内容正文:
Unit2 Exploring English语法讲解与练习
Word formation(构词法)详细讲解
本单元重点四类:合成法 Compounding、派生法 Derivation、转化法 Conversion、缩略法 Abbreviation,全部搭配单元课文原词举例,贴合课本考点。
一、合成法 Compounding
两个或多个单词直接组合生成新词,可用连字符-或直接连写。
1. 合成名词(单元核心词)
*n.+n.
pine(松树)+apple(苹果)= pineapple 菠萝
sea(大海)+sickness → seasickness 晕船
air+sickness → airsickness 晕机
home+sickness → homesickness n.想家 (homesick adj.想家的)
*v.-ing + n.
waiting room 等候室;swimming pool 泳池
*n.+v.-ing handwriting 笔迹、书法
*v.+n. playground 操场;breakthrough 突破
2. 合成形容词(必考)
*n.+adj. homesick 想家的;seasick 晕船的;airsick 晕机的
*adj.+n.-ed kind-hearted 好心的;warm-hearted 热心的
*adj.+v.-ing good-looking 好看的;easy-going 随和的
*adv.+v.-ing hard-working 勤奋的
3. 合成动词
over+sleep → oversleep 睡过头 under+estimate → underestimate 低估
二、派生法 Derivation(词汇拓展核心,考试最高频)
词根+前缀prefix(只改词义,不改词性)/ 后缀 suffix(改变词性)
(一)常用前缀(单元重点否定前缀)
A.否定类前缀
un- 不、无 unfamiliar 不熟悉的;unhappy;unfair
dis- 相反、不 dislike 不喜欢;disappear 消失;disagree
in-/im-/ir-/il- 否定 impossible(p前用 im);irregular(r前ir);
illegal(l前il);invisible 看不见的(课文原词)
mis- 错误 misunderstand 误解;misadventure 不幸遭遇
non- 非 non-stop 直达的
B.其他功能前缀
re- 再、重新:rebuild;recycle
inter- 相互、之间:international;Internet
tele- 远程:telephone;television
over- 过度:overuse;overeat
en- 使……:enrich 使丰富;enlarge 扩大
(二)常用后缀(改变词性,单元词性转换全整理)
1. 动词 →名词(表动作/人/物品)
① 表人:-er /-or/-ist /-ian sculpt(雕刻)→ sculptor 雕刻家(课文原词)
teach → teacher;act → actor;art → artist;music → musician
② 表动作/状态:-tion /-ment/-ness /-ity create → creativity 创造力
curious → curiosity 好奇心 kind → kindness;agree → agreement;
differ → difference
2. 名词/动词 → 形容词
-ful 充满……:careful;helpful
-less 无……(否定后缀):careless;homeless
-able /-ible 可…… 的:believable;possible
-al 有…… 属性:national;natural
-y 多……:rainy;windy
3. 形容词 → 副词
-ly:quick → quickly;easy → easily
4. 形容词 → 动词(使……)
-en:wide → widen;broad → broaden
-ize:real → realize;organize
-ify:simple → simplify;beauty → beautify
三、转化法 Conversion(零词缀,单词直接变词性)
词形不变,词性转换,单元高频词
1. 名词 → 动词
contact n. 联系 → contact v. 联络(单元核心词)
water n. 水 → water v. 浇水
book n. 书 → book v. 预订
head n. 头 → head v. 朝……前进
2. 动词 → 名词
talk v. 交谈 → talk n. 谈话;walk v. 走 → walk n. 散步
3. 形容词 → 动词
empty adj. 空的 → empty v. 倒空;dry adj. 干的 → dry v. 烘干
4. 形容词名词化:the + adj. 表一类人
the rich 富人;the blind 盲人;the young 年轻人
四、缩略法 Abbreviation(两类考点)
1. 截短法(单词截去一部分)
telephone → phone;examination → exam;laboratory → lab
2. 首字母缩写词 Acronym
各字母分开读: BBC 英国广播公司;VIP 贵宾;UN 联合国;NBA 美职篮 整体拼读: TOEFL /ˈtəʊfl/ 托福
五、本单元课文典型构词词汇总(必背)
1.合成词 pineapple n. 菠萝;homesick adj. 想家的;seasick 晕船;handwriting 笔迹
2.派生词 invisible adj. 看不见的(in- + visible)
misadventure n. 倒霉事(mis- + adventure)
sculpt v. 雕刻 → sculpture n. 雕塑 → sculptor n. 雕刻家
curious adj. 好奇的 → curiosity n. 好奇心
create v. 创造 → creativity n. 创造力
unfamiliar adj. 不熟悉的(un- + familiar)
disappear v. 消失(dis- + appear)
3.转化词 contact n./v. 联系
4.缩略词 Internet, phone, exam
六、构词法解题技巧(阅读猜词专用)
1.看见 un-/dis-/in-/mis- → 词义取反;
2.后缀 -tion/-ity/-ness → 名词;-ly→副词;-ful/-less→形容词;
3.合成词拆分两个单词,结合两个词义推断;
4.同形词看句子成分:主语/宾语为名词;谓语为动词。
【配套练习】
一、写出下列单词的反义词(考察否定前缀un-/dis-/in-/im-/mis-)
解题提示:依托单元核心否定前缀变形,无特殊拼写,直接添加对应前缀即可。
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1. familiar (熟悉的) —— __________
2. fair (公平的) —— __________
3. like (喜欢) —— __________
4. appear (出现) —— __________
5. visible (可见的) —— __________
6. happy (开心的) —— __________
7. agree (同意) —— __________
8. possible (可能的) —— __________
9. lucky (幸运的) —— __________
10. honest (诚实的) —— __________
11. understand (理解) —— __________
12. regular (规律的) —— __________
13. legal (合法的) —— __________
14. polite (礼貌的) —— __________
15. capable (有能力的) —— __________
二、词性专项转换(单元高频词性互换,名词/动词/形容词/副词转换)
1. curious (adj. 好奇的) —— __________ (n. 好奇心)
2. create (v. 创造) —— __________ (n. 创造力)
3. sculpt (v. 雕刻) —— __________ (n. 雕塑)
4. kind (adj. 善良的) —— __________ (n. 善良)
5. care (n. 小心) —— __________ (adj. 粗心的)
6. help (n. 帮助) —— __________ (adj. 有帮助的)
7. wide (adj. 宽阔的) —— __________ (v. 拓宽)
8. real (adj. 真实的) —— __________ (v. 实现)
9. quick (adj. 快速的) —— __________ (adv. 快速地)
10. agree (v. 同意) —— __________ (n. 同意;协议)
11. differ (v. 不同) —— __________ (n. 差异;不同)
12. nation (n. 国家) —— __________ (adj. 国家的)
13. nature (n. 自然) —— __________ (adj. 自然的)
14. simple (adj. 简单的) —— __________ (v. 简化)
15. possible (adj. 可能的) —— __________ (n. 可能性)
三、用所给词的正确形式填空(综合考察构词法与语法运用)
解题提示:根据句子成分(主语/谓语/定语/状语)判断所需词性,结合前后缀变形
1. It is __________ (familiar) to me, because I have never seen it before.
2. We were full of __________ (curious) about the new English learning method.
3. The __________ (sculpt) on the square was made by a young artist.
4. Everyone should show __________ (kind) to people around them.
5. His __________ (care) mistake caused the failure of the experiment.
6. The Internet greatly improves human __________ (create).
7. It is __________ (possible) to finish so much work in ten minutes.
8. Many people have __________ (understand) of this new rule.
9. She is a __________ (help) teacher and all students like her.
10. The road __________ (wide) greatly after the new construction.
11. There is some __________ (differ) between the two languages.
12. We finally reached an __________ (agree) on the study plan.
13. It is __________ (polite) to talk loudly in the library.
14. He __________ (quick) realized his own mistakes.
15. The __________ (nature) scenery here is extremely beautiful.
16. Don’t be __________ (lucky) — you still have another chance.
17. The teacher tried to __________ (simple) the difficult grammar points.
18. Many stars are __________ (visible) to the naked eye in the daytime.
19. His dream of becoming a designer finally __________ (real) last year.
20. The __________ (nation) language of China is Mandarin.
Keys
一、反义词答案
1. unfamiliar 2. unfair 3. dislike 4. disappear 5. invisible 6. unhappy 7. disagree 8. impossible 9. unlucky 10. dishonest 11. misunderstand 12. irregular 13. illegal 14. impolite 15. incapable
二、词性转换答案
1. curiosity 2. creativity 3. sculpture 4. kindness 5. careless 6. helpful 7. widen 8. realize 9. quickly 10. agreement 11. difference 12. national 13. natural 14. simplify 15. possibility
三、词形填空答案
1. unfamiliar 2. curiosity 3. sculpture 4. kindness 5. careless 6. creativity 7. impossible 8. misunderstanding 9. helpful 10. widened 11. difference 12. agreement 13. impolite
14. quickly 15. natural 16. unlucky 17. simplify 18. invisible 19. realized 20. national
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