专题 1 名词和代词 导学案-2026-2027学年暑假初升高完美衔接（高一英语专用）

2026学年暑假初升高完美衔接(高一专用) 专题 1 名词和代词 热身训练 训练1 名词的各种分类 1. —I want to buy a new pair of running ________. My old ones are worn out.【2025江苏苏州】 A. shoes B. glasses C. gloves D. socks 2. Reading good ________ can help teenagers form good values and enrich their minds.【2025湖北武汉】 A. habits B. books C. speeches D. rules 训练2 不可数名词数量的表达法 My teacher gave me ________ on how to improve my spoken English.【2024山东青岛】 A. many good advice B. some good pieces of advice C. a few good advices D. several good piece of advice 训练3 名词所有格及其用法 1. These are ________ new bikes. They bought them last weekend.【2025甘肃兰州】 A. Tom and Jerry B. Tom's and Jerry's C. Tom and Jerry's D. Tom's and Jerry 2. It’s only a ________ ride from my home to the new cinema.【2024浙江宁波】 A. ten minutes B. ten minute's C. ten minutes' D. ten minute 训练4 语境中名词的选择 1. Online learning provides students with more ________ to study anytime and anywhere.【2025云南昆明】 A. chances B. invitations C. abilities D. difficulties 2. Keeping a balanced diet is the best ________ to keep healthy.【2024安徽】 A. secret B. habit C. way D. rule 训练5 易混名词的区别 1. There is little ________ left on the bus. Let’s wait for the next one.【2024云南昆明】 A. place B. room C. floor D. land 2. The teacher asked us to make a ________ of our favorite books and share them in class.【2025山东淄博】 A. list B. note C. menu D. plan 训练6 代词的用法区别 1. We think ________ necessary for teenagers to develop good reading habits.【2025辽宁营口】 A. that B. it C. this D. one 2. —I forgot to bring my new pen. Do you have ________?【2024江苏盐城】 —Sure, here you are. A. it B. that C. one D. ones 知识对接 接点1 名词 1.名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 普通名词 普通名词 普通名词 国名，地名，人名，团体机构名称 可数名词个体名词 可数名词集体名词 不可数名词抽象名词 不可数名词物质名词 Beijing, China gun family work air 2.名词的数 (1)规则的复数形式：一般在名词的单数形式后面加-s或-es.现归纳如下： 规则 规则 规则 例词 一般情况加-s 一般情况加-s 一般情况加-s map-maps, car-cars, girl-girls 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词加-es 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词加-es 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的名词 以-f或-fe结尾的名词 变f或fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，加-s 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，加-s 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es 一般加-es hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 一些外来词加-s 一些外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 两者皆可 volcano-volcanoes/volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 以-th结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths (2)不规则的复数形式：英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。现归纳如下： 规则 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 单复数同形 单复数同形 sheep, deer, fish 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman结尾的改为-men、-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants (3)其他情况 规则 例词 通常用于复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, team 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关)，times(时代)，spirits(情绪)，drinks(饮料)，sands(沙滩)，papers(文件；报纸)，looks(外表)，brains(头脑；智力)，greens(青菜) 巧学助记 (1)由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men或-women.如 an Englishman、two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为Germans. man、woman等作定语时，它们的单复数依其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如 men workers、women teachers. (2)有些名词单复数一样，如Chinese、Japanese、sheep、deer、fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加-es. (3)如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s,则表示“分别有”，如 John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间)；Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列，只有一个’s,则表示“共有”，如John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共用一间)；Tom and Mary's mother(即汤姆与玛丽是兄妹或姐弟)。 3.名词的所有格 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫作名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是由名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 (1)'s所有格的构成： ①单数名词在末尾加’s,如 the boy's father、Jack's book、her son-in-law's photo. ②复数名词 •一般在末尾加’，如 the teachers' room、the twins' mother. •不规则复数名词后加’s,如 the children's toys、women's rights. ③以-s结尾的人名的所有格通常加’s,如Charles's job. ④表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均加’s,如 Japan's and America's problems、Jane's and Mary's bikes. ⑤表示共有的所有关系时，在最后一词末尾加’s,如 Japan and America's problems、Jane and Mary's father. ⑥表示“某人家”“店铺”时，所有格后的名词省略，如 the doctor's、the barber's、the tailor's、my uncle's. (2)'s所有格的用法： ‘s所有格主要用于表示人或动物的名词后，也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后。 ①表示时间的名词，如 today's newspaper、five weeks' holiday. ②表示国家、城市等地方的名词，如the country's plan、the world's population、China's industry. ③表示工作群体的名词，如the ship's crew、the team's victory. ④表示度量衡及价值的名词，如a mile's journey, five dollars' worth of apples. ⑤与人类活动有特殊关系的名词，如the life's time、the play's plot(戏剧情节)。 ⑥某些固定短语，如 a bird's eye view、a stone's throw、at one's wits' end. (3)of所有格的用法： ①用于无生命的东西，如 the legs of the chair、the cover of the book. ②用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时，如 the classrooms of the first-year students. ③用于名词化的词，如 the struggle of the oppressed(被压迫者)。 接点2 代词 代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。 1.人称代词 (1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示： 数格人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he、she、it him、her、it they them (2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。 I like table tennis.(作主语) Do you know him?(作宾语) (3)人称代词还可作表语，作表语时用宾格。 -Who is knocking at the door? -It's me. (4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。 He is older than me. He is older than I am. 2.物主代词 (1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示： 类别数 人称 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 单数 第一人称 my mine 第二人称 your yours 第三人称 his his her hers its its 复数 第一人称 our ours 第二人称 your yours 第三人称 their theirs (2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。 Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil box. (3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语) -Is this English book yours?(作表语) -No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(作宾语) 3.指示代词 指示代词包括this、that、these、those. (1)this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指在时间或空间上较远的事物或人。 This is a pen and that is a pencil. We are busy these days. In those days the workers had a hard time. (2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则指将要讲到的事物。 I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English. (3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替。 Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. (4)this在电话用语中代表自己，that则代表对方。 Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 4.反身代词 英语中用来表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”等意义的代词称为反身代词，也称之为自身代词，其形式如下表所示： 人称数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词可以在句中作宾语、表语、同位语。 (1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或同一批人。 He called himself a writer. Would you please express yourself in English? (2)作表语。 It doesn't matter. I'll be myself soon. The girl in the news is myself. (3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes.(＝I washed the clothes myself.)(作主语同位语) You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语) 难点突破 突破1 不可数名词“量”的表示方法 在英语中，如果要表示不可数名词的量，可以用以下两种方法： 1.用 much、a little、a lot of、lots of、some、any等表示多少。 The rich man has a lot of money. There is some milk in the bottle. Is there any water in the glass? I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice. 2.用“a+表示量的名词＋of”。 a piece of paper、a bottle of orange、a glass of water、a cup of tea、a bag of rice 如果要表达“两杯茶”“四张纸”等两个或两个以上的概念，表示量的名词要用复数。 two cups of tea、four pieces of paper、three glasses of water 拓展训练 —Would you like ________ juice or tea?【2024四川乐山】 —Just ________, please. A. some; two cups of tea B. many; two cup of teas C. any; two cups of teas D. a few; two cup of tea 突破2 some与any的区别 1.some多用于肯定句，表示“一些；几个”，作形容词时，后面接不可数名词或可数名词复数。 Look! Some students are cleaning the library. Some rice in the bag has been sold out. 2.any多用于疑问句、条件句或否定句中，表示“一些；任何”，用作形容词时，后面接不可数名词或可数名词复数。 If you have any questions, please ask me. There isn't any orange in the bottle. Have you got any tea? 3.any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。 -How many people can you see in the picture? -I can't see any. If you have no money, I'll lend you some. 巧学助记 something、somebody、someone、anything、anyone、anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法基本和some、any相同。 拓展训练 There aren't ________ vegetables in the fridge, so I need to buy some.【2025天津】 A. some B. any C. few D. little 突破3 few, a few, little, a little 1.基本用法 含义用法 表示肯定，意为“一些” 表示否定，意为“几乎没有” 修饰可数名词 a few few 修饰不可数名词 a little little I'm going to buy a few apples. He can speak only a little Chinese. There is only a little milk in the glass. He has few friends. They had little money with them. 2.a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点；稍微”，little表示“很少；几乎不”。 I'm a little hungry.(修饰形容词 hungry) Mary, go a little faster, please.(修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.(修饰动词sleep) 拓展训练 The new teacher is very friendly, so ________ students dislike her.【2024黑龙江哈尔滨】 A. few B. a few C. little D. a little 突破4 other, the other, another, others, the others 用法 代词 形容词 单数 复数 单数 复数 不定 another另一个 others别人，其他人 another(boy)另一个(男孩) other(boys)其他(男孩) 特定 the other另一个 the others其余那些人、物 the other(boy)另一个(男孩) the other(boys)其余那些(男孩) 1.other可以用作形容词，后面跟不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式，意思是“其他的；别的”。 Where are his other books? I haven't any other books except this one. 2.other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。the other 常与one搭配构成 “one,..the other...”句型。 He has two brothers. One is 10 years old, and the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise book in the other. 3.other用作代词时，有复数形式(others),泛指“另外的人或物”。others 常与some搭配构成“some...others...”句型。 Some went to the cinema, and others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 4.the others特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。 We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English; the others are Chinese. 5.another可以用作形容词，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, can't you? Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 6.another也可以用作代词，表示“另一个”。 I'm still hungry after I've had this potato cake. Please give me another. 拓展训练 I have finished my homework. Can I have ________ ten minutes to relax?【2025江苏扬州】 A. other B. another C. the other D. others 突破5 all和both的用法 1.all指三者或三者以上，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语或定语。 All of us like Mr Pope.(作主语)＝We all like Mr Pope.(作同位语) That's all for today.(作表语) Why not eat all of it?(作宾语) All the leaders are here.(作定语) 2.both作代词。 (1)与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。 Lucy and Lily both agree with us. They both passed on their sticks(棒)at the same time. (2)与“of+代词(或名词)”连用，表示“两者都”。 Both of them came to see Mary. Both of the books are very interesting. (3)单独使用，表示“两者(都)”。 Michael has two sons. Both are clever. I don't know which book is better. I shall read both. 3.both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。 Both his younger sisters are our classmates. There are tall trees on both sides of the street. 拓展训练 —Do your parents support your hobby of painting?【2024湖北宜昌】 —Yes. ________ of them like art very much. A. All B. Both C. Neither D. None 突破6 none和no no相当于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语，指代不可数名词时，谓语用单数；指代可数名词时，谓语用单复数皆可。 There is no water in the bottle. -How much water is there in the bottle? -None. 拓展训练 —How many students passed the difficult test?【2025重庆】 —________. It was too hard. A. No one B. None C. All D. Neither 自主训练 I.单项选择(2024-2025最新中考真题) 1. We can get lots of useful ________ from educational videos online.【2025四川达州】 A. information B. messages C. suggestions D. questions 2. My sister loves singing, so she wants to join the ________ club.【2025山东济南】 A. Sports B. Music C. Art D. Science 3. It’s quiet and comfortable to read books in the ________.【2024吉林长春】 A. library B. supermarket C. park D. hospital 4. We plan to have a ________ with our classmates in the park this weekend.【2024甘肃天水】 A. meeting B. picnic C. lesson D. party 5. Mom, please buy some ________ for dinner. I like it very much.【2024广西河池】 A. tomatoes B. apples C. beef D. cakes 6. The ________ hard work makes our country stronger and more beautiful.【2025贵州安顺】 A. people's B. peoples' C. people D. peoples 7. Students take part in different after-school activities for ________ and growth.【2024湖南】 A. fun B. money C. luck D. honor 8. I want to read something interesting. Please pass me a ________.【2025广东】 A. pen B. book C. ruler D. bag 9. After ________, I usually walk home because ________ is not far.【2024四川绵阳】 A. school; the school B. the school; school C. school; school D. the school; the school 10. I tried all the plans, but ________ worked in the end.【2025山东日照】 A. none B. neither C. all D. both 11. I agree with most of your plan, but not ________.【2024江苏苏州】 A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something 12. My family ________ like doing sports on weekends.【2025北京】 A. all B. both C. either D. none 13. —Nothing is impossible if you try your best.【2024湖北宜昌】 —Yes. ________ is difficult for a willing heart. A. Everything B. Anything C. Nothing D. Something 14. We enjoyed ________ very much at the summer camp last week.【2025广西百色】 A. ourselves B. us C. our D. ours 15. ________ is meaningful for us to volunteer in the community.【2024河北】 A. That B. It C. This D. One 16. Here is a gift for ________, with ________ best wishes.【2025江苏连云港】 A. you; our B. your; our C. you; yours D. your; yours 17. The weather in spring is warmer than ________ in winter.【2024江苏苏州】 A. that B. those C. one D. ones 18. I have two hobbies. One is reading, ________ is swimming.【2025黑龙江绥化】 A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 19. Doing sports helps people improve ________ physical health.【2024云南昆明】 A. ourselves B. themselves C. itself D. myself 20. There are many ________ teachers in this middle school.【2025重庆】 A. woman B. women C. woman's D. women's 21. This isn’t my pen. ________ is in my pencil-box.【2024河北】 A. Mine B. Yours C. His D. Hers II. 单句填空(中考高频题型) 根据句意、首字母提示或括号内单词适当形式填空，每空一词。 1. There are many different ________ (kind) of flowers in the garden.【2024四川成都】 2. My mother bought two ________ (kilo) of potatoes yesterday.【2025山东临沂】 3. We should protect our ________ (country) natural resources.【2024广东深圳】 4. The little girl taught ________ (she) to play the piano.【2025江苏无锡】 5. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, the ________ is a teacher.【2024湖南长沙】 6. There is ________ (few) water in the bottle. Please get me some.【2025河南】 7. All the ________ (student) homework must be handed in on time.【2024浙江嘉兴】 8. This pen is not mine. ________ (I) is in my schoolbag.【2025山西】 9. Help ________ (you) to some fruit, kids!【2024广西】 10. ________ (both) of the two books are very interesting. I like them.【2025天津】 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026学年暑假初升高完美衔接(高一专用) 专题 1 名词和代词 热身训练 训练1 名词的各种分类 1. —I want to buy a new pair of running ________. My old ones are worn out.【2025江苏苏州】 A. shoes B. glasses C. gloves D. socks 2. Reading good ________ can help teenagers form good values and enrich their minds.【2025湖北武汉】 A. habits B. books C. speeches D. rules 答案: 1.A 根据“running(跑步)”和“old ones are worn out(旧的已经磨损)”可知，此处指跑鞋。shoes“鞋子”；glasses“眼镜”；gloves“手套”；socks“袜子”。 2.B 句意：阅读优质书籍能帮助青少年树立良好价值观、丰富内心。habits“习惯”；books“书籍”；speeches“演讲”；rules“规则”。 训练2 不可数名词数量的表达法 My teacher gave me ________ on how to improve my spoken English.【2024山东青岛】 A. many good advice B. some good pieces of advice C. a few good advices D. several good piece of advice 答案: B advice为不可数名词，无复数形式，排除A、C；piece为可数名词，some/several后需用复数pieces，some good pieces of advice表示“一些好建议”。 训练3 名词所有格及其用法 1. These are ________ new bikes. They bought them last weekend.【2025甘肃兰州】 A. Tom and Jerry B. Tom's and Jerry's C. Tom and Jerry's D. Tom's and Jerry 2. It’s only a ________ ride from my home to the new cinema.【2024浙江宁波】 A. ten minutes B. ten minute's C. ten minutes' D. ten minute 答案: 1.B 由“new bikes(复数)”可知是两人各自拥有自行车，需分别在两个名词后加所有格。C选项为两人共有，对应单数物品，不符合题意。 2.C 复数名词minutes以-s结尾，所有格直接在末尾加'，ten minutes' ride 表示“步行/骑行十分钟的路程”。 训练4 语境中名词的选择 1. Online learning provides students with more ________ to study anytime and anywhere.【2025云南昆明】 A. chances B. invitations C. abilities D. difficulties 2. Keeping a balanced diet is the best ________ to keep healthy.【2024安徽】 A. secret B. habit C. way D. rule 答案: 1.A 句意：线上学习为学生提供了更多随时随地学习的机会。chance“机会”；invitation“邀请”；ability“能力”；difficulty“困难”。 2.C 句意：均衡饮食是保持健康的最佳方式。secret“秘诀”；habit“习惯”；way“方式、方法”；rule“规则”。 训练5 易混名词的区别 1. There is little ________ left on the bus. Let’s wait for the next one.【2024云南昆明】 A. place B. room C. floor D. land 2. The teacher asked us to make a ________ of our favorite books and share them in class.【2025山东淄博】 A. list B. note C. menu D. plan 答案: 1.B 此处指公交车上没有空余空间。room作不可数名词，表“空间”；place“具体地点”；floor“地板、楼层”；land“陆地”。 2.A make a list of 为固定搭配，意为“列出……的清单”。note“笔记”；menu“菜单”；plan“计划”。 训练6 代词的用法区别 1. We think ________ necessary for teenagers to develop good reading habits.【2025辽宁营口】 A. that B. it C. this D. one 2. —I forgot to bring my new pen. Do you have ________?【2024江苏盐城】 —Sure, here you are. A. it B. that C. one D. ones 答案: 1.B 固定句型“find/think it+形容词+for sb to do sth”，it作形式宾语，真正宾语为后面的动词不定式。 2.C one指代同类异物，泛指一支钢笔；it指代上文提到的同一事物，符合本题泛指语境。 知识对接 接点1 名词 1.名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 普通名词 普通名词 普通名词 国名，地名，人名，团体机构名称 可数名词个体名词 可数名词集体名词 不可数名词抽象名词 不可数名词物质名词 Beijing, China gun family work air 2.名词的数 (1)规则的复数形式：一般在名词的单数形式后面加-s或-es.现归纳如下： 规则 规则 规则 例词 一般情况加-s 一般情况加-s 一般情况加-s map-maps, car-cars, girl-girls 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词加-es 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词加-es 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的名词 以-f或-fe结尾的名词 变f或fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，加-s 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，加-s 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es 一般加-es hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 一些外来词加-s 一些外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 两者皆可 volcano-volcanoes/volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 以-th结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths (2)不规则的复数形式：英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。现归纳如下： 规则 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 单复数同形 单复数同形 sheep, deer, fish 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman结尾的改为-men、-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants (3)其他情况 规则 例词 通常用于复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, team 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关)，times(时代)，spirits(情绪)，drinks(饮料)，sands(沙滩)，papers(文件；报纸)，looks(外表)，brains(头脑；智力)，greens(青菜) 巧学助记 (1)由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men或-women.如 an Englishman、two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为Germans. man、woman等作定语时，它们的单复数依其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如 men workers、women teachers. (2)有些名词单复数一样，如Chinese、Japanese、sheep、deer、fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加-es. (3)如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s,则表示“分别有”，如 John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间)；Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列，只有一个’s,则表示“共有”，如John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共用一间)；Tom and Mary's mother(即汤姆与玛丽是兄妹或姐弟)。 3.名词的所有格 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫作名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是由名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 (1)'s所有格的构成： ①单数名词在末尾加’s,如 the boy's father、Jack's book、her son-in-law's photo. ②复数名词 •一般在末尾加’，如 the teachers' room、the twins' mother. •不规则复数名词后加’s,如 the children's toys、women's rights. ③以-s结尾的人名的所有格通常加’s,如Charles's job. ④表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均加’s,如 Japan's and America's problems、Jane's and Mary's bikes. ⑤表示共有的所有关系时，在最后一词末尾加’s,如 Japan and America's problems、Jane and Mary's father. ⑥表示“某人家”“店铺”时，所有格后的名词省略，如 the doctor's、the barber's、the tailor's、my uncle's. (2)'s所有格的用法： ‘s所有格主要用于表示人或动物的名词后，也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后。 ①表示时间的名词，如 today's newspaper、five weeks' holiday. ②表示国家、城市等地方的名词，如the country's plan、the world's population、China's industry. ③表示工作群体的名词，如the ship's crew、the team's victory. ④表示度量衡及价值的名词，如a mile's journey, five dollars' worth of apples. ⑤与人类活动有特殊关系的名词，如the life's time、the play's plot(戏剧情节)。 ⑥某些固定短语，如 a bird's eye view、a stone's throw、at one's wits' end. (3)of所有格的用法： ①用于无生命的东西，如 the legs of the chair、the cover of the book. ②用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时，如 the classrooms of the first-year students. ③用于名词化的词，如 the struggle of the oppressed(被压迫者)。 接点2 代词 代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。 1.人称代词 (1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示： 数格人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he、she、it him、her、it they them (2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。 I like table tennis.(作主语) Do you know him?(作宾语) (3)人称代词还可作表语，作表语时用宾格。 -Who is knocking at the door? -It's me. (4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。 He is older than me. He is older than I am. 2.物主代词 (1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示： 类别数 人称 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 单数 第一人称 my mine 第二人称 your yours 第三人称 his his her hers its its 复数 第一人称 our ours 第二人称 your yours 第三人称 their theirs (2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。 Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil box. (3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语) -Is this English book yours?(作表语) -No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(作宾语) 3.指示代词 指示代词包括this、that、these、those. (1)this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指在时间或空间上较远的事物或人。 This is a pen and that is a pencil. We are busy these days. In those days the workers had a hard time. (2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则指将要讲到的事物。 I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English. (3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替。 Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. (4)this在电话用语中代表自己，that则代表对方。 Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 4.反身代词 英语中用来表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”等意义的代词称为反身代词，也称之为自身代词，其形式如下表所示： 人称数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词可以在句中作宾语、表语、同位语。 (1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或同一批人。 He called himself a writer. Would you please express yourself in English? (2)作表语。 It doesn't matter. I'll be myself soon. The girl in the news is myself. (3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes.(＝I washed the clothes myself.)(作主语同位语) You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语) 难点突破 突破1 不可数名词“量”的表示方法 在英语中，如果要表示不可数名词的量，可以用以下两种方法： 1.用 much、a little、a lot of、lots of、some、any等表示多少。 The rich man has a lot of money. There is some milk in the bottle. Is there any water in the glass? I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice. 2.用“a+表示量的名词＋of”。 a piece of paper、a bottle of orange、a glass of water、a cup of tea、a bag of rice 如果要表达“两杯茶”“四张纸”等两个或两个以上的概念，表示量的名词要用复数。 two cups of tea、four pieces of paper、three glasses of water 拓展训练 —Would you like ________ juice or tea?【2024四川乐山】 —Just ________, please. A. some; two cups of tea B. many; two cup of teas C. any; two cups of teas D. a few; two cup of tea 答案: A 解析：juice和tea均为不可数名词，不能用many/a few修饰，排除B、D；委婉请求的疑问句中用some不用any；量词cup复数形式为cups，tea无复数，故选A。 突破2 some与any的区别 1.some多用于肯定句，表示“一些；几个”，作形容词时，后面接不可数名词或可数名词复数。 Look! Some students are cleaning the library. Some rice in the bag has been sold out. 2.any多用于疑问句、条件句或否定句中，表示“一些；任何”，用作形容词时，后面接不可数名词或可数名词复数。 If you have any questions, please ask me. There isn't any orange in the bottle. Have you got any tea? 3.any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。 -How many people can you see in the picture? -I can't see any. If you have no money, I'll lend you some. 巧学助记 something、somebody、someone、anything、anyone、anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法基本和some、any相同。 拓展训练 There aren't ________ vegetables in the fridge, so I need to buy some.【2025天津】 A. some B. any C. few D. little 答案:B 解析：否定句中表示“一些”需用any；some多用于肯定句，few/little表否定含义，与句意不符。 突破3 few, a few, little, a little 1.基本用法 含义用法 表示肯定，意为“一些” 表示否定，意为“几乎没有” 修饰可数名词 a few few 修饰不可数名词 a little little I'm going to buy a few apples. He can speak only a little Chinese. There is only a little milk in the glass. He has few friends. They had little money with them. 2.a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点；稍微”，little表示“很少；几乎不”。 I'm a little hungry.(修饰形容词 hungry) Mary, go a little faster, please.(修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.(修饰动词sleep) 拓展训练 The new teacher is very friendly, so ________ students dislike her.【2024黑龙江哈尔滨】 A. few B. a few C. little D. a little 答案:A 解析：students为可数名词复数，排除C、D；根据“friendly(友好的)”可知几乎没有学生不喜欢她，few表否定“几乎没有”，符合语境。 突破4 other, the other, another, others, the others 用法 代词 形容词 单数 复数 单数 复数 不定 another另一个 others别人，其他人 another(boy)另一个(男孩) other(boys)其他(男孩) 特定 the other另一个 the others其余那些人、物 the other(boy)另一个(男孩) the other(boys)其余那些(男孩) 1.other可以用作形容词，后面跟不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式，意思是“其他的；别的”。 Where are his other books? I haven't any other books except this one. 2.other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。the other 常与one搭配构成 “one,..the other...”句型。 He has two brothers. One is 10 years old, and the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise book in the other. 3.other用作代词时，有复数形式(others),泛指“另外的人或物”。others 常与some搭配构成“some...others...”句型。 Some went to the cinema, and others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 4.the others特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。 We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English; the others are Chinese. 5.another可以用作形容词，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, can't you? Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 6.another也可以用作代词，表示“另一个”。 I'm still hungry after I've had this potato cake. Please give me another. 拓展训练 I have finished my homework. Can I have ________ ten minutes to relax?【2025江苏扬州】 A. other B. another C. the other D. others 答案:B 解析：another+数词+名词复数为固定用法，another ten minutes 表示“另外十分钟”，符合语境。 突破5 all和both的用法 1.all指三者或三者以上，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语或定语。 All of us like Mr Pope.(作主语)＝We all like Mr Pope.(作同位语) That's all for today.(作表语) Why not eat all of it?(作宾语) All the leaders are here.(作定语) 2.both作代词。 (1)与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。 Lucy and Lily both agree with us. They both passed on their sticks(棒)at the same time. (2)与“of+代词(或名词)”连用，表示“两者都”。 Both of them came to see Mary. Both of the books are very interesting. (3)单独使用，表示“两者(都)”。 Michael has two sons. Both are clever. I don't know which book is better. I shall read both. 3.both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。 Both his younger sisters are our classmates. There are tall trees on both sides of the street. 拓展训练 —Do your parents support your hobby of painting?【2024湖北宜昌】 —Yes. ________ of them like art very much. A. All B. Both C. Neither D. None 答案:B 解析：parents指父母两人，结合Yes可知两者都支持，both用于两者都；all用于三者及以上，neither/none表否定。 突破6 none和no no相当于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语，指代不可数名词时，谓语用单数；指代可数名词时，谓语用单复数皆可。 There is no water in the bottle. -How much water is there in the bottle? -None. 拓展训练 —How many students passed the difficult test?【2025重庆】 —________. It was too hard. A. No one B. None C. All D. Neither 答案:B 解析：how many提问数量，回答数量用none(三者及以上全无)；no one单独使用，不用于回答how many问句。 自主训练 I.单项选择(2024-2025最新中考真题) 1. We can get lots of useful ________ from educational videos online.【2025四川达州】 A. information B. messages C. suggestions D. questions 2. My sister loves singing, so she wants to join the ________ club.【2025山东济南】 A. Sports B. Music C. Art D. Science 3. It’s quiet and comfortable to read books in the ________.【2024吉林长春】 A. library B. supermarket C. park D. hospital 4. We plan to have a ________ with our classmates in the park this weekend.【2024甘肃天水】 A. meeting B. picnic C. lesson D. party 5. Mom, please buy some ________ for dinner. I like it very much.【2024广西河池】 A. tomatoes B. apples C. beef D. cakes 6. The ________ hard work makes our country stronger and more beautiful.【2025贵州安顺】 A. people's B. peoples' C. people D. peoples 7. Students take part in different after-school activities for ________ and growth.【2024湖南】 A. fun B. money C. luck D. honor 8. I want to read something interesting. Please pass me a ________.【2025广东】 A. pen B. book C. ruler D. bag 9. After ________, I usually walk home because ________ is not far.【2024四川绵阳】 A. school; the school B. the school; school C. school; school D. the school; the school 10. I tried all the plans, but ________ worked in the end.【2025山东日照】 A. none B. neither C. all D. both 11. I agree with most of your plan, but not ________.【2024江苏苏州】 A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something 12. My family ________ like doing sports on weekends.【2025北京】 A. all B. both C. either D. none 13. —Nothing is impossible if you try your best.【2024湖北宜昌】 —Yes. ________ is difficult for a willing heart. A. Everything B. Anything C. Nothing D. Something 14. We enjoyed ________ very much at the summer camp last week.【2025广西百色】 A. ourselves B. us C. our D. ours 15. ________ is meaningful for us to volunteer in the community.【2024河北】 A. That B. It C. This D. One 16. Here is a gift for ________, with ________ best wishes.【2025江苏连云港】 A. you; our B. your; our C. you; yours D. your; yours 17. The weather in spring is warmer than ________ in winter.【2024江苏苏州】 A. that B. those C. one D. ones 18. I have two hobbies. One is reading, ________ is swimming.【2025黑龙江绥化】 A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 19. Doing sports helps people improve ________ physical health.【2024云南昆明】 A. ourselves B. themselves C. itself D. myself 20. There are many ________ teachers in this middle school.【2025重庆】 A. woman B. women C. woman's D. women's 21. This isn’t my pen. ________ is in my pencil-box.【2024河北】 A. Mine B. Yours C. His D. Hers 答案: 1.A 解析：information为不可数名词，意为“信息”；messages(消息)、suggestions(建议)、questions(问题)均不符合“从网络教学视频获取有用信息”的语境。 2.B 解析：由“loves singing(喜欢唱歌)”可知对应音乐社团，Music符合语境；Sports运动、Art美术、Science科学均不匹配。 3.A 解析：适合安静看书的场所是图书馆(library)；supermarket超市、park公园、hospital医院均不符合安静阅读的场景。 4.B 解析：结合“in the park(在公园)”和“with classmates(和同学)”，picnic(野餐)是最贴合的活动；meeting会议、lesson课程、party派对不适合公园场景。 5.C 解析：由后文it可知所选名词为不可数名词，beef(牛肉)为不可数名词；tomatoes、apples、cakes均为可数名词复数，需用they指代。 6.A 解析：people表示“人民”时为集合名词，所有格直接加’s，the people's hard work意为“人民的辛勤劳动”；peoples表示“各国人民”，不符合句意。 7.A 解析：学生参加课后活动是为了乐趣和成长，fun(乐趣)符合语境；money金钱、luck运气、honor荣誉均不符合题意。 8.B 解析：由“read something interesting(读有趣的东西)”可知需要书本，book符合语境；pen钢笔、ruler尺子、bag书包均与阅读无关。 9.A 解析：after school为固定搭配，意为“放学后”；第二空特指自己的学校，需加定冠词the，the school指代具体的学校。 10.A 解析：all the plans表示“所有计划”，数量为三者及以上，but表转折说明全部无效，none指代三者及以上全无；neither两者都不，both两者都，均不符合。 11.A 解析：句意：我赞同你计划的大部分内容，但并非全部。everything一切事物，not everything表示“并非全部”，符合部分否定语境；anything任何事物、nothing没有事物、something某些事物均不匹配。 12.A 解析：family此处指家庭成员，为复数概念，且无数量限制，all适用于三者及以上，意为“全部都”；both仅用于两者，either两者之一，none全无，均不符合。 13.C 解析：固定谚语Nothing is difficult for a willing heart.意为“有志者，事竟成”，为固定搭配。 14.A 解析：固定搭配enjoy oneself意为“玩得开心”，主语是we，对应的反身代词为ourselves。 15.B 解析：固定句型It is+形容词+for sb to do sth，it作形式主语，真正主语为后面的动词不定式。 16.A 解析：第一空介词for后接宾格you作宾语；第二空修饰名词wishes，需用形容词性物主代词our。 17.A 解析：比较级句型中，that指代前文单数不可数名词weather，避免重复；those指代复数名词，one/ones指代可数名词。 18.C 解析：固定搭配one...the other...表示“两者中的一个……另一个……”，前文two hobbies提示范围为两者。 19.B 解析：主语people为复数，对应的反身代词为themselves，意为“人们自身的身体健康”。 20.B 解析：woman作定语修饰名词时，单复数随后面名词变化，teachers为复数，故用women。 21.A 解析：名词性物主代词mine指代my pen，在句中作主语，符合“这不是我的钢笔，我的在文具盒里”的语境。 II. 单句填空(中考高频题型) 根据句意、首字母提示或括号内单词适当形式填空，每空一词。 1. There are many different ________ (kind) of flowers in the garden.【2024四川成都】 2. My mother bought two ________ (kilo) of potatoes yesterday.【2025山东临沂】 3. We should protect our ________ (country) natural resources.【2024广东深圳】 4. The little girl taught ________ (she) to play the piano.【2025江苏无锡】 5. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, the ________ is a teacher.【2024湖南长沙】 6. There is ________ (few) water in the bottle. Please get me some.【2025河南】 7. All the ________ (student) homework must be handed in on time.【2024浙江嘉兴】 8. This pen is not mine. ________ (I) is in my schoolbag.【2025山西】 9. Help ________ (you) to some fruit, kids!【2024广西】 10. ________ (both) of the two books are very interesting. I like them.【2025天津】 答案与解析: 1. kinds 解析：different(不同的)后接可数名词复数，kind的复数形式为kinds，different kinds of 为固定搭配，意为“各种各样的”。 2. kilos 解析：数词two后接可数名词复数，kilo的复数形式为kilos，用来计量重量。 3. country’s 解析：此处表示“国家的自然资源”，需用名词所有格，单数名词country直接加’s。 4. herself 解析：teach oneself 为固定搭配，意为“自学”，主语the little girl为单数女性，对应反身代词herself。 5. other 解析：固定句型one...the other...，用于两者之间，表示“一个……另一个……”，符合two sisters的语境。 6. little 解析：water为不可数名词，few只能修饰可数名词；结合后句“再拿一些水”可知瓶子里几乎没水了，little表否定“几乎没有”，修饰不可数名词。 7. students’ 解析：all后接复数名词，students为复数且以-s结尾，所有格直接加’，表示“所有学生的作业”。 8. Mine 解析：此处单独作主语，指代“我的钢笔”，需用名词性物主代词mine，相当于my pen，句首首字母大写。 9. yourselves 解析：help oneself to sth. 固定搭配“随便吃某物”，结合后文kids可知为复数，对应反身代词yourselves。 10. Both 解析：both of+复数名词/代词，特指两者都，句首首字母大写，符合two books的两者语境。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $