【暑假培优 ★ 新高二】第12讲：阅读理解说明文+题型综合练+高考词汇进阶（全国通用）-新高二英语提升拓展精品讲义

第12讲：阅读理解说明文+题型综合练+高考核心词汇进阶 内容导航 目录 内容 语法精选：动词时态语态 考点01 细节理解题 考点02 语意猜测题 考点03 判断推理题 考点04 主旨大意题 题型综合练 语法填空（人与自然） 七选五 高考核心词汇积累 N字母高考核心词汇 课堂精讲 考点一、细节理解题 【考点诠释】 细节理解题针对文中客观事实、具体信息设题，无需深层推理，只需定位原文原句比对信息，是说明文基础高频题型；说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。 做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 【示例1】 Under your feet lies the world’s biggest water resource. Groundwater makes up 97% of all usable freshwater. We see it when it rises to the surface in springs, in caves, or when we pump it up for use. While groundwater is often hidden, it supports ecosystems around the world and is a vital resource for people. You might think groundwater would be protected from climate change, given it’s underground. But as the atmosphere continues to heat up, more and more heat is penetrating (渗入) underground. There is already considerable evidence that the subsurface is warming. The heat shows up in temperature measurements taken in boreholes (钻孔) around the world. International scientists have worked to model how groundwater will heat up in the future. Under a realistic middle of the road greenhouse gas emission plan, with a projected average global atmospheric temperature rise of 2.7℃, groundwater will warm by an average of 2.1℃ by 2100, compared to 2000. This warming varies by region and is delayed by decades compared to the surface, because it takes time to heat up the underground mass. ....... 1．What can we infer from paragraph 1? A．All groundwater will flow to the surface. B．The groundwater matters a lot to the world. C．97% of groundwater is usable freshwater. D．Ecosystems support the hidden groundwater. 2．Why is subsurface water warming? A．Groundwater is under the surface of the earth. B．It takes time to transfer the heat underground. C．Global warming makes the heat go underground. D．The warming is regionally transported and varied. 【示例2】 Think of a typical college physics course: notetaking, homework struggles and studying for difficult exams. Now imagine access to a tutor (导师) who answers questions at any hour, never tires and never judges. Might you learn more? Maybe even twice as much? That’s the unexpected conclusion from a Harvard study examining learning outcomes for students in a large physics course who worked with a custom-designed AI chatbot. The study was led by lecturer Gregory Kestin and Kelly Miller, who analyzed learning outcomes of 194 students in Kestin’s Physical Sciences 2 course. The students were divided into two groups, each of whom experienced two lessons in continual weeks. During the first week, Group 1 participated in an instructor-guided active learning classroom lesson, while Group 2 engaged with an AI-supported lesson at home; conditions were changed oppositely the following week. ........ 1．What were the participants required to do in the study? A．Report their partners’ feelings. B．Study with different tutors in turn. C．Make a choice between two courses. D．Experience in-class learning for 2 weeks. 2．What did Kestin most probably think of their findings? A．Valueless. B．Doubtful. C．Surprising. D．Confusing. 考点二、语意猜测题 【考点诠释】 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 【示例1】 Unfortunately, the bad news is likely to far outweigh the good. Warmer groundwater is harmful for the life found underground—and for many plants and animals that depend on groundwater for their survival. Any changes in temperature can seriously disrupt the circumstance they have adapted to. 4．The underlined word “disrupt” in paragraph 5 probably means ______. A．improve B．disturb C．maintain D．dismiss 【示例2】 Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. .......... 49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams. B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results. C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision. D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory. 考点三、判断推理题 【考点诠释】 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 【示例1】 Night artificial light is a major cause of insect population loss, which could severely impact crop pollination and food supplies for larger animals, including humans. “Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 150 years that it’s really gone wrong for them,” says entomologist Samuel Fabian. “If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky.” 3．Why does the author mention Fabian’s words in the last paragraph? A．To stress the long history of insect flight. B．To appeal to people to reduce light pollution. C．To show the importance of insects to food supplies. D．To remind people of the influence human activities have on insects. 【示例2】 Wolves are at the top of the food chain and help keep the populations of other local species at a healthy level. After wolves disappeared from Yellowstone, the elk (麋鹿) population increased, and the elk consumed plants that other species, including hummingbirds and beavers (海狸), depended on for food. At the same time, the number of coyotes increased rapidly as well. As a result, the coyotes hunted and killed a significant proportion of the red foxes living within the park. 2．How does the author develop paragraph 3? A．By listing examples. B．By giving reasons. C．By presenting previous studies. D．By pointing out similarities and differences. 考点四、主旨大意题 【考点诠释】 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 【示例1】 Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study. .......... The study emphasizes the importance of ensuring that technology meets the needs of diverse populations, especially when it’s intended to improve health. “It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones,” Daniel Koerber, the study’s co-lead author, said. 11. What can be the best title for the text? A. How is your heart rate detected properly? B. How accurate is the heart data from your smartwatch? C. What challenge does future wearable technology face? D. How may skin tones affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables? 【示例2】 When I teach research methods, a major focus is peer review. As a process, peer review evaluates academic papers for their quality, integrity and impact on a field, largely shaping what scientists accept as “knowledge”- By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?” Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be. I had my first encounter with peer review during my first year as a Ph. D student. One day, my adviser handed me an essay and told me to have my -written review back to him in a week. But at the time, I certainly was not a “peer”-I was too new in my field. Manipulated data (不实的数据) or substandard methods could easily have gone undetected. Knowledge is not self-evident. Only experts would be able to notice them, and even then, experts do not always agree on what they notice. ......... The passage is mainly about ______. A．what fuels peer review B．why peer review is imperfect C．how new hands advance peer review D．whether peer reviewers are underrated 课堂精练 （Passage 1） In the digital age, the rapid development of AI, VR and AR technologies has greatly changed the way people read and appreciate literary works, making the traditional literary reading more interactive and interesting. More and more readers, especially teenagers, begin to accept and love the new digital reading methods, which have become a new trend in literary spread. One of the most popular digital reading methods is immersive reading. With the help of VR and AR devices, readers can “step into” the vivid scenes described in novels, poems and plays directly. For example, when reading Qu Yuan’s Li Sao, readers can see the beautiful scenery of the ancient Chu State and feel the poet’s strong emotions of patriotism. The 2026 Spring Festival Gala used this technology to present classic Chinese poems, which made the poems more vivid and easy to understand for the audience of all ages. Another popular trend is AI-assisted reading. AI can automatically explain difficult words, phrases and historical background knowledge in classic literary works, which helps students and new readers understand the works better and faster. Some reading apps even turn classic literary works into short animated plays or gentle songs, combining literature with music and painting. This creative form makes traditional literature more lively and attractive to young people. However, some people worry that digital reading may make people lose the habit of reading paper books, and the sense of touch and immersion brought by paper books can never be replaced by digital devices. Experts point out that the key is to balance digital reading and traditional reading. Technology is just a tool to help people fall in love with literature, and the true beauty and value of literary works themselves will never change with the form of reading. 1．What can we learn about the use of VR and AR in literary reading from the text? A．It transforms classic poems into animated plays or songs. B．It is more popular among the elderly than among younger generations. C．It was first introduced to the public through the 2026 Spring Festival Gala. D．It enables readers to visually experience the settings of literary works. 2．Why does the author mention the 2026 Spring Festival Gala in paragraph 2? A．To provide a concrete example of how immersive reading works in practice. B．To illustrate the widespread commercial application of VR devices. C．To criticize the overuse of technology in traditional culture shows. D．To compare the differences between TV shows and digital reading apps. 3．How does AI-assisted reading help readers according to the text? A．By writing new literary works for readers automatically. B．By reducing the time needed for reading any books significantly. C．By providing explanations for difficult elements in classic works. D．By discouraging the use of paper books among young students. 4．What can be inferred about the experts’ view on digital and traditional reading? A．They believe digital reading will soon make paper books disappear. B．They see technology as a helpful tool rather than a replacement. C．They think the true value of literature lies in the reading form. D．They consider the sense of touch from paper books to be unimportant. （Passage 2） Body Language: The Unspoken Dialogue is a fascinating book, exploring the silent language we all speak — the gestures, postures and expressions represented in over two hundred artworks from galleries worldwide. This work is designed to make human behavior comprehensible to everyday readers through artistic depictions of body language across cultures. In these artistic representations of non-verbal communication, we recognize universal human experiences that cross cultural and historical boundaries. In this “visual guide to body language”, artworks are carefully selected and arranged to highlight connections across different periods and societies. We observe scenes of people interacting in various social situations — from formal handshakes in business settings to intimate embraces between loved ones. Individuals are portrayed in numerous positions — leaning forward in interest, crossing arms in defense, or nodding in agreement. Though these artworks might have been created centuries apart, they capture moments of human interaction that remain familiar to us all. Body language in artworks often serves to reveal the inner world of the subjects — their confidence, anxiety, or social status. Before the scientific study of non-verbal communication, artists intuitively (凭直觉地) understood and captured these subtle signals in their works. In contemporary art, as our understanding of body language has deepened, artists have become more intentional in using gestures and postures as primary elements in their creations — making body language itself the subject matter of their works. Some might assume that in our digital age of video calls and virtual meetings, the study of physical body language has become less relevant. From a modern perspective, while technology has changed how we communicate, non-verbal communication remains as significant as any emoji or digital reaction. To fully understand human interaction, we must observe the physical dimension: the eye contact, the postures, and the gestures employed during conversation. And compared to our increasingly digital communications where expressions can be hidden, in-person interaction still provides the richest, most immediate understanding of unspoken feelings. 5．What is one purpose of the book Body Language: The Unspoken Dialogue? A．To argue that digital communication is less effective. B．To list the most valuable artworks in world galleries. C．To teach artists how to create better body language in their works. D．To enable ordinary readers to understand human behavior through artworks. 6．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “depictions”? A．intentions B．representations C．shortages D．conclusions 7．What can we learn about body language in artworks from different periods? A．They all show negative emotions of the subjects. B．They can’t be understood by people in modern times. C．They have completely different meanings in different times. D．They present moments of human interaction familiar to us all. 8．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．It is difficult to discover intentionally hidden emotions. B．Digital reaction will replace face-to-face communication. C．Body language is still of great importance even in the digital age. D．Eye contact is the first step to reveal the personal feelings. （Passage 3） Psychologists have long believed willpower is the ticket to a good life. So parenting experts advocate teaching children to use willpower to resist modern temptations (诱惑) . It is thought that you can build a child’s willpower the way athletes build up muscles, through practice. For example, exposing children to junk food more, they claim, helps them learn to resist it. However, this assumption has a fatal flaw: it doesn’t work for very long. In fact, trying to build up kids’ willpower can have the opposite effect. Humans are biologically programmed to prefer fatty and sweet foods, so regularly offering these temptations only strengthens children’s desire for them. Rather than teaching self-control, this approach actually makes resisting such foods more difficult. New studies observe what people do in real life to meet their long-term goals, and they reveal something surprising: the more successful people don’t have better willpower compared to those who are less successful. Instead, successful people expose themselves to fewer temptations so they don’t need to use willpower frequently. In essence, parents don’t need to teach kids how to say “no” to the marshmallow (棉花糖) sitting in front of them, but rather, how to avoid being in a room with marshmallows altogether. This principle applies beyond food. For example, parents can teach kids to leave their phone in another room when studying or to use apps that block distracting websites and games. Avoiding temptation is only half the strategy. The great thing is that parents can help kids fall in love with healthier alternatives. To shape their preferences, give your kids loads of opportunities to experience the pleasure of these healthy options. Besides, pay attention to how you talk about healthy foods and activities. Don’t present them as burdens, sacrifices, or punishments. Above all, whether it’s eating healthier food, doing physical exercise, or reading good books, if you make the experience more fun for your kids, then they are more likely to do it again. 9．According to parenting experts, what is a common practice to build up willpower? A．Putting oneself in tempting situations. B．Engaging in more athletic activities. C．Staying away from junk food. D．Going through more hardships. 10．What can we learn from the new studies? A．Willpower ensures lifelong success. B．Willpower drops with frequent use. C．Success requires long-term planning. D．Successful people avoid temptations. 11．What advice does the author give to parents in the last paragraph? A．Punish for giving in to desires. B．enhance willpower strategies. C．Make healthy experiences enjoyable. D．Offer more healthy options as rewards. 12．What is the best title for the text? A．Build Willpower, Form Good Habits. B．Resist Temptation, Practice Self-Control. C．Change Parenting, Strengthen Willpower. D．Avoid Temptation, Love Healthier Choices. 题型组合训练 演练 一、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When we think of wildlife protection, we often picture big, famous animals like pandas or elephants. 1 , many small creatures play an equally important role in nature. Take beetles, for example. These tiny insects help break down dead wood and animal waste, 2 (keep) the forest clean. Without them, the soil would be far 3 (poor) in nutrients. 4 (luckily), beetles and other small wildlife are often ignored in conservation plans. This is partly because they are not as “cute” as larger animals, and partly because people know little about 5 (they) living habits. As a result, some beetle species 6 (disappear) at an alarming rate in the past decade. The good news is that more scientists are now realizing the importance of these hidden helpers. Some nature reserves have set up special monitoring programs to protect small insects. Everyone can also contribute by leaving some fallen leaves or wood in gardens, 7 provides natural homes for beetles. After all, 8 (protect) wildlife means protecting every part of the ecosystem, no matter how small it is. So next time you see a beetle, remember — it is not just a bug; it is 9 hero working quietly for the planet. If we want a healthy forest, we must give these little 10 (creature) a chance to survive. 二、阅读理解 Humans make decisions using statistical information every day. For example, we weigh the likelihood of various factors when deciding what to bet in card games. However, humans aren’t alone in using statistical inferences in decision-making. Until now, human cousins like monkeys and also some birds have been identified as the only animals to show evidence of reasoning based on probability and statistics, which requires advanced mental power. These animals have large brains relative to their body size, which is often associated with high intelligence. Researchers from the University of Barcelona oppugned such statements and doubted that an animal with a small brain relative to its body size could perform statistical reasoning as well. Giraffes were an ideal choice. But researchers had a concern: Statistical reasoning is quite distinct from basic counting. Giraffes have already exhibited an ability to perform quantity discrimination (辨别), being able to tell a larger number of items from a smaller number, which poses a challenge for the researchers to confirm their doubt. So the research team settled on a special approach where they started with a mixture of carrots the animal desires along with zucchinis they dislike and varied the number and proportion (比例) of both items. The researchers placed different proportions of carrots and zucchinis into two plastic containers to test whether the giraffes could predict a higher likelihood of receiving a carrot. Each test consisted of 20 trials in which a researcher selected a piece of food from each container without showing it to the giraffes. The giraffes then touched the hand they wanted to eat from, using only the information they had from the containers. In the first test, where one container had 20 carrots and 80 zucchinis and another had 80 carrots and 20 zucchinis, each giraffe chose the hand that had a higher probability of holding a carrot at least 17 times. In the following two tests, the proportion of carrots and zucchinis was changed. Yet again the giraffes chose correctly. The combined results indicated that the researchers’ idea held water. 11．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．Statistical reasoning is unique to humans. B．Brain size is positively related to intelligence. C．Animals with larger bodies have larger brains. D．Large animals are smart enough to perform reasoning. 12．What does the underlined word “oppugned” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Declared. B．Explained. C．Questioned. D．Understood. 13．Why did the research team introduce a special approach to the study? A．To test the giraffes’ ability to perform basic counting. B．To observe the giraffes’ behavior in different situations. C．To rule out the effect of giraffes’ quantity discrimination. D．To determine whether giraffes prefer carrots or zucchinis. 14．What do the test results show? A．Giraffes are capable of statistical reasoning. B．Giraffes’ sense of proportion is relatively limited. C．Giraffes rely on visual information to make food choices. D．Giraffes’ food preferences can be changed through training. 高考核心词汇 演练 · 高考高频词汇精选背诵（N字母） 1. native 2. numerous 3. naked 4. nurture 5. navigation 6. nursing 7. namely 8. nourish 9. neat 10. nursery 11. nail 12. napkin 13. negative 14. nutrition 15. nap 16. necklace 17. negotiate 18. nationwide 19. nationality 20. nightmare 21. neglect 22. naturalist 23. noticeable 24. notify 25. neutral 26. newsagent 27. novel 28. numb 29. nevertheless 30. naughty 31. nominate 32. notorious 33. noble 34. narrative 35. notion 36. nostalgic 37. nonsense 38. nuisance 39. nylon 40. naive · 高考核心词汇检测 1.To their relief, their students _____ escaped from the shaking building. A．narrowly B．slightly C．nearly D．namely 2.Psychological studies show that some people are quick-tempered _____. A. at heart           B. on purpose           C. in person            D. by nature 3.Joanna was weak from a long illness. She should have a good rest and enough______. A. nursery           B. nutrition           C. navigation     D.novelty 4.You can’t throw the waste everywhere. You should keep the classroom______. A．normal B．neat C．notable D．messy 5._____ You want to remember its usage, you’d better make a sentence with the new word. A．Now that B．Now and then C．While D．Even if 6. Some people who don’t like to talk much are not________ shy；they may just be quiet people. A. necessarily B. neatly C. naturally D. negatively 7. We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but we’ll never _______ with criminals. A.  neglect        B.negotiate            C.navigate    D. notice 8. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons（狒狒）were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a _______ food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake. A.native          B.  narrative        C. novel       D.  neutral 9. The gentleman said no and told me that he needed to go to the ______ home to eat breakfast with his wife. A.  napping          B.  nourishing          C. noting      D. nursing 10. if a part of your body is ________, you cannot feel anything in it, for example because of cold A. numb            B.  naval           C.  nasty     D. noticeable 11. It is not hard to imagine why, on first seeing the city, most visitors would be overpowered by the beauty of the__________ buildings. A.  notorious          B.  noble       C.   normal     D. nuclear 12. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a _______ situation. A. nationwide           B.  naughty          C. nervous       D. numerous 13. Staying with a _______ speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom. A.   naked        B.  narrative       C. nourished    D. native 14. A _______ is a person who studies plants, animals, insects, and other living things. A. naturalist B. novelist C.nationality D.nightmare 15. He won the _________ as Democratic candidate for the presidency. A. notion B. napkin C. nomination D. nickname 第 1 页 共 14 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第12讲：阅读理解说明文+题型综合练+高考核心词汇进阶 内容导航 目录 内容 语法精选：动词时态语态 考点01 细节理解题 考点02 语意猜测题 考点03 判断推理题 考点04 主旨大意题 题型综合练 语法填空（人与自然） 七选五 高考核心词汇积累 N字母高考核心词汇 课堂精讲 考点一、细节理解题 【考点诠释】 细节理解题针对文中客观事实、具体信息设题，无需深层推理，只需定位原文原句比对信息，是说明文基础高频题型；说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。 做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 【示例1】 Under your feet lies the world’s biggest water resource. Groundwater makes up 97% of all usable freshwater. We see it when it rises to the surface in springs, in caves, or when we pump it up for use. While groundwater is often hidden, it supports ecosystems around the world and is a vital resource for people. You might think groundwater would be protected from climate change, given it’s underground. But as the atmosphere continues to heat up, more and more heat is penetrating (渗入) underground. There is already considerable evidence that the subsurface is warming. The heat shows up in temperature measurements taken in boreholes (钻孔) around the world. International scientists have worked to model how groundwater will heat up in the future. Under a realistic middle of the road greenhouse gas emission plan, with a projected average global atmospheric temperature rise of 2.7℃, groundwater will warm by an average of 2.1℃ by 2100, compared to 2000. This warming varies by region and is delayed by decades compared to the surface, because it takes time to heat up the underground mass. ....... 1．What can we infer from paragraph 1? A．All groundwater will flow to the surface. B．The groundwater matters a lot to the world. C．97% of groundwater is usable freshwater. D．Ecosystems support the hidden groundwater. 2．Why is subsurface water warming? A．Groundwater is under the surface of the earth. B．It takes time to transfer the heat underground. C．Global warming makes the heat go underground. D．The warming is regionally transported and varied. 【答案】1．B 2．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了地下水作为重要淡水资源正面临气候变化导致的升温问题及其影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Groundwater makes up 97% of all usable freshwater.(地下水占所有可用淡水资源的97%)”以及“While groundwater is often hidden, it supports ecosystems around the world and is a vital resource for people.(虽然地下水经常被隐藏，但它支持着世界各地的生态系统，是人类的重要资源。)”可知，地下水对世界至关重要。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But as the atmosphere continues to heat up, more and more heat is penetrating (渗入) underground.(但随着大气持续升温，越来越多的热量进入地下。)”可知，地下水变暖是因为全球变暖使热量渗入地下。故选C。 【示例2】 Think of a typical college physics course: notetaking, homework struggles and studying for difficult exams. Now imagine access to a tutor (导师) who answers questions at any hour, never tires and never judges. Might you learn more? Maybe even twice as much? That’s the unexpected conclusion from a Harvard study examining learning outcomes for students in a large physics course who worked with a custom-designed AI chatbot. The study was led by lecturer Gregory Kestin and Kelly Miller, who analyzed learning outcomes of 194 students in Kestin’s Physical Sciences 2 course. The students were divided into two groups, each of whom experienced two lessons in continual weeks. During the first week, Group 1 participated in an instructor-guided active learning classroom lesson, while Group 2 engaged with an AI-supported lesson at home; conditions were changed oppositely the following week. ........ 1．What were the participants required to do in the study? A．Report their partners’ feelings. B．Study with different tutors in turn. C．Make a choice between two courses. D．Experience in-class learning for 2 weeks. 2．What did Kestin most probably think of their findings? A．Valueless. B．Doubtful. C．Surprising. D．Confusing. 【答案】1．B 2．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈佛大学的一项研究发现，人工智能导师在物理课程中比传统教师指导的课堂更有效，提高了学生的学习效果和参与度，不过应该谨慎使用人工智能导师，避免误用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The students were divided into two groups, each of whom experienced two lessons in continual weeks. During the first week, Group 1 participated in an instructor-guided active learning classroom lesson, while Group 2 engaged with an AI-supported lesson at home; conditions were changed oppositely the following week.(学生们被分成两组，每组都连续参加了两周的课程。在第一周，第一组参加了由教师指导的互动式学习课堂课程，而第二组则在家进行了由人工智能支持的课程；接下来的一周，两组的情况则相反)”可知，在研究中参与者需要依次跟着不同的导师学习。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“I certainly didn’t expect students to find the AI-powered lesson more engaging.(我原本完全没想到学生们会认为由人工智能驱动的课程会更具吸引力)”可知，凯斯廷对他们的发现大为惊讶。故选C。 考点二、语意猜测题 【考点诠释】 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 【示例1】 Unfortunately, the bad news is likely to far outweigh the good. Warmer groundwater is harmful for the life found underground—and for many plants and animals that depend on groundwater for their survival. Any changes in temperature can seriously disrupt the circumstance they have adapted to. 4．The underlined word “disrupt” in paragraph 5 probably means ______. A．improve B．disturb C．maintain D．dismiss 【答案】 4．B 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Unfortunately, the bad news is likely to far outweigh the good. Warmer groundwater is harmful for the life found underground—and for many plants and animals that depend on groundwater for their survival.(不幸的是，坏消息可能远远超过好消息。水温升高的地下水对地下生物有害，对许多依赖地下水生存的动植物也有害。)”可知，温暖的地下水对地下生物有害，而目前的趋势的地下水正在变暖，因此可推出温度变化会扰乱生物已经适应的环境，从而对其产生不良影响，disrupt意为“扰乱”，和disturb意思相近。故选B。 【示例2】 Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. .......... 49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams. B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results. C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision. D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory. 【答案】49．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。 49．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study.(然而，this commonly held wisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this commonly held wisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。 考点三、判断推理题 【考点诠释】 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 【示例1】 Night artificial light is a major cause of insect population loss, which could severely impact crop pollination and food supplies for larger animals, including humans. “Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 150 years that it’s really gone wrong for them,” says entomologist Samuel Fabian. “If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky.” 3．Why does the author mention Fabian’s words in the last paragraph? A．To stress the long history of insect flight. B．To appeal to people to reduce light pollution. C．To show the importance of insects to food supplies. D．To remind people of the influence human activities have on insects. 【答案】 3．B 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 30 years that it’s really gone wrong for them(昆虫已经飞行了3.7亿年，而就在过去的30年里，它们的情况真的变糟了)”以及“If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky(如果我们不想影响大量的昆虫种群，我们就不应该让灯光照向天空)”可知，在过去的30年里，昆虫的飞行情况变糟了，如果我们不想影响大量的昆虫种群，我们就不应该让灯光照向天空，可推理出作者引用Fabian的话是为了呼吁人们减少光污染。故选B项。 【示例2】 Wolves are at the top of the food chain and help keep the populations of other local species at a healthy level. After wolves disappeared from Yellowstone, the elk (麋鹿) population increased, and the elk consumed plants that other species, including hummingbirds and beavers (海狸), depended on for food. At the same time, the number of coyotes increased rapidly as well. As a result, the coyotes hunted and killed a significant proportion of the red foxes living within the park. 2．How does the author develop paragraph 3? A．By listing examples. B．By giving reasons. C．By presenting previous studies. D．By pointing out similarities and differences. 【答案】 2．A 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“After wolves disappeared from Yellowstone, the elk (麋鹿) population increased, and the elk consumed plants that other species, including hummingbirds and beavers (海狸), depended on for food. At the same time, the number of coyotes increased rapidly as well. As a result, the coyotes hunted and killed a significant proportion of the red foxes living within the park. (狼群从黄石公园消失后，麋鹿数量增加，它们啃食蜂鸟和海狸等其他物种赖以生存的植物。与此同时，土狼的数量也迅速增加，导致它们猎杀了公园内大部分的红狐。)”可知，作者通过列举麋鹿过度繁殖、土狼激增导致红狐减少等具体例子，说明狼群消失后生态系统的连锁反应，采用了“列举例子”的论证手法。故选A项。 考点四、主旨大意题 【考点诠释】 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 【示例1】 Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study. .......... The study emphasizes the importance of ensuring that technology meets the needs of diverse populations, especially when it’s intended to improve health. “It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones,” Daniel Koerber, the study’s co-lead author, said. 11. What can be the best title for the text? A. How is your heart rate detected properly? B. How accurate is the heart data from your smartwatch? C. What challenge does future wearable technology face? D. How may skin tones affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables? 【答案】 11. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现肤色会影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及可穿戴设备的检测方式，专家建议可穿戴设备需要改进。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study.(消费者越来越多地使用智能手表和其他可穿戴设备来测量他们在锻炼过程中的心率和节奏，并进行整体健康监测。然而，一项研究表明，对于肤色较深的人来说，这些测量结果可能不太准确)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现肤色会影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及可穿戴设备的检测方式，专家建议可穿戴设备需要改进。可知，D选项“肤色如何影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性？”最符合文章标题。故选D。 【示例2】 When I teach research methods, a major focus is peer review. As a process, peer review evaluates academic papers for their quality, integrity and impact on a field, largely shaping what scientists accept as “knowledge”- By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?” Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be. I had my first encounter with peer review during my first year as a Ph. D student. One day, my adviser handed me an essay and told me to have my -written review back to him in a week. But at the time, I certainly was not a “peer”-I was too new in my field. Manipulated data (不实的数据) or substandard methods could easily have gone undetected. Knowledge is not self-evident. Only experts would be able to notice them, and even then, experts do not always agree on what they notice. ......... The passage is mainly about ______. A．what fuels peer review B．why peer review is imperfect C．how new hands advance peer review D．whether peer reviewers are underrated 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析。 【详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be.(虽然我相信同行评议的重要性，我也为几家学术期刊做同行评议，但我知道这个过程有多脆弱。)”可知，本文主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析，因此B选项“why peer review is imperfect(为什么同行评议是不完美的)”是本文的主旨。故选B。 课堂精练 （Passage 1） In the digital age, the rapid development of AI, VR and AR technologies has greatly changed the way people read and appreciate literary works, making the traditional literary reading more interactive and interesting. More and more readers, especially teenagers, begin to accept and love the new digital reading methods, which have become a new trend in literary spread. One of the most popular digital reading methods is immersive reading. With the help of VR and AR devices, readers can “step into” the vivid scenes described in novels, poems and plays directly. For example, when reading Qu Yuan’s Li Sao, readers can see the beautiful scenery of the ancient Chu State and feel the poet’s strong emotions of patriotism. The 2026 Spring Festival Gala used this technology to present classic Chinese poems, which made the poems more vivid and easy to understand for the audience of all ages. Another popular trend is AI-assisted reading. AI can automatically explain difficult words, phrases and historical background knowledge in classic literary works, which helps students and new readers understand the works better and faster. Some reading apps even turn classic literary works into short animated plays or gentle songs, combining literature with music and painting. This creative form makes traditional literature more lively and attractive to young people. However, some people worry that digital reading may make people lose the habit of reading paper books, and the sense of touch and immersion brought by paper books can never be replaced by digital devices. Experts point out that the key is to balance digital reading and traditional reading. Technology is just a tool to help people fall in love with literature, and the true beauty and value of literary works themselves will never change with the form of reading. 1．What can we learn about the use of VR and AR in literary reading from the text? A．It transforms classic poems into animated plays or songs. B．It is more popular among the elderly than among younger generations. C．It was first introduced to the public through the 2026 Spring Festival Gala. D．It enables readers to visually experience the settings of literary works. 2．Why does the author mention the 2026 Spring Festival Gala in paragraph 2? A．To provide a concrete example of how immersive reading works in practice. B．To illustrate the widespread commercial application of VR devices. C．To criticize the overuse of technology in traditional culture shows. D．To compare the differences between TV shows and digital reading apps. 3．How does AI-assisted reading help readers according to the text? A．By writing new literary works for readers automatically. B．By reducing the time needed for reading any books significantly. C．By providing explanations for difficult elements in classic works. D．By discouraging the use of paper books among young students. 4．What can be inferred about the experts’ view on digital and traditional reading? A．They believe digital reading will soon make paper books disappear. B．They see technology as a helpful tool rather than a replacement. C．They think the true value of literature lies in the reading form. D．They consider the sense of touch from paper books to be unimportant. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文主要讲的是数字技术（VR/AR、AI）正在改变人们阅读和欣赏文学作品的方式，让传统文学变得更互动、更有趣，但同时也需要与传统纸质阅读保持平衡。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“With the help of VR and AR devices, readers can “step into” the vivid scenes described in novels, poems and plays directly. For example, when reading Qu Yuan’s Li Sao, readers can see the beautiful scenery of the ancient Chu State and feel the poet’s strong emotions of patriotism. (借助VR和AR设备，读者可以直接“走进”小说、诗歌和戏剧中描述的生动场景。例如，在阅读屈原的《离骚》时，读者可以看到古代楚国的美丽风光，感受到诗人强烈的爱国情感。)”可知，我们能了解到VR和AR 在文学阅读中的应用是它能让读者通过视觉体验到文学作品中的场景。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“One of the most popular digital reading methods is immersive reading. (最受欢迎的数字阅读方式之一是沉浸式阅读。)”以及“The 2026 Spring Festival Gala used this technology to present classic Chinese poems, which made the poems more vivid and easy to understand for the audience of all ages. (2026年春节联欢晚会运用这项技术呈现经典中国诗词，使诗词更加生动易懂，让各个年龄段的观众都能轻松欣赏。)”可知，作者在第二段提及2026年春晚的目的是为沉浸式阅读在实际中如何应用提供具体例子。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“AI can automatically explain difficult words, phrases and historical background knowledge in classic literary works, which helps students and new readers understand the works better and faster. (AI可以自动解释经典文学作品中的难词、短语以及历史背景知识，帮助学生和新读者更快、更深入地理解作品。)”可知，AI 辅助阅读可以为经典作品中的难点内容提供解释。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Experts point out that the key is to balance digital reading and traditional reading. Technology is just a tool to help people fall in love with literature, and the true beauty and value of literary works themselves will never change with the form of reading. (专家指出，关键在于平衡数字阅读与传统阅读。技术只是帮助人们爱上文学的工具，而文学作品本身真正的美感和价值，不会因阅读形式的改变而改变。)”可知，关于专家对数字阅读和传统阅读的看法，可推断出他们将技术视为有用的工具而非替代品。 （Passage 2） Body Language: The Unspoken Dialogue is a fascinating book, exploring the silent language we all speak — the gestures, postures and expressions represented in over two hundred artworks from galleries worldwide. This work is designed to make human behavior comprehensible to everyday readers through artistic depictions of body language across cultures. In these artistic representations of non-verbal communication, we recognize universal human experiences that cross cultural and historical boundaries. In this “visual guide to body language”, artworks are carefully selected and arranged to highlight connections across different periods and societies. We observe scenes of people interacting in various social situations — from formal handshakes in business settings to intimate embraces between loved ones. Individuals are portrayed in numerous positions — leaning forward in interest, crossing arms in defense, or nodding in agreement. Though these artworks might have been created centuries apart, they capture moments of human interaction that remain familiar to us all. Body language in artworks often serves to reveal the inner world of the subjects — their confidence, anxiety, or social status. Before the scientific study of non-verbal communication, artists intuitively (凭直觉地) understood and captured these subtle signals in their works. In contemporary art, as our understanding of body language has deepened, artists have become more intentional in using gestures and postures as primary elements in their creations — making body language itself the subject matter of their works. Some might assume that in our digital age of video calls and virtual meetings, the study of physical body language has become less relevant. From a modern perspective, while technology has changed how we communicate, non-verbal communication remains as significant as any emoji or digital reaction. To fully understand human interaction, we must observe the physical dimension: the eye contact, the postures, and the gestures employed during conversation. And compared to our increasingly digital communications where expressions can be hidden, in-person interaction still provides the richest, most immediate understanding of unspoken feelings. 5．What is one purpose of the book Body Language: The Unspoken Dialogue? A．To argue that digital communication is less effective. B．To list the most valuable artworks in world galleries. C．To teach artists how to create better body language in their works. D．To enable ordinary readers to understand human behavior through artworks. 6．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “depictions”? A．intentions B．representations C．shortages D．conclusions 7．What can we learn about body language in artworks from different periods? A．They all show negative emotions of the subjects. B．They can’t be understood by people in modern times. C．They have completely different meanings in different times. D．They present moments of human interaction familiar to us all. 8．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．It is difficult to discover intentionally hidden emotions. B．Digital reaction will replace face-to-face communication. C．Body language is still of great importance even in the digital age. D．Eye contact is the first step to reveal the personal feelings. 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．D 8．C 【导语】本文介绍了《肢体语言：无声的对话》一书，介绍该书以世界各地艺术作品为载体解读肢体语言，阐述不同时代艺术作品中肢体语言的共通内涵，并论证在数字化时代，肢体语言依旧具备重要的沟通价值。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第一段“This work is designed to make human behavior comprehensible to everyday readers through artistic depictions of body language across cultures. (这部作品旨在通过对不同文化的肢体语言进行艺术描绘，让普通读者理解人类行为)”可知，这本书的创作目的是帮助普通读者借助艺术作品理解人类行为。 6．词句猜测题。根据第一段“This work is designed to make human behavior comprehensible to everyday readers through artistic depictions of body language across cultures. (这部作品旨在通过对不同文化的肢体语言进行艺术depictions，让普通读者理解人类行为)”以及后文“In these artistic representations of non-verbal communication (在这些非语言交流的艺术呈现中)”可知，前后两句句式一致、语义呼应。depictions和representations表达同一含义，均指“描绘、呈现”。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Though these artworks might have been created centuries apart, they capture moments of human interaction that remain familiar to us all. (尽管这些艺术品的创作时间可能相隔数百年，但它们捕捉的人类互动瞬间，依旧是我们所有人都熟悉的场景)”可知，不同时期艺术作品中的肢体语言展现了大众熟悉的人类互动瞬间。 8．主旨大意题。根据第四段“while technology has changed how we communicate, non-verbal communication remains as significant as any emoji or digital reaction. (虽然科技改变了我们的沟通方式，但非语言交流依旧和任何表情符号或数字化反馈同等重要)”可知，本段主要讲述即使在数字时代，肢体语言依然至关重要。 （Passage 3） Psychologists have long believed willpower is the ticket to a good life. So parenting experts advocate teaching children to use willpower to resist modern temptations (诱惑) . It is thought that you can build a child’s willpower the way athletes build up muscles, through practice. For example, exposing children to junk food more, they claim, helps them learn to resist it. However, this assumption has a fatal flaw: it doesn’t work for very long. In fact, trying to build up kids’ willpower can have the opposite effect. Humans are biologically programmed to prefer fatty and sweet foods, so regularly offering these temptations only strengthens children’s desire for them. Rather than teaching self-control, this approach actually makes resisting such foods more difficult. New studies observe what people do in real life to meet their long-term goals, and they reveal something surprising: the more successful people don’t have better willpower compared to those who are less successful. Instead, successful people expose themselves to fewer temptations so they don’t need to use willpower frequently. In essence, parents don’t need to teach kids how to say “no” to the marshmallow (棉花糖) sitting in front of them, but rather, how to avoid being in a room with marshmallows altogether. This principle applies beyond food. For example, parents can teach kids to leave their phone in another room when studying or to use apps that block distracting websites and games. Avoiding temptation is only half the strategy. The great thing is that parents can help kids fall in love with healthier alternatives. To shape their preferences, give your kids loads of opportunities to experience the pleasure of these healthy options. Besides, pay attention to how you talk about healthy foods and activities. Don’t present them as burdens, sacrifices, or punishments. Above all, whether it’s eating healthier food, doing physical exercise, or reading good books, if you make the experience more fun for your kids, then they are more likely to do it again. 9．According to parenting experts, what is a common practice to build up willpower? A．Putting oneself in tempting situations. B．Engaging in more athletic activities. C．Staying away from junk food. D．Going through more hardships. 10．What can we learn from the new studies? A．Willpower ensures lifelong success. B．Willpower drops with frequent use. C．Success requires long-term planning. D．Successful people avoid temptations. 11．What advice does the author give to parents in the last paragraph? A．Punish for giving in to desires. B．enhance willpower strategies. C．Make healthy experiences enjoyable. D．Offer more healthy options as rewards. 12．What is the best title for the text? A．Build Willpower, Form Good Habits. B．Resist Temptation, Practice Self-Control. C．Change Parenting, Strengthen Willpower. D．Avoid Temptation, Love Healthier Choices. 【答案】9．A 10．D 11．C 12．D 【导语】文章讲述了新研究发现，成功者并非意志力更强，而是主动远离诱惑，作者由此给出育儿建议。 【详解】9．细节理解题。根据第一段“It is thought that you can build a child’s willpower the way athletes build up muscles, through practice. For example, exposing children to junk food more, they claim, helps them learn to resist it.(人们认为，培养孩子的意志力就像运动员锻炼肌肉一样，需要不断练习。比如有观点称，多让孩子接触垃圾食品，能帮助他们学会抵制这类食物。)”可知，育儿专家认为培养意志力的常见做法是让自己身处诱惑环境。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“the more successful people don’t have better willpower... Instead, successful people expose themselves to fewer temptations so they don’t need to use willpower frequently.(那些更成功的人并非拥有更强的意志力。……相反，他们会主动远离诱惑，也就无需频繁动用意志力。)”可知，从新研究中我们能得知成功人士会避开诱惑。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Above all, whether it’s eating healthier food, doing physical exercise, or reading good books, if you make the experience more fun for your kids, then they are more likely to do it again.(最重要的是，无论是吃得更健康、坚持体育锻炼，还是阅读好书，只要你让孩子在这些事情中感受到乐趣，他们就更愿意反复去做。)”可知，作者在最后一段给家长的建议是让健康的体验变得愉悦。 12．主旨大意。文章讲述了新研究发现，成功者并非意志力更强，而是主动远离诱惑。作者由此给出育儿建议：一方面引导孩子主动避开诱惑，另一方面让孩子爱上健康的选择，并把健康的行为变得有趣。由此可知，D项“避开诱惑，爱上更健康的选择”为最佳标题。 题型组合训练 演练 一、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When we think of wildlife protection, we often picture big, famous animals like pandas or elephants. 1 , many small creatures play an equally important role in nature. Take beetles, for example. These tiny insects help break down dead wood and animal waste, 2 (keep) the forest clean. Without them, the soil would be far 3 (poor) in nutrients. 4 (luckily), beetles and other small wildlife are often ignored in conservation plans. This is partly because they are not as “cute” as larger animals, and partly because people know little about 5 (they) living habits. As a result, some beetle species 6 (disappear) at an alarming rate in the past decade. The good news is that more scientists are now realizing the importance of these hidden helpers. Some nature reserves have set up special monitoring programs to protect small insects. Everyone can also contribute by leaving some fallen leaves or wood in gardens, 7 provides natural homes for beetles. After all, 8 (protect) wildlife means protecting every part of the ecosystem, no matter how small it is. So next time you see a beetle, remember — it is not just a bug; it is 9 hero working quietly for the planet. If we want a healthy forest, we must give these little 10 (creature) a chance to survive. 【答案】 1．However 2．keeping 3．poorer 4．Unluckily 5．their 6．have disappeared 7．which 8．protecting 9．a 10．creatures 【导语】文章主要说明了人们常重视大型野生动物，却忽视甲虫等小生物。它们助力生态循环，如今正快速消亡，各界开始重视保护，守护小动物方能维系完整生态。 【详解】1．考查副词。句意：然而，许多小型生物在自然界中也发挥着同样重要的作用。上文we often picture big, famous animals like pandas or elephants与后文many small creatures play an equally important role in nature是转折关系，用副词however连接，首字母大写。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：这些微小的昆虫能够帮助分解枯木和动物的排泄物，从而保持森林的清洁。句子已有谓语动词help，设空处作伴随状语，逻辑主语These tiny insects和keep是主动关系，所以用现在分词。 3．考查比较级。句意：如果没有它们，土壤中的养分含量将会大打折扣。结合上文far可知为比较关系，用比较级poorer。 4．考查副词。句意：不幸的是，在保护计划中，甲虫以及其他小型野生动物常常被忽视。修饰后文句子，表示“不幸地”用副词unluckily，首字母大写。 5．考查代词。句意：这在一定程度上是因为它们不像体型较大的动物那样“可爱”，同时也因为人们对它们的生活习性知之甚少。修饰名词habits用形容词性物主代词their。 6．考查时态。句意：因此，在过去十年里，一些甲虫物种的数量急剧减少，情况令人担忧。根据后文in the past decade可知为现在完成时，主语为some beetle species，助动词用have。 7．考查定语从句。句意：每个人也可以做出自己的贡献，比如在花园里留下一些落叶或枯枝，这样就能为甲虫提供天然的栖息地。非限制性定语从句修饰上文句子，从句缺少主语，指物，用关系代词which。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：毕竟，保护野生动物就意味着要保护整个生态系统的每一个部分，无论其规模多么微小。作句子的主语，陈述一般事实，protect用动名词形式。 9．考查冠词。句意：所以下次你见到甲虫时，请记住——它并非普通的昆虫；它是一位默默为地球奉献的英雄。此处hero为泛指，且是发音以辅音音素开头的单词，用不定冠词a修饰。 10．考查名词的数。句意：如果我们想要拥有一片健康的森林，就必须给这些小生物一个生存的机会。根据上文these可知名词creature用复数形式。 二、阅读理解 Humans make decisions using statistical information every day. For example, we weigh the likelihood of various factors when deciding what to bet in card games. However, humans aren’t alone in using statistical inferences in decision-making. Until now, human cousins like monkeys and also some birds have been identified as the only animals to show evidence of reasoning based on probability and statistics, which requires advanced mental power. These animals have large brains relative to their body size, which is often associated with high intelligence. Researchers from the University of Barcelona oppugned such statements and doubted that an animal with a small brain relative to its body size could perform statistical reasoning as well. Giraffes were an ideal choice. But researchers had a concern: Statistical reasoning is quite distinct from basic counting. Giraffes have already exhibited an ability to perform quantity discrimination (辨别), being able to tell a larger number of items from a smaller number, which poses a challenge for the researchers to confirm their doubt. So the research team settled on a special approach where they started with a mixture of carrots the animal desires along with zucchinis they dislike and varied the number and proportion (比例) of both items. The researchers placed different proportions of carrots and zucchinis into two plastic containers to test whether the giraffes could predict a higher likelihood of receiving a carrot. Each test consisted of 20 trials in which a researcher selected a piece of food from each container without showing it to the giraffes. The giraffes then touched the hand they wanted to eat from, using only the information they had from the containers. In the first test, where one container had 20 carrots and 80 zucchinis and another had 80 carrots and 20 zucchinis, each giraffe chose the hand that had a higher probability of holding a carrot at least 17 times. In the following two tests, the proportion of carrots and zucchinis was changed. Yet again the giraffes chose correctly. The combined results indicated that the researchers’ idea held water. 11．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．Statistical reasoning is unique to humans. B．Brain size is positively related to intelligence. C．Animals with larger bodies have larger brains. D．Large animals are smart enough to perform reasoning. 12．What does the underlined word “oppugned” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Declared. B．Explained. C．Questioned. D．Understood. 13．Why did the research team introduce a special approach to the study? A．To test the giraffes’ ability to perform basic counting. B．To observe the giraffes’ behavior in different situations. C．To rule out the effect of giraffes’ quantity discrimination. D．To determine whether giraffes prefer carrots or zucchinis. 14．What do the test results show? A．Giraffes are capable of statistical reasoning. B．Giraffes’ sense of proportion is relatively limited. C．Giraffes rely on visual information to make food choices. D．Giraffes’ food preferences can be changed through training. 【答案】11．B 12．C 13．C 14．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了巴塞罗那大学研究人员通过实验证实长颈鹿具备统计推理能力，挑战了大脑大小与智能关系的传统观点。 【详解】11．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“These animals have large brains relative to their body size, which is often associated with high intelligence.(这些动物的大脑相对于其体型较大，这通常与高智商相关联。)”可知，从第二段可以推断出大脑大小与智力呈正相关。 12．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段中的划线词后面的句子“doubted that an animal with a small brain relative to its body size could perform statistical reasoning as well(怀疑一个大脑相对于体型较小的动物也能进行统计推理)”可知，巴塞罗那大学的研究人员对之前的说法持怀疑态度，此处信息与前文构成并列，因此划线词意为“质疑、反对”，与C选项“Questioned.(质疑)”意思相近。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Giraffes have already exhibited an ability to perform quantity discrimination (辨别), being able to tell a larger number of items from a smaller number, which poses a challenge for the researchers to confirm their doubt.(长颈鹿已经展现出进行数量辨别的能力，能够区分较多和较少的物品，这对研究人员验证他们的怀疑构成了挑战。)”以及第五段“So the research team settled on a special approach where they started with a mixture of carrots the animal desires along with zucchinis they dislike and varied the number and proportion (比例) of both items.(因此，研究团队采用了一种特殊的方法，他们用动物喜欢的胡萝卜和它们不喜欢的西葫芦的混合物开始，并改变了两种物品的数量和比例。)”可知，研究团队引入特殊方法是为了排除长颈鹿数量辨别能力的影响，从而确认它们是否真的在进行统计推理。 14．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“each giraffe chose the hand that had a higher probability of holding a carrot at least 17 times(每只长颈鹿至少17次选择了更有可能拿着胡萝卜的那只手)”以及“The combined results indicated that the researchers' idea held water.(综合结果表明研究人员的想法站得住脚。)”可知，测试结果表明长颈鹿能够进行统计推理。 高考核心词汇 演练 · 高考高频词汇精选背诵（N字母） 1. native 2. numerous 3. naked 4. nurture 5. navigation 6. nursing 7. namely 8. nourish 9. neat 10. nursery 11. nail 12. napkin 13. negative 14. nutrition 15. nap 16. necklace 17. negotiate 18. nationwide 19. nationality 20. nightmare 21. neglect 22. naturalist 23. noticeable 24. notify 25. neutral 26. newsagent 27. novel 28. numb 29. nevertheless 30. naughty 31. nominate 32. notorious 33. noble 34. narrative 35. notion 36. nostalgic 37. nonsense 38. nuisance 39. nylon 40. naive · 高考核心词汇检测 1.To their relief, their students _____ escaped from the shaking building. A．narrowly B．slightly C．nearly D．namely 2.Psychological studies show that some people are quick-tempered _____. A. at heart           B. on purpose           C. in person            D. by nature 3.Joanna was weak from a long illness. She should have a good rest and enough______. A. nursery           B. nutrition           C. navigation     D.novelty 4.You can’t throw the waste everywhere. You should keep the classroom______. A．normal B．neat C．notable D．messy 5._____ You want to remember its usage, you’d better make a sentence with the new word. A．Now that B．Now and then C．While D．Even if 6. Some people who don’t like to talk much are not________ shy；they may just be quiet people. A. necessarily B. neatly C. naturally D. negatively 7. We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but we’ll never _______ with criminals. A.  neglect        B.negotiate            C.navigate    D. notice 8. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons（狒狒）were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a _______ food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake. A.native          B.  narrative        C. novel       D.  neutral 9. The gentleman said no and told me that he needed to go to the ______ home to eat breakfast with his wife. A.  napping          B.  nourishing          C. noting      D. nursing 10. if a part of your body is ________, you cannot feel anything in it, for example because of cold A. numb            B.  naval           C.  nasty     D. noticeable 11. It is not hard to imagine why, on first seeing the city, most visitors would be overpowered by the beauty of the__________ buildings. A.  notorious          B.  noble       C.   normal     D. nuclear 12. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a _______ situation. A. nationwide           B.  naughty          C. nervous       D. numerous 13. Staying with a _______ speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom. A.   naked        B.  narrative       C. nourished    D. native 14. A _______ is a person who studies plants, animals, insects, and other living things. A. naturalist B. novelist C.nationality D.nightmare 15. He won the _________ as Democratic candidate for the presidency. A. notion B. napkin C. nomination D. nickname 参考答案： 1~5 ADBBA 6~10 ABCDA 11~15. BCDAC 第 1 页 共 14 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $