Unit 3 Section Ⅱ（配套word）-【精讲精练】2026-2027学年高中英语选择性必修第一册（北师大版）

本高中英语讲义围绕“第六次灭绝”核心主题，系统梳理地球历史五次大灭绝背景，深入分析第六次灭绝的成因（人类活动）、影响（物种灭绝速度加快）及应对措施（改变生活方式、建立保护区等），并通过“黑知更鸟”案例佐证，辅以词汇（如“die out”“endangered”）、语法（定语从句、倍数表达法）及阅读练习构建学习支架。 该资料亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质、文化意识培养。通过案例研究与原因分析引导学生批判性思考人类与自然关系，提升分析解决问题能力（思维品质）。词汇语法解析（如“be to blame”用法）和高考续写微技能训练（情绪变化词汇），既辅助课堂教学，又帮助学生课后查漏补缺，强化语言应用与环保责任意识（文化意识）。

Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1 [对应学生用书P77] THE SIXTH EXTINCTION Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out①， are not unusual②in our Earth's history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.[画线部分中“known as the‘Great Dying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the third mass extinction。]And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago，caused the death of the dinosaurs.The reasons for extinctions are varied③.According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions④， asteroids⑤ hitting the Earth from space，[v.-ing复合结构作include的宾语，下文中的“forests being destroyed”也是同样的结构。]changes in sea levels，the decrease⑥ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction.This time, human activity will be to blame⑦. Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate⑧ at which this is now happening[“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。] is cause for concern⑨.A 2015 study by scientists who were based at⑩ Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at⑪ how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the “background extinction rate”．They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal.There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out：[why引导的定语从句，修饰reasons，why在从句中作状语。]air and water pollution, forests being destroyed，factory farming⑫ and overfishing⑬.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected⑭ all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. If a sixth mass extinction occurs，[If引导的条件状语从句]scientists who have studied the issue[who引导的定语从句，修饰scientists。] believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival⑮ ，we would also be at risk⑯ of dying out.Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.[该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Without forests和without clean water相当于条件，“we would have no air to breathe”和“we would be unable to survive”表现与现在事实相反的假设。] Can a sixth extinction be avoided⑰？ Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action⑱ now.This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.For example, we need to take steps to save endangered⑲ species, including setting up⑳ special areas where plants and animals can be protected.We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar㉑ energy.We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution.In short㉒， if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. Case Study The Black Robin Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction.In 1980, there were only five black robins left in the world.They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand.Only one of those birds, a female called Old Blue, was able to lay eggs㉓.Wildlife workers began a programme㉔for raising㉕ black robin chicks.They protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch㉖， and took care of the chicks.Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading.To help them survive，people are restoring㉗ their habitats㉘ and removing small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats from the islands where they live. ①wipe out彻底消灭，全部摧毁；使(人)疲惫不堪 ②unusual/ʌn'juːʒuəl/adj.异常的，不平常的，罕见的 [词链]unusual(adj.)—unusually(adv.不寻常地)—usual(adj.寻常的)—usually(adv.通常地) ③varied/'veərid/adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 a variety of各种各样的 vary from...随……变化 ④volcanic eruption火山喷发 ⑤asteroid/'æstərɔɪd/n.[C]小行星 ⑥decrease/dɪ'kriːs/n.[C，U]减少，降低，减少的量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低 ⑦be to blame (for sth)(对某事)负有责任 blame /bleɪm/ vt.归咎于，责怪，指责 ⑧rate/reɪt/ n.[C]速度；比率 at...rate以……的速度 interest rate利率 birth/death rate出生率/死亡率 ⑨cause for concern担忧的原因 ⑩be based at/in在……工作/居住 based adj.在……工作(或居住) ⑪look at研究，考虑 ⑫factory farming工厂化养殖 ⑬overfishing/ˌəʊvə'fɪʃɪŋ/n.[U]过度捕捞 [构词法]前缀over-表示“太，过于”，可用于构成名词和形容词等。 overproduction n.[U]生产过剩 overconfident adj.过分自信的，自负的 ⑭affect/ə'fekt/vt.影响 [辨析]effect n.[C，U]效应，影响 ⑮survival/sə'vaɪv(ə)l/ n.[U]生存，存活 survive vi.生存，存活 ⑯at risk有危险，冒风险 ⑰avoid (doing) sth避免(做)某事 ⑱take action采取行动 [近义]take steps/measures采取措施 ⑲endangered/ɪn'deɪndʒəd/adj.(物种)有灭种危险的，濒临灭绝的 ⑳set up建立，创建 set up conservation areas建立保护区 ㉑solar/'səʊlə/ adj.太阳光(能)的；太阳的 solar energy/power太阳能 ㉒in short总之，简言之 [同义]in a word/in brief ㉓lay eggs下蛋，产卵 ㉔begin a programme开始一项计划 [拓展]programme构成的常见搭配： set up/carry out a programme制订/实施计划 ㉕raise/reɪz/ vt.饲养，培育 [思考]你能说出raise还有哪些意思吗？ ㉖hatch /hætʃ/vi.孵化 Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. [谚]别过早打如意算盘。 ㉗restore/rɪ'stɔː(r)/vt.使恢复 [思考]我们已经学习过前缀re-的相关用法，你能想出其他有类似结构的词语吗？ ㉘habitat/'hæbɪtæt/n.[C，U](动植物的)生活环境，栖息地 wildlife habitat野生动植物的生存环境 第六次灭绝 物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括被称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这次，人类活动是肇因。 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种因自然原因灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1000倍。导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次大灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。 第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简言之，我们如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的地球并开始保护它。 案例研究 黑知更鸟 黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们都栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上，其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护“老蓝”的蛋，帮助孵化，并照顾幼鸟。多亏他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并迁移捕杀它们的小动物，例如它们居住的岛上的老鼠和猫。 [对应学生用书P79] Ⅰ.重点单词 核心单词 1．species n.物种，种 2．blame vt.责怪，指责 3．solar adj.太阳光(能)的 4．hatch vi.& vt.(使)孵化 5．mass adj.大量的 6．decrease vi.& vt.减少 n.减少；减少的量 7．affect vt.影响 拓展单词 8．endangered adj.濒危的→endanger v．使遭危险；危及；危害→danger n.危险→dangerous adj.危险的 9．restore vt.(使)恢复→restoration n.恢复；复原 10．unusual adj.异常的；不平常的→usual adj.通常的；惯例的→usually adv.通常地 11．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→vary v．不同，变化，变异→various adj.各种各样的，千差万别的 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．die out消失；绝迹，灭绝 2．wipe out彻底毁灭 3．be to blame(对某事)负有责任 4．be at risk处境危险，受到威胁 Ⅲ.句式语境 1．倍数表达法 They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal. 他们发现，人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度比正常情况快1000倍。 2．why引导的定语从句 There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out．.. 导致这种物种灭绝的原因有很多…… 3．it作形式主语的主语从句 It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants. 很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物，都产生了负面影响。 4．双重否定所表示的肯定 Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive. 没有森林，我们就没有空气呼吸；没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。 [对应学生用书P79] Ⅰ.Read the text and choose the best answers. 1．When did dinosaurs become extinct? A．In the first extinction. B．In the second extinction. C．In the fourth extinction. D．In the fifth extinction. 2．What's the main cause of the sixth extinction? A．Volcanic eruptions. B．Asteroids hitting the Earth. C．Human activity. D．Changes in sea level. 3．Why would we humans die out as up to 75% of all species on Earth could die out? A．Because we humans depend on so many species for survival. B．Because we will kill all species for food. C．Because we will have no factory farming. D．Because we will kill one another for water. 4．How can we avoid the sixth extinction? A．By producing more species. B．By stopping destroying the planet. C．By taking action to protect ourselves. D．By moving to another planet immediately. 5．What is the author's attitude towards the mass extinction in this passage? A．Uninterested. B．Concerned. C．Skeptical. D．Supportive. 答案　1—5　DCABB Ⅱ.Understand the structure of the text. Ⅲ.教材对接高考：续写微技能——情绪变化 (Ⅰ)找出句中含有情绪变化的词汇 1．Every extinction on the earth in history would cause terrible result.terrible 2．We were shocked at the destruction of the great flood.shocked 3．The human beings will live an easy and happy life if we do our part in the environment protection. easy；happy 4．Hearing the people in the building were all saved from the fire，all of us felt relieved.relieved (Ⅱ)在文中找出含有情绪变化的语句 1．The rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 2．It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants. 3．This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. [重点词汇] [对应学生用书P81] 1．die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝 die of/from　死于…… die for　为……而献身 be dying for sth /to do sth　渴望；极想 die away　逐渐减弱；逐渐模糊；逐渐消失 die down　逐渐变弱；逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡 die off　相继死去；先后死去 This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed. 因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒于灭绝。 You mentioned that you would like to teach me English in return，which is exactly what I am dying for. 你提到你愿意以教我英语作为回报，这正是我所渴望的。 [即学活用] 完成句子 ①400 people a year die of this disease (死于这种疾病) on average. ②Over half the people interviewed expressed their readiness to die for their country (为祖国而献身). ③I'm dying for (我渴望) a breath of fresh air. ④How many millions of years ago did the dinosaur die out (恐龙灭绝)? 2．mass adj.大量的，大规模的 mass production　批量生产 mass n.　块；大量；大众 a mass of/masses of　许多，大量 There were masses of people in the shop yesterday. 昨天商店里人如潮涌。 名师点津　a mass of/masses of既可修饰可数名词复数又可修饰不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词单复数的选择由量词的数决定。 [即学活用] 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①It's time to have lunch，so I think there surely are masses(mass) of people in the dining room. ②With forests destroyed, masses of fertile soil is(be) being washed away each year. ③He builds massive(mass) sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to reexamine their relationship to single-use plastic products. ④Self-driving vehicles still have a long way to go before they reach the mass production(批量生产) stage. ⑤One hour before the news conference，a mass of/masses of(许多) journalists were in the hall. 3．decrease vi.& vt.减少n.减少；减少的量 decrease (sth) by/to...　(将……)减少了……/减少到…… decrease from...to...　从……减少到…… a decrease in...　在某方面减少 on the decrease　在减少 Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces. (2025· 全国二卷) 我们的研究表明，在植物丰富的工作场所工作的人，病假天数减少了 30%。 In our school，the number of students who are addicted to computer games is on the decrease. 在我们学校，迷恋网络游戏的学生人数正在减少。 [即学活用] 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year. ②This species of bird is decreasing in numbers every year. ③There has been a decrease in the number of young people out of work.　 ④The production of the cotton this year is on the decrease(在下降)，and compared with that of last year，it has decreased by 20%(下降了20%)，but the price has increased by 30%. 4．blame vt.责怪，指责 blame sb for sth /blame sth on sb　指责/把……归咎于 be to blame (for...)　把……归咎于；该受责备 put/lay the blame for　把……归咎于 take/bear the blame for...　……承担责任 You shouldn't have to bear the blame for other people's mistakes. 你不应该非得代人受过。 Don't always blame your own failure on others.Sometimes you yourself are to blame. 不要总把失败归咎于他人。有时该怪你自己。 名师点津　be to blame for...为主动形式表示被动意义，因此不能再用被动语态。 [即学活用] 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①She doesn't blame anyone for her father's death. ②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock(把责任推卸给闹钟). ③It was the drunk driver who was to blame for the accident(应为这次事故负责). 5．at risk处境危险 risk vt.　冒……的风险；冒险做…… risk one's life to do sth　冒生命危险做…… risk doing sth　冒着做……的风险 risk n.　危险，风险 at the risk of doing sth　冒着做……的危险 run/take the risk of　冒……的风险 reduce/increase the risk of　降低/增加……的危险 risky adj.　有危险(或风险)的 Because of wearing earphones，many teenagers are at risk of hearing loss. 由于佩戴耳机，许多青少年面临听力丧失的危险。 She couldn't take the risk of leaving her daughter alone. 她不敢冒险让女儿独自待着。 名师点津　risk用作及物动词，接名词、代词、动名词(不接动词不定式)作宾语。 [即学活用] 完成句子/同义句转换 ①He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk losing this good opportunity (冒着失去这次好机会的风险). ②If you risk not wearing a seat belt(冒险不系安全带)，you will be at risk(处于危险中). ③It was Mr Lee who saved the two boys at the risk of losing his own life. →It was Mr Lee who took/ran the risk of losing his own life to save the two boys.(risk n.) →It was Mr Lee who risked his own life to save the two boys.(risk v．) [重点句型] [对应学生用书P83] 1．(教材P53)They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal. 他们发现，人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度比正常情况下快1000倍。 表达倍数的四个基本句型 (1)“A＋be动词/谓语动词＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋B”，表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。 (2)“A＋be动词/谓语动词＋倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than＋B”，表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。 (3)“A＋be动词＋倍数＋the size/height/length/width，etc＋of＋B”，表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。 (4)“...times as many/much＋名词＋as＋被比对象”。 [句式分析] 倍数表达方式“1，000 times faster than normal”。 Now our new school is three times as large as that of ten years ago. ＝Now our new school is three times larger than that of ten years ago. ＝Now our new school is three times the size of that of ten years ago. 如今我们的新学校是10年前的三倍大。 [名师点津] (1)表示“两倍”时可用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表示。 (2)此句型中的倍数也可以用分数、百分数、half等其他程度状语来表达。 [即学活用] 完成句子 ①The plane flew ten times as high as the kite (是风筝飞行高度的10倍). ②The car runs twice faster than that truck (比那辆卡车快两倍). ③As far as I know，the city is three times the size of that one (这个城市的面积是那个城市的3倍). ④The size of the new school is double what the old one is(是老学校的两倍；what 引导). 2．(教材P53)There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out．.. 导致这种物种灭绝的原因有很多…… (1)定语从句中若缺少for the reason，关系词使用why或for which (2)定语从句中若缺少主语、宾语，关系词使用that或which (3)a/the reason for(doing)sth(做)某事的原因 (4)a/the reason to do sth做某事的原因 (5)a/the reason why/for which...is that...……的原因是…… [句式分析] why引导的定语从句修饰reasons。 The reason why/for which he was late was that he got up late. 他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。 He gave us a reason that/which sounded reasonable. 他给了我们一个理由，这个理由听起来合情合理。 [即学活用] 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The reason why the high-speed railway is favoured by many passengers is that its high speed and reasonable price. ②Is this the reason that/which he explained at the meeting(他在会上解释的原因) for his carelessness in his work? ③I don't have any particular reasons to distrust them(任何特殊的理由不信任他们). 3．(教材P53)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants. 很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物，都产生了负面影响。 常常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用的主要有以下五种句型： (1)It＋be＋形容词(clear/obvious/true/nature...)＋that的主语从句．..，意为“做……是……的”。 (2)It＋be＋名词短语(a pity，a fact，no wonder...)＋that的主语从句．..，意为“……是……”。 (3)It＋be＋动词-ed形式(said/reported/believed/confirmed...)＋that从句．..，意为“据……”。 (4)It＋不及物动词(短语)(seem/happen/appear/look/occur...)＋that从句．.. (5)It＋及物动词(worry/shock)＋that从句... [句式分析] It作形式主语，that引导的名词性从句是真正的主语。 It is clear that he told a lie. 很明显，他撒谎了。 It occurred to me that I had left my keys at home. 我突然想到我把钥匙落在家里了。 It shocks me that he failed in this exam. 他没通过考试，震惊到我了。 [即学活用] 完成句子 ①It is obvious that(很明显) her parents haven't known the truth. ②It is an/my honor that(是我的荣幸) I am invited here to give a speech. ③It is generally believed that(人们普遍认为) girls do better in learning English than boys. ④It seems that(似乎) he has seen the film. [对应学生用书P84] Ⅰ.教材语块必备 1．in the Earth's history在地球历史中 2．in the last 500 million years在最后的五亿年里 3．the reasons for extinction灭绝的原因 4．due to natural causes由于自然原因 5．human activity人类活动 6．the balance in nature大自然中的平衡 7．take action采取行动 8．change the ways (that) we live 改变我们生活的方式 Ⅱ.单词拼写/完成句子 1．Chimpanzees(黑猩猩) are an endangered(濒危的) animal species in the world. 2．It is unusual(不寻常的) that he is absent from class. 3．This species of birds is decreasing(减少) in numbers every year. 4．Our president is now fully restored(恢复) to health. 5．It was obvious that (很明显) the manager of the cafe shop was waiting for me to leave. 6．Without clear water(没有清洁的水)，we can't live(无法生活) a healthy life. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $