专题05 完形填空之三大命题焦点层次（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考完形填空三大命题层次，按句内、句组、语篇由微观到宏观递进架构知识体系，通过考点梳理明确各层次核心线索范围，方法指导归纳解题范式，真题训练溯源考向逻辑，帮助学生系统构建完形填空解题思维框架。 资料创新采用分层突破策略，句内层次强化固定搭配与语法规则训练，句组层次引导分析句间逻辑与词汇复现，语篇层次结合全文主旨与情感基调培养思维品质，设置基础、中档、拔高三级练习配合即时反馈，有效提升学生语言能力与应考效率，为教师精准把控复习节奏提供清晰路径。

专题05 完形填空之三大命题焦点层次 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点聚焦 命题的焦点层次宏观考查 知识解构 知识点1 句内层次题 知识点2 句组层次题 知识点3 语篇层次题 考向破译 考向 1 考查句内层次理解 考向02 考查句组层次理解 考向03 考查语篇层次理解 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 年份 完形填空 2023上海春考 名词4；动词5；形3；副2；词组1；其中句内理解6；句组理解5；句际理解4 2022上海春考 名词4；动词5；形4；副0；词组2；其中句内理解7；句组理解5；句际理解3 2021上海春考 名词6；动词4；形3；副1；词组1；其中句内理解7；句组理解6；句际理解2 2020上海春考 名词6；动词3；形1；副2；词组3；其中句内理解7；句组理解5；句际理解3 年份 完形填空 2023上海秋考 名词3；动词6；形2；副2；词组2；其中句内理解5；句组理解7；句际理解3 2022上海秋考 名词5；动词5；形3；副0；词组2；其中句内理解6；句组理解6；句际理解3 2021上海秋考 名词5；动词3；形4；副0；词组3；其中句内理解6；句组理解6；句际理解3 2020上海秋考 名词7；动词5；形3；副0；词组0；其中句内理解8；句组理解4；句际理解3 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 层级 研究维度 线索辐射范围 核心考查理论 命题底层逻辑 难度层级 句内层次 微观・单句语言形式 仅空格所在单句 固定搭配、句内语法、修饰关系 依靠句子内部语言规则设置唯一解 基础（易） 句组层次 中观・句间语义关联 空格前后 2~3 句相邻句群 句间逻辑、代词指代、跨句词汇复现 依托句子与句子之间的语义纽带限定答案 中档（核心） 语篇层次 宏观・整篇文本框架 全文所有段落、首尾段 全文主旨、统一情感、人物完整脉络、首尾呼应 依托整篇文章统一的宏观立意筛选答案 拔高（难） 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一、完形填空三大命题焦点层次 知●识●解●构 完形填空的本质是语义逻辑分层考查，命题按照线索辐射范围由小到大，将所有设空严格划分为三类：句内层次、句组层次、语篇层次。三层形成递进式命题逻辑：线索范围越小，题目越基础，侧重语法、搭配等语言形式；线索范围越大，题目越侧重阅读理解、逻辑思辨与文本整体把控，区分度越高。 三层并非割裂独立，存在交叉命题，但每一道空一定有核心线索层级，这是区分解题思路、实现高效做题的核心依据。 完整分层逻辑链：单句内部语言形式线索 → 相邻句群句间逻辑线索 → 整篇文本主旨情感线索。 知识点1 句内层次题 句内层次题，指支撑选出答案的全部有效线索、限定条件、搭配约束，完全封闭在空格所在的单一句话之内，无需借助本句以外任何句子信息即可完成作答。该层级聚焦句子内部语法结构与固定语言搭配，考察的是句子这一最小完整表意单位的语言规则，不涉及句与句之间的关联，是完形填空的基础得分点，也是命题中占比最高的简单题型。 命题核心： 线索全部在同一个句子内部，依靠句内并列、转折、因果、固定搭配、动宾 / 主谓搭配、介词短语限定、从句修饰锁定答案，不用跳出本句找信息。 示例 1（固定搭配 + 句内介词限定） 原句：Artificial neural networks are computer programs ______ on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work. A．based B．launched C．expanded D．evaluated 答案：A 句意：人工神经网络是基于真实生物神经细胞（神经元）网络运作原理而设计的计算机程序。 考点匹配：句内层次题 解题线索完全集中在本句内部，依靠句内固定介词搭配解题，无需参考其他句子。 详细解析 1. 单句内部线索：空格后紧跟介词 on，句内存在固定短语 be based on，意为 “基于……”； 2. 词义逐一排除：launch（启动）、expand（拓展）、evaluate（评估）均不能与 on 构成符合本句语义的固定搭配； 3. 语义验证：从句 in which real...work 修饰 the way，说明程序以生物神经运作方式为基础，based 完全匹配句内逻辑； 4. 线索仅存在本句，属于句内层次题。 示例 2（句内因果逻辑 + 形容词修饰） 原句：When greenery disappears during times of drought, it triggers a signal in humans for environmental degradation. This can lead to ______ psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression. A．despair B．positive C．negative D．neutral 答案：C 句意：干旱时期绿植消失，会向人类传递环境恶化的信号。这会引发消极的心理反应，甚至使人产生抑郁情绪。 考点匹配：句内层次题 线索在本句后半段并列结构，依靠句内递进逻辑解题，无需跨句。 详细解析 1. 句内逻辑线索：本句存在递进连词 and even，后半段 “feelings of depression（抑郁）” 是空格单词的递进加强，二者语义同向； 2. 词义筛选：positive（积极的）语义相反，neutral（中立的）无情绪倾向，despair 是名词不能修饰 response；negative（消极的）与抑郁构成递进； 3. 所有判断依据全部在本句内部，无外部句子线索，属于句内层次题。 示例 3（句内动宾搭配 + 定语从句限定） 原句：The scientists created this new hypothesis by bringing together previous research into the ______ of nature on humans. A．effects B．affections C．lessons D．shadows 答案：A 句意：科学家整合以往关于自然对人类影响的各项研究，提出了这一新假说。 考点匹配：句内层次题 解题线索为句内固定介词搭配 the effects of A on B，仅依靠本句信息即可作答。 详细解析 1. 句内固定结构线索：空格后出现介词组合 of...on，英语固定搭配 the effects of sth. on sth. 表示 “某物对另一物的影响”； 2. 词义排除：affection 多指 “爱意”；lesson 意为 “教训”；shadow 意为 “阴影”，三者均无法搭配 of...on 表达客观作用； 3. 定语从句、介词搭配全部集中在单句内，无需阅读前后段落，属于句内层次题。 知识点2 句组层次题 句组（句群）指空格所在句 + 前后相邻 1~3 个句子，构成一个完整微型语义单元。句组层次题的核心特征：空格所在单句不存在完整、有效的解题线索，必须依靠跨句子的关联信息，整合 2 句及以上语义才能锁定唯一答案。 该层级是完形填空核心中档题型，命题核心不再是孤立的语言搭配，而是句与句之间的语义关联逻辑，考察学生梳理句间关系、识别跨句呼应信息的能力。 命题核心： 单一句子信息不足以推出答案，解题线索分布在空格前后紧邻 1-2 句（同一意群），需要整合相邻短句信息综合判断，不涉及全文主旨。 示例 1（前文两句行为描写推人物心理） 原句：Toddlers in the park venture out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later. From the time human babies can move around, they are torn between the safety of a grown-up hug and the ______ drive to explore. A．desirable B．uniform C．original D．irresistible 答案：D 句意：公园里学步幼儿会冒险跑出去探索，随后又突然惊慌地冲回安全的怀抱，几分钟后又再次跑出去。婴儿刚能自主活动时，总会在大人怀抱的安全感与无法抗拒的探索欲之间摇摆。 考点匹配：句组层次题 单句信息不足，需要整合前一句幼儿反复外出探索的行为线索，才能判断修饰 drive 的形容词。 详细解析 1. 单句局限：只看本句 “between safety and ______ drive to explore”，无法判断探索欲的特质； 2. 整合前一句意群线索：幼儿明知危险、惊慌逃回安全区，却仍反复外出探索，说明探索欲望难以抵挡； 3. 词义筛选：irresistible（无法抗拒的）贴合幼儿反复外出的行为；desirable（值得向往的）、uniform（统一的）、original（原始的）均无法匹配前文反复冒险的细节； 4. 线索集中在空格前紧邻一句话，属于句组层次题。 示例 2（后文两句实验结果反向推导动词） 原句：Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast ______ facial attractiveness for men and women. The refined carbs breakfast produced blood sugar spikes and later hypoglycaemia, which damaged skin appearance. Raters gave lower attractiveness scores to participants with high-sugar breakfast. A．decreased B．represented C．promoted D．restored 答案：A 句意：研究人员在《公共科学图书馆期刊》中指出，早餐食用精制碳水会降低男女的面部吸引力。精制碳水会造成血糖骤升继而低血糖，损伤皮肤状态；评分人员给高糖早餐受试者打出了更低的颜值分数。 考点匹配：句组层次题 单句无法判断精制碳水对颜值的作用，需要结合空格后两句实验原理、评分结果综合判断。 详细解析 1. 单句局限：仅看本句，不知道精制碳水与吸引力的正负相关关系； 2. 整合后文两句线索：①精制碳水损伤皮肤；②评审员给这类受试者更低颜值分；两点共同说明精制碳水会削弱吸引力； 3. 词义筛选：decreased（降低）符合两条实验线索；promoted（提升）语义相反；represented（代表）、restored（恢复）语义不通； 4. 线索分布在空格后相邻两句，属于句组层次题。 示例 3（前后两句对比平台政策推导名词） 原句：This has included the shortening of delivery time windows. It has been achieved through rewards for early delivery and severe punishments for late delivery. Over time, the platforms have only increased these ______ on drivers. A．motivations B．advantages C．pressures D．skills 答案：C 句意：平台不断缩短配送时限，通过早到奖励、迟到重罚的方式实现这一目标。久而久之，平台不断加重施加在骑手身上的压力。 考点匹配：句组层次题 仅凭本句无法判断 these 指代的内容，需要整合前两句 “缩短时限、奖惩机制” 的平台规则综合推理。 详细解析 1. 单句局限：仅看本句 “increased these ______ on drivers”，无法确定平台施加给骑手的事物； 2. 整合前两句意群线索：缩短配送时间、迟到严厉处罚，两种规则都会给外卖骑手带来负担； 3. 词义筛选：pressures（压力）匹配严苛配送规则；motivations（动力）、advantages（优势）为正向词汇，与惩罚机制矛盾；skills（技能）与平台奖惩无关； 4. 线索集中在空格前两句，属于句组层次题。 知识点3 语篇层次题 语篇层次题是完形填空最高难度题型：空格所在句、相邻句组均无有效解题线索，所有限定信息隐藏在整篇文本的宏观框架中，必须通读全文，把握文章主旨、统一情感基调、人物完整心理变化、首尾段呼应关系，才能选出唯一贴合文本内核的答案。 该层级不考察局部语言规则，考察整体文本解读能力，是拉开高分与普通学生差距的关键拉分题。 1. 全文主旨统一性：整篇文章拥有唯一中心主题，所有段落、句子均服务于主旨，正确选项必须贴合文章核心立意，干扰项仅在局部句子成立，但偏离全文中心； 2. 全文情感基调统一性：文本全程保持稳定情感倾向（褒扬 / 批判 / 客观中立 / 伤感 / 励志），任何局部空格不能违背全文统一情感； 3. 文本首尾闭环呼应：文章首段抛出核心话题、核心关键词，尾段设空时重现对应概念，形成结构闭环，线索横跨全文首尾； 4. 人物完整心理 / 行为脉络：记叙文类完形存在人物完整变化线（迷茫→挣扎→坚持→释然），局部空格的人物态度必须匹配全文完整心理轨迹，单句无法看出人物完整变化。 命题核心： 单句、相邻句组均无完整线索，必须通读全文，依托文章主旨、首尾呼应、全文人物 / 观点逻辑、段落整体对比作答，需要跨段落整合信息，一篇完形仅 2-3 道，建议通读全文后回头完成。 示例 1（依托全文主旨 + 多段对比推理形容词） 原文跨段核心信息： 段 1：人们普遍认为人老了性格稳定，很难改变； 段 2：最新研究表明 60 岁后性格会再次发生明显变化，性格是适应环境的可变状态； 段 3：老年性格变化并非大脑病变导致，而是老人主动调整人生目标、优先追求有意义的事； 原句：Psychologists used to follow the same line of thinking, but more recent studies suggest that something ______ happens to many people as they reach and pass their 60s: Their personality starts changing again. A．substantial B．dangerous C．similar D．unexpected 答案：D 句意：心理学家曾经认同大众观点，认为老年人性格一成不变，但最新研究表明，很多人步入 60 岁后会发生意想不到的变化：他们的性格会再次重塑。 考点匹配：语篇层次题 单句、相邻句子只能看出新旧观点对立，想要锁定答案必须结合全文三段核心主旨（大众固有认知 VS 科研新发现），跨段落整合信息。 详细解析 1. 局部线索局限：仅看本句和前后相邻句，只能读出 “过去观点 vs 新研究” 存在转折，无法确定变化的特质； 2. 全文主旨整合： ① 全文开篇谚语 + 旧观点：老年性格固定、难以改变； ② 全文核心论点：60 岁后性格会再次改变，推翻大众固有认知； ③ 全文所有段落均围绕 “老年性格可变，和传统认知相悖” 展开； 3. 词义筛选：unexpected（意想不到的）契合全文 “打破固有认知” 的中心；substantial（大量的）仅能描述变化规模，无法体现全文新旧观点冲突；similar（相似的）、dangerous（危险的）完全偏离文章主旨； 4. 判断需要整合整篇文章多段观点，属于语篇层次题。 示例 2（依托全文实验主旨、首尾逻辑推理名词） 全文核心脉络： 首段：大众普遍认为微笑代表快乐，科学家持相反观点； 中段完整实验：受试者解题、公布答案时才会微笑，答错题目时微笑更多； 尾段总结：微笑不是快乐信号，而是社交参与的行为表现 原句：This ______ could be explained by self-ratings of engagement, rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration. A．smile B．answer C．behavior D．engagement 答案：C 句意：这种行为可以用受试者自身感受到的参与感来解释，而非快乐或沮丧的情绪。 考点匹配：语篇层次题 空格前单句、相邻段落只能看到 “答错微笑更多” 这一局部现象，必须通读完整实验、把握全文核心论点才能锁定答案。 详细解析 1. 局部线索局限：仅看空格前后一两段，只能看到 “答题后微笑” 这一单一动作，无法确定代词 this 指代的宏观概念； 2. 全文整体脉络整合： ① 全文围绕实验中 “人答题收到对错反馈时微笑” 这一整套行为展开； ② 文章核心论点：微笑是一种社交行为，不等同于快乐； ③ 本句是全文实验最终总结句，概括整个实验观察到的整套反应； 3. 词义筛选：behavior（行为）指代全文整套微笑反应，契合文末总结定位；smile 仅指代单一动作，无法概括完整实验现象；answer（答案）、engagement（参与感）与本句逻辑不符； 4. 需要通读全部实验段落、把握全文中心论点才能作答，属于语篇层次题。 示例 3（依托全文两大理论对比、全篇管理逻辑推理形容词） 全文框架： 段 1：X 理论（人天生厌恶工作，需要专制管控）、Y 理论（人能在工作中获得满足）； 段 2：很多管理者固守 X 理论，采用自上而下专制管理； 段 3：亚洲协商式管理、女性管理者更擅长协同； 段 4：现代企业趋势：授权员工、减少管理层级、虚拟远程管理； 原句：Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional ______ managers cannot. A．bossy B．experienced C．western D．male 答案：D 句意：部分专家认为女性管理者效率高于男性，因为她们擅长达成共同目标，这是传统男性管理者难以做到的。 考点匹配：语篇层次题 单句、相邻句子仅有 “女性 vs 另一类管理者” 的对比提示，答案必须结合全文多段性别、管理模式对比逻辑才能确定。 详细解析 1. 局部线索局限：仅看本句，只存在 women 的对比对象留白，相邻句子没有性别相关线索，无法锁定； 2. 全文跨段信息整合： ① 前文对比维度：女性管理者 vs 传统男性管理者； ② 全文逻辑：传统男性管理者多采用专制、单向管控模式；女性擅长协商、集体达成共识； ③ 整段围绕男女管理者管理风格差异展开，是全文管理模式对比的核心分支； 3. 词义筛选：male（男性的）与前文 women 形成全文贯穿的性别对比；bossy（专横的）是性格描述，无法和 women 对应；western（西方的）、experienced（有经验的）脱离全文性别对比主线； 4. 需要整合全文多段管理理论、性别对比线索，属于语篇层次题。 考●向●破●译 考向1 [句内层次题] 句内层次题的解题线索主要集中在句子内部，选项的正确与否取决于对句子结构、语法、词汇搭配等的理解。解题线索分布在句中。这类题目通常聚焦考查词汇的用法、固定搭配、语法结构等。 核心判定：解题线索完全局限空格单句，依靠固定搭配、句内修饰、简单句内逻辑即可锁定答案，无需看前后句子。 例题 1 【题源】2025~2026 学年闵行区二模 原文节选： With society placing increasing pressure on achievement, it is understandable that people tend to hide their weaknesses. However, this tendency may bring 21 _____consequences. 21. A. emotional B. negative C. serious D. immediate 答案：21. B 解析：句内层次题。仅分析本句逻辑即可解题。句内转折词 however 是核心线索，前文说隐藏弱点可以理解，转折后说明这种倾向会带来不好的、负面的结果。四个单词词义上，negative 表示 “负面的”，完美匹配句内 but 带来反向语义，其余单词无法和句内转折逻辑匹配，不需要借助后文徒步事例就能选出答案。 例题 2 【题源】2025~2026 学年金山区二模 原文节选: To 27 _______the possibility that the bees were relying on seeing or smelling the sweet food, Versace and her team members then tested the bees’ behavior when no food was present at all. 27. A. allow for B. look into C. rule out D. open up 答案：27. C 解析：句内层次题。线索全部在本句内部。本句后半句 “实验时完全不放置食物” 是关键提示，实验目的是排除蜜蜂依靠视觉、嗅觉找甜食这种可能性。固定短语 rule out 意为 “排除”，完全贴合本句实验操作逻辑，其余短语代入本句语义不通，无需阅读上下段落。 例题 3 【题源】2025~2026 学年宝山区二模 原文节选: Oliver thanked everyone and promised to keep them ____33____. As the investors left, Emma turned to Oliver. “That was amazing. 33. A. fascinated B. relaxed C. amused D. updated 答案：33. D 解析：句内层次题。句意：Oliver感谢了大家，并承诺随时向他们通报最新情况。A. fascinated使着迷；B. relaxed放松；C. amused逗乐；D. updated更新。根据前文“Oliver thanked everyone and promised to keep them”可知，Oliver承诺随时向他们通报最新情况。keep sb. updated为固定短语，意为“让某人了解最新情况”。故选D。依靠本句固定搭配直接作答。本句固定短语 keep sb. updated，表示 “随时向某人同步最新消息”，是英语商务场景固定搭配，仅通过空格所在单句短语约束就能确定答案，不依赖上下文投资者对话内容。 考查动词词义辨析。 考向2 [句组层次题]　 解题线索分布在上句，下句和本句之中。谨记“上看一句下看一句中间看一句（瞻前顾后）”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、耐心作答。 核心判定：单句信息不足，解题线索分布在空格前后相邻 2-3 个句子，依靠句间因果、转折、指代、同义 / 反义复现才能解题。 例题 1 【题源】2025~2026 学年闵行区二模 原文节选 For many people, being authentic — showing one’s true self — is far from ____26____. As social beings, we are used to adapting to our environment, which makes it difficult to ____27____ what we really think. 26. A. ideal B. natural C. comfortable D. easy 答案：26. D 句组层次题。。句意：对很多人来说，做真实的自己——展示真实的自我——远非易事。A. ideal理想的；B. natural自然的；C. comfortable舒适的；D. easy容易的。根据后文“we are used to adapting to our environment, which makes it difficult to ____ what we really think.”可知，此处表示做真实的自己不容易。故选D。仅看 26 空所在单句无法判断，必须结合后一句句组逻辑。后句完整语义：作为社会人，我们习惯迎合环境，很难表达真实想法。两句构成因果句组：正因为人们习惯伪装，所以做真实的自己一点都不容易。easy（容易）对应后句 difficult 形成反义呼应，单句缺少完整因果线索，必须结合下一句才能锁定选项。 例题 2 【题源】2025~2026 松江二模 原文节选 Current medical choices for serious burn sufferers and patients with large wounds remain ___22___. One is self-donated skin transplants... The other choice is the standard artificial skin... Both methods have obvious flaws. 22. A. complicated B. tough C. unsatisfactory D. conscious 答案： C 解析：句组层次题。22 空单句无明确提示，需要结合后面两句构成的句组。后文并列介绍两种现有治疗方案，自体植皮会制造新伤口，人造皮肤会引发免疫排斥，两种方案都存在缺陷。由此可推出现有医疗方案不尽人意，unsatisfactory 符合两句共同传递的负面评价，仅单句无法判断现有方案的好坏。 例题 3 【题源】2025~2026 学年浦东新区二模 原文节选 It’s widely claimed that sports and other indoor activities have their benefits, but ___29___them exclusively means kids aren’t developing executive function skills independently. 29. A. getting through B. identifying with C. longing for D. relying on 答案：29. D 解析：句组层次题。句意：人们普遍认为体育和其他室内活动有其好处，但仅仅依靠它们意味着孩子们无法独立发展执行功能技能。A. getting through通过；B. identifying with认同；C. longing for渴望；D. relying on依靠。根据前文“sports and other indoor activities have their benefits”以及转折词but可知，此处指仅仅依靠这些室内活动是不够的。故选D。 本句内部 but 只能看出转折关系，完整语义需要结合下一句句组补充线索。下句：如果没有独自处理难题的练习，青少年遇到非常规现实生活时会手足无措。两句构成转折句组：室内活动虽有好处，但只一味依赖室内活动，孩子无法独立锻炼处事能力。rely on（依赖）匹配两句逻辑，单句无法判断空格短语含义。 考向3 【语篇层次题】 语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。解题线索分布在某一段或几段相隔，甚至全篇，距离较远，更需瞻前顾后，谨记“文中无废句，句中无闲词”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、合理推断、耐心作答。 核心判定：空格单句、相邻句均无有效线索，必须结合全文主旨、统一情感、首尾呼应、全文人物主线才能选出唯一答案。 例题 1【题源】2025~2026 学年闵行区二模 首段：With society placing increasing pressure on achievement, it is understandable that people tend to hide their weaknesses. However, this tendency may bring negative consequences. 尾段： As a result, others feel ____33____ when sharing their true feelings. Over time, such an atmosphere encourages cooperation and openness. Therefore, by focusing less on appearing hardworking and more on becoming well-rounded individuals, we can make a lasting ____34____ in our environment. At the same time, we may inspire others to follow our ____35____. In the end, authenticity proves to be not a weakness, but a powerful strategy for building better relationships. 35. A. advice B. achievement C. rule D. example 答案：35. D 解析：语篇层次题。句意：与此同时，我们可能会激励他人以我们为榜样。A. advice建议；B. achievement成就；C. rule规则；D. example榜样。根据上文“we may inspire others”可知，他人可能被激励，会将我们作为榜样，follow one’s example是固定短语，意为“以某人为榜样”。故选D。35 空所在句子、前后相邻段落都没有局部提示，需要通读全文主旨解题。整篇文章核心主线：展露真实自我能在群体中传播，营造包容氛围，人们会效仿真诚的人。全文反复强调 “真实会感染他人”，follow one’s example（以某人为榜样）贴合全文核心立意，其余词汇仅局部通顺，和文章整体主题无关。 例题 2（2025-2026学年·上海闵行一模） Effective monitoring of endangered species is key to their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits of wild animals is essential to ensure their habitat remains free from development and illegal hunters. Traditional methods of monitoring wild animals, especially large ones, include radio-tagging（无线电标记）. To do this, individual animals must at first be captured so that collars can be 22 . ...... They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. ...... If that is done repeatedly, conservationists can draw up a 32 of all, or at least a significant proportion of the individuals within the population. After that, conservationists can use it to identify an animal and its movements by its print. ............ 21. A. flexibility B. diet C. movement D. behavior 答案：21. C 解析：语篇层次题。文章围绕监测濒危物种展开，研究野生动物的移动、活动范围和习性对保护其栖息地至关重要。“movement”（移动）符合语境，而 “flexibility”（灵活性）、“diet”（饮食）、“behavior”（行为）在文中虽也相关，但结合后文主要讨论通过监测动物移动来保护它们，“movement” 最为合适，所以选 C。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题选 （2025上海高考试题） In the scientific field, just as important as raising our voices is how we come together. Progress doesn’t happen ____21____; it’s fueled by cooperation. Like a music band where every instrument plays its part, scientists from different backgrounds harmonize their expertise (专门技术) to create something greater than the ____22____ of its parts. I’ve witnessed that cooperative power firsthand through an initiative called Native Plant Hub. This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners. Their ____23____ mission? Addressing critical shortages in native plant materials to support fire reduction, foreign species control, and habitat restoration across the western United States. It couldn’t have succeeded without the combined expertise of these ____24____ groups. Each contributes something essential, proving that large-scale conservation efforts don’t happen ___25___; they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment. It’s a model for how we should ____26____ solutions that encourage innovation and transform the world. That’s why I’m so passionate about the CES network — it’s right there in the name: Cooperative Ecosystem Studies. Exchanging knowledge and expertise is the foundation of scientific progress. Through partnerships, improvements emerge that might ____27____ remain difficult to achieve. For example, a project highlight I’m currently writing looks at the cooperation between University of Oregon researchers and the Park Service to study the cultural landscape of Carlsbad Caverns. When the Service suggested bringing in a cave microbiologist, the university team ____28____ hadn’t considered the role of microscopic life in preservation. But once involved, the microbiologist’s advice proved ____29____. One key moment came when the team faced the ____30____ of a worsening historic wooden staircase, which had become a habitat for microorganisms. Without precautions(预防措施,), disturbing the structure could have ____31____ the cave’s delicate ecosystem. Before removing it, the microbiologist proposed covering the staircase to ____32____ unintended harm. After the successful relocation, the team proposed using projected images to illustrate its former ____33____, enabling visitors to appreciate its historical significance. This cooperation — combining scientific expertise with cultural preservation — safeguarded both the cave’s ecological ____34____ and historical significance. The result is an approach that ____35____ environmental conservation and cultural preservation, ensuring the long-term protection of our national parks. Too often, scientific research operates separately. But real progress doesn’t come from opposition; it comes from cooperation. 21. A. in time B. under discussion C. for good D. in isolation 22. A. difference B. change C. sum D. management 23. A. respective B. deserted C. transitional D. shared 24. A. diverse B. educational C. foreign D. regional 25. A. slowly B. alongside C. overnight D. properly 26. A. unlock B. skip C. interpret D. classify 27. A. similarly B. otherwise C. altogether D. eventually 28. A. consequently B. regretfully C. fortunately D. initially 29. A. unrealistic B. invaluable C. misleading D. conventional 30. A. establishment B. decoration C. removal D. coverage 31. A. sustained B. replaced C. reformed D. ruined 32. A. cause B. mask C. prevent D. suffer 33. A. presence B. expression C. pollution D. strategy 34. A. supervision B. integrity C. guidance D. occupation 35. A. accesses B. balances C. evaluates D. traces 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. D 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章强调科学进步依赖合作而非孤立，以本土植物中心和洞穴保护项目为例，说明跨领域协作能创造更大价值，实现生态与文化保护的平衡。 【21题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：进步并非孤立发生；它是合作推动的。A. in time及时；B. under discussion讨论中；C. for good永远；D. in isolation孤立地。根据“it’s fueled by cooperation”和下文“Like a music band where every instrument plays its part, scientists from different backgrounds harmonize their expertise (专门技术) to create something greater than the 　　 of its parts.(就像一支乐队，每种乐器各司其职，来自不同背景的科学家协调他们的专业知识，创造出比各部分总和更伟大的东西。)”可知，只有相互合作，才能取得进步，所以进步并非是孤立发生的。故选D。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：就像一支乐队，每种乐器各司其职，来自不同背景的科学家协调他们的专业知识，创造出比各部分总和更伟大的东西。A. difference不同；B. change变化；C. sum总和；D. management管理。根据第1小题可知，合作可以推动进步的产生，所以乐队通过各个乐器的合作配合演奏出的乐曲，要胜于单个乐器的简单相加；同样，来自不同背景的科学家协调融合他们的专业知识所创造出来的东西，也要比单个知识简单相加的总和更伟大。故选C。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们的共同使命？A. respective各自的、分别的；B. deserted荒废的；C. transitional过渡的；D. shared共同的。根据上文“This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners.(这一倡议将地方政府、部落社区、学术机构以及私人土地所有者聚集在一起。)”可知，这里是问的这些聚集着共同的使命。故选D。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：没有这些不同群体的综合专业知识，它就不会成功。A. diverse不同的、各种各样的；B. educational教育的；C. foreign外国的；D. regional区域的。根据上文“This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners.(这一倡议将地方政府、部落社区、学术机构以及私人土地所有者聚集在一起。)”可知，成功依赖于这些不同群体的综合的专业知识。故选A。 【25题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：每一个都贡献了一些必不可少的东西，证明了大规模的保护工作不是一夜之间就能完成的。A. slowly缓慢地；B. alongside在旁边；C. overnight一夜之间；D. properly适当地、正确地。根据下文“they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment.(它们需要长期的投资、合作以及承诺。)”可知，大规模的保护工作是一个长期的过程，所以不是一夜之间就能完成的。故选C。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一个为我们提供应该如何解锁鼓励创新和改变世界的解决方案的范例。A. unlock解锁；B. skip跳过、略过；C. interpret解释；D. classify分类。根据上文“Each contributes something essential, proving that large-scale conservation efforts don’t happen 　　; they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment.(每一个都贡献了一些必不可少的东西，证明了大规模的保护工作不是一夜之间就能完成的；它们需要长期的投资、合作以及承诺。)”和本句中的“innovation and transform”可知，大规模的保护工作需要长期的投资、合作和承诺才能实现，这为如何能找到并实施——即解锁鼓励创新和改变世界的解决方法提供了范例。故选A。 【27题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：通过合作，可以产生进步，否则这些进步可能难以实现。A. similarly相似地；B. otherwise否则；C. altogether总共；D. eventually最终。根据上文“Exchanging knowledge and expertise is the foundation of scientific progress.(知识交流与专业互鉴是科学进步的基础。)”可知，相互合作是取得科学进步的基础，否则难以取得进步。故选B。 【28题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：当公园管理局建议引进洞穴微生物学家时，大学团队最初并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用。A. consequently因此、结果；B. regretfully遗憾地、懊悔地；C. fortunately幸运地；D. initially开始、最初。根据下文“But once involved, the microbiologist’s advice proved 　　.(但一旦参与其中，这位微生物学家的建议就被证明是非常宝贵的。)”可知，大学团队应该一开始并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用，直到参与其中才发现引进的微生物学家建议的宝贵。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但一旦参与其中，这位微生物学家的建议就被证明是非常宝贵的。A. unrealistic不切实际的；B. invaluable极宝贵的、无价的；C. misleading误导的；D. conventional惯例的。根据上文“When the Service suggested bringing in a cave microbiologist, the university team 　　 hadn’t considered the role of microscopic life in preservation.(当公园管理局建议引进洞穴微生物学家时，大学团队最初并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用。)”可知，两句之间为转折关系，说明公园管理局建议引进洞穴微生物学家时，大学团队一开始并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用，但是当微生物学家参与其中后，他所提出的建议应该被证明是非常有效、非常宝贵的。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个关键时刻到来了，团队面临着拆除一座日益恶化的历史木楼梯的问题，该楼梯已成为微生物的栖息地。A. establishment建立；B. decoration装饰；C. removal移走、清除；D. coverage覆盖、新闻报道。根据下文的“Before removing it,(在拆除它之前)”可知，团队面临的应该是要拆除一座历史木楼梯的问题。故选C。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果没有预防措施，扰乱结构可能会破坏洞穴脆弱的生态系统。A. sustained维持；B. replaced代替；C. reformed改革；D. ruined毁坏、破坏。根据上文的“which had become a habitat for microorganisms(该楼梯已成为微生物的栖息地)”和常识可知，如果没有预防措施，拆除一座日益恶化的、已成为微生物栖息地的历史木楼梯，扰乱了楼梯的结构，很可能会破坏洞穴脆弱的生态系统。故选D。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在拆除它之前，微生物学家建议覆盖楼梯以防止意外伤害。A. cause引起；B. mask掩饰、遮盖；C. prevent阻止、防止；D. suffer遭受。根据第11小题和常识可知，如果不采取预防措施，那么扰乱楼梯结构就很可能会破坏洞穴脆弱的生态系统，所以在拆除前覆盖楼梯，是为了防止意外的伤害。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：成功搬迁后，团队建议用投影图像来展示其昔日的存在，让游客领略其历史意义。A. presence存在；B. expression表达；C. pollution污染；D. strategy策略。根据句中的“relocation”和“projected images”可知，历史木楼梯已经成功搬走，所以根据团队建议，游客们只能通过投影图像来看到它昔日存在时的全貌。故选A。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种合作将科学专业知识与文化遗产保护结合起来，保障了洞穴的生态完整性和历史意义。A. supervision监督、管理；B. integrity完整性；C. guidance指导；D. occupation职业、占用。根据第11、12小题和上文的“After the successful relocation”可知，历史木楼梯被成功搬迁，并未破坏洞穴的生态系统，所以保障了它的完整性。故选B。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：其结果是一种平衡环境保护和文化保护的方法，确保我们国家公园的长期保护。A. accesses接近、进入；B. balances平衡；C. evaluates评估；D. traces追踪。根据上文“This cooperation—combining scientific expertise with cultural preservation—safeguarded both the cave’s ecological 　　 and historical significance.(这种合作将科学专业知识与文化遗产保护结合起来，保障了洞穴的生态完整性和历史意义。)”可知，这种合作既保护了文化遗产，又保护了生态环境，是一种平衡环境保护和文化保护的方法。故选B。 题组二 名校试题 Passage 1 【来源】上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期月考英语试题 A slice of sense on UPFs (超加工食品) They have been called “poison” and “junk”, but however you describe ultra-processed foods (UPFs), it is clear that they are the nutritional threat. That fear is 1 , given their consumption has been linked to a series of health 2 , from obesity and type 2 diabetes, to anxiety and depression. Their dominance has changed food systems so rapidly that much of our diet would be unrecognizable to even our 3 ancestors. We certainly haven’t adapted to them 4 . It’s 5 that they are the main target of strategies to address diet-related chronic disease nowadays. Even so, we think all-out UPF panic needs to give way to a more layered conversation. It is a mistake to paint 6 and wholegrain bread with the same brush as cakes and sugary cereal. Just because a food is ultra-processed doesn’t mean it is unhealthy. When it comes to how UPFs cause weight gain, recent research found they tend to be 7 when energy dense (more calories per bite) or hyperpalatable (高适口性的) (featuring pairs of nutrients that don’t typically 8 naturally — such as high salt and fat, carb and salt or sugar and fat). 9 , when people eat meals with lots of UPFs that aren’t energy dense and hyperpalatable, they don’t gain weight. These findings have enormous implications for nutrition policy and regulation. By targeting UPFs that have a high calorie density or contain hyperpalatable nutrient 10 , we can focus on the primary offenders leading to diet-related conditions. To tackle these specific foods, we must apply a battery of public health policies similar to those that cut tobacco consumption: marketing restrictions, 11 labelling and aggressive taxes. We also need to reward companies which make their UPFs 12 — think frozen, wholegrain-crust pizza topped with vegetables. Some UPFs are already considered healthy by the FDA’s standard (again, think wholegrain bread or yogurt). None of these would be the 13 of such policies or regulations. Many of us rely on the likes of UPF pasta sauces and canned beans, which can be an easy and affordable part of a healthy diet. That is why being 14 which UPFs are most likely to cause harm is important. UPFs aren’t going anywhere for now, and the story of their science is still being written. So let’s move beyond panic towards a healthy 15 by understanding how some of them cause harm and act accordingly. 1．A．remarkable B．unnecessary C．groundless D．reasonable 2．A．benefits B．factors C．scares D．effects 3．A．recent B．wise C．distant D．royal 4．A．socially B．eventually C．evolutionarily D．psychologically 5．A．no wonder B．a myth C．out of the question D．of little value 6．A．boiled rice B．raw meat C．flavored yogurt D．meal set 7．A．overeating B．overconsumed C．overweight D．undercooked 8．A．mix-match B．co-occur C．break down D．run out 9．A．In the same way B．On the flip side C．As a result D．In the meantime 10．A．combinations B．concentrations C．separations D．classifications 11．A．temporary B．permanent C．compulsory D．distinguishing 12．A．more convenient B．less calorie dense C．more wholesome D．less processed 13．A．success B．origin C．object D．subject 14．A．specific about B．assured of C．resistant to D．indifferent to 15．A．all-in B．co-existence C．inter-play D．anti-stress 【答案】 1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．A 6．C 7．B 8．B 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．C 13．D 14．A 15．B 【导语】文章介绍了超加工食品虽普遍被视作健康威胁，但不应全盘否定；文章区分了有害与相对健康的超加工食品，分析了高热量、高适口性搭配是其致胖的核心原因，并提出分层管控、配套公共卫生政策，实现人与超加工食品良性共存的理性观点。 【详解】1．考查形容词。句意：考虑到食用超加工食品与一系列健康问题相关，从肥胖、2 型糖尿病到焦虑、抑郁，这种担忧是合乎情理的。A. remarkable显著的；B. unnecessary没必要的；C. groundless无依据的；D. reasonable合理的。根据后文“from obesity and type 2 diabetes, to anxiety and depression”可知，食用超加工食品有多种健康危害，说明大众的担忧有理有据。 2．考查名词。句意同上。A. benefits益处；B. factors因素；C. scares恐慌；D. effects影响、后果。根据后文“from obesity and type 2 diabetes, to anxiety and depression”可知，肥胖、糖尿病等都是食用超加工食品带来的健康后果。 3．考查形容词。句意：超加工食品占据饮食主流，快速改变了饮食体系，即便是近代祖先，也根本认不出我们如今的大部分餐食。A. recent最近的；B. wise明智的；C. distant久远的；D. royal皇室的。根据前文“Their dominance has changed food systems so rapidly that much of our diet would be unrecognizable”可知，现代饮食变化巨大，甚至近代的祖先也无法理解现代饮食。 4．考查副词。句意：从进化角度而言，我们人类显然还未适应这类食物。A. socially社交层面；B. eventually最终；C. evolutionarily进化层面；D. psychologically心理层面。根据前文“much of our diet would be unrecognizable to even our ancestors”对比现代人与祖先，说明人体进化速度跟不上食品加工的发展，是进化层面的不适应。 5．考查固定短语。句意：难怪如今各类应对饮食相关慢性病的策略，都把超加工食品作为主要整治目标。A. no wonder难怪；B. a myth一个谬论；C. out of the question不可能；D. of little value几乎无价值。根据前文“from obesity and type 2 diabetes, to anxiety and depression”说明超加工食品带来多种健康危害，因此将其列为管控重点是理所应当。 6．考查名词短语。句意：把风味酸奶、全麦面包和蛋糕、含糖麦片一概而论，是错误的。A. boiled rice白米饭；B. raw meat生肉；C. flavored yogurt风味酸奶；D. meal set套餐。根据后文 “wholegrain bread”属于相对健康的超加工食品，选项里只有风味酸奶属于健康类超加工食品，和蛋糕、甜麦片形成好坏对比。 7．考查形容词。句意：说到超加工食品是如何导致体重增加的，近期研究发现，当超加工食品热量密度高或适口性极强时，人们往往会过量食用它们，这类食品含有多种营养素组合，而这些营养素在天然食物中通常不会同时存在，例如高盐高脂、碳水加盐、高糖高脂。A. overeating过量进食；B. overconsumed被过量食用；C. overweight超重的；D. undercooked未煮熟的。主语they指代UPFs（超加工食品），食品是“被人们过量食用”，使用被动含义的形容词。 8．考查动词。句意同上。A. mix-match混搭；B. co-occur同时存在；C. break down分解；D. run out耗尽。根据前文“hyperpalatable (featuring pairs of nutrients”及后文“naturally — such as high salt and fat, carb and salt or sugar and fat”可知，此处解释高适口性食品的特点：多种不健康营养素天然不会一同出现。 9．考查介词短语。句意：另一方面，如果一餐里的超加工食品热量密度低、适口性不强，人们就不会长胖。A. In the same way同理；B. On the flip side另一方面；C. As a result因此；D. In the meantime与此同时。根据前文“they tend to be when energy dense (more calories per bite) or hyperpalatable”介绍高热量高适口性的UPFs会让人过量食用，本句介绍相反情况，存在转折对比逻辑。 10．考查名词。句意：通过管控高热量密度、含有高适口性营养组合的超加工食品，我们可以聚焦引发饮食类疾病的主要有害品类。A. combinations组合；B. concentrations浓度；C. separations分离；D. classifications分类。根据前文“pairs of nutrients”多种营养素搭配，对应nutrient combinations表示“营养组合”。 11．考查形容词。句意：为管控这类特定食品，我们必须出台一系列公共卫生政策，和控烟举措类似：营销限制、强制标识以及高额专项税。A. temporary临时的；B. permanent永久的；C. compulsory强制的；D. distinguishing有区分度的。根据前文“we must apply a battery of public health policies similar to those that cut tobacco consumption”可知，控烟领域要求烟草包装强制标注健康警示，对应食品领域强制标签。 12．考查形容词短语。句意：我们也要奖励那些生产更健康超加工食品的企业，比如全麦饼底、铺满蔬菜的冷冻披萨。A. more convenient更方便；B. less calorie dense热量密度更低；C. more wholesome更健康；D. less processed加工程度更低。根据后文“frozen, wholegrain-crust pizza topped with vegetables”举例的冷冻全麦蔬菜披萨属于改良后更健康的加工食品，政策奖励生产健康UPFs的厂商。 13．考查名词。句意：前文提到的全麦面包、酸奶这类健康超加工食品，都不会成为此类管控政策的整治对象。A. success成功案例；B. origin源头；C. object物品；D. subject对象。根据前文“By targeting UPFs that have a high calorie density”及“ Some UPFs are already considered healthy by the FDA’s standard (again, think wholegrain bread or yogurt)”可知，政策的整治对象是高热量密度的超加工食品，全麦面包、酸奶这类健康超加工食品，不是此类管控政策的整治对象。 14．考查形容词短语。句意：这就是精准区分哪类超加工食品最可能危害人体健康十分重要的原因。A. specific about明确区分、精准界定；B. assured of确信；C. resistant to抵抗；D. indifferent to漠视。根据前文“By targeting UPFs that have a high calorie density”及“Some UPFs are already considered healthy by the FDA’s standard”强调不能一刀切，需要精准分辨有害 UPFs，因此要对有害品类做出清晰界定。 15．考查名词。句意：因此我们应当摆脱恐慌心态，通过弄清部分超加工食品的危害机制并针对性管控，实现人与超加工食品良性共存。A. all-in全包；B. co-existence共存；C. inter-play相互作用；D. anti-stress抗压。根据前文“UPFs aren’t going anywhere for now”及后文“by understanding how some of them cause harm and act accordingly”可知，超加工食品无法彻底淘汰，需要管控有害品类，最终目标是达成人与加工食品和谐共存。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市实验学校2024-2025学年度第二学期高三2月月考英语试题 Is there such a thing as a classic? After Taylor Swift, the “Mona Lisa” is probably the most recognizable female face in the world. Every day around 20,000 people 16 Leonardo da Vinci’s painting in the Louvre. Yet it became famous not because of its smile, but because of a thief. Until someone stole the masterpiece in 1911, it was still mostly unknown; shortly after this, viewers 17 to see what a French newspaper called “an enormous, horrible, empty space” where the painting had hung. Classics of art, literature and music are supposed to carry some mysterious 18 that endures across the ages. But, as Rochelle Gurstein writes in a new book, the “timeless classic” is anything but. “What I believed was written in 19 was actually written in water,” she argues. Classics come and go. Let’s take other celebrated works of art that, along with the “Mona Lisa,” 20 European culture. Until the late 19th century, Michelangelo’s “David” stood in a public square in Florence, where it was exposed to the 21 without anything to protect it from wear and tear. He 22 more pigeons than people; most art lovers preferred the artist’s sculpture of Moses in Rome. Before the “Venus de Milo” was discovered in 1820, viewers 23 the “Venus de Medici,” a beautiful but modest statue that few know about today. The rise and fall of classics is not just a matter of changing 24 ; art itself has changed. Artists used to strive to depict 25 forms of beauty. Genius was the “child of imitation”, explained Joshua Reynolds, a British portraitist in the 18th century. Artists learned by 26 classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures. But such masterpieces were challenged by “discoveries”. Lord Elgin tried to 27 the beautiful marbles that once decorated the Parthenon, but the restorers refused and insisted that they were left in their old, worn-out state. When the marbles went on display in 1807, British visitors did not see the 28 , clean sculptures they expected. Timeless ideals seemed less impressive in 29 with the timeworn marbles, and artists began to feel more distant from the classical tradition. The writing of art history has also changed tastes. In the 16th century Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter, created an influential narrative of artistic 30 that ended with the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo. But in the 19th century, critic John Ruskin argued that the real “Old Masters” were actually medieval Christian painters. When you see today’s popular contemporary “masterpieces” being sold for millions, you might wonder how critics 100 years from now will feel about them. 16．A．stand by B．look up C．stare at D．pass by 17．A．flooded in B．participated in C．gathered in D．came back 18．A．appeal B．acquaintance C．appreciation D．intention 19．A．sand B．wind C．stone D．sea 20．A．change B．define C．restore D．advocate 21．A．artists B．supervisors C．elements D．radiation 22．A．acquired B．admitted C．attributed D．attracted 23．A．underestimated B．disliked C．anticipated D．admired 24．A．states B．tastes C．standards D．conditions 25．A．different B．similar C．fixed D．ideal 26．A．copying B．admiring C．viewing D．appreciating 27．A．put aside B．fix up C．take down D．mix up 28．A．original B．modern C．flawless D．vivid 29．A．competition B．communication C．association D．comparison 30．A．distribution B．progress C．expression D．impression 【答案】 16．C 17．A 18．A 19．C 20．B 21．C 22．D 23．D 24．B 25．D 26．A 27．B 28．C 29．D 30．B 【导语】文章主要探讨了“经典”这一概念是否真实存在，通过《蒙娜丽莎》《大卫》《米洛的维纳斯》等艺术品的兴衰历程，论证了经典并非永恒不变，而是受到时代、品味和历史书写的影响。 【详解】16．考查动词短语。句意：每天大约有2万人驻足凝视卢浮宫里列奥纳多·达·芬奇的画作。A. stand by 站在旁边；B. look up 抬头看；C. stare at 凝视；D. pass by 经过。根据上文“the most recognizable female face in the world”可知，人们来到卢浮宫是为了看这幅画，stare at表示“凝视”，强调专注地看，最符合语境。 17． 考查动词短语。句意：不久之后，观众涌入去看一家法国报纸所说的画作悬挂处那“一个巨大的、可怕的、空荡荡的空间”。A. flooded in 涌入；B. participated in 参加；C. gathered in 聚集；D. came back 回来。根据上文“shortly after this”可知，画作被盗后，大量观众涌入博物馆去看那个空位。 18．考查名词。句意：艺术、文学和音乐的经典作品被认为具有某种持久的永恒魅力。A. appeal 魅力；B. acquaintance 相识；C. appreciation 感激；D. intention 意图。根据下文“that endures across the ages”可知，经典作品被认为具有持久不衰的魅力。 19．考查名词。句意：“我以为写在石头上的东西，实际上是写在水上的。”她说。A. sand 沙子；B. wind 风；C. stone 石头；D. sea 大海。根据下文“was actually written in water”可知，此处与“water”形成对比，stone表示“石头”，意为“我以为经典是刻在石头上永恒的，实际上是写在水上转瞬即逝的”。 20．考查动词。句意：让我们来看看其他与《蒙娜丽莎》一起定义欧洲文化的著名艺术作品。A. change 改变；B. define 定义；C. restore 恢复；D. advocate 倡导。根据下文“European culture”可知，这些艺术作品在欧洲文化中具有重要地位，define表示“定义”，指这些作品塑造了欧洲文化。 21．考查名词。句意：直到19世纪末，米开朗基罗的《大卫》一直矗立在佛罗伦萨的公共广场上，暴露在自然环境中，没有任何保护措施来防止磨损。A. artists 艺术家；B. supervisors 监督者；C. elements 自然力；D. radiation 辐射。根据下文“without anything to protect it from wear and tear”可知，雕像暴露在自然环境（风雨等）中。 22．考查动词。句意：他吸引的鸽子比人多；大多数艺术爱好者更喜欢这位艺术家在罗马创作的摩西雕像。A. acquired 获得；B. admitted 承认；C. attributed 归因于；D. attracted 吸引。根据下文“more pigeons than people”可知，attract表示“吸引”，雕像吸引的鸽子比参观的人还多。 23．考查动词。句意：在1820年《米洛的维纳斯》被发现之前，观众更欣赏《美第奇的维纳斯》，一尊美丽但不起眼的雕像，如今很少有人知道它。A. underestimated 低估；B. disliked 不喜欢；C. anticipated 预期；D. admired 欣赏。根据下文“a beautiful but modest statue that few know about today”可知，在《米洛的维纳斯》发现之前，观众欣赏的是《美第奇的维纳斯》，体现了经典并非永恒不变。 24． 考查名词。句意：经典的兴衰不仅仅是品味变化的问题；艺术本身也发生了变化。A. states 状态；B. tastes 品味；C. standards 标准；D. conditions 条件。根据下文“art itself has changed”以及文章结尾关于艺术史改写品味的内容可知，此处指人们的审美品味在变化。 25．考查形容词。句意：艺术家过去常常努力描绘理想的美。A. different 不同的；B. similar 相似的；C. fixed 固定的；D. ideal 理想的。根据下文“Genius was the ‘child of imitation’”可知，传统艺术家追求的是符合古典标准的理想美。 26．考查动词。句意：艺术家通过临摹古典杰作来学习，通常是希腊雕塑的罗马复制品。A. copying 临摹；B. admiring 欣赏；C. viewing 观看；D. appreciating 欣赏。根据下文“classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures”可知，艺术家通过临摹古典作品来学习。 27．考查动词短语。句意：埃尔金勋爵试图修复那些曾经装饰帕特农神庙的美丽大理石雕塑，但修复者拒绝了，并坚持让它们保持旧的、磨损的状态。A. put aside 搁置；B. fix up 修复；C. take down 取下；D. mix up 混淆。根据下文“but the restorers refused and insisted that they were left in their old, worn-out state”可知，埃尔金勋爵想修复这些雕塑，但修复者反对。 28．考查形容词。句意：当这些大理石雕塑在1807年展出时，英国游客看到的并不是他们所期望的完美无瑕的洁净雕塑。A. original 原始的；B. modern 现代的；C. flawless 完美无瑕的；D. vivid 生动的。根据上文“they were left in their old, worn-out state”和下文“clean sculptures they expected”可知，雕塑保持旧的、磨损的状态展出，游客没有看到所期望的完好无损、完美无瑕的雕塑。 29．考查名词。 句意：与历经沧桑的大理石雕塑相比，永恒的经典理想显得不那么令人印象深刻。A. competition 竞争；B. communication 交流；C. association 联系；D. comparison 比较。根据上文“seemed less impressive in ______ with the timeworn marbles”可知，此处为固定搭配in comparison with，意为“与……相比”。 30．考查名词。 句意：在16世纪，意大利画家乔治·瓦萨里创造了一个有影响力的艺术进步叙事，以拉斐尔和米开朗基罗的现实主义为终点。A. distribution 分配；B. progress 进步；C. expression 表达；D. impression 印象。根据下文“that ended with the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo”可知，瓦萨里将艺术史描绘为向现实主义“进步”的过程。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三第二学期5月英语月考试卷 “Every technology has improved over the years except batteries! Why can’t someone invent a better battery?” These are the words we often hear from technology fans. In fact, though, the average technology fan is 31 two huge points about batteries. First point: The batteries you probably 32 most are the ones in your phone or laptop. But you could argue — and many scientists do that batteries are the keys to handling much, much bigger problems, like energy, transportation and climate change. 33 , today electric cars represent only about 1 percent of U.S. new car sales. One reason is they cost more than gas-powered cars. Another is 34 anxiety — consumers’ fear they’ll run out of charge far from home. The 35 , higher-capacity (容量) batteries now under development aim to solve both those problems. Then there’s the grid (输电网). Electric utilities (电力公司) spend their days coping with swings in energy 36 . There’s almost no demand at night, when everyone’s asleep, and then tremendous increase at 5 p.m., when people get home from work. Utilities actually 37 expensive, inefficient, occasionally used backup power plants just to handle demand increase, as occurs during heat waves. Batteries connected to the grid could even out those strange swings. Maybe even more important, grid batteries could capture solar power while the sun’s shining — and wind power when it’s blowing — for use when we really 38 it. Thus far we haven’t been able to make the sun and wind respect our lifestyle 39 . The other important point: Batteries have been getting better over the decades. The reason why we don’t 40 it is that our devices have been getting faster, more powerful and more power hungry at the same time. If you could put a 41 iPhone battery into a 1995 phone, it’d probably go a year on a single charge. Other great things are 42 . Materials scientist Mike Zimmerman has succeeded in replacing the liquid electrolyte (液体电解质), which can burn easily, with a single piece of special plastic film. That is, batteries 43 exploding. And because it’s unblowuppable, Zimmerma can use lithium metal, which has a much higher energy density but is considered too 44 to us with today’s liquid-electrolyte batteries. That is: batteries with a longer life. So if you do want to complain about your batteries, get it out now. It won’t be long before they have a much better 45 . 31．A．solving B．following C．missing D．weighing 32．A．think about B．take up C．get across D．see through 33．A．In summary B．In addition C．By contrast D．For example 34．A．range B．power C．state D．stress 35．A．stronger B．cheaper C．safer D．cleaner 36．A．price B．demand C．stock D．control 37．A．maintain B．evaluate C．abandon D．identify 38．A．emphasize B．stop C．neglect D．need 39．A．varieties B．directions C．schedules D．purposes 40．A．notice B．doubt C．support D．ignore 41．A．charged B．used C．dead D．modern 42．A．at a loss B．in the darkness C．on the way D．with a question 43．A．inconvenient for B．incapable of C．sensitive to D．different from 44．A．popular B．dangerous C．common D．economical 45．A．comparison B．opportunity C．understanding D．reputation 【答案】 31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．B 36．B 37．A 38．D 39．C 40．A 41．D 42．C 43．B 44．B 45．D 【导语】文章讲述人们总抱怨电池技术停滞不前，却忽略两个关键点：电池能解决电动车、电网储能等能源难题，且多年来一直在进步。新型安全高容量电池正在研发，未来电池的口碑将会大幅改善。 【详解】31．考查动词。句意：但事实上，普通科技爱好者忽略了关于电池的两大重点。A. solving解决；B. following跟随；C. missing忽略，漏掉；D. weighing权衡。根据后文“First point”以及语境可知，下文分两点讲解大众不了解的电池相关关键信息，所以此处指爱好者遗漏了两个重要要点。 32．考查动词短语。句意：第一点，你最可能想到的电池就是手机或笔记本电脑里的电池。A. think about想到；B. take up占据；C. get across使理解；D. see through看穿。根据后文“the ones in your phone or laptop”和“like energy, transportation and climate change”描述大众只会联想到数码设备电池，不会联想到电动汽车、电网储能电池可知，手机或笔记本电脑里的电池是人们最先想到的电池。 33．考查介词短语。句意：例如，如今电动汽车仅占美国新车销量的1%。A. In summary总之；B. In addition此外；C. By contrast相比之下；D. For example例如。前文“batteries are the keys to handling much, much bigger problems, like energy, transportation and climate change”提出电池能解决交通、能源等重大难题，而后文用电动汽车的现状举例佐证观点可知，For example符合语境。 34．考查名词。句意：另一个原因是续航焦虑 —— 消费者担心在离家很远的地方电量耗尽。A. range续航；B. power电力；C. state状态；D. stress压力。根据后文“they’ll run out of charge far from home”解释该词含义为担心电动车电量不足、半路没电可知，此处指续航焦虑，range anxiety是固定搭配，表示“续航焦虑”，符合语境。 35．考查形容词。句意：目前正在研发更便宜、容量更大的电池，旨在解决这两个问题。A. stronger更强的；B. cheaper更便宜的；C. safer更安全的；D. cleaner更清洁的。根据前文“they cost more than gas-powered cars”提出电动车售价高于燃油车以及语境可知，此处指更便宜的电池可解决高价问题。 36．考查名词。句意：电力公司每天都要应对电力需求的波动。A. price价格；B. demand需求；C. stock储备；D. control控制。根据后文“There’s almost no demand at night”以及语境可知，此处指昼夜对电力需求的波动，demand为原词复现，符合语境。 37．考查动词。句意：电力公司维持昂贵、低效、偶尔启用的备用发电厂，只为应对用电激增。A. maintain维持，保有；B. evaluate评估；C. abandon舍弃；D. identify识别。根据后文“used backup power plants just to handle demand increase, as occurs during heat waves”提到备用电厂仅用电高峰启用，却需要长期投入运营可知，此处指电力公司需要维护、保有这些设施。 38．考查动词。句意：更重要的是，电网电池可以储存白天太阳能、有风时的风能，供我们真正需要能源时使用。A. emphasize强调；B. stop停止；C. neglect忽视；D. need需要。根据前文“grid batteries could capture solar power”以及语境可知，此处指储能电池的作用是平抑用电波动，把富余能源留到我们真的需要用电高峰期使用。 39．考查名词。句意：到目前为止，我们还无法让太阳能、风能匹配我们的生活作息。A. varieties种类；B. directions方向；C. schedules作息，时间安排；D. purposes目的。根据前文“solar power while the sun’s shining — and wind power when it’s blowing”描述白天阳光充足、风力充足，但人们傍晚下班才大量用电可知，此处指能源产出时间和人们生活作息时间不匹配。 40．考查动词。句意：我们没注意到电池一直在进步，是因为设备同时变得更快、功率更高、耗电更多。A. notice注意到；B. doubt怀疑；C. support支持；D. ignore忽视。根据开篇“Every technology has improved over the years except batteries!”描述人们总吐槽电池技术停滞不前可知，此处指大家没有察觉到电池一直在升级改进。 41．考查形容词。句意：如果把现代苹果手机电池装到1995年的手机里，充一次电大概能用一年。A. charged充好电的；B. used用过的；C. dead没电的；D. modern现代的。根据后文“into a 1995 phone”以及语境可知，此处将新款电池和老式手机搭配对比续航，所以这里指当下新款手机的电池。 42．考查介词短语。句意：其他重大突破也即将到来。A. at a loss困惑；B. in the darkness在黑暗中；C. on the way即将到来；D. with a question存有疑问。根据后文“Materials scientist Mike Zimmerman has succeeded in replacing the liquid electrolyte”介绍科学家研发出新型电池技术可知，此处指更多电池创新技术正在研发、即将问世。 43．考查形容词短语。句意：也就是说，电池不会爆炸。A. inconvenient for不方便；B. incapable of不能；C. sensitive to对……敏感；D. different from不同于。根据前文“the liquid electrolyte (液体电解质), which can burn easily”以及语境可知，此处指用不易燃的塑料薄膜替换易燃烧的液体电解质，新型电池不会发生爆炸，incapable of符合语境。 44．考查形容词。句意：而且由于该电池不会爆炸，齐默曼得以采用金属锂。金属锂能量密度要高得多，但如果搭配如今的液态电解质电池使用，会被认为风险过高。A. popular受欢迎的；B. dangerous危险的；C. common普通的；D. economical经济的。根据前文“the liquid electrolyte (液体电解质), which can burn easily”描述老式液体电解质容易燃烧，此处指锂金属在旧电池体系中十分危险。 45．考查名词。句意：用不了多久，电池的口碑就会大幅好转。A. comparison对比；B. opportunity机会；C. understanding理解；D. reputation口碑，名声。根据开篇“Every technology has improved over the years except batteries!”描述大众普遍吐槽电池性能差，后文介绍多项电池技术突破可知，此处指未来电池性能提升，人们对电池的评价与口碑会变好。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 完形填空之三大命题焦点层次 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点聚焦 命题的焦点层次宏观考查 知识解构 知识点1 句内层次题 知识点2 句组层次题 知识点3 语篇层次题 考向破译 考向 1 考查句内层次理解 考向02 考查句组层次理解 考向03 考查语篇层次理解 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 年份 完形填空 2023上海春考 名词4；动词5；形3；副2；词组1；其中句内理解6；句组理解5；句际理解4 2022上海春考 名词4；动词5；形4；副0；词组2；其中句内理解7；句组理解5；句际理解3 2021上海春考 名词6；动词4；形3；副1；词组1；其中句内理解7；句组理解6；句际理解2 2020上海春考 名词6；动词3；形1；副2；词组3；其中句内理解7；句组理解5；句际理解3 年份 完形填空 2023上海秋考 名词3；动词6；形2；副2；词组2；其中句内理解5；句组理解7；句际理解3 2022上海秋考 名词5；动词5；形3；副0；词组2；其中句内理解6；句组理解6；句际理解3 2021上海秋考 名词5；动词3；形4；副0；词组3；其中句内理解6；句组理解6；句际理解3 2020上海秋考 名词7；动词5；形3；副0；词组0；其中句内理解8；句组理解4；句际理解3 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 层级 研究维度 线索辐射范围 核心考查理论 命题底层逻辑 难度层级 句内层次 微观・单句语言形式 仅空格所在单句 固定搭配、句内语法、修饰关系 依靠句子内部语言规则设置唯一解 基础（易） 句组层次 中观・句间语义关联 空格前后 2~3 句相邻句群 句间逻辑、代词指代、跨句词汇复现 依托句子与句子之间的语义纽带限定答案 中档（核心） 语篇层次 宏观・整篇文本框架 全文所有段落、首尾段 全文主旨、统一情感、人物完整脉络、首尾呼应 依托整篇文章统一的宏观立意筛选答案 拔高（难） 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一、完形填空三大命题焦点层次 知●识●解●构 完形填空的本质是语义逻辑分层考查，命题按照线索辐射范围由小到大，将所有设空严格划分为三类：句内层次、句组层次、语篇层次。三层形成递进式命题逻辑：线索范围越小，题目越基础，侧重语法、搭配等语言形式；线索范围越大，题目越侧重阅读理解、逻辑思辨与文本整体把控，区分度越高。 三层并非割裂独立，存在交叉命题，但每一道空一定有核心线索层级，这是区分解题思路、实现高效做题的核心依据。 完整分层逻辑链：单句内部语言形式线索 → 相邻句群句间逻辑线索 → 整篇文本主旨情感线索。 知识点1 句内层次题 句内层次题，指支撑选出答案的全部有效线索、限定条件、搭配约束，完全封闭在空格所在的单一句话之内，无需借助本句以外任何句子信息即可完成作答。该层级聚焦句子内部语法结构与固定语言搭配，考察的是句子这一最小完整表意单位的语言规则，不涉及句与句之间的关联，是完形填空的基础得分点，也是命题中占比最高的简单题型。 命题核心： 线索全部在同一个句子内部，依靠句内并列、转折、因果、固定搭配、动宾 / 主谓搭配、介词短语限定、从句修饰锁定答案，不用跳出本句找信息。 示例 1（固定搭配 + 句内介词限定） 原句：Artificial neural networks are computer programs ______ on the way in which real, biological networks of nerve cells or neurons are believed to work. A．based B．launched C．expanded D．evaluated 答案：A 句意：人工神经网络是基于真实生物神经细胞（神经元）网络运作原理而设计的计算机程序。 考点匹配：句内层次题 解题线索完全集中在本句内部，依靠句内固定介词搭配解题，无需参考其他句子。 详细解析 1. 单句内部线索：空格后紧跟介词 on，句内存在固定短语 be based on，意为 “基于……”； 2. 词义逐一排除：launch（启动）、expand（拓展）、evaluate（评估）均不能与 on 构成符合本句语义的固定搭配； 3. 语义验证：从句 in which real...work 修饰 the way，说明程序以生物神经运作方式为基础，based 完全匹配句内逻辑； 4. 线索仅存在本句，属于句内层次题。 示例 2（句内因果逻辑 + 形容词修饰） 原句：When greenery disappears during times of drought, it triggers a signal in humans for environmental degradation. This can lead to ______ psychological response, and even lead to feelings of depression. A．despair B．positive C．negative D．neutral 答案：C 句意：干旱时期绿植消失，会向人类传递环境恶化的信号。这会引发消极的心理反应，甚至使人产生抑郁情绪。 考点匹配：句内层次题 线索在本句后半段并列结构，依靠句内递进逻辑解题，无需跨句。 详细解析 1. 句内逻辑线索：本句存在递进连词 and even，后半段 “feelings of depression（抑郁）” 是空格单词的递进加强，二者语义同向； 2. 词义筛选：positive（积极的）语义相反，neutral（中立的）无情绪倾向，despair 是名词不能修饰 response；negative（消极的）与抑郁构成递进； 3. 所有判断依据全部在本句内部，无外部句子线索，属于句内层次题。 示例 3（句内动宾搭配 + 定语从句限定） 原句：The scientists created this new hypothesis by bringing together previous research into the ______ of nature on humans. A．effects B．affections C．lessons D．shadows 答案：A 句意：科学家整合以往关于自然对人类影响的各项研究，提出了这一新假说。 考点匹配：句内层次题 解题线索为句内固定介词搭配 the effects of A on B，仅依靠本句信息即可作答。 详细解析 1. 句内固定结构线索：空格后出现介词组合 of...on，英语固定搭配 the effects of sth. on sth. 表示 “某物对另一物的影响”； 2. 词义排除：affection 多指 “爱意”；lesson 意为 “教训”；shadow 意为 “阴影”，三者均无法搭配 of...on 表达客观作用； 3. 定语从句、介词搭配全部集中在单句内，无需阅读前后段落，属于句内层次题。 知识点2 句组层次题 句组（句群）指空格所在句 + 前后相邻 1~3 个句子，构成一个完整微型语义单元。句组层次题的核心特征：空格所在单句不存在完整、有效的解题线索，必须依靠跨句子的关联信息，整合 2 句及以上语义才能锁定唯一答案。 该层级是完形填空核心中档题型，命题核心不再是孤立的语言搭配，而是句与句之间的语义关联逻辑，考察学生梳理句间关系、识别跨句呼应信息的能力。 命题核心： 单一句子信息不足以推出答案，解题线索分布在空格前后紧邻 1-2 句（同一意群），需要整合相邻短句信息综合判断，不涉及全文主旨。 示例 1（前文两句行为描写推人物心理） 原句：Toddlers in the park venture out to explore and then, in a sudden panic, race back to the safe harbour, only to venture forth again some few minutes later. From the time human babies can move around, they are torn between the safety of a grown-up hug and the ______ drive to explore. A．desirable B．uniform C．original D．irresistible 答案：D 句意：公园里学步幼儿会冒险跑出去探索，随后又突然惊慌地冲回安全的怀抱，几分钟后又再次跑出去。婴儿刚能自主活动时，总会在大人怀抱的安全感与无法抗拒的探索欲之间摇摆。 考点匹配：句组层次题 单句信息不足，需要整合前一句幼儿反复外出探索的行为线索，才能判断修饰 drive 的形容词。 详细解析 1. 单句局限：只看本句 “between safety and ______ drive to explore”，无法判断探索欲的特质； 2. 整合前一句意群线索：幼儿明知危险、惊慌逃回安全区，却仍反复外出探索，说明探索欲望难以抵挡； 3. 词义筛选：irresistible（无法抗拒的）贴合幼儿反复外出的行为；desirable（值得向往的）、uniform（统一的）、original（原始的）均无法匹配前文反复冒险的细节； 4. 线索集中在空格前紧邻一句话，属于句组层次题。 示例 2（后文两句实验结果反向推导动词） 原句：Writing in Plos One, the researchers claim that eating refined carbohydrates for breakfast ______ facial attractiveness for men and women. The refined carbs breakfast produced blood sugar spikes and later hypoglycaemia, which damaged skin appearance. Raters gave lower attractiveness scores to participants with high-sugar breakfast. A．decreased B．represented C．promoted D．restored 答案：A 句意：研究人员在《公共科学图书馆期刊》中指出，早餐食用精制碳水会降低男女的面部吸引力。精制碳水会造成血糖骤升继而低血糖，损伤皮肤状态；评分人员给高糖早餐受试者打出了更低的颜值分数。 考点匹配：句组层次题 单句无法判断精制碳水对颜值的作用，需要结合空格后两句实验原理、评分结果综合判断。 详细解析 1. 单句局限：仅看本句，不知道精制碳水与吸引力的正负相关关系； 2. 整合后文两句线索：①精制碳水损伤皮肤；②评审员给这类受试者更低颜值分；两点共同说明精制碳水会削弱吸引力； 3. 词义筛选：decreased（降低）符合两条实验线索；promoted（提升）语义相反；represented（代表）、restored（恢复）语义不通； 4. 线索分布在空格后相邻两句，属于句组层次题。 示例 3（前后两句对比平台政策推导名词） 原句：This has included the shortening of delivery time windows. It has been achieved through rewards for early delivery and severe punishments for late delivery. Over time, the platforms have only increased these ______ on drivers. A．motivations B．advantages C．pressures D．skills 答案：C 句意：平台不断缩短配送时限，通过早到奖励、迟到重罚的方式实现这一目标。久而久之，平台不断加重施加在骑手身上的压力。 考点匹配：句组层次题 仅凭本句无法判断 these 指代的内容，需要整合前两句 “缩短时限、奖惩机制” 的平台规则综合推理。 详细解析 1. 单句局限：仅看本句 “increased these ______ on drivers”，无法确定平台施加给骑手的事物； 2. 整合前两句意群线索：缩短配送时间、迟到严厉处罚，两种规则都会给外卖骑手带来负担； 3. 词义筛选：pressures（压力）匹配严苛配送规则；motivations（动力）、advantages（优势）为正向词汇，与惩罚机制矛盾；skills（技能）与平台奖惩无关； 4. 线索集中在空格前两句，属于句组层次题。 知识点3 语篇层次题 语篇层次题是完形填空最高难度题型：空格所在句、相邻句组均无有效解题线索，所有限定信息隐藏在整篇文本的宏观框架中，必须通读全文，把握文章主旨、统一情感基调、人物完整心理变化、首尾段呼应关系，才能选出唯一贴合文本内核的答案。 该层级不考察局部语言规则，考察整体文本解读能力，是拉开高分与普通学生差距的关键拉分题。 1. 全文主旨统一性：整篇文章拥有唯一中心主题，所有段落、句子均服务于主旨，正确选项必须贴合文章核心立意，干扰项仅在局部句子成立，但偏离全文中心； 2. 全文情感基调统一性：文本全程保持稳定情感倾向（褒扬 / 批判 / 客观中立 / 伤感 / 励志），任何局部空格不能违背全文统一情感； 3. 文本首尾闭环呼应：文章首段抛出核心话题、核心关键词，尾段设空时重现对应概念，形成结构闭环，线索横跨全文首尾； 4. 人物完整心理 / 行为脉络：记叙文类完形存在人物完整变化线（迷茫→挣扎→坚持→释然），局部空格的人物态度必须匹配全文完整心理轨迹，单句无法看出人物完整变化。 命题核心： 单句、相邻句组均无完整线索，必须通读全文，依托文章主旨、首尾呼应、全文人物 / 观点逻辑、段落整体对比作答，需要跨段落整合信息，一篇完形仅 2-3 道，建议通读全文后回头完成。 示例 1（依托全文主旨 + 多段对比推理形容词） 原文跨段核心信息： 段 1：人们普遍认为人老了性格稳定，很难改变； 段 2：最新研究表明 60 岁后性格会再次发生明显变化，性格是适应环境的可变状态； 段 3：老年性格变化并非大脑病变导致，而是老人主动调整人生目标、优先追求有意义的事； 原句：Psychologists used to follow the same line of thinking, but more recent studies suggest that something ______ happens to many people as they reach and pass their 60s: Their personality starts changing again. A．substantial B．dangerous C．similar D．unexpected 答案：D 句意：心理学家曾经认同大众观点，认为老年人性格一成不变，但最新研究表明，很多人步入 60 岁后会发生意想不到的变化：他们的性格会再次重塑。 考点匹配：语篇层次题 单句、相邻句子只能看出新旧观点对立，想要锁定答案必须结合全文三段核心主旨（大众固有认知 VS 科研新发现），跨段落整合信息。 详细解析 1. 局部线索局限：仅看本句和前后相邻句，只能读出 “过去观点 vs 新研究” 存在转折，无法确定变化的特质； 2. 全文主旨整合： ① 全文开篇谚语 + 旧观点：老年性格固定、难以改变； ② 全文核心论点：60 岁后性格会再次改变，推翻大众固有认知； ③ 全文所有段落均围绕 “老年性格可变，和传统认知相悖” 展开； 3. 词义筛选：unexpected（意想不到的）契合全文 “打破固有认知” 的中心；substantial（大量的）仅能描述变化规模，无法体现全文新旧观点冲突；similar（相似的）、dangerous（危险的）完全偏离文章主旨； 4. 判断需要整合整篇文章多段观点，属于语篇层次题。 示例 2（依托全文实验主旨、首尾逻辑推理名词） 全文核心脉络： 首段：大众普遍认为微笑代表快乐，科学家持相反观点； 中段完整实验：受试者解题、公布答案时才会微笑，答错题目时微笑更多； 尾段总结：微笑不是快乐信号，而是社交参与的行为表现 原句：This ______ could be explained by self-ratings of engagement, rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration. A．smile B．answer C．behavior D．engagement 答案：C 句意：这种行为可以用受试者自身感受到的参与感来解释，而非快乐或沮丧的情绪。 考点匹配：语篇层次题 空格前单句、相邻段落只能看到 “答错微笑更多” 这一局部现象，必须通读完整实验、把握全文核心论点才能锁定答案。 详细解析 1. 局部线索局限：仅看空格前后一两段，只能看到 “答题后微笑” 这一单一动作，无法确定代词 this 指代的宏观概念； 2. 全文整体脉络整合： ① 全文围绕实验中 “人答题收到对错反馈时微笑” 这一整套行为展开； ② 文章核心论点：微笑是一种社交行为，不等同于快乐； ③ 本句是全文实验最终总结句，概括整个实验观察到的整套反应； 3. 词义筛选：behavior（行为）指代全文整套微笑反应，契合文末总结定位；smile 仅指代单一动作，无法概括完整实验现象；answer（答案）、engagement（参与感）与本句逻辑不符； 4. 需要通读全部实验段落、把握全文中心论点才能作答，属于语篇层次题。 示例 3（依托全文两大理论对比、全篇管理逻辑推理形容词） 全文框架： 段 1：X 理论（人天生厌恶工作，需要专制管控）、Y 理论（人能在工作中获得满足）； 段 2：很多管理者固守 X 理论，采用自上而下专制管理； 段 3：亚洲协商式管理、女性管理者更擅长协同； 段 4：现代企业趋势：授权员工、减少管理层级、虚拟远程管理； 原句：Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional ______ managers cannot. A．bossy B．experienced C．western D．male 答案：D 句意：部分专家认为女性管理者效率高于男性，因为她们擅长达成共同目标，这是传统男性管理者难以做到的。 考点匹配：语篇层次题 单句、相邻句子仅有 “女性 vs 另一类管理者” 的对比提示，答案必须结合全文多段性别、管理模式对比逻辑才能确定。 详细解析 1. 局部线索局限：仅看本句，只存在 women 的对比对象留白，相邻句子没有性别相关线索，无法锁定； 2. 全文跨段信息整合： ① 前文对比维度：女性管理者 vs 传统男性管理者； ② 全文逻辑：传统男性管理者多采用专制、单向管控模式；女性擅长协商、集体达成共识； ③ 整段围绕男女管理者管理风格差异展开，是全文管理模式对比的核心分支； 3. 词义筛选：male（男性的）与前文 women 形成全文贯穿的性别对比；bossy（专横的）是性格描述，无法和 women 对应；western（西方的）、experienced（有经验的）脱离全文性别对比主线； 4. 需要整合全文多段管理理论、性别对比线索，属于语篇层次题。 考●向●破●译 考向1 [句内层次题] 句内层次题的解题线索主要集中在句子内部，选项的正确与否取决于对句子结构、语法、词汇搭配等的理解。解题线索分布在句中。这类题目通常聚焦考查词汇的用法、固定搭配、语法结构等。 核心判定：解题线索完全局限空格单句，依靠固定搭配、句内修饰、简单句内逻辑即可锁定答案，无需看前后句子。 例题 1 【题源】2025~2026 学年闵行区二模 原文节选： With society placing increasing pressure on achievement, it is understandable that people tend to hide their weaknesses. However, this tendency may bring 21 _____consequences. 21. A. emotional B. negative C. serious D. immediate 例题 2 【题源】2025~2026 学年金山区二模 原文节选: To 27 _______the possibility that the bees were relying on seeing or smelling the sweet food, Versace and her team members then tested the bees’ behavior when no food was present at all. 27. A. allow for B. look into C. rule out D. open up 例题 3 【题源】2025~2026 学年宝山区二模 原文节选: Oliver thanked everyone and promised to keep them ____33____. As the investors left, Emma turned to Oliver. “That was amazing. 33. A. fascinated B. relaxed C. amused D. updated 考向2 [句组层次题]　 解题线索分布在上句，下句和本句之中。谨记“上看一句下看一句中间看一句（瞻前顾后）”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、耐心作答。 核心判定：单句信息不足，解题线索分布在空格前后相邻 2-3 个句子，依靠句间因果、转折、指代、同义 / 反义复现才能解题。 例题 1 【题源】2025~2026 学年闵行区二模 原文节选 For many people, being authentic — showing one’s true self — is far from ____26____. As social beings, we are used to adapting to our environment, which makes it difficult to ____27____ what we really think. 26. A. ideal B. natural C. comfortable D. easy 例题 2 【题源】2025~2026 松江二模 原文节选 Current medical choices for serious burn sufferers and patients with large wounds remain ___22___. One is self-donated skin transplants... The other choice is the standard artificial skin... Both methods have obvious flaws. 22. A. complicated B. tough C. unsatisfactory D. conscious 例题 3 【题源】2025~2026 学年浦东新区二模 原文节选 It’s widely claimed that sports and other indoor activities have their benefits, but ___29___them exclusively means kids aren’t developing executive function skills independently. 29. A. getting through B. identifying with C. longing for D. relying on 考向3 【语篇层次题】 语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。解题线索分布在某一段或几段相隔，甚至全篇，距离较远，更需瞻前顾后，谨记“文中无废句，句中无闲词”，并根据逻辑意思、句法分析、固定搭配、排除法、词汇复现、逻辑关系、背景常识等方法瞻前顾后、合理推断、耐心作答。 核心判定：空格单句、相邻句均无有效线索，必须结合全文主旨、统一情感、首尾呼应、全文人物主线才能选出唯一答案。 例题 1【题源】2025~2026 学年闵行区二模 首段：With society placing increasing pressure on achievement, it is understandable that people tend to hide their weaknesses. However, this tendency may bring negative consequences. 尾段： As a result, others feel ____33____ when sharing their true feelings. Over time, such an atmosphere encourages cooperation and openness. Therefore, by focusing less on appearing hardworking and more on becoming well-rounded individuals, we can make a lasting ____34____ in our environment. At the same time, we may inspire others to follow our ____35____. In the end, authenticity proves to be not a weakness, but a powerful strategy for building better relationships. 35. A. advice B. achievement C. rule D. example 例题 2（2025-2026学年·上海闵行一模） Effective monitoring of endangered species is key to their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits of wild animals is essential to ensure their habitat remains free from development and illegal hunters. Traditional methods of monitoring wild animals, especially large ones, include radio-tagging（无线电标记）. To do this, individual animals must at first be captured so that collars can be 22 . ...... They could effectively create a true picture of individual rhinos' activities without the use of any invasive （侵入的） techniques. Consequently, the team were interested to know whether the trackers' knowledge could be effectively 29 a computerized technique for monitoring animal movement. ...... If that is done repeatedly, conservationists can draw up a 32 of all, or at least a significant proportion of the individuals within the population. After that, conservationists can use it to identify an animal and its movements by its print. ............ 21. A. flexibility B. diet C. movement D. behavior 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题选 （2025上海高考试题） In the scientific field, just as important as raising our voices is how we come together. Progress doesn’t happen ____21____; it’s fueled by cooperation. Like a music band where every instrument plays its part, scientists from different backgrounds harmonize their expertise (专门技术) to create something greater than the ____22____ of its parts. I’ve witnessed that cooperative power firsthand through an initiative called Native Plant Hub. This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners. Their ____23____ mission? Addressing critical shortages in native plant materials to support fire reduction, foreign species control, and habitat restoration across the western United States. It couldn’t have succeeded without the combined expertise of these ____24____ groups. Each contributes something essential, proving that large-scale conservation efforts don’t happen ___25___; they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment. It’s a model for how we should ____26____ solutions that encourage innovation and transform the world. That’s why I’m so passionate about the CES network — it’s right there in the name: Cooperative Ecosystem Studies. Exchanging knowledge and expertise is the foundation of scientific progress. Through partnerships, improvements emerge that might ____27____ remain difficult to achieve. For example, a project highlight I’m currently writing looks at the cooperation between University of Oregon researchers and the Park Service to study the cultural landscape of Carlsbad Caverns. When the Service suggested bringing in a cave microbiologist, the university team ____28____ hadn’t considered the role of microscopic life in preservation. But once involved, the microbiologist’s advice proved ____29____. One key moment came when the team faced the ____30____ of a worsening historic wooden staircase, which had become a habitat for microorganisms. Without precautions(预防措施,), disturbing the structure could have ____31____ the cave’s delicate ecosystem. Before removing it, the microbiologist proposed covering the staircase to ____32____ unintended harm. After the successful relocation, the team proposed using projected images to illustrate its former ____33____, enabling visitors to appreciate its historical significance. This cooperation — combining scientific expertise with cultural preservation — safeguarded both the cave’s ecological ____34____ and historical significance. The result is an approach that ____35____ environmental conservation and cultural preservation, ensuring the long-term protection of our national parks. Too often, scientific research operates separately. But real progress doesn’t come from opposition; it comes from cooperation. 21. A. in time B. under discussion C. for good D. in isolation 22. A. difference B. change C. sum D. management 23. A. respective B. deserted C. transitional D. shared 24. A. diverse B. educational C. foreign D. regional 25. A. slowly B. alongside C. overnight D. properly 26. A. unlock B. skip C. interpret D. classify 27. A. similarly B. otherwise C. altogether D. eventually 28. A. consequently B. regretfully C. fortunately D. initially 29. A. unrealistic B. invaluable C. misleading D. conventional 30. A. establishment B. decoration C. removal D. coverage 31. A. sustained B. replaced C. reformed D. ruined 32. A. cause B. mask C. prevent D. suffer 33. A. presence B. expression C. pollution D. strategy 34. A. supervision B. integrity C. guidance D. occupation 35. A. accesses B. balances C. evaluates D. traces 题组二 名校试题 Passage 1 【来源】上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期月考英语试题 A slice of sense on UPFs (超加工食品) They have been called “poison” and “junk”, but however you describe ultra-processed foods (UPFs), it is clear that they are the nutritional threat. That fear is 1 , given their consumption has been linked to a series of health 2 , from obesity and type 2 diabetes, to anxiety and depression. Their dominance has changed food systems so rapidly that much of our diet would be unrecognizable to even our 3 ancestors. We certainly haven’t adapted to them 4 . It’s 5 that they are the main target of strategies to address diet-related chronic disease nowadays. Even so, we think all-out UPF panic needs to give way to a more layered conversation. It is a mistake to paint 6 and wholegrain bread with the same brush as cakes and sugary cereal. Just because a food is ultra-processed doesn’t mean it is unhealthy. When it comes to how UPFs cause weight gain, recent research found they tend to be 7 when energy dense (more calories per bite) or hyperpalatable (高适口性的) (featuring pairs of nutrients that don’t typically 8 naturally — such as high salt and fat, carb and salt or sugar and fat). 9 , when people eat meals with lots of UPFs that aren’t energy dense and hyperpalatable, they don’t gain weight. These findings have enormous implications for nutrition policy and regulation. By targeting UPFs that have a high calorie density or contain hyperpalatable nutrient 10 , we can focus on the primary offenders leading to diet-related conditions. To tackle these specific foods, we must apply a battery of public health policies similar to those that cut tobacco consumption: marketing restrictions, 11 labelling and aggressive taxes. We also need to reward companies which make their UPFs 12 — think frozen, wholegrain-crust pizza topped with vegetables. Some UPFs are already considered healthy by the FDA’s standard (again, think wholegrain bread or yogurt). None of these would be the 13 of such policies or regulations. Many of us rely on the likes of UPF pasta sauces and canned beans, which can be an easy and affordable part of a healthy diet. That is why being 14 which UPFs are most likely to cause harm is important. UPFs aren’t going anywhere for now, and the story of their science is still being written. So let’s move beyond panic towards a healthy 15 by understanding how some of them cause harm and act accordingly. 1．A．remarkable B．unnecessary C．groundless D．reasonable 2．A．benefits B．factors C．scares D．effects 3．A．recent B．wise C．distant D．royal 4．A．socially B．eventually C．evolutionarily D．psychologically 5．A．no wonder B．a myth C．out of the question D．of little value 6．A．boiled rice B．raw meat C．flavored yogurt D．meal set 7．A．overeating B．overconsumed C．overweight D．undercooked 8．A．mix-match B．co-occur C．break down D．run out 9．A．In the same way B．On the flip side C．As a result D．In the meantime 10．A．combinations B．concentrations C．separations D．classifications 11．A．temporary B．permanent C．compulsory D．distinguishing 12．A．more convenient B．less calorie dense C．more wholesome D．less processed 13．A．success B．origin C．object D．subject 14．A．specific about B．assured of C．resistant to D．indifferent to 15．A．all-in B．co-existence C．inter-play D．anti-stress Passage 2 【来源】上海市实验学校2024-2025学年度第二学期高三2月月考英语试题 Is there such a thing as a classic? After Taylor Swift, the “Mona Lisa” is probably the most recognizable female face in the world. Every day around 20,000 people 16 Leonardo da Vinci’s painting in the Louvre. Yet it became famous not because of its smile, but because of a thief. Until someone stole the masterpiece in 1911, it was still mostly unknown; shortly after this, viewers 17 to see what a French newspaper called “an enormous, horrible, empty space” where the painting had hung. Classics of art, literature and music are supposed to carry some mysterious 18 that endures across the ages. But, as Rochelle Gurstein writes in a new book, the “timeless classic” is anything but. “What I believed was written in 19 was actually written in water,” she argues. Classics come and go. Let’s take other celebrated works of art that, along with the “Mona Lisa,” 20 European culture. Until the late 19th century, Michelangelo’s “David” stood in a public square in Florence, where it was exposed to the 21 without anything to protect it from wear and tear. He 22 more pigeons than people; most art lovers preferred the artist’s sculpture of Moses in Rome. Before the “Venus de Milo” was discovered in 1820, viewers 23 the “Venus de Medici,” a beautiful but modest statue that few know about today. The rise and fall of classics is not just a matter of changing 24 ; art itself has changed. Artists used to strive to depict 25 forms of beauty. Genius was the “child of imitation”, explained Joshua Reynolds, a British portraitist in the 18th century. Artists learned by 26 classical masterpieces, often Roman copies of Greek sculptures. But such masterpieces were challenged by “discoveries”. Lord Elgin tried to 27 the beautiful marbles that once decorated the Parthenon, but the restorers refused and insisted that they were left in their old, worn-out state. When the marbles went on display in 1807, British visitors did not see the 28 , clean sculptures they expected. Timeless ideals seemed less impressive in 29 with the timeworn marbles, and artists began to feel more distant from the classical tradition. The writing of art history has also changed tastes. In the 16th century Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter, created an influential narrative of artistic 30 that ended with the realism of Raphael and Michelangelo. But in the 19th century, critic John Ruskin argued that the real “Old Masters” were actually medieval Christian painters. When you see today’s popular contemporary “masterpieces” being sold for millions, you might wonder how critics 100 years from now will feel about them. 16．A．stand by B．look up C．stare at D．pass by 17．A．flooded in B．participated in C．gathered in D．came back 18．A．appeal B．acquaintance C．appreciation D．intention 19．A．sand B．wind C．stone D．sea 20．A．change B．define C．restore D．advocate 21．A．artists B．supervisors C．elements D．radiation 22．A．acquired B．admitted C．attributed D．attracted 23．A．underestimated B．disliked C．anticipated D．admired 24．A．states B．tastes C．standards D．conditions 25．A．different B．similar C．fixed D．ideal 26．A．copying B．admiring C．viewing D．appreciating 27．A．put aside B．fix up C．take down D．mix up 28．A．original B．modern C．flawless D．vivid 29．A．competition B．communication C．association D．comparison 30．A．distribution B．progress C．expression D．impression Passage 3 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三第二学期5月英语月考试卷 “Every technology has improved over the years except batteries! Why can’t someone invent a better battery?” These are the words we often hear from technology fans. In fact, though, the average technology fan is 31 two huge points about batteries. First point: The batteries you probably 32 most are the ones in your phone or laptop. But you could argue — and many scientists do that batteries are the keys to handling much, much bigger problems, like energy, transportation and climate change. 33 , today electric cars represent only about 1 percent of U.S. new car sales. One reason is they cost more than gas-powered cars. Another is 34 anxiety — consumers’ fear they’ll run out of charge far from home. The 35 , higher-capacity (容量) batteries now under development aim to solve both those problems. Then there’s the grid (输电网). Electric utilities (电力公司) spend their days coping with swings in energy 36 . There’s almost no demand at night, when everyone’s asleep, and then tremendous increase at 5 p.m., when people get home from work. Utilities actually 37 expensive, inefficient, occasionally used backup power plants just to handle demand increase, as occurs during heat waves. Batteries connected to the grid could even out those strange swings. Maybe even more important, grid batteries could capture solar power while the sun’s shining — and wind power when it’s blowing — for use when we really 38 it. Thus far we haven’t been able to make the sun and wind respect our lifestyle 39 . The other important point: Batteries have been getting better over the decades. The reason why we don’t 40 it is that our devices have been getting faster, more powerful and more power hungry at the same time. If you could put a 41 iPhone battery into a 1995 phone, it’d probably go a year on a single charge. Other great things are 42 . Materials scientist Mike Zimmerman has succeeded in replacing the liquid electrolyte (液体电解质), which can burn easily, with a single piece of special plastic film. That is, batteries 43 exploding. And because it’s unblowuppable, Zimmerma can use lithium metal, which has a much higher energy density but is considered too 44 to us with today’s liquid-electrolyte batteries. That is: batteries with a longer life. So if you do want to complain about your batteries, get it out now. It won’t be long before they have a much better 45 . 31．A．solving B．following C．missing D．weighing 32．A．think about B．take up C．get across D．see through 33．A．In summary B．In addition C．By contrast D．For example 34．A．range B．power C．state D．stress 35．A．stronger B．cheaper C．safer D．cleaner 36．A．price B．demand C．stock D．control 37．A．maintain B．evaluate C．abandon D．identify 38．A．emphasize B．stop C．neglect D．need 39．A．varieties B．directions C．schedules D．purposes 40．A．notice B．doubt C．support D．ignore 41．A．charged B．used C．dead D．modern 42．A．at a loss B．in the darkness C．on the way D．with a question 43．A．inconvenient for B．incapable of C．sensitive to D．different from 44．A．popular B．dangerous C．common D．economical 45．A．comparison B．opportunity C．understanding D．reputation 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $