生记忆细胞，使身体在它们再次入侵时能够抵抗。句子谓语动词是creates，allow(使能够)用非谓语形式，表示自然而然的结果，应用现在分词形式作结果状语。 【5题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：这就是为什么我们通常只会得一次水痘，但普通感冒在人与人之间传播时会改变其外表，迷惑我们的免疫记忆细胞。此处引导表语从句，表示“这就是为什么……”，应用连接副词why引导该从句。 【6题详解】 考查连词。句意：这就是为什么我们通常只会得一次水痘，但普通感冒在人与人之间传播时会改变其外表，迷惑我们的免疫记忆细胞。此处表示“当……时候”，应用从属连词as或when引导时间状语从句。 【7题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：因此，这就是我们一年中经常会经历好几次的东西。此处引导表语从句，从句及物动词experience缺少宾语，表示“……的事物/东西”，应用连接代词what引导该从句。 【8题详解】 考查形式主语。句意：众所周知，生活习惯和饮食都会影响我们免疫系统的强度。此处为固定句型“It is well-known that...”，it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句；句首单词首字母大写。 【9题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：那么，哪些家庭疗法值得尝试来对抗感冒或病毒呢？“(fight) off a cold or virus”是“trying”的目的，应用不定式作目的状语。 【10题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：像大蒜这样的补充剂能抵抗病毒吗？此处为一般疑问句，询问是否能够，用情态动词can；句首单词首字母大写。 Section B (10分) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. waiting B. careless C. simply D. consumer E. solving F. pack G. accused H. considered I. new J. generally K. charged The FDA does not know what chemicals are added to foods The idea that American children are being poisoned by the food industry, with the blessing of regulators, sounds like classic conspiracy theory (阴谋论). But when that is the stated belief of the man who may soon become America’s secretary of health, it is sensible to ask whether there is something to it. Robert F. Kennedy junior, Donald Trump’s choice for the job, wants to get rid of the entire nutrition division of the Food and Drug Administration, which he has ____11____ of allowing toxic chemicals in foods. On that he may, or may not, have a point. The real story is that nobody knows. Mr Kennedy’s anger has to do with the ____12____ way in which the FDA regulates food additives such as artificial flavours, colours and preservatives. It allows food companies themselves to decide whether such chemicals are ____13____ safe, and whether they want to notify the FDA about them at all. They are not required to list all ingredients on food labels. For example, a chemical concocted (调制) in the lab may appear on a (n) ____14____ of biscuits as “flavouring”. Behind this is a loophole (漏洞) in the food-safety law from 1958 that put the FDA in charge of inspecting food ingredients. A reasonable exemption from full FDA assessment was carved out for things like vinegar and spices, which were put in a category called “generally recognised as safe” (GRAS). In the decades that followed, the number of chemicals concocted to make foods crunchier, tastier and longer-lasting shot up — along with ____15____ times for review by the FDA. Food companies began to sneak some ____16____ ingredients through the GRAS loophole, helped by vague rules. For ____17____ the backlog (积压的工作), the FDA did not get funding to hire more staff. In 1997, it increased the GRAS loophole to the size of the Hoover dam, changing the rules so food companies no longer had to tell the FDA about ingredients they ____18____ safe. In 2014 the FDA’s deputy chief in charge of foods, Michael Taylor, admitted the obvious: “We ____19____ do not have the information to vouch (担保) for the safety of many of these chemicals.” According to a tally by the Environmental Working Group, a (n) _____20_____ advocacy group, between 2000 and 2021 the FDA received only ten applications for full safety assessment of new food additives. At the same time, about 750 new chemicals entered the food supply with GRAS notices to the FDA. 【答案】11. G 12. B 13. J 14. F 15. A 16. I 17. E 18. H 19. C 20. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍了美国FDA食品添加剂监管漏洞。 【11题详解】 考查动词过去分词。句意：罗伯特·肯尼迪想要撤销FDA的整个营养部门，他指责该机构放任食品中存在有毒化学物质。结合本句语境，accuse sb. of sth.为固定搭配，表示“指责/指控某人某事”，贴合人物问责监管部门的语义。空前has提示本句为现在完成时，accuse需用过去分词形式。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：肯尼迪的愤怒源于FDA监管食品添加剂的草率方式。结合后文FDA让企业自主审核添加剂、监管不严的内容，careless“草率的、疏忽的”，修饰名词way，契合监管漏洞的语境。 【13题详解】 考查副词。句意：它允许食品公司自行判定这些化学物质是否大体安全，以及是否需要告知FDA。结合企业自主判定安全性的宽松监管语境，generally“大体上、普遍地”，修饰形容词safe，符合句意。 【14题详解】 考查名词固定搭配。句意：实验室调配的化学物质，可能仅以“调味料”的名义出现在一包饼干的配料表中。结合空后of biscuits，a pack of为固定搭配，表示“一包、一袋”，贴合食品包装语境。 【15题详解】 考查动名词。句意：数十年间，食品添加剂的数量大幅增加，FDA的审核等待时长也随之增加。结合前文添加剂增多、审核压力变大的语境，waiting times为固定表达，表示“等待时长”，贴合审核积压的语义，动名词作定语。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在模糊规则的加持下，食品公司开始通过GRAS漏洞偷偷使用一些新型配料。结合文末大量新型化学添加剂流入食品供应链的语境，new表示“新的”，修饰ingredients，贴合文意。 【17题详解】 考查动名词。句意：为解决积压的审核工作，FDA没有获得资金聘用更多工作人员。结合空后名词the backlog，for为介词，后接动名词，solve表示“解决”，贴合处理积压工作的语境。 【18题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：1997年新规修改后，食品公司无需再向FDA报备他们认定为安全的配料。结合企业自主判定安全性的语境，consider表示“认为、视作”，动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：我们根本没有足够信息为这些化学物质的安全性作担保。结合官员直白承认监管缺失的语境，simply表示“根本、简直”，用于加强否定语气，贴合句意，修饰动词。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：环境工作组是一个消费者权益倡导组织。结合该组织监督食品安全、维护民众权益的语境，consumer advocacy group为固定搭配，表示“消费者维权组织”，名词作定语。 Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (45分，41-55每题1分，56-70每题2分) Section A (15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. This year, be thankful for AI in medicine If you’re struggling to come up with something you’re grateful for this Thanksgiving, here’s something all feast-goers can celebrate regardless of their political leanings: Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing medicine, making health care more accurate and less expensive for everyone. AI is still in its ____21____. But it is already promising to ____22____ how physicians do their jobs, taking cancer screenings for example. One controlled trial from 2022 found that software trained to scan images from colonoscopies (结肠镜检查) was able to cut in half the miss rate for potentially cancerous lesions (癌性病变). A 2024 review of studies ____23____ found that screenings for skin cancer aided by AI were more accurate than those without the technology. Another review found similar results for breast cancer screenings, while also showing that AI reduced the ____24____ of radiologists (放射科医生) by 68 percent. The benefit here is ____25____: The technology can help detect cancer at earlier stages, making it easier to treat. It is also better at determining which tumors are benign, limiting the number of ____26____ and expensive biopsies (活检) that patients must endure, not to mention the anxiety that comes with the procedures. The purpose is not to eliminate humans in medicine; it is to give them better tools to help their patients. Then again, as AI models improve, it’s possible to imagine a future in which physicians are required to use them in screenings, and doctors devote more and more of their time to doing things AI is less ____27____ to do, such as interacting with patients, explaining the medicine, and thinking through unusual or unexpected circumstances. And that’s just the start. In 2022, the Department of Health and Human Services reported that about 6 percent of the more than 130 million people who go to emergency rooms every year are misdiagnosed. Of those, 2.6 million people are unnecessarily harmed because of their misdiagnosis. Roughly 400,000 are permanently ____28____ or die. Artificial intelligence has the ____29____ to significantly reduce those tragedies. A recent study out of Boston comparing the performance of _____30_____ physicians in diagnosing patients to just chatbots themselves found that the bots performed considerably better. Given a patient’s _____31_____ and symptoms, the chatbot alone scored an average of 90 percent in correctly diagnosing their condition. Physicians using the technology scored only 76 percent on average — just slightly higher than the 74 percent average for humans with no AI help at all. _____32_____, AI can also speed up care in emergency settings. One study found that hospitals that used AI to detect strokes from a patient’s brain scans were able to _____33_____ almost 40 minutes before a surgeon could intervene. That’s precious time that can save lives. Incorporating this technology into medicine will no doubt run into bumps. Many people are likely to be _____34_____ it, and some might fear it will make visits to the doctor even less personal than they already are. But it could free up physicians’ time dedicated to ordinary tasks and cut seemingly long wait times at medical _____35_____. 21. A. function B. infancy C. imagination D. fancy 22. A. interpret B. twist C. imitate D. transform 23. A. objectively B. similarly C. fortunately D. oppositely 24. A. workload B. ability C. facility D. resources 25. A. competitive B. straightforward C. two-fold D. dynamic 26. A. routine B. useful C. significant D. unnecessary 27. A. eager B. suited C. willing D. afraid 28. A. disabled B. depressed C. sentenced D. frustrated 29. A. frequency B. potential C. situation D. willingness 30. A. results-driven B. efficiency-focused C. human-centered D. chatbot-assisted 31. A. general data B. financial status C. personal file D. case history 32. A. Actually B. Moreover C. However D. Otherwise 33. A. cut B. increase C. hold D. maintain 34. A. indifferent to B. skeptical of C. welcome to D. optimistic about 35. A. intervals B. practices C. records D. conferences 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍了人工智能在医疗领域的应用与价值。AI虽仍处于发展初期，却极大优化了癌症筛查、急诊诊断、中风救治等医疗环节，既能提升诊断准确率、减轻医生工作负担，又能减少医疗误诊悲剧、挽救生命。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：人工智能仍处于起步阶段，但它已然有望彻底改变医生的工作方式，癌症筛查就是典型案例。A. function功能；B. infancy初期；C. imagination想象；D. fancy幻想。根据下文“But it is already promising to how physicians do their jobs”可知，AI尚未成熟，正处于发展初期。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：人工智能仍处于起步阶段，但它已然有望彻底改变医生的工作方式，癌症筛查就是典型案例。A. interpret解读；B. twist扭曲；C. imitate模仿；D. transform彻底改变。根据上文“Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing medicine”可知，人工智能正在革新医疗行业、改变医生的工作模式。 【23题详解】 考查副词。句意：2024年的一项研究综述同样发现，借助人工智能的皮肤癌筛查比传统筛查更加精准。A. objectively客观地；B. similarly同样地；C. fortunately幸运地；D. oppositely相反地。根据上文“software trained to scan images from colonoscopies (结肠镜检查) was able to cut in half the miss rate for potentially cancerous lesions (癌性病变)”可知，AI在结肠镜筛查中效果优异，本句介绍AI皮肤癌筛查也具备高准确率，前后研究结论相似。 【24题详解】 考查名词。句意：另一项综述在乳腺癌筛查中也得出了相似结论，同时表明人工智能将放射科医生的工作量减少了68%。A. workload工作量；B. ability能力；C. facility设备；D. resources资源。根据上文“screenings for skin cancer aided by AI were more accurate than those without the technology”可知，AI可以辅助医生完成癌症筛查工作，大幅减少放射科医生的工作任务量。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这项技术的益处体现在两个方面：这项技术有助于在早期发现癌症，从而更方便地进行治疗。A. competitive有竞争力的；B. straightforward直白的；C. two-fold双重的；D. dynamic动态的。根据下文“The technology can help detect cancer at earlier stages”以及“It is also better at determining which tumors are benign”可知，文段依次介绍了AI医疗的两大核心优势，具备双重益处。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它还能更好地辨别良性肿瘤，减少患者需要承受的多余且昂贵的活检，以及检查带来的焦虑。A. routine常规的；B. useful有用的；C. significant重要的；D. unnecessary多余的。根据上文“It is also better at determining which tumors are benign”可知，AI可精准识别良性肿瘤，无需对所有肿瘤进行活检，能够规避多余的检查。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，随着人工智能模型的不断进步，我们可以设想一个未来：医生在筛查中需要使用这些模型，而医生将越来越多的时间投入到那些人工智能不太擅长的工作上，例如与患者交流、解释药物以及应对异常或意外情况。A. eager渴望的；B. suited适合的；C. willing愿意的；D. afraid害怕的。根据下文“interacting with patients, explaining the medicine, and thinking through unusual or unexpected circumstances”可知，医患沟通、特殊病情研判等工作，是AI并不适合完成的。 【28题详解】 考查形容词。句意：约40万人永久致残或死亡。A. disabled残疾的；B. depressed抑郁的；C. sentenced被判刑的；D. frustrated沮丧的。根据上文“2.6 million people are unnecessarily harmed because of their misdiagnosis”可知，误诊会造成严重的身体伤害，轻则终身致残，重则死亡。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：人工智能有巨大潜力大幅减少这类悲剧。A. frequency频率；B. potential潜力；C. situation情况；D. willingness意愿。根据下文“the bots performed considerably better”可知，AI诊断准确率远超人工，拥有减少医疗误诊悲剧的巨大潜力。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：波士顿一项近来的研究对比了借助聊天机器人辅助诊断的医生和纯机器人的诊断效果，发现机器人表现更出色。A. results-driven以结果为导向的；B. efficiency-focused注重效率的；C. human-centered以人为本的；D. chatbot-assisted机器人辅助的。根据下文“Physicians using the technology scored only 76 percent on average”可知，此处对比的是借助聊天机器人辅助诊断的医生与纯机器人的诊断效果。 【31题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：仅依靠患者的病史和症状，聊天机器人单独诊断的平均正确率可达90%。A. general data通用数据；B. financial status经济状况；C. personal file个人档案；D. case history病史。根据下文“and symptoms, the chatbot alone scored an average of 90 percent in correctly diagnosing their condition”可知，诊断病情需要结合患者的病史和临床症状。 【32题详解】 考查副词。句意：此外，人工智能还能加快急诊救治的速度。A. Actually事实上；B. Moreover此外；C. However然而；D. Otherwise否则。根据上文“Artificial intelligence has the to significantly reduce those tragedies”和下文“AI can also speed up care in emergency settings.”可知，前文介绍AI减少误诊的优势，本段递进补充AI提升急诊救治效率的作用。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：一项研究发现，医院利用人工智能扫描脑部识别中风，能够提前近40分钟让医生介入救治。A. cut缩短；B. increase增加；C. hold持有；D. maintain维持。根据下文“That’s precious time that can save lives”可知，AI快速识别病情，能够大幅缩短急诊救治的等待时长、挽救生命。 【34题详解】 考查形容词短语。句意：许多人可能会对此表示怀疑，有些人甚至担心这会让就医体验变得比现在还要缺乏人情味。A. indifferent to对……冷漠；B. skeptical of对……怀疑；C. welcome to乐于接受；D. optimistic about对……乐观。根据下文“fear it will make visits to the doctor even less personal”可知，人们担忧AI会弱化医患温情，因此对这项技术心存质疑。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：但它可以解放医生处理琐事的时间，缩短医疗机构漫长的候诊时间。A. intervals间隔；B. practices医疗机构；C. records记录；D. conferences会议。根据上文“free up physicians’ time dedicated to ordinary tasks and cut seemingly long wait times”可知，AI可以优化医疗服务，缩短各类医疗机构的患者候诊时间。 Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Worried retailers are increasingly frustrated by people they dub “fit-lifters” who use stores to find the best-fitting shoes before buying them online at a lower price. If the shoes fit, but you don’t buy it, you could soon be tarred with the same brush as shoplifters by shoe store owners. Bricks-and-mortar shops have higher salary and rental costs than Internet rivals and store owners say some online buyers are free-riding on their resources “You’ve come in and stolen that service basically,” said Richard Napier of Idaho Mountain Trading, an outdoor sports store in Idaho Falls, who calls fit-lifting unethical. “It’s not that the salesperson didn’t have somebody else to serve who would have bought something. So not only have you stolen the wages. I have a loss of revenue that he would have collected from another customer.” It is common for online shoppers to research products in stores in other retail sectors such as bookselling — a practice named “showrooming” — and smartphones make it possible to buy online even while still in a store. But the trend is particularly contentious in footwear because staff spend so much time fetching boxes and advising customers on comfort. Tensions have been heightened by the price advantage that e-commerce gains from the fact that many online shoppers do not have to pay state and local sales tax, which add between 5 and 10 percent. Following years of lobbying by bricks-and-mortar stores, the US Senate is expected to pass a bill that would help end tax-free online shopping. But it still faces opposition in the House of Representatives. Gary Weiner, owner of Saxon Shoes in Virginia and a board member of the National Shoe Retailers Association in the US, said shoe-sellers were “very concerned” about fit-lifting. “We also hear ‘My mother sent me in to get my size fitted so she can buy them online.’ those exact words,” he said. “We’re a polite people. So we give them the time of day.” Asked if he had considered refusing, he said, “We think about it every single time. Do we say it? No. You can’t say it out loud.” Zappos, an online shoe-seller owned by Amazon, encourages shoppers to order two or more different sizes, which they can return for free, in an effort to overcome customer reluctance to buy without trying. 36. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 probably means ________. A. be subject to the same deception B. be labelled in terms of creativity C. be regarded as having the same faults D. be persuaded to buy a discounted product 37. What is the disadvantage of brick-and-mortar shops? A. Freeriding resources B. High labor cost C. Consumer rental cost D. Packed working schedule 38. What can we infer from the passage? A. Shoe sellers are annoyed at customers’ lengthy consultation. B. A bill to impose sales tax on Internet goods has passed after the appeal. C. Online stores like Zappos allowed customers to avoid shipping charge. D. Harmless as showrooming seems, it hurts retailers financially and emotionally. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Fit-lifters in Brick-and-Mortar Stores B. The Gradual Development of “Showrooming” C. Tension between Physical and Online Retailers D. Retailing Salespersons Fought against Fit-lifters 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. D 39. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍消费者“线下试鞋、线上低价购买”的fit-lifting现象，阐述该行为给实体鞋店带来的经济损失、行业争议、线上线下税负差距，以及商家无奈的经营现状。 【36题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Worried retailers are increasingly frustrated by people they dub “fit-lifters” who use stores to find the best-fitting shoes before buying them online at a lower price. If the shoes fits, but you don’t buy it, you could soon be tarred with the same brush as shoplifters by shoe store owners. (零售商越来越为那些被称为“试鞋蹭客”的人感到烦恼，这些人利用商店试穿，只为在网购时以更低的价格买到最合脚的鞋子。如果鞋子合脚但你最终没有购买，很快你可能就会像商店扒手一样被鞋店老板be tarred with the same brush。)”，这些人利用实体商店试鞋，却不购货，给商店造成经济损失，划线短语指被认为和商店扒手有同样的过错。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Bricks-and-mortar shops have higher salary and rental costs than Internet rivals (实体门店相比线上竞品要承担更高人力与房租成本)”可知，实体店的劣势是人力成本高。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段店主称试穿族“you’ve come in and stolen that service basically (你基本上就是来偷这项服务的)”，第三段“I have a loss of revenue that he would have collected from another customer (我损失了本可以从其他顾客那里获得的收入)”，以及第七段店主称每次遇到这种情况都会考虑拒绝服务可推知，这种试穿后线上购买的行为看似无害，实则在经济和情感上都伤害了零售商。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，介绍消费者“线下试鞋、线上低价购买”的fit-lifting (试鞋蹭客)现象，阐述该行为给实体鞋店带来的经济损失、行业争议、线上线下税负差距，以及商家无奈的经营现状。A“实体店里的试鞋蹭客”精准概括核心，适合用作标题。 (B) Raging Rivers It can be a challenge to determine the safety of a river, as not all dangers are visible. Fast-flowing water can hide rocks, pipework and concrete structures under its surface. These hidden obstacles can cause injuries if you fall while kayaking (划皮艇) or jump into what seems like a deep river. Some dangers, like long underwater plants, can also trap people, increasing the risk of drowning. Water pollution can also be hard to notice. Animal waste can cause stomach illnesses as well as serious diseases if the water is swallowed. Here are some of the world’s deadliest rivers. ● Congo River, Africa With a depth up to 220 metres, this river in Africa is the deepest in the world. It stretches for 14,500 kilometres and is useful to transport goods like sugar, coffee and cotton. However, the course of this river is full of rapids and waterfalls that cause many accidents. Many people have gone missing in its deep waters after overloading boats or travelling at night. ● Nile River, Africa Passing through 11 different countries, the Nile is the world’s longest river. Some dangerous regions it passes through are home to predators, such as black mambas, hippopotamuses and crocodiles, which kill about 200 people annually. However, the deadliest animals that live off this river are mosquitoes. These insects infect 500 million people with diseases every year and cause hundreds of thousands of deaths. ● Mississippi River, US The Mississippi River has dangerous animals like the bull shark. However, an even bigger danger is the river’s changing currents. Swimmers often get caught in these unpredictable undercurrents that sweep them up from the lower depths, making it difficult to swim to safety. ● Amazon River, South America As one of the most famous rivers in the world and the largest river by water volume, the Amazon River attracts many tourists and passes through many communities. It winds through dense forested areas with a range of unique and dangerous creatures to be wary of. These include electric eels, piranhas, bull sharks and anacondas. ● River Wharfe, England The River Wharfe flows through Yorkshire (约克郡) in England, where the wildlife is the least of a visitor’s worries. But many people who have fallen into this river’s waters have been swallowed up by the river itself due to hidden undercut tunnels on the riverbed. Some of its narrow sections are tricky — the river flows underneath the rocks at the bank, where swimmers can be sucked down and trapped underwater. 40. What is a major threat associated with fast-flowing water in rivers? A. It can easily trap kayakers and swimmers. B. It can cause a great loss of water in the river. C. It can speed up the spread of stomach disease. D. It can make obstacles underneath harder to notice. 41. All of the following rivers are dangerous because of their dangerous animals within EXCEPT ________. A. Nile River B. River Wharfe C. Amazon River D. Mississippi River 42. The Congo River is particularly dangerous for travelers because ________. A. its water has been heavily polluted B. it has unpredictable undercurrents C. it is extremely deep with many waterfalls D. its undercut tunnels can injure swimmers 【答案】40. D 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍河流存在诸多不易察觉的安全隐患，分别介绍了世界五条致命河流的独特危险之处，科普不同河流的安全威胁差异。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Fast-flowing water can hide rocks, pipework and concrete structures under its surface(湍急的水流会将岩石、管道与混凝土构筑物掩盖在水面之下)”可知，湍急水流的主要威胁是掩盖水下障碍物，让人难以察觉。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。尼罗河、亚马逊河、密西西比河均提到了危险动物；根据最后一段“The River Wharfe flows through Yorkshire in England, where the wildlife is the least of a visitor’s worries.(流经英格兰约克郡的沃夫河，对游客来说野生动物都算不上是值得担心的危险)”可知，沃夫河的危险并不来自河中的危险动物。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据Congo River的段落“With a depth up to 220 metres, this river in Africa is the deepest in the world...However, the course of this river is full of rapids and waterfalls that cause many accidents.(这条非洲河流深度可达220米，是世界上最深的河流……然而，这条河的河道遍布急流和瀑布，引发了多起事故)”可知，刚果河对旅行者来说特别危险是因为它极深且拥有大量瀑布。 (C) Should you blame yourself for your bad habits? In the 1960s the Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel devised a way to measure self-control in four-year-olds. He would leave the preschoolers alone in a room with a plate of marshmallows and a challenge: they could eat one marshmallow right away, or wait until the adult returned and eat two. In the decades that followed, he noticed something interesting. The four-year-olds who had waited for the two marshmallows did better at school, were happier and earned more. He came to believe that self-control, the ability to delay gratification (令人喜悦的事情), was the key to success. More recently, however, psychologists have challenged his findings. Mischel’s original studies followed fewer than 90 children, all of whom were enrolled in the same nursery. Once you start studying bigger and more diverse groups, a different pattern emerges: it is wealthier children who are better able to resist the marshmallow. That’s partly because they are more likely to trust that they really will get two marshmallows if they wait. It’s also because our ability to resist temptation is shaped by our environment in complex and under-recognized ways. Basically: we’re not fully in control of our self-control. If pushed, most people would accept that luck has played a big role in their life. You had no say over where you were born, whether your parents were loving or abusive, rich or poor. Even your capacity for perseverance, your grit (毅力) and willpower, are shaped by forces well beyond your control. A recent twin study suggested that your genes play a big role in determining your level of self-control. If that’s the case, how responsible should we feel for our lapses (过失) in willpower? Much of the modern world has been deliberately engineered to tap into our reward systems, making temptation ubiquitous (无所不在的) and harder to resist. If you can’t seem to focus at work because you keep wasting time on social media, consider that your phone was designed to be addictive: it was built to capture your attention. “There are a thousand people on the other side of your screen whose job is to break down the self-regulation that you have,” the tech ethicist Tristan Harris observed. None of this suggests that you should give up on giving up bad habits or abandon any attempts at self-discipline. Instead, it may help to think about willpower differently. Research suggests that the people we tend to admire for their self-control actually have to exercise it less frequently. They are good at engineering their environment so that they don’t need to wrestle with temptation: they know, for example, that it’s easier to not buy a packet of biscuits than to stop eating after you’ve opened the packet, and they are good at building healthy habits and routines. They are also better at understanding their own motivations. One study linked self-control to the pursuit of goals that you value and enjoy — “wanting to do it” rather than “having to do it”. In other words, if you really want to excel at self-mastery, try to avoid ending up in the same situation as Mischel’s poor preschoolers, staring down a plateful of marshmallows and wondering why you have to play this stupid game anyway. 43. The main argument against Mischel’s findings is that ________. A. self-control is primarily determined by genetics B. self-control has little impact on academic success C. studies of larger and more diverse groups of people show a different pattern D. wealthier children have better self-control 44. The tech ethicist Tristan Harris suggests that modern technology ________. A. is designed to destroy our self-regulation B. is deliberately designed to enhance self-regulation C. enhances our ability to focus and resist temptation D. employs thousands of people to improve self-control 45. According to the article, what is the strength of individuals with remarkable self-control? A. They rarely encounter temptations. B. They have stronger willpower and perseverance. C. They have higher genetic quality for self-control. D. They structure their environment to minimize temptations. 46. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Self-control is a minor factor in determining success in adulthood. B. Self-control is mainly shaped by socioeconomic status and parental upbringing. C. Self-control can be influenced by genes, environmental cues, and motivations. D. Self-control is primarily influenced by childhood experiences and educational attainment. 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. D 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文围绕经典的棉花糖实验展开，纠正了“自控力直接决定成功”的片面观点，指出自控力会受到基因、成长环境、现代科技、个人内在动机等多重因素影响。真正的自律不靠硬扛意志力，而是主动优化环境、树立内生目标，人们不必因自控力不足而过度自责。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Mischel’s original studies followed fewer than 90 children, all of whom were enrolled in the same nursery. Once you start studying bigger and more diverse groups, a different pattern emerges: it is wealthier children who are better able to resist the marshmallow.(米歇尔的原始研究追踪了不到90名儿童，他们全都就读于同一所幼儿园。当你开始研究更大、更多样化的群体时，就会发现不同的规律：经济条件较好的孩子更容易抵制棉花糖的诱惑。)”可知，心理学家推翻米歇尔实验结论的核心依据是：更大规模、更多元的样本研究呈现出完全不同的结果。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段特里斯坦·哈里斯的原话“There are a thousand people on the other side of your screen whose job is to break down the self-regulation that you have(你屏幕另一端有成千上万的人，他们的任务就是破坏你自身的自我调节能力)”可知，现代科技的设计本质旨在瓦解人们的自我管控能力。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Research suggests that the people we tend to admire for their self-control actually have to exercise it less frequently. They are good at engineering their environment so that they don’t need to wrestle with temptation(研究表明，那些令我们羡慕的拥有出色自控力的人其实很少需要动用意志力，他们善于调整自身所处的环境，因此不需要和诱惑正面对抗)”可知，自控力强的人的核心优势是主动改造环境、减少诱惑，而非单纯依靠强大的意志力。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段提到基因对自控力有很大影响，第二、四段提到环境对自控力的塑造作用，第六段提到自控力和个人动机相关“One study linked self-control to the pursuit of goals that you value and enjoy(一项研究将自控力与个人追求自身重视、喜爱的目标联系在一起)”可推知，自控力会受到基因、环境和动机的共同影响。 Section C (8分) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Higher Education: Diminishing (降低) Returns For young people with big ambitions, bagging a bachelor’s degree no longer seems enough. Students in America have been rushing into postgraduate courses, even as demand for higher education among the general public has declined. These days nearly 40% of university-educated Americans boast at least two degrees. Master’s degrees lasting one or two years are the biggest draw. These courses are necessary for jobs, such as teaching in academia, which are appealing even if poorly paid. ____47____. Now that undergraduate degrees are common, goes the thinking, it takes extra credentials to get ahead. The hope is that advanced qualifications will boost all manner of careers. ____48____. New data are helping researchers compare the earnings of postgraduates with those of peers who are equally bright but have only a bachelor’s degree. One analysis suggests that more than 40% of America’s master’s courses provide graduates with no financial return or leave them worse off, after considering costs and what they might have earned anyway. Dreadful returns to lofty qualifications should worry students and politicians alike. Governments are right to think that investing in skills can boost growth — but not when universities are weak and inefficient. It is not just students who suffer if poor courses burden them with shocking debts; taxpayers do, too. About half the money the American government lends to students each year is for postgraduate degrees. ____49____. Governments should respond in two ways. First, they should abandon policies that are distorting the market for postgraduate study. America does not limit what it will lend postgraduates for tuition fees. This blank cheque has created a culture of waste in which universities raise fees, ruining the financial returns students might ultimately make. ____50____. People shopping for postgraduate education find it much harder to get hold of information — on matters such as drop-out rates or probable future earnings — than people applying for their first degrees. A. That is often a mistake. B. Generous repayment and forgiveness schemes mean a big part of that will never be repaid. C. Higher education ought to make students brainier and richer. D. The second priority for governments should be to give students the data they need to make better choices. E. America is changing and regulators in other countries should consider similar schemes. F. Yet many of the people who enroll in postgraduate study are taking part in an educational arms race. 【答案】47. F 48. A 49. B 50. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍了美国社会愈发普遍的读研热潮与学历内卷现象，通过权威数据指出多数硕士课程经济回报极低、甚至造成亏损的现状，分析了盲目读研给学生和纳税人带来的双重损失，最后提出政府规范研究生教育市场、完善信息公开的两大解决举措。 【47题详解】 上文“Master’s degrees lasting one or two years are the biggest draw. These courses are necessary for jobs, such as teaching in academia, which are appealing even if poorly paid.(为期一到两年的硕士学位是最具吸引力的。这类课程对于学术教学等职业至关重要，即便薪酬不高，这类工作依然颇具吸引力。)”介绍了当下民众热衷读研的社会现象。选项F“Yet many of the people who enroll in postgraduate study are taking part in an educational arms race.(然而，许多攻读研究生课程的人其实是卷入了一场学历军备竞赛。)”通过转折词Yet，揭示读研热潮背后的盲目内卷本质。后文“Now that undergraduate degrees are common, goes the thinking, it takes extra credentials to get ahead.(人们认为，如今本科学历已然普及，想要脱颖而出就需要更多学历证书。)”进一步解释学历内卷的原因。 【48题详解】 前文讲述人们寄希望于更高的学历助力职业发展，后文“One analysis suggests that more than 40% of America’s master’s courses provide graduates with no financial return or leave them worse off, after considering costs and what they might have earned anyway.(一项分析表明，算上学费成本与错失的工作收入，美国超四成硕士专业无法为毕业生带来经济回报，甚至会使其经济状况变差。)”用数据证明盲目读研得不偿失。选项A“That is often a mistake.(这种做法往往是错误的。)”承上启下，否定了盲目读研的行为，统领本段主旨。 【49题详解】 上文“About half the money the American government lends to students each year is for postgraduate degrees.(美国政府每年发放的学生贷款中，有一半用于资助研究生教育。)”指出政府为研究生教育投入巨额贷款。选项B“Generous repayment and forgiveness schemes mean a big part of that will never be repaid.(宽松的还款政策和贷款减免方案意味着很大一部分贷款将无法收回。)”承接上文，进一步说明政府贷款的亏损问题，印证前文纳税人利益受损的观点，逻辑连贯。 【50题详解】 上文“Governments should respond in two ways. First, they should abandon policies that are distorting the market for postgraduate study.(政府应从两方面做出应对。首先，废除扭曲研究生教育市场的相关政策。)”介绍了政府的第一项整改措施。选项D“The second priority for governments should be to give students the data they need to make better choices.(政府的第二项重点工作是为学生提供数据支持，帮助他们做出更合理的选择。)”对应前文所说的两点举措，引出第二项对策。 Ⅳ. Translation. (15分，第1，2句每句3分，第3句4分，第4句5分) 51. 被学校开除是他们预料不到的。（expel）(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Being expelled from school was beyond their expectation./That they were expelled from school was out of their expectation. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句讲述过去发生的事，整体使用一般过去时；表示“被学校开除”为be expelled from school，在句子中作主语，所以使用动名词，置于句首首字母大写，表示“是”为系动词，动名词短语作主语视为单数，所以谓语动词为was；表示“预料不到”为固定短语beyond their expectation作表语；或者“被学校开除”为主语从句，从句中不缺成分，且句意完整，所以使用that引导，置于句首，首字母大写；从句中表示“他们”为they作从句主语，表示“被……开除”为be expelled from，与主语为被动关系，此处为一般过去时被动语态结构，且主语为they，所以谓语动词为were expelled from，表示“学校”为school作宾语，所以主语从句为That they were expelled from school，主语从句整体视作单数概念，主句系动词选用was；表示“预料不到”为固定短语out of their expectation作表语。 52. 尽管冗长，有关冒险的新系列节目的第一集十分具有教育意义。（as）(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Lengthy as the first episode of the new series about adventure is, it is quite educational. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句评价节目特点，全句使用一般现在时；表示“尽管冗长”可使用as引导让步状语从句，需将表语形容词提前倒装，表示“冗长”为形容词lengthy置于句首，首字母大写；表示“第一集”为从句主语the first episode，表示“有关冒险的新系列节目的”为介词短语of the new series about adventure修饰episode，主语the first episode为单数，所以谓语动词为is；逗号后为主句，代词it指代前文the first episode作主语，系动词is，表示“十分具有教育意义”为副词quite修饰形容词educational作表语。 53. 从他们的表现来看，摆脱规则的束缚是他们渴望做的事。（judge）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Judging from their performance, getting rid of the restrictions of rules is what they are eager to do. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句表达客观评判，全句使用一般现在时；表示“从……来看”为judging from构成独立分词短语，置于句首首字母大写，表示“表现”为名词performance，作from的宾语；表示“摆脱”为短语get rid of，在句子中作主语，用动名词形式，表示“规则的束缚”为the restrictions of rules作宾语，动名词短语作主语视为单数，主句系动词选用is，表示“他们渴望做的事”为what引导表语从句作is的表语，从句中they作主语，表示“渴望做某事”为固定搭配be eager to do sth.，be动词选用are。 54. 根据目击者的叙述，当地人促使自己到达极限，这彰显了人类精神没有边界。 (account) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】According to the witness’s account, the local people pushed themselves to their limits, which shows that the human spirit has no boundaries. 【解析】 【详解】“根据目击者的叙述”作状语，可译为介词短语according to the witness’s account，其中名词account表示“叙述、描述”；“当地人促使自己到达极限”是主句，主语“当地人”译为the local people，“促使自己到达极限”译为push themselves to their limits，讲述过去的事情，谓语动词push用一般过去时态pushed；“这彰显了人类精神没有边界”可处理为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，用关系代词which引导从句并在从句中作主语，谓语“彰显”用动词show，描述客观事实，用一般现在时态shows，“人类精神没有边界”作宾语，处理为连词that引导的宾语从句，译为the human spirit has no boundaries。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2024学年第一学期向明中学期末考试 高一年级英语试卷 （考试时间：90分钟，满分100分） Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20分，1-20每题1分) Section A (10分) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. In a library. B. In a bookstore. C. In the museum. D. At the coffee bar. 2. A. Collecting old stuff. B. Fake historical stories. C. Buying and selling stuff. D. Reproducing historical items. 3. A. Ten. B. Six. C. Two. D. Nine. 4. A. Terrific. B. Awkward. C. Comfortable. D. Terrible. 5. A. The woman is going on a trip to China. B. The man knows very little about China. C. The woman is asking for help for her report. D. The woman’s report is concerned with Chinese food. 6. A. The woman does need a pair of sunglasses. B. The woman is packing up her luggage for a trip. C. The man doesn’t worry about the woman at all. D. The woman is going on a trip to the lake with her class. 7. A. The papers piled up while he was on vacation. B. The papers are his plan for the vacation. C. Too much work makes his vacation impossible. D. He will finish the work during the vacation. 8. A. She is going to buy a piece of wood. B. She is going to load the wood into the car. C. She is going to drive her car up into the yard. D. She is going to a yard with several gentlemen. 9. A. She disliked novels until she went to college. B. She enjoyed the class even though the teacher was not good. C. She liked reading novels rather than history books. D. The study of literary history spoiled her enjoyment of novels. 10. A. The woman has made a deal with the man. B. The two speakers do not reach an agreement. C. The woman can still give up the deal right now. D. The two speakers are dealing with something together. Section B (10分) Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. It has helped solve the problem of climate change. B. It has raised the standard of living for many people. C. It has well equipped us to face universal challenges. D. It has made us fully understand the complexity of nature. 12. A. It can reveal humanity problems. B. It can enhance the capacity of people’s minds. C. It can ask researchers question about nature. D. It can boost fundamental breakthroughs in science. 13. A. Advances and challenges of science. B. AI’s role in promoting science advances. C. Applications of data in scientific research. D. Debate on whether to develop AI technology. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. On the east side of the campus. B. On the west side of the campus. C. On the south side of the campus. D. In the middle of the campus. 15. A. It is located in the town center. B. The apartments are well furnished. C. No empty apartments are available. D. Each apartment has four single bedrooms. 16. A. To add names to the waiting list. B. To contact the speaker right away. C. To apply as soon as possible for next year. D. To get information from the off-campus housing office. Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Go to the art museum. B. Paint the walls in the house. C. Watch a movie at home. D. Go to a movie theatre. 18. A. There are no decorations inside. B. The walls in the house are bare. C. Some paintings hang on the wall. D. His decorations are contemporary paintings. 19. A. People should keep an open mind about art. B. Art in general is impractical and useless. C. Only the art masterpieces are worth looking at. D. Art should be used for good causes. 20. A. It helps artists in need. B. It can spur people into action. C. It enables people to appreciate beauty. D. It is the most effective means of communication. Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary. (20分，21-40每题/每空1分) Section A (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. Chicken soup and other home remedies linked to fighting off a cold? There are few experiences as universal as catching a cold. And while there are around 200 viruses that cause it, there seem to be almost as many home remedies to combat it. But do any of them work? ____1____ the core of any home remedy is the idea that it improves our immune system (免疫系统). When a virus ____2____ (enter) our bodies, it comes up against two systems of defence. The innate immune system tries to flush invading cells out. The adaptive system targets specific pathogens (病原体) ____3____ the body already has had contact with. The latter also creates memory cells when it encounters new pathogens, ____4____ (allow) the body to fight them off if they return. This is ____5____ we tend to get chickenpox only once, but the common cold changes its appearance ____6____ it passes from one person to the next, confusing our immune memory cells. Thus, it is ____7____ we can experience often several times a year. ____8____ is well-known that both lifestyle habits and diet affect the strength of our immune systems. It’s why many of the remedies often known to keep the common cold at bay were circulated on social media with the promise that they could keep us safe during the coronavirus pandemic. So which home remedies are worth trying ____9____ (fight) off a cold or virus? ____10____ supplements like garlic fight off a virus? Because the immune system is only impaired in otherwise healthy people when we have a vitamin or mineral deficiency, supplementing our diets with so-called cold-busting foods will make little difference if we already have a relatively good diet, says Charles Bangham, head of the Division of Infectious Diseases at Imperial College London. Section B (10分) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. waiting B. careless C. simply D. consumer E. solving F. pack G. accused H. considered I. new J. generally K. charged The FDA does not know what chemicals are added to foods The idea that American children are being poisoned by the food industry, with the blessing of regulators, sounds like classic conspiracy theory (阴谋论). But when that is the stated belief of the man who may soon become America’s secretary of health, it is sensible to ask whether there is something to it. Robert F. Kennedy junior, Donald Trump’s choice for the job, wants to get rid of the entire nutrition division of the Food and Drug Administration, which he has ____11____ of allowing toxic chemicals in foods. On that he may, or may not, have a point. The real story is that nobody knows. Mr Kennedy’s anger has to do with the ____12____ way in which the FDA regulates food additives such as artificial flavours, colours and preservatives. It allows food companies themselves to decide whether such chemicals are ____13____ safe, and whether they want to notify the FDA about them at all. They are not required to list all ingredients on food labels. For example, a chemical concocted (调制) in the lab may appear on a (n) ____14____ of biscuits as “flavouring”. Behind this is a loophole (漏洞) in the food-safety law from 1958 that put the FDA in charge of inspecting food ingredients. A reasonable exemption from full FDA assessment was carved out for things like vinegar and spices, which were put in a category called “generally recognised as safe” (GRAS). In the decades that followed, the number of chemicals concocted to make foods crunchier, tastier and longer-lasting shot up — along with ____15____ times for review by the FDA. Food companies began to sneak some ____16____ ingredients through the GRAS loophole, helped by vague rules. For ____17____ the backlog (积压的工作), the FDA did not get funding to hire more staff. In 1997, it increased the GRAS loophole to the size of the Hoover dam, changing the rules so food companies no longer had to tell the FDA about ingredients they ____18____ safe. In 2014 the FDA’s deputy chief in charge of foods, Michael Taylor, admitted the obvious: “We ____19____ do not have the information to vouch (担保) for the safety of many of these chemicals.” According to a tally by the Environmental Working Group, a (n) _____20_____ advocacy group, between 2000 and 2021 the FDA received only ten applications for full safety assessment of new food additives. At the same time, about 750 new chemicals entered the food supply with GRAS notices to the FDA. Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (45分，41-55每题1分，56-70每题2分) Section A (15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. This year, be thankful for AI in medicine If you’re struggling to come up with something you’re grateful for this Thanksgiving, here’s something all feast-goers can celebrate regardless of their political leanings: Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing medicine, making health care more accurate and less expensive for everyone. AI is still in its ____21____. But it is already promising to ____22____ how physicians do their jobs, taking cancer screenings for example. One controlled trial from 2022 found that software trained to scan images from colonoscopies (结肠镜检查) was able to cut in half the miss rate for potentially cancerous lesions (癌性病变). A 2024 review of studies ____23____ found that screenings for skin cancer aided by AI were more accurate than those without the technology. Another review found similar results for breast cancer screenings, while also showing that AI reduced the ____24____ of radiologists (放射科医生) by 68 percent. The benefit here is ____25____: The technology can help detect cancer at earlier stages, making it easier to treat. It is also better at determining which tumors are benign, limiting the number of ____26____ and expensive biopsies (活检) that patients must endure, not to mention the anxiety that comes with the procedures. The purpose is not to eliminate humans in medicine; it is to give them better tools to help their patients. Then again, as AI models improve, it’s possible to imagine a future in which physicians are required to use them in screenings, and doctors devote more and more of their time to doing things AI is less ____27____ to do, such as interacting with patients, explaining the medicine, and thinking through unusual or unexpected circumstances. And that’s just the start. In 2022, the Department of Health and Human Services reported that about 6 percent of the more than 130 million people who go to emergency rooms every year are misdiagnosed. Of those, 2.6 million people are unnecessarily harmed because of their misdiagnosis. Roughly 400,000 are permanently ____28____ or die. Artificial intelligence has the ____29____ to significantly reduce those tragedies. A recent study out of Boston comparing the performance of _____30_____ physicians in diagnosing patients to just chatbots themselves found that the bots performed considerably better. Given a patient’s _____31_____ and symptoms, the chatbot alone scored an average of 90 percent in correctly diagnosing their condition. Physicians using the technology scored only 76 percent on average — just slightly higher than the 74 percent average for humans with no AI help at all. _____32_____, AI can also speed up care in emergency settings. One study found that hospitals that used AI to detect strokes from a patient’s brain scans were able to _____33_____ almost 40 minutes before a surgeon could intervene. That’s precious time that can save lives. Incorporating this technology into medicine will no doubt run into bumps. Many people are likely to be _____34_____ it, and some might fear it will make visits to the doctor even less personal than they already are. But it could free up physicians’ time dedicated to ordinary tasks and cut seemingly long wait times at medical _____35_____. 21. A. function B. infancy C. imagination D. fancy 22. A. interpret B. twist C. imitate D. transform 23. A. objectively B. similarly C. fortunately D. oppositely 24. A. workload B. ability C. facility D. resources 25. A. competitive B. straightforward C. two-fold D. dynamic 26. A. routine B. useful C. significant D. unnecessary 27. A. eager B. suited C. willing D. afraid 28. A. disabled B. depressed C. sentenced D. frustrated 29. A. frequency B. potential C. situation D. willingness 30. A. results-driven B. efficiency-focused C. human-centered D. chatbot-assisted 31. A. general data B. financial status C. personal file D. case history 32. A. Actually B. Moreover C. However D. Otherwise 33. A. cut B. increase C. hold D. maintain 34. A. indifferent to B. skeptical of C. welcome to D. optimistic about 35. A. intervals B. practices C. records D. conferences Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Worried retailers are increasingly frustrated by people they dub “fit-lifters” who use stores to find the best-fitting shoes before buying them online at a lower price. If the shoes fit, but you don’t buy it, you could soon be tarred with the same brush as shoplifters by shoe store owners. Bricks-and-mortar shops have higher salary and rental costs than Internet rivals and store owners say some online buyers are free-riding on their resources “You’ve come in and stolen that service basically,” said Richard Napier of Idaho Mountain Trading, an outdoor sports store in Idaho Falls, who calls fit-lifting unethical. “It’s not that the salesperson didn’t have somebody else to serve who would have bought something. So not only have you stolen the wages. I have a loss of revenue that he would have collected from another customer.” It is common for online shoppers to research products in stores in other retail sectors such as bookselling — a practice named “showrooming” — and smartphones make it possible to buy online even while still in a store. But the trend is particularly contentious in footwear because staff spend so much time fetching boxes and advising customers on comfort. Tensions have been heightened by the price advantage that e-commerce gains from the fact that many online shoppers do not have to pay state and local sales tax, which add between 5 and 10 percent. Following years of lobbying by bricks-and-mortar stores, the US Senate is expected to pass a bill that would help end tax-free online shopping. But it still faces opposition in the House of Representatives. Gary Weiner, owner of Saxon Shoes in Virginia and a board member of the National Shoe Retailers Association in the US, said shoe-sellers were “very concerned” about fit-lifting. “We also hear ‘My mother sent me in to get my size fitted so she can buy them online.’ those exact words,” he said. “We’re a polite people. So we give them the time of day.” Asked if he had considered refusing, he said, “We think about it every single time. Do we say it? No. You can’t say it out loud.” Zappos, an online shoe-seller owned by Amazon, encourages shoppers to order two or more different sizes, which they can return for free, in an effort to overcome customer reluctance to buy without trying. 36. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 probably means ________. A. be subject to the same deception B. be labelled in terms of creativity C. be regarded as having the same faults D. be persuaded to buy a discounted product 37. What is the disadvantage of brick-and-mortar shops? A. Freeriding resources B. High labor cost C. Consumer rental cost D. Packed working schedule 38. What can we infer from the passage? A. Shoe sellers are annoyed at customers’ lengthy consultation. B. A bill to impose sales tax on Internet goods has passed after the appeal. C. Online stores like Zappos allowed customers to avoid shipping charge. D. Harmless as showrooming seems, it hurts retailers financially and emotionally. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Fit-lifters in Brick-and-Mortar Stores B. The Gradual Development of “Showrooming” C. Tension between Physical and Online Retailers D. Retailing Salespersons Fought against Fit-lifters (B) Raging Rivers It can be a challenge to determine the safety of a river, as not all dangers are visible. Fast-flowing water can hide rocks, pipework and concrete structures under its surface. These hidden obstacles can cause injuries if you fall while kayaking (划皮艇) or jump into what seems like a deep river. Some dangers, like long underwater plants, can also trap people, increasing the risk of drowning. Water pollution can also be hard to notice. Animal waste can cause stomach illnesses as well as serious diseases if the water is swallowed. Here are some of the world’s deadliest rivers. ● Congo River, Africa With a depth up to 220 metres, this river in Africa is the deepest in the world. It stretches for 14,500 kilometres and is useful to transport goods like sugar, coffee and cotton. However, the course of this river is full of rapids and waterfalls that cause many accidents. Many people have gone missing in its deep waters after overloading boats or travelling at night. ● Nile River, Africa Passing through 11 different countries, the Nile is the world’s longest river. Some dangerous regions it passes through are home to predators, such as black mambas, hippopotamuses and crocodiles, which kill about 200 people annually. However, the deadliest animals that live off this river are mosquitoes. These insects infect 500 million people with diseases every year and cause hundreds of thousands of deaths. ● Mississippi River, US The Mississippi River has dangerous animals like the bull shark. However, an even bigger danger is the river’s changing currents. Swimmers often get caught in these unpredictable undercurrents that sweep them up from the lower depths, making it difficult to swim to safety. ● Amazon River, South America As one of the most famous rivers in the world and the largest river by water volume, the Amazon River attracts many tourists and passes through many communities. It winds through dense forested areas with a range of unique and dangerous creatures to be wary of. These include electric eels, piranhas, bull sharks and anacondas. ● River Wharfe, England The River Wharfe flows through Yorkshire (约克郡) in England, where the wildlife is the least of a visitor’s worries. But many people who have fallen into this river’s waters have been swallowed up by the river itself due to hidden undercut tunnels on the riverbed. Some of its narrow sections are tricky — the river flows underneath the rocks at the bank, where swimmers can be sucked down and trapped underwater. 40. What is a major threat associated with fast-flowing water in rivers? A. It can easily trap kayakers and swimmers. B. It can cause a great loss of water in the river. C. It can speed up the spread of stomach disease. D. It can make obstacles underneath harder to notice. 41. All of the following rivers are dangerous because of their dangerous animals within EXCEPT ________. A. Nile River B. River Wharfe C. Amazon River D. Mississippi River 42. The Congo River is particularly dangerous for travelers because ________. A. its water has been heavily polluted B. it has unpredictable undercurrents C. it is extremely deep with many waterfalls D. its undercut tunnels can injure swimmers (C) Should you blame yourself for your bad habits? In the 1960s the Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel devised a way to measure self-control in four-year-olds. He would leave the preschoolers alone in a room with a plate of marshmallows and a challenge: they could eat one marshmallow right away, or wait until the adult returned and eat two. In the decades that followed, he noticed something interesting. The four-year-olds who had waited for the two marshmallows did better at school, were happier and earned more. He came to believe that self-control, the ability to delay gratification (令人喜悦的事情), was the key to success. More recently, however, psychologists have challenged his findings. Mischel’s original studies followed fewer than 90 children, all of whom were enrolled in the same nursery. Once you start studying bigger and more diverse groups, a different pattern emerges: it is wealthier children who are better able to resist the marshmallow. That’s partly because they are more likely to trust that they really will get two marshmallows if they wait. It’s also because our ability to resist temptation is shaped by our environment in complex and under-recognized ways. Basically: we’re not fully in control of our self-control. If pushed, most people would accept that luck has played a big role in their life. You had no say over where you were born, whether your parents were loving or abusive, rich or poor. Even your capacity for perseverance, your grit (毅力) and willpower, are shaped by forces well beyond your control. A recent twin study suggested that your genes play a big role in determining your level of self-control. If that’s the case, how responsible should we feel for our lapses (过失) in willpower? Much of the modern world has been deliberately engineered to tap into our reward systems, making temptation ubiquitous (无所不在的) and harder to resist. If you can’t seem to focus at work because you keep wasting time on social media, consider that your phone was designed to be addictive: it was built to capture your attention. “There are a thousand people on the other side of your screen whose job is to break down the self-regulation that you have,” the tech ethicist Tristan Harris observed. None of this suggests that you should give up on giving up bad habits or abandon any attempts at self-discipline. Instead, it may help to think about willpower differently. Research suggests that the people we tend to admire for their self-control actually have to exercise it less frequently. They are good at engineering their environment so that they don’t need to wrestle with temptation: they know, for example, that it’s easier to not buy a packet of biscuits than to stop eating after you’ve opened the packet, and they are good at building healthy habits and routines. They are also better at understanding their own motivations. One study linked self-control to the pursuit of goals that you value and enjoy — “wanting to do it” rather than “having to do it”. In other words, if you really want to excel at self-mastery, try to avoid ending up in the same situation as Mischel’s poor preschoolers, staring down a plateful of marshmallows and wondering why you have to play this stupid game anyway. 43. The main argument against Mischel’s findings is that ________. A. self-control is primarily determined by genetics B. self-control has little impact on academic success C. studies of larger and more diverse groups of people show a different pattern D. wealthier children have better self-control 44. The tech ethicist Tristan Harris suggests that modern technology ________. A. is designed to destroy our self-regulation B. is deliberately designed to enhance self-regulation C. enhances our ability to focus and resist temptation D. employs thousands of people to improve self-control 45. According to the article, what is the strength of individuals with remarkable self-control? A. They rarely encounter temptations. B. They have stronger willpower and perseverance. C. They have higher genetic quality for self-control. D. They structure their environment to minimize temptations. 46. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Self-control is a minor factor in determining success in adulthood. B. Self-control is mainly shaped by socioeconomic status and parental upbringing. C. Self-control can be influenced by genes, environmental cues, and motivations. D. Self-control is primarily influenced by childhood experiences and educational attainment. Section C (8分) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Higher Education: Diminishing (降低) Returns For young people with big ambitions, bagging a bachelor’s degree no longer seems enough. Students in America have been rushing into postgraduate courses, even as demand for higher education among the general public has declined. These days nearly 40% of university-educated Americans boast at least two degrees. Master’s degrees lasting one or two years are the biggest draw. These courses are necessary for jobs, such as teaching in academia, which are appealing even if poorly paid. ____47____. Now that undergraduate degrees are common, goes the thinking, it takes extra credentials to get ahead. The hope is that advanced qualifications will boost all manner of careers. ____48____. New data are helping researchers compare the earnings of postgraduates with those of peers who are equally bright but have only a bachelor’s degree. One analysis suggests that more than 40% of America’s master’s courses provide graduates with no financial return or leave them worse off, after considering costs and what they might have earned anyway. Dreadful returns to lofty qualifications should worry students and politicians alike. Governments are right to think that investing in skills can boost growth — but not when universities are weak and inefficient. It is not just students who suffer if poor courses burden them with shocking debts; taxpayers do, too. About half the money the American government lends to students each year is for postgraduate degrees. ____49____. Governments should respond in two ways. First, they should abandon policies that are distorting the market for postgraduate study. America does not limit what it will lend postgraduates for tuition fees. This blank cheque has created a culture of waste in which universities raise fees, ruining the financial returns students might ultimately make. ____50____. People shopping for postgraduate education find it much harder to get hold of information — on matters such as drop-out rates or probable future earnings — than people applying for their first degrees. A. That is often a mistake. B. Generous repayment and forgiveness schemes mean a big part of that will never be repaid. C. Higher education ought to make students brainier and richer. D. The second priority for governments should be to give students the data they need to make better choices. E. America is changing and regulators in other countries should consider similar schemes. F. Yet many of the people who enroll in postgraduate study are taking part in an educational arms race. Ⅳ. Translation. (15分，第1，2句每句3分，第3句4分，第4句5分) 51. 被学校开除是他们预料不到的。（expel）(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________ 52. 尽管冗长，有关冒险的新系列节目的第一集十分具有教育意义。（as）(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________ 53. 从他们的表现来看，摆脱规则的束缚是他们渴望做的事。（judge）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________ 54. 根据目击者的叙述，当地人促使自己到达极限，这彰显了人类精神没有边界。 (account) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $