Unit 1 Look it up!（单元同步写作讲义）英语新教材沪教版八年级上册

本讲义聚焦初中英语“百科全书词条写作”核心知识点，系统梳理从信息筛选（基本信息、主要成就、获奖头衔）、逻辑规划（思维导图工具）到事实与观点区分的完整脉络，提供词汇句式积累（如“contribution”“devote to”等核心词汇及开头中间结尾句模板）、佳句仿写及典例赏析等学习支架。 该资料以语言能力培养为核心，通过结构化写作指导（如Mark Twain范例的谋篇布局）提升学生客观表达准确性，结合思维品质训练（思维导图梳理信息逻辑）和文化意识渗透（黄旭华、钱学森等中国杰出人物案例），课中辅助教师高效教学，课后实战演练帮助学生巩固写作规范，查漏补缺。

Unit 1 Look it up! 单元同步写作讲义 本单元的主题属于“人与社会”范畴，涉及“杰出人物的生平与贡献”以及“百科全书词条的客观表达”。 该单元旨在培养学生撰写百科全书词条的能力，这是一种高度概括且客观的文体。通过为《青少年在线百科全书》撰稿，学生需要学会从纷繁复杂的人物生平中筛选核心事实。写作过程强调逻辑规划，即利用思维导图梳理出基本信息（如生卒年、身份）、主要成就（具体贡献及影响）以及获奖及头衔（社会认可）三个维度。这种结构化的信息介绍是为了让读者快速、准确地获取知识，同时训练学生在写作中区分“事实”与“观点”，确保内容的客观性与准确性，从而建立起严谨的说明文写作规范。 词汇积累 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. scientist 科学家 2. encyclopaedia 百科全书 3. achievement 成就 4. contribution 贡献 5. develop 开发，研发 6. devote to 献身…… 7. influence 影响 8. award 奖项，奖品 9. honour 荣誉，荣幸 10. title 头衔，称号 11. reputation 名誉，声望 12. be recognized as 被认为…… 13. pioneer 先驱，先锋 14. inspire 激励 句式积累 开头句： 1. Yuan Longping (1930-2021) was a famous Chinese scientist. 袁隆平（1930-2021）是一位著名的中国科学家。 2. He was born in Beijing and is known as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”. 他出生于北京，被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。 3. Tu Youyou is a great chemist who was born in Zhejiang. 屠呦呦是一位伟大的化学家，出生于浙江。 中间句： 1. Her discovery of artemisinin has saved millions of lives around the world. 她发现的青蒿素拯救了全世界数百万人的生命。 2. Thanks to his hard work, farmers can harvest much more rice than before. 多亏了他的辛勤工作，农民们收获的水稻比以前多得多。 3. She dedicated all her time to researching traditional Chinese medicine. 她把所有的时间都奉献给了中医药的研究。 结尾句： 1. He received the Medal of the Republic in 2019. 他在2019年获得了“共和国勋章”。 2. Because of his great contributions, he is respected by people all over the world. 因为他的巨大贡献，他受到了全世界人民的尊敬。 3. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. 她在2015年被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。 佳句仿写 1. 教材原句：From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artist talent. 仿写：从早年开始，他就对植物感兴趣。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 教材原句：He also had many inventions. 仿写：他也有许多有趣的故事。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 教材原句：Many dinosaurs ate plants, but some ate meat. 仿写：许多人喜欢打篮球，但有些人喜欢踢足球。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1. From an early age, he was interested in plants. 2. He also has many interesting stories. 3. Many people like playing basketball, but some like playing football. 典例 下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于Mark Twain的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于马克·吐温的短文。 内容包括： 1. 他是一位美国著名作家，写了许多著名的小说。 2. 1835年出生于佛罗里达州的农村，4岁时和家人搬到城里，12岁时，其父亲去世。 3. 从童年就开始工作，做过许多不同的工作。 4. 最著名的小说：《汤姆·索亚历险记》。 5. 他的写作才能不是与生俱来，而是来源于他个人的经历。 注意:（1）短文必须包含所列的信息，可作适当发挥 （2）书写规范，词数80左右； （3）短文开头已给出，仅供参考，不计入总词数。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 审题 ① 题材：本文是一篇材料作文； ② 人称、时态：要求介绍他人，人称应以第三人称为主；描述的是人物生平经历，时态应用“一般过去时”；但在评价其作品地位或客观事实时（如“这本书很出名”），可酌情使用一般现在时。 ③ 提示：写作要点已给出，考生应注意不要逐句翻译，可适当添加细节。 谋篇布局 开头 点明马克・吐温的核心身份（美国著名作家）及写作成就（写了许多著名小说，提及写作才能特点） 中间 具体阐述马克・吐温的生平经历。 结尾 介绍其代表作品《汤姆・索亚历险记》及作品影响力，补充写作才能的来源，最后总结他对美国文学的贡献及在文学界的地位。 佳作展示 Mark Twain was a very famous American writer. He was unusually talented in writing and wrote many famous novels. He was born in a small village in Florida in 1835. When he was 4 years old, he and his family moved to the city. Sadly, his father died when he was 12. From an early age, he started to work. He did many different jobs to make money. One of his most famous books is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This book made him very popular and won him lots of praise. Mark Twain spent all his life writing. His writing ability came from his rich personal experiences rather than innate talent. He made great contributions to American literature and played an important role in the world of books. 佳作赏析 亮点词汇： ① be talented in 在……方面有天赋 ② from an early age 从小 ③ make money 赚钱 ④ make contributions to 为……做贡献 高分句型： ① When he was 4 years old, he and his family moved to the city.（when引导的时间状语从句） ② Sadly, his father died when he was 12.（when引导的时间状语从句） ③ He did many different jobs to make money.（不定式作目的状语） （一） 下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于中国科学家黄旭华的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于黄旭华的短文。 1. 基本信息：中国科学家，1926年生于广东潮汕，2024年逝世。 2. 成长背景：早年对科学和工程学极感兴趣。终生致力于中国核潜艇研究。 3. 主要成就：他在核潜艇(Nuclear Submarines)方面取得成功，使中国国防(national defense)得到有力的加强。 4. 荣誉与影响：获得“共和国勋章”(the Medal of the Republic)被称为“中国核潜艇之父”(Father of China’s Nuclear Submarines)。 要求： 1. 文中须包含表格中的要点提示，可适当发挥； 2. 词数80左右。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Huang Xuhua (1926-2024), a well-known Chinese scientist, was born in Guangdong Province. From an early age, he showed great interest in science and engineering, and he was unusually talented in solving difficult problems. He devoted his life to developing China’s first nuclear submarines. Building submarines was extremely challenging work, and he faced many problems. However, he never gave up. His efforts and knowledge played an important role in the success of China’s nuclear submarine project. Thanks to his work, China now has powerful submarines that can protect the country well, and his work has made great contributions to China’s national defense. Huang won many awards for his outstanding achievements. In 2019, he received the Medal of the Republic, one of China’s highest honours. People call him the Father of China’s Nuclear Submarines. [总体分析] ①题材：本文为一篇说明文，为材料作文； ②时态：“一般过去时”； ③提示：覆盖所有要点，结构清晰，语言简练准确。 [写作步骤] 第一步，对文章的主人公进行简单介绍。介绍基本信息和成长背景； 第二步，具体阐述其主要成就与贡献以及产生的影响； 第三步，详细介绍获得的荣誉。 [亮点词汇] ①well-known知名的 ②from an early age从年轻时开始 ③thanks to由于 [高分句型] Thanks to his work, China now has powerful submarines that can protect the country well, and his work has made great contributions to China’s national defense.（定语从句） （二） 钱学森是中国“两弹一星”元勋，为中国航天科技的发展做出了巨大贡献。请你根据下面表格中所提供的信息，写一篇英语短文介绍钱学森。 姓名 钱学森 生卒日期 1911年12月11日—2009年10月31日 出生地 中国上海 教育背景 1934年毕业于上海交通大学，后赴美留学，获博士学位 主要成就 1. 参与美国早期火箭研究，1955年回到中国 2. 领导研制中国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”，推动导弹和空间探索领域的发展 3. 中国航天事业的奠基人，被誉为“中国航天之父” 要求： 1. 文中须包含表格中的要点提示，可适当发挥； 2. 词数80左右。 参考词汇：aerospace science and technology航天科技 father of China’s aerospace中国航天之父 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Qian Xuesen was one of China’s greatest scientists. Born in Shanghai in 1911, he graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and then went to America for further education. After getting his PhD, he became an important rocket scientist in the USA. In 1955, Qian returned to China. He devoted himself to the development of China’s aerospace science and technology. Under his leadership, Chinese scientists successfully developed the country’s first satellite, Dongfanghong-1. His work laid the foundation for China’s achievements in missiles and space exploration. Qian is known as the “father of China’s aerospace”. His spirit continues to inspire China’s young generations today. He passed away in 2009, but his contributions will never be forgotten. [总体分析] ①题材：本文是一篇材料作文，介绍中国伟大科学家钱学森的生平事迹、贡献及影响； ②时态：以一般过去时为主，描述钱学森的出生、求学、回国、工作及逝世等生平事件；使用一般现在时强调其地位、精神的延续性和贡献的不朽性； ③提示：文章围绕钱学森展开，包含其基本生平、回国后的贡献、历史地位及精神影响，内容完整，逻辑清晰。 [写作步骤] 第一步，开篇点明钱学森是中国最伟大的科学家之一，简述早期经历； 第二步，讲述其为中国导弹和太空探索成就奠定基础，突出核心贡献； 第三步，总结其“中国航天之父”的地位，说明其精神对当代中国青年的激励作用，升华主题。 [亮点词汇] ①further education深造 ②devote oneself to致力于 ③aerospace航天 ④lay the foundation for 为……奠定基础 ⑤pass away逝世 ⑥contributions贡献 [高分句型] ①Born in Shanghai in 1911, he graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and then went to America for further education.（过去分词“Born”作状语） ②He devoted himself to the development of China’s aerospace science and technology.（“devote oneself to” 短语，体现其对航天事业的专注和奉献） ③Under his leadership, Chinese scientists successfully developed the country’s first satellite, Dongfanghong-1.（“Under his leadership”介词短语作状语） ④Qian is known as the “father of China’s aerospace”.（“be known as”结构，明确其历史地位） （三） 下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于爱迪生(Thomas Edison)的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇文章介绍爱迪生。 1.爱迪生是最伟大的科学家和发明家之一； 2.爱迪生1847年2月出生于美国，他从小就对科学感兴趣； 3.爱迪生一生工作勤奋，经常夜以继日地工作，从不放弃，他有两千多项发明，其中包括电灯(the electric light)、留声机 (the phonograph) 等，他的发明改变了世界。 4.你从爱迪生身上可以学到什么？ 参考词汇：发明：invention 要求：1. 80词左右，开头已给出，不计入总词数内； 2. 文中不得出现真实姓名和校名； 3. 可适当增加细节，以使条理清楚、行文连贯； 4. 标点正确，书面整洁。 Thomas Edison Thomas Edison is one of the greatest inventors and scientists in the world. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Thomas Edison Thomas Edison is one of the greatest inventors and scientists in the world. He was born in the United States in February 1847. At the age of 8, he went to school. From an early age, he was interested in science and showed great intelligence. Edison worked hard all his life, often working day and night without giving up. He had more than 2, 000 inventions, including the electric light, phonograph and so on. His inventions changed the world. He died in 1931 at the age of 84. From him, I realize the secret to success is not when or where you were born, but what you are doing and how you do it in your life, just as his famous saying “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.” I will learn from him and be a hard-working learner. [总体分析] ①题材：本文是一篇说明文，为材料作文； ②时态：本文以“一般过去时”和“一般现在时”为主； ③提示：写作要点已给出，写作时根据题干中的提示信息介绍爱迪生，可适当增加细节，突出写作要点。 [写作步骤] 第一步，引出话题，表示爱迪生是最伟大的科学家和发明家之一； 第二步，根据提示内容详细介绍爱迪生的生平； 第三步，介绍你从爱迪生身上可以学到什么。 [亮点词汇] ①at the age of在……岁时 ②be interested in对……感兴趣 [高分句型] ①Edison worked hard all his life, often working day and night without giving up. (现在分词作状语以及动名词作宾语) ②I realize the secret to success is not when or where you were born, but what you are doing and how you do it in your life.(表语从句) （四） 你们班级准备制作一本英文的百科全书，其中要写一篇关于Neil Armstrong的简介，请你根据如下表格进行编写： Neil Armstrong Job Astronaut (宇航员) Birth time &place 1930; the US Work experience 1. want to fly; from an early age 2. at the age of 16; become a pilot (飞行员) 3. fly to the Moon; July 1969 4.become the first person to walk on the Moon; 20 July 1969 Death time August 25, 2012 要求：包含信息表内容，清晰合理，书写工整，80词左右。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Neil Armstrong was a famous astronaut. He was born in 1930, the US. He had a dream when he was very young. He wanted to fly from an early age. Neil Armstrong studied hard at school. He read many books on science and space. Finally, he became a pilot at the age of 16. He still worked very hard. He flew to the Moon in July, 1969. More importantly, he became the first person to walk on the Moon on 20 July of 1969. Unluckily, he passed away on August 25, 2012. People will remember him forever. [总体分析] ① 题材：本文是一篇记叙文，根据表格内容进行人物介绍； ② 时态：时态为“一般过去时” ； ③ 提示：写作要点已给出，考生应注意不要遗漏“表格”中有关Neil Armstrong的介绍要点，适当增加细节，并突出写作重点。 [写作步骤] 第一步，表明写作意图。借用“班级准备制作一本英文的百科全书，其中要写一篇关于Neil Armstrong的简介，请你根据如下表格进行编写”根据表格内容直接介绍Neil Armstrong的内容； 第二步，具体阐述写作内容。从“职业、出生年龄、出生地点、小时候的梦想、工作主要经历和离世”几个方面介绍Neil Armstrong的相关情况； 第三步，书写结语。表达“人们永远记住他”的情感。 [亮点词汇] ① be born 出生 ② at the age of 在……岁时 ③ study hard学习认真 ④ the first person to do sth做某事第一人 ⑤ more importantly更重要的是 [高分句型] ① He had a dream when he was very young.（when引导的时间状语从句） ② More importantly, he became the first person to walk on the Moon on 20 July of 1969.（“the first person to do sth”表达“做某事第一人”句型常用短语） （五） 阅读下面关于航天员叶光富的介绍材料，根据提示写一篇不少于80词的短文，介绍他的航天经历与精神品质。 身份：中国航天员，四川人 主要经历：执行神舟十三号任务，在天宫空间站工作生活 6 个月；完成太空行走，开展科学实验；和地面学生分享太空生活 评价：勇敢、勤奋，为中国航天事业做出重要贡献 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Ye Guangfu—A Great Chinese Astronaut Ye Guangfu is an excellent Chinese astronaut and he comes from Sichuan Province. He took part in the Shenzhou-13 mission and stayed and worked in the Tiangong space station for six months. During the task, he finished spacewalks and did plenty of scientific experiments. He also shared his wonderful space life with students on the earth. Ye Guangfu is brave and hard-working. He has made great contributions to China’s space industry. 写作步骤 [第一步：审题立意] 确定文体：人物介绍类短文，以一般现在时为主（介绍身份、评价、收获），以一般过去时为辅（描述主要经历） 明确要点：包含的方面——身份与籍贯、主要经历、评价、你的收获 确定人称：第三人称（he/his）和第一人称（I） 注意事项：不得透露真实姓名和学校名称；词数不少于80；要点齐全；可适当发挥 [第二步：构思布局] 三段式结构： 第一段：介绍身份与籍贯，概述主要经历 第二段：评价其人品与贡献 [第三步：要点展开] 要点一：身份与籍贯 身份：an excellent Chinese astronaut/a great Chinese astronaut/a famous Chinese astronaut等 籍贯：from Sichuan Province/comes from Sichuan等 要点二：主要经历 任务：took part in the Shenzhou-13 mission/carried out the Shenzhou-13 space mission等 空间站生活：stayed and worked in the Tiangong space station for six months/during his six-month stay in the Tiangong space station等 太空活动：finished spacewalks/did plenty of scientific experiments/completed spacewalk tasks and all kinds of scientific experiments等 地面互动：shared his wonderful space life with students on the earth/communicated with students on the earth and told them about his wonderful space life等 要点三：评价 品质：brave/hard-working/very brave and diligent等 贡献：has made great contributions to China’s space industry/devotes himself to China’s space cause等 （六） 改编自茅盾文学奖获奖作品《人世间》的同名电视剧受到了观众的一致好评。请你根据下面的提示信息，写一篇英语短文介绍它的作者梁晓声。 姓名 梁晓声 出生年月 1949年9月 出生地 黑龙江省哈尔滨市 经历 1968年去了乡下工作，并开始写作； 1974年就读于复旦大学； 1977年毕业后创作了大量优秀作品；创作的长篇小说《人世间》，于2017年出版 作品《人世间》被拍成电视剧之后观众的评价 写作要求： 1. 包括所有提示信息，可适当发挥； 2. 条理清楚、意思连贯、语句通顺、语法正确； 3. 100词左右 (开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。 参考词汇：复旦大学 Fudan University； 《人世间》A Lifelong Journey； 哈尔滨Harbin； 电视剧TV series； 观众 audience Liang Xiaosheng is a famous Chinese writer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 Liang Xiaosheng is a famous Chinese writer. He was born in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, in September 1949. In 1968, he went to work in the countryside and began his writing life. In 1974, he studied at Fudan University and graduated in 1977. After graduation, he kept writing and created many excellent works with deep thoughts on life and society. His world-famous novel A Lifelong Journey came out in 2017. Later, it was successfully adapted into a popular TV series, which has won high praise and wide love from audiences all over the country. He is truly a great writer whose works have influenced many people. 写作步骤 [第一步：审题立意] 确定文体：人物介绍类记叙文 明确要点：梁晓声身份、出生信息、个人经历、创作经历、代表作《人世间》及社会反响 确定人称：第三人称 he /his 注意事项：时态以一般过去时为主，信息完整，语句通顺，字数控制在100 词左右 [第二步：构思布局] 开头：介绍人物身份、出生时间和地点 主体：按时间顺序写个人经历与创作经历 结尾：介绍代表作及改编电视剧的反响，总结评价 [第三步：要点展开] 要点一：基本信息 个人信息：Liang Xiaosheng, was born in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, in September 1949./ born in/date of birth/ birthplace/native place...等 要点二：人生经历 个人经历：went to work in the countryside/studied at Fudan University/graduated in 1977/worked in the countryside/entered Fudan University/finished college...等 创作经历：began his writing life/ kept writing/ created many excellent works/started writing/kept on writing/produced many great works...等 要点三：代表作品与反响 代表作品：novel A Lifelong Journey came out in 2017/published in 2017/famous work/well-known novel...等 社会反响：adapted into a popular TV series/won high praise from audiences/made into a hit TV play/widely praised/loved by many people...等。 （七） 假如你是李华，你的梦想是成为一名航天员，并且你非常崇拜航天员王浩泽。请你根据表格内容，用英语写一篇短文介绍你的职业偶像。 Name Wang Haoze Age 35 Hometown Luanping, Hebei Hobbies reading, running and calligraphy Character outgoing, patient and hard-working Achievement China’s first female space engineer 写作要求： 1. 文中须包含表格提示中的所有信息，可适当发挥； 2. 文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3. 词数80左右。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 As an astronaut, Wang Haoze is 35 years old and comes from Luanping, Hebei. She is outgoing, patient and hard-working. In her free time, she enjoys reading, running and writing calligraphy. She is China’s first female space engineer. She has deep knowledge of space and makes huge achievements in space exploration. Wang Haoze is a great example of success. Everyone admires her. [总体分析] ①题材：本文是一篇介绍职业偶像的短文； ②时态：时态为“一般现在时”； ③提示：写作要点已给出，考生应注意不要遗漏表格中王浩泽的相关信息，适当添加细节，并突出写作重点。 [写作步骤] 第一步，表明写作意图。借用“自己长大想成为航天员”来引出重点介绍的内容； 第二步，具体阐述写作内容。从“年龄、家乡、性格、爱好、成就”几个方面重点介绍王浩泽的具体情况； 第三步，书写结语。表达“希望自己成为像王浩泽一样的科学家”的愿望。 [亮点词汇] ①in her free time 在她的空闲时间 ②make huge achievements 取得巨大成就 [高分句型] ①She is China’s first female space engineer.（“序数词+名词”结构） ②She has deep knowledge of space and makes huge achievements in space exploration.（并列句） （八） 你校英文报新开设了“百科知识”栏目，请你写一篇英语短文介绍发明家爱迪生 (Edison)，向该栏目投稿。短文须包括以下要点： 简介 ①生卒年份1847-1931，美国著名发明家。 经历 ①出生在乡下；从小展现出聪明才智与创造性，却因为经常提奇怪问题而被迫退学 ②长大后自己学习各种事物 成就 ①1879年发明了实用的白炽灯 ②一生有一千多种发明 世人的评价 ①他是20世纪最伟大的科学家之一 ②…… 参考词汇：创造性creativity，实用的practical 要求：①可在内容提示的基础上适当拓展信息； ②词数80左右 (文章的开头已给出，不计入总词数)； ③不得透露学校、姓名等任何个人信息。 American Inventor—Edison Edison was _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 American Inventor—Edison Edison was an American inventor who lived from 1847 to 1931. He was born in the countryside. When he was young, he showed great creativity but he was forced to leave school because he often asked strange questions. Later, he taught himself various things. In 1879, he invented the practical incandescent light bulb. During his life, he had over a thousand inventions. He is one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century. His creativity and perseverance inspire us to pursue our dreams bravely. [总体分析] ①题材：本文是一篇材料作文； ②时态：以“一般过去时”为主； ③提示：需覆盖所有给定要点 (生卒年份、经历、成就、看法)，适当拓展，词数80左右。 [写作步骤] 第一步，详细介绍爱迪生的个人信息。 第二步，介绍其经历和成就。 第三步，介绍世人对他的评价。 [亮点词汇] ①creativity创造性 ②practical实用的 ③teach himself自学 [高分句型] ①When he was young, he showed great creativity but he was forced to leave school because he often asked strange questions. (运用了when引导的时间状语从句，because引导的原因状语从句） ② He is one of the greatest scientists in the 20th century. (运用了最高级的句型) $Unit 1 Look it up! 单元同步写作讲义 本单元的主题属于“人与社会”范畴，涉及“杰出人物的生平与贡献”以及“百科全书词条的客观表达”。 该单元旨在培养学生撰写百科全书词条的能力，这是一种高度概括且客观的文体。通过为《青少年在线百科全书》撰稿，学生需要学会从纷繁复杂的人物生平中筛选核心事实。写作过程强调逻辑规划，即利用思维导图梳理出基本信息（如生卒年、身份）、主要成就（具体贡献及影响）以及获奖及头衔（社会认可）三个维度。这种结构化的信息介绍是为了让读者快速、准确地获取知识，同时训练学生在写作中区分“事实”与“观点”，确保内容的客观性与准确性，从而建立起严谨的说明文写作规范。 词汇积累 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. scientist 科学家 2. encyclopaedia 百科全书 3. achievement 成就 4. contribution 贡献 5. develop 开发，研发 6. devote to 献身…… 7. influence 影响 8. award 奖项，奖品 9. honour 荣誉，荣幸 10. title 头衔，称号 11. reputation 名誉，声望 12. be recognized as 被认为…… 13. pioneer 先驱，先锋 14. inspire 激励，研发 句式积累 开头句： 1. Yuan Longping (1930-2021) was a famous Chinese scientist. 袁隆平（1930-2021）是一位著名的中国科学家。 2. He was born in Beijing and is known as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”. 他出生于北京，被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。 3. Tu Youyou is a great chemist who was born in Zhejiang. 屠呦呦是一位伟大的化学家，出生于浙江。 中间句： 1. Her discovery of artemisinin has saved millions of lives around the world. 她发现的青蒿素拯救了全世界数百万人的生命。 2. Thanks to his hard work, farmers can harvest much more rice than before. 多亏了他的辛勤工作，农民们收获的水稻比以前多得多。 3. She dedicated all her time to researching traditional Chinese medicine. 她把所有的时间都奉献给了中医药的研究。 结尾句： 1. He received the Medal of the Republic in 2019. 他在2019年获得了“共和国勋章”。 2. Because of his great contributions, he is respected by people all over the world. 因为他的巨大贡献，他受到了全世界人民的尊敬。 3. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. 她在2015年被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。 佳句仿写 1. 教材原句：From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artist talent. 仿写：从早年开始，他就对植物感兴趣。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 教材原句：He also had many inventions. 仿写：他也有许多有趣的故事。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 教材原句：Many dinosaurs ate plants, but some ate meat. 仿写：许多人喜欢打篮球，但有些人喜欢踢足球。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 典例 下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于Mark Twain的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于马克·吐温的短文。 内容包括： 1. 他是一位美国著名作家，写了许多著名的小说。 2. 1835年出生于佛罗里达州的农村，4岁时和家人搬到城里，12岁时，其父亲去世。 3. 从童年就开始工作，做过许多不同的工作。 4. 最著名的小说：《汤姆·索亚历险记》。 5. 他的写作才能不是与生俱来，而是来源于他个人的经历。 注意:（1）短文必须包含所列的信息，可作适当发挥 （2）书写规范，词数80左右； （3）短文开头已给出，仅供参考，不计入总词数。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 审题 ① 题材：本文是一篇材料作文； ② 人称、时态：要求介绍他人，人称应以第三人称为主；描述的是人物生平经历，时态应用“一般过去时”；但在评价其作品地位或客观事实时（如“这本书很出名”），可酌情使用一般现在时。 ③ 提示：写作要点已给出，考生应注意不要逐句翻译，可适当添加细节。 谋篇布局 开头 点明马克・吐温的核心身份（美国著名作家）及写作成就（写了许多著名小说，提及写作才能特点） 中间 具体阐述马克・吐温的生平经历。 结尾 介绍其代表作品《汤姆・索亚历险记》及作品影响力，补充写作才能的来源，最后总结他对美国文学的贡献及在文学界的地位。 佳作展示 Mark Twain was a very famous American writer. He was unusually talented in writing and wrote many famous novels. He was born in a small village in Florida in 1835. When he was 4 years old, he and his family moved to the city. Sadly, his father died when he was 12. From an early age, he started to work. He did many different jobs to make money. One of his most famous books is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This book made him very popular and won him lots of praise. Mark Twain spent all his life writing. His writing ability came from his rich personal experiences rather than innate talent. He made great contributions to American literature and played an important role in the world of books. 佳作赏析 亮点词汇： ① be talented in 在……方面有天赋 ② from an early age 从小 ③ make money 赚钱 ④ make contributions to 为……做贡献 高分句型： ① When he was 4 years old, he and his family moved to the city.（when引导的时间状语从句） ② Sadly, his father died when he was 12.（when引导的时间状语从句） ③ He did many different jobs to make money.（不定式作目的状语） （一） 下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于中国科学家黄旭华的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于黄旭华的短文。 1. 基本信息：中国科学家，1926年生于广东潮汕，2024年逝世。 2. 成长背景：早年对科学和工程学极感兴趣。终生致力于中国核潜艇研究。 3. 主要成就：他在核潜艇(Nuclear Submarines)方面取得成功，使中国国防(national defense)得到有力的加强。 4. 荣誉与影响：获得“共和国勋章”(the Medal of the Republic)被称为“中国核潜艇之父”(Father of China’s Nuclear Submarines)。 要求： 1. 文中须包含表格中的要点提示，可适当发挥； 2. 词数80左右。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （二） 钱学森是中国“两弹一星”元勋，为中国航天科技的发展做出了巨大贡献。请你根据下面表格中所提供的信息，写一篇英语短文介绍钱学森。 姓名 钱学森 生卒日期 1911年12月11日—2009年10月31日 出生地 中国上海 教育背景 1934年毕业于上海交通大学，后赴美留学，获博士学位 主要成就 1. 参与美国早期火箭研究，1955年回到中国 2. 领导研制中国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”，推动导弹和空间探索领域的发展 3. 中国航天事业的奠基人，被誉为“中国航天之父” 要求： 1. 文中须包含表格中的要点提示，可适当发挥； 2. 词数80左右。 参考词汇：aerospace science and technology航天科技 father of China’s aerospace中国航天之父 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （三） 下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于爱迪生(Thomas Edison)的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇文章介绍爱迪生。 1.爱迪生是最伟大的科学家和发明家之一； 2.爱迪生1847年2月出生于美国，他从小就对科学感兴趣； 3.爱迪生一生工作勤奋，经常夜以继日地工作，从不放弃，他有两千多项发明，其中包括电灯(the electric light)、留声机 (the phonograph) 等，他的发明改变了世界。 4.你从爱迪生身上可以学到什么？ 参考词汇：发明：invention 要求：1. 80词左右，开头已给出，不计入总词数内； 2. 文中不得出现真实姓名和校名； 3. 可适当增加细节，以使条理清楚、行文连贯； 4. 标点正确，书面整洁。 Thomas Edison Thomas Edison is one of the greatest inventors and scientists in the world. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ （四） 你们班级准备制作一本英文的百科全书，其中要写一篇关于Neil Armstrong的简介，请你根据如下表格进行编写： Neil Armstrong Job Astronaut (宇航员) Birth time &place 1930; the US Work experience 1. want to fly; from an early age 2. at the age of 16; become a pilot (飞行员) 3. fly to the Moon; July 1969 4.become the first person to walk on the Moon; 20 July 1969 Death time August 25, 2012 要求：包含信息表内容，清晰合理，书写工整，80词左右。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （五） 阅读下面关于航天员叶光富的介绍材料，根据提示写一篇不少于80词的短文，介绍他的航天经历与精神品质。 身份：中国航天员，四川人 主要经历：执行神舟十三号任务，在天宫空间站工作生活 6 个月；完成太空行走，开展科学实验；和地面学生分享太空生活 评价：勇敢、勤奋，为中国航天事业做出重要贡献 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （六） 改编自茅盾文学奖获奖作品《人世间》的同名电视剧受到了观众的一致好评。请你根据下面的提示信息，写一篇英语短文介绍它的作者梁晓声。 姓名 梁晓声 出生年月 1949年9月 出生地 黑龙江省哈尔滨市 经历 1968年去了乡下工作，并开始写作； 1974年就读于复旦大学； 1977年毕业后创作了大量优秀作品；创作的长篇小说《人世间》，于2017年出版 作品《人世间》被拍成电视剧之后观众的评价 写作要求： 1. 包括所有提示信息，可适当发挥； 2. 条理清楚、意思连贯、语句通顺、语法正确； 3. 100词左右 (开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。 参考词汇：复旦大学 Fudan University； 《人世间》A Lifelong Journey； 哈尔滨Harbin； 电视剧TV series； 观众 audience Liang Xiaosheng is a famous Chinese writer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （七） 假如你是李华，你的梦想是成为一名航天员，并且你非常崇拜航天员王浩泽。请你根据表格内容，用英语写一篇短文介绍你的职业偶像。 Name Wang Haoze Age 35 Hometown Luanping, Hebei Hobbies reading, running and calligraphy Character outgoing, patient and hard-working Achievement China’s first female space engineer 写作要求： 1. 文中须包含表格提示中的所有信息，可适当发挥； 2. 文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3. 词数80左右。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ （八） 你校英文报新开设了“百科知识”栏目，请你写一篇英语短文介绍发明家爱迪生 (Edison)，向该栏目投稿。短文须包括以下要点： 简介 ①生卒年份1847-1931，美国著名发明家。 经历 ①出生在乡下；从小展现出聪明才智与创造性，却因为经常提奇怪问题而被迫退学 ②长大后自己学习各种事物 成就 ①1879年发明了实用的白炽灯 ②一生有一千多种发明 世人的评价 ①他是20世纪最伟大的科学家之一 ②…… 参考词汇：创造性creativity，实用的practical 要求：①可在内容提示的基础上适当拓展信息； ②词数80左右 (文章的开头已给出，不计入总词数)； ③不得透露学校、姓名等任何个人信息。 American Inventor—Edison Edison was _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $