衔接点21 构词法知识及词形词性转化（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，上海专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点21 构词法知识及词形词性转化 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，了解一些基本的构词法知识，如：词性变化名词动词形容词副词之间的互相转化。积累一下初中段常见的前缀和后缀形式。。初中：识别规则、简单转换、辅助记忆，侧重 “知其然”。 高中阶段，掌握更多前缀后缀；理解构词逻辑；分析复杂合成词的结构；理解一词多性的语境逻辑；通过构词法推测生词词义。总之，高中需拓展构词法复杂度，强调语境中词形词性的多维度转化规则。高中：系统掌握、逻辑推导、语境活用，侧重 “知其所以然” 与语言输出能力。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 · 核心范围：了解派生、合成、转化三种基本构词法，以派生法为主。 · 派生法（重点）： · 前缀：掌握 **un-, dis-, re-** 等简单否定 / 重复前缀，只改词义、不改词性。 · 后缀：掌握 **-er, -or, -ful, -less, -ly, -tion, -ment等，能识别名词↔动词、形容词↔副词 ** 的基础转换。 · 合成法：识别常见合成词（如classroom, blackboard），不要求复杂分析。 · 转化法：了解简单词性转化（如water n. 水→v. 浇水）。 · 能力要求：能识别派生词、判断词性、猜测简单词义；在单句中完成基础词形转换（如happy→happiness）。 词形词性转换 1．The government plans to the road because of the increase in traffic. (widely) 2．Children should learn to be instead of always depending on their parents. (depend) 3．The mountain climbers in finding the way and got to the top finally. (success) 4．Keeping pets is a good idea, and the children can learn about from it. (responsible) 5．Sorry, I swam in the river because I was quite of the warning signs. (aware) 6．Paper cutting is considered as a Chinese skill loved by many foreigners. (tradition) 7．Only good team work will actually us to get the job done on time. (able) 8．Lily is thin, of average , but she is very fit. (high) 9．Her idea has a lot of attention in the scientific community. (attraction) 10．The best advice is to eat and get plenty of sleep. (regular) 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 核心范围：系统掌握三大构词法，覆盖前缀 / 后缀 / 词根，强调逻辑与语境。 · 派生法（深度拓展）： · 前缀：新增in-, im-, ir-, non-, mis-, over-, under-等，区分细微词义（如unhappy vs. miserable）。 · 后缀：全面掌握 **-age, -ence, -ity, -al, -ive, -ize等，熟练多向词性转换 **（如动词→名词→形容词→副词）。 · 词根：初步感知词根含义（如vis = 看→visit, visible, vision），提升词义推导能力。 · 合成法：分析复杂合成词结构（如hard-working, well-known, three-year-old），能理解并运用合成形容词 / 名词。 · 转化法：掌握一词多性、熟词生义（如challenge v. 挑战→n. 难题；address v. 处理），结合语境判断词性与词义。 · 能力要求： · 阅读：通过构词法精准猜测生词词义（长难句 / 学术文本）。 · 写作：主动用派生词 / 合成词升级词汇（如important→significant）。 · 语法填空：熟练完成复杂词形转换（如unreasonably）。 考点清单 一、合成法 合成是指把两个不同词类的词加在一起构成一个新词，它可以是形容词，也可以是名词或其他词类。 英语中常见的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词和合成副词，其中以合成形容词最为活跃。 (1)合成形容词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方法 例词 形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的 good-tempered好脾气的 形容词+现在分词 good-looking好看的 easy-going随和的 副词+现在分词 hard-working勤劳的 far-reaching深远的 名词+现在分词 peace-loving热爱和平的 record-breaking破记录的 名词+过去分词 man-made人造的 heartbroken心碎的 副词+过去分词 well-known著名的 widespread广泛流传的 形容词+名词 large-scale大规模的 high-class高级的 数词+名词+ed three-legged三条腿的 five-starred五颗星的 名词+形容词 duty-free免税的 homesick想家的 (2)合成名词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方式 例词 名词+名词 silkworm蚕 snowman雪人 形容词+名词 nobleman贵族 green-hand新手 动名词+名词 waiting-room候车室 sleeping-pills安眠药 动词+名词 pickpocket扒手 cross-roads十字路口 名词+动名词 handwriting书法 sun-bathing目光浴 动词+副词 get-together聚会 breakthrough突破 副词+动词 downfall垮台 outbreak爆发 (3)合成动词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方式 例词 副词+动词 overthrow 推翻 undervalue 低估 形容词+动词 ill-treat虐待 quick-charge快速充电 名词+动词 typewrite 打字 sleepwalk梦游 (4)合成副词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方式 例词 介词+名词 upstairs楼上；outdoors户外；underfoot 脚下 形容词+名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 形容词+副词 anywhere 任何地方 2、 派生法 派生的构成往往是通过词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的词汇。我们可以用不同的后缀来构成名词、形容词、动词、副词和数词等。一般来说，给一个词加上前缀，通常用词性不变，而改变词义，如fair(adj.公平的)-unfair（adj. 不公平的）；给一个词加一后缀，通常词义不变，而改变词性，如invent(v.发明)-invention(n. 发明)。 (一)　前　缀 1．表示否定意义的前缀 (1)un­ unfortunate　　不幸的 unable 不能够的 uncomfortable 不舒服的 (2)in­ (3)im­ impolite　不礼貌的 imperfect 不完美的 impossible 不可能的 (4)il­ illegal　违法的 illogical 不合逻辑的 inconvenient　不方便的 incorrect 不正确的 informal 不正式的 (5)ir­ irregular　不规则的 irrelevant 不相关的 (6)non­ non­violent　非暴力的 non­profit 非盈利的 (7)dis­ dislike　　不喜欢 disapprove 不赞成 dishonest　　不诚实的 disadvantage 弊端，不利条件 2.表示其他意义的常见前缀 (1)en­　　使…… enable 使能够 enrich 使丰富 enlarge 扩大，使变大 endanger 危及 (2)re­　　再，又 retell 复述 review 复习 reunite 团聚 (3)mis­　　错误 misunderstand 误解 mislead 误导 misread 误读 (4)pre­　　在……之前 preview 预习 pre­reading 读前 prehistoric 史前的 (5)fore­　在……前面 forehead 前额 foretell 预言 forecast 预测，预报 (6)inter­　　　在……之间，互相 international 国际的 interact 互动 interpersonal 人际的 (7)trans­　转变，变换 translate 翻译 transport 运输 transform 转变，改造 (二)　后　缀 1．形容词后缀 (1)­y windy　有风的 lucky 幸运的 healthy健康的 (2)­ly friendly　友好的 deadly 致命的 lively 活泼的 (3)­al natural　自然的 national 国家的 personal 个人的 (4)­ive attractive　 吸引人的 effective 有效的 impressive 印象深刻的 (5)­ic/­ical historic　有历史意义的 energetic 精力充沛的 historical 历史的 (6)­ous famous　　　著名的 dangerous 危险的 mysterious 神秘的 (7)­ful wonderful　　　精彩的 beautiful 美丽的 hopeful 有希望的 (8)­less careless　粗心的 homeless 无家可归的 helpless 无助的 (9)­able comfortable　舒适的 acceptable 可接受的 reasonable 合乎情理的 adaptable 可适应的 2.名词后缀 (1)表示“人”的名词后缀 ①­er cleaner　清洁工 reporter 记者 employer 雇主，老板 ②­or inventor　发明家 actor 演员 visitor 游客 ③­ist artist　　艺术家 scientist 科学家 pianist 钢琴家 dentist 牙科医生 ④­ess hostess　女主人 waitress 女服务员 actress 女演员 ⑤­ian musician　　音乐家 politician 政治家 historian 历史学家 (2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀 ①­th truth　　真相 strength 力量，强项 width 宽度 warmth 温暖 ②­dom freedom　　自由 boredom 无聊，厌烦 wisdom 智慧 ③­ment development　　发展 achievement 成就 amazement 惊讶 excitement 兴奋 ④­ness happiness　　幸福 weakness 弱点 kindness 善良 seriousness 严重性，严肃性 ⑤­tion/­sion competition竞争 construction 建设 discussion 讨论 conclusion 结论 admission 接纳，准许入学 ⑥­ance/­ence importance　重要性 appearance 出现，相貌 existence 存在 patience 耐心 confidence 信心 ⑦­(t)y difficulty　　　困难 loyalty 忠诚 cruelty 残忍 safety 安全 responsibility 职责，责任 ⑧­al arrival　　到达 approval 赞成，批准 survival 幸存 3.动词、副词后缀 (1)­en widen　　加宽 deepen 加深 weaken 削弱 (2)­ize apologize　　道歉 emphasize 强调 memorize 记住 (3)­ly slowly　　慢慢地 happily 高兴地 extremely　　极其 surprisingly 令人惊讶地 三、转化法 转化是指单词由一个词类转变成另一个词类，但其基本意思不变。 转化类型 例词 例句 动词转化为名词 try Let me have a try. swim We stooped there for a swim. 名词转化为动词 book Have you booked your ticket? chair Who chaired the meeting? 形容词转化为动词 slow The train slowed down to half its speed. narrow This is the chief way to narrow the differences between them. 形容词转化为名词 dear He is a dear. （他是个讨人喜欢的孩子） final They’ re running in the final. 注意：有些词可以词形不变用作另一类词，但重音发生改变。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在后， 作名词时重音在前。 例词 动词含义（重音在后） 名词含义（重音在前） conduct 指挥，导电 /kənˈdʌkt/ 行为 /ˈkɒndʌkt/ contest 竞争 /kənˈtest/  比赛 /ˈkɒntest/ contrast 形成对比 /kənˈtrɑːst/  对比 /ˈkɒntrɑːst/  digest 消化/daɪˈdʒest/  摘要，文摘/ˈdaɪdʒest/  export 输出，出口/ɪk'spɔːt/ 出口/'ekspɔːt/ import 进口，输入/ɪmˈpɔːt/ 进口 /ˈɪmpɔːt/  increase 增加 /ɪnˈkriːs/ 增加 /ˈɪŋkriːs/  permit 准许，允许/pəˈmɪt/  许可证/ˈpɜːmɪt/  present 赠送，上演/prɪˈzent/ 礼物，目前/ˈpreznt/ produce 生产 /prəˈdjuːs/  农产品 /ˈprɒdjuːs/  protest 抗议 /prəˈtest/ 抗议 /ˈprəʊtest/ record 记录，录音/rɪˈkɔːd/ 记录，唱片/ˈrekɔːd/ survey 勘查，考察 /səˈveɪ/  勘查，考察/ˈsɜːveɪ/ suspect 怀疑，疑心/səˈspekt/ 嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人 /ˈsʌspekt/  transport 运输，运送/trænˈspɔːt/ 运输/ˈtrænspɔːt/  小试牛刀： 1．Which of the following words can have the suffix “-ion” added to form a noun? A．dark B．express C．teach D．begin 2．I want to have a ________holiday A．five day B．five days C．five-days D．five-day 3．Look! There is ________ over there. Do you know him? A．a 8-year-old boy B．an 8-year-old boy C．a 8-years old boy D．an 8-years old boy 4．—“Flashlight” is a ________. It comes from “flash” and “light”. —Oh, I see. So is “snowstorm”. A．natural disaster B．compound word C．safety rule D．verb phrase 5．Which of the following words can we add “in-” as a prefix? A．Friendly B．Correct C．Able D．Patient 6．“Most birds are active in the daytime, so you can easily watch them there.” Which of the following words is created in the same way as the underlined word “daytime”? A．dishonest B．countryside C．unhealthy D．kindness 7．Oscar Wilde said, “A life without love is like a sunless garden.” The underlined word “sunless” means ________. A．full of sun B．without sun C．bright D．warm 8．The word “________” can have an opposite meaning by adding the prefix “in-” . A．lucky B．correct C．possible D．important 9．Which of the following words is formed the same way as the word “classical”? A．birthplace B．dreamlike C．central D．artwork 10．We can add prefix “un-” to ________ to give it the opposite meaning. A．correct B．possible C．patient D．usual 一、单句语法填空 1．People under the age of 40 constitute the (major) of the labour force. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．His (determine) looks suggested that he wouldn’t change his mind. (所给词的适当形式填空) 3．Thanks to recent research, (effect) treatments are available. (所给词的适当形式填空) 4．She got a headache if she had to read for any (long) of time. (所给词的适当形式填空) 5．The little boy gave his all in the game, playing without (hesitate) even when he was injured. (所给词的适当形式填空) 6．It is (convenient) to have a meeting during lunchtime when everyone is busy. (所给词的适当形式填空) 7．Though the government has taken many measures, the train service is still (frequent) delayed due to bad weather. (所给词的适当形式填空) 8．People often have different opinions on some hot issues, so it is impossible to make (assume) about people's reactions. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．Violin is a (string) instrument which produces a particularly beautiful and vibrant (充满活力的) tone. (所给词的适当形式填空) 10．A (conduct) is someone who stands in front of a group of musicians or singers and directs their playing or singing. （所给词的适当形式填空） 二、选择正确答案 1．It’s about a ________ walk from the park to the subway station. A．fifteen-minutes’ B．fifteen-minute’s C．fifteen-minute D．fifteen-minutes 2．It’s a ________ ride from the airport to the downtown area. A．two-hours’ B．two-hour’s C．two-hour D．two-hours 3．Which of the following words CAN’T form a new word with “-ship”? A．friend B．relation C．scholar D．business 4．Which of the following words is formed like “impossible”? A．reporter B．blackboard C．dishonest D．harmless 5．Which word is formed in the same way as “homesick”? A．unfold B．rainbow C．disqualify D．professional 6．Which of the following suffixes is the opposite (反义词) of “-ful”? A．-able B．-ness C．-less D．-ous 7．Which of the following prefixes (前缀) means “No”? A．un- B．en- C．co- D．over- 8．Which of the following words is combined by two words? A．poster B．impressive C．exchange D．butterfly 9．Which of the following words is formed like “handbag”? A．meaningful B．snowman C．protection D．impatient 10．We can’t put prefix “un-” to ________ to give it the opposite meaning. A．correct B．comfortable C．certain D．interesting 11．“For a moment, he was speechless. Happiness seemed to fill his body and stick in his throat.” Which word is formed in the same way as “speechless”? A．disappear B．dangerous C．footprint D．impossible 12．Which of the following words is formed in the same way as the word “snowstorm”? A．careless B．railway C．unhealthy D．tourist 13．Which of the following words can NOT be added the prefix “un-” to give it the opposite meaning? _____ A．polite B．healthy C．usual D．happy 14．Which of the following words has a different word formation? A．sculpture B．memorise C．humorous D．highway 15．What a terrible snowstorm! Which of the following words is formed in the same way as the word “snowstorm”? A．careless B．railway C．unhealthy D．tourist 16．As we all know, words formed by combining other words are called compounds, for example, ________. A．collection B．lifeboat C．WTO D．exchange 17．As we all know, words formed by combining other words are called compounds, for example, ________. A．collection B．rainbow C．WTO D．exchange 18．Which of the following suffixes(后缀)means "without"? A．–able B．–ful C．–ous D．–less 19．Which of the following words is created the same way as sunflower! A．homework B．winner C．untidy D．musician 20．The newly-built library is a________ building. A．five-storey B．five storeys C．five-storey’s D．five storeys’ 一、语篇填空（构词法知识专练） Exploring traditional culture shapes teenagers’ inner taste and broadens their horizons. When visiting ancient craft museums, we can gain plenty of valuable insights hidden behind each handmade artwork. 1.________ (ignore) of traditional crafts means losing a precious cultural treasure. The 2.________ (create) behind each craft piece require long-term practice and endless patience. Many old craftsmen think modern youth are 3.________ (patient) with slow hand-making processes. We need to realize that every delicate craft carries rich 4.________ (culture) meanings. The guide told us that the 5.________ (origin) skill of paper cutting dates back to thousands of years ago. Some students hold the 6.________ (believe) that traditional arts are out of date, which is totally 7.________ (reason). Actually, many designers combine old crafts with modern fashion to make them more 8.________ (attract) to young people. To fully understand craft spirits, we should keep 9.________ (deep) our understanding of history. Among all craft exhibitions, the wood carving show is the most 10.________ (impress) one for most visitors. 二、阅读理解 In the mornings, Monday through Friday, we do our yoga exercises. I started doing yoga exercise about forty years ago. Well, after a decade or so, when Bessie turned eighty, she found that I looked better than her. So she decided she would start doing yoga, too. So we have been doing our exercises together over since. We follow a yoga exercise program on the TV. Sometimes, Bessie cheats. I'll be doing an exercise and looking over at her, and she's just lying there! She's a naughty old girl. Exercise is very significant. A lot of older people don't exercise at all. Another thing that is terribly vital is diet. I keep up with the latest news about nutrition. About thirty years ago, Bessie and I started eating much more healthy foods. These days, I do most of cooking, and Bessie does the serving. We eat our big meal of the day at noon. In the evening, we usually have a milkshake for dinner, and then we go upstairs and watch the news on the TV. After that, we say our prayers — we say prayers in the morning and before we go to bed. It takes a long time to pray for everyone, because it is a very big family — we have fifteen nieces and nephews still living, plus all their children and grandchildren. We pray for each one. The ones that Bessie doesn't approve of get extra prayers. Bessie can be very critical and she holds things against people forever. I always have to say to her, “Everyone has to be themselves, Bessie, Live and let live. ” You know, when you are this old, you don't know if you are going to wake up in the morning. But I don't worry about dying, and neither does Bessie. We are at peace. You never know when it is going to happen. That's why you learn to love each and every day, child. By Sadie 1．What are the two factors that the author considers most important for longevity? A．Workout and eating B．Yoga and prayers. C．Cooking and serving. D．TV and a big family. 2．According to the passage, which of the following about Bessie is true? A．She is lazy old lady, getting up late every morning. B．She is a good cook and does most of the cooking. C．While she is aged, she is quite naughty D．Because she always forgives others, she is considerate. 3．We can infer from the passage that both Sadie and Bessie ________. A．are worried about death. B．pray for all they know C．are aged more than 100. D．have a milkshake every day. 4．What does the passage mainly tell us? A．Sadie is considerate and kind with everyone. B．Both Sadie and Bessie enjoy their long lives. C．Bessie is critical, but still loves her big family. D．Both Sadie and Bessie enjoy their coming death. 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点21 构词法知识及词形词性转化 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，了解一些基本的构词法知识，如：词性变化名词动词形容词副词之间的互相转化。积累一下初中段常见的前缀和后缀形式。。初中：识别规则、简单转换、辅助记忆，侧重 “知其然”。 高中阶段，掌握更多前缀后缀；理解构词逻辑；分析复杂合成词的结构；理解一词多性的语境逻辑；通过构词法推测生词词义。总之，高中需拓展构词法复杂度，强调语境中词形词性的多维度转化规则。高中：系统掌握、逻辑推导、语境活用，侧重 “知其所以然” 与语言输出能力。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 · 核心范围：了解派生、合成、转化三种基本构词法，以派生法为主。 · 派生法（重点）： · 前缀：掌握 **un-, dis-, re-** 等简单否定 / 重复前缀，只改词义、不改词性。 · 后缀：掌握 **-er, -or, -ful, -less, -ly, -tion, -ment等，能识别名词↔动词、形容词↔副词 ** 的基础转换。 · 合成法：识别常见合成词（如classroom, blackboard），不要求复杂分析。 · 转化法：了解简单词性转化（如water n. 水→v. 浇水）。 · 能力要求：能识别派生词、判断词性、猜测简单词义；在单句中完成基础词形转换（如happy→happiness）。 词形词性转换 1．The government plans to the road because of the increase in traffic. (widely) 【答案】widen 【详解】句意：由于交通流量的增加，政府计划拓宽道路。根据“The government plans to...increase in traffic.”及提示词可知，此处需将副词widely转化为动词widen，表示“拓宽”；plan to do sth.是常用搭配，意为“计划做某事”，后接动词原形。故填widen。 2．Children should learn to be instead of always depending on their parents. (depend) 【答案】independent 【详解】句意：孩子们应该学会独立，而不是总是依赖父母。根据“instead of always depending on their parents”可知，此处指孩子们应学会独立。depend“依赖，依靠”，是动词；independent“独立的”，形容词作表语。故填independent。 3．The mountain climbers in finding the way and got to the top finally. (success) 【答案】succeeded 【详解】句意：登山者成功地找到了路，最终到达了山顶。根据“The mountain climbers...in finding the way and got to the top finally.”以及所给单词可知，此处表示登山者成功地找到了路。succeed“成功”，succeed in doing sth“成功地完成某事”，应用过去式形式succeeded，和后面的“got”并列作谓语。故填succeeded。 4．Keeping pets is a good idea, and the children can learn about from it. (responsible) 【答案】responsibility/responsibilities 【详解】句意：养宠物是个好主意，孩子们可以从中学会责任。根据“learn about...from it”可知，此处表达从养宠物这件事中学会“责任”，responsible是形容词，意为“负责的”，其名词形式是responsibility，意为“责任”，此处即可表示抽象的“责任”概念，不可数；也可表示具体的“职责”或“责任事项”，用复数表泛指。故填responsibility/responsibilities。 5．Sorry, I swam in the river because I was quite of the warning signs. (aware) 【答案】unaware 【详解】句意：对不起，我在河里游泳了，因为我完全没有意识到警告标志。根据句首“Sorry”可知，此处意思是我“没有意识到”警告标志。unaware“未察觉到的，未意识到的”。故填unaware。 6．Paper cutting is considered as a Chinese skill loved by many foreigners. (tradition) 【答案】traditional 【详解】句意：剪纸被视为一项受许多外国人喜爱的中国传统技能。此处用形容词作定语，tradition的形容词形式traditional，意为“传统的”。故填traditional。 7．Only good team work will actually us to get the job done on time. (able) 【答案】enable 【详解】句意：只有良好的团队合作才能使我们按时完成工作。will后接动词原形，用able的动词形式enable表示“使能够”。故填enable。 8．Lily is thin, of average , but she is very fit. (high) 【答案】height 【详解】句意：Lily很瘦，中等身高，但是她很健康。此空前有形容词“average”修饰，应用“high”的名词height“身高”，作“of”的宾语。故填height。 9．Her idea has a lot of attention in the scientific community. (attraction) 【答案】attracted 【详解】句意：她的想法在科学界引起了很多关注。attraction“吸引”，名词；根据“Her idea has...a lot of attention”可知，此处指引起关注，attract“吸引”，动词；根据“has”可知，此处是现在完成时，结构为“has done”，所以此处应用动词的过去分词形式。故填attracted。 10．The best advice is to eat and get plenty of sleep. (regular) 【答案】regularly 【详解】句意：最好的建议是有规律的饮食和充足的睡眠。根据“eat”可知，副词修饰动词，regularly“有规律地”，故填regularly。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 核心范围：系统掌握三大构词法，覆盖前缀 / 后缀 / 词根，强调逻辑与语境。 · 派生法（深度拓展）： · 前缀：新增in-, im-, ir-, non-, mis-, over-, under-等，区分细微词义（如unhappy vs. miserable）。 · 后缀：全面掌握 **-age, -ence, -ity, -al, -ive, -ize等，熟练多向词性转换 **（如动词→名词→形容词→副词）。 · 词根：初步感知词根含义（如vis = 看→visit, visible, vision），提升词义推导能力。 · 合成法：分析复杂合成词结构（如hard-working, well-known, three-year-old），能理解并运用合成形容词 / 名词。 · 转化法：掌握一词多性、熟词生义（如challenge v. 挑战→n. 难题；address v. 处理），结合语境判断词性与词义。 · 能力要求： · 阅读：通过构词法精准猜测生词词义（长难句 / 学术文本）。 · 写作：主动用派生词 / 合成词升级词汇（如important→significant）。 · 语法填空：熟练完成复杂词形转换（如unreasonably）。 考点清单 一、合成法 合成是指把两个不同词类的词加在一起构成一个新词，它可以是形容词，也可以是名词或其他词类。 英语中常见的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词和合成副词，其中以合成形容词最为活跃。 (1)合成形容词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方法 例词 形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的 good-tempered好脾气的 形容词+现在分词 good-looking好看的 easy-going随和的 副词+现在分词 hard-working勤劳的 far-reaching深远的 名词+现在分词 peace-loving热爱和平的 record-breaking破记录的 名词+过去分词 man-made人造的 heartbroken心碎的 副词+过去分词 well-known著名的 widespread广泛流传的 形容词+名词 large-scale大规模的 high-class高级的 数词+名词+ed three-legged三条腿的 five-starred五颗星的 名词+形容词 duty-free免税的 homesick想家的 (2)合成名词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方式 例词 名词+名词 silkworm蚕 snowman雪人 形容词+名词 nobleman贵族 green-hand新手 动名词+名词 waiting-room候车室 sleeping-pills安眠药 动词+名词 pickpocket扒手 cross-roads十字路口 名词+动名词 handwriting书法 sun-bathing目光浴 动词+副词 get-together聚会 breakthrough突破 副词+动词 downfall垮台 outbreak爆发 (3)合成动词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方式 例词 副词+动词 overthrow 推翻 undervalue 低估 形容词+动词 ill-treat虐待 quick-charge快速充电 名词+动词 typewrite 打字 sleepwalk梦游 (4)合成副词通常有以下常见的构词方法： 构成方式 例词 介词+名词 upstairs楼上；outdoors户外；underfoot 脚下 形容词+名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 形容词+副词 anywhere 任何地方 2、 派生法 派生的构成往往是通过词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的词汇。我们可以用不同的后缀来构成名词、形容词、动词、副词和数词等。一般来说，给一个词加上前缀，通常用词性不变，而改变词义，如fair(adj.公平的)-unfair（adj. 不公平的）；给一个词加一后缀，通常词义不变，而改变词性，如invent(v.发明)-invention(n. 发明)。 (一)　前　缀 1．表示否定意义的前缀 (1)un­ unfortunate　　不幸的 unable 不能够的 uncomfortable 不舒服的 (2)in­ (3)im­ impolite　不礼貌的 imperfect 不完美的 impossible 不可能的 (4)il­ illegal　违法的 illogical 不合逻辑的 inconvenient　不方便的 incorrect 不正确的 informal 不正式的 (5)ir­ irregular　不规则的 irrelevant 不相关的 (6)non­ non­violent　非暴力的 non­profit 非盈利的 (7)dis­ dislike　　不喜欢 disapprove 不赞成 dishonest　　不诚实的 disadvantage 弊端，不利条件 2.表示其他意义的常见前缀 (1)en­　　使…… enable 使能够 enrich 使丰富 enlarge 扩大，使变大 endanger 危及 (2)re­　　再，又 retell 复述 review 复习 reunite 团聚 (3)mis­　　错误 misunderstand 误解 mislead 误导 misread 误读 (4)pre­　　在……之前 preview 预习 pre­reading 读前 prehistoric 史前的 (5)fore­　在……前面 forehead 前额 foretell 预言 forecast 预测，预报 (6)inter­　　　在……之间，互相 international 国际的 interact 互动 interpersonal 人际的 (7)trans­　转变，变换 translate 翻译 transport 运输 transform 转变，改造 (二)　后　缀 1．形容词后缀 (1)­y windy　有风的 lucky 幸运的 healthy健康的 (2)­ly friendly　友好的 deadly 致命的 lively 活泼的 (3)­al natural　自然的 national 国家的 personal 个人的 (4)­ive attractive　 吸引人的 effective 有效的 impressive 印象深刻的 (5)­ic/­ical historic　有历史意义的 energetic 精力充沛的 historical 历史的 (6)­ous famous　　　著名的 dangerous 危险的 mysterious 神秘的 (7)­ful wonderful　　　精彩的 beautiful 美丽的 hopeful 有希望的 (8)­less careless　粗心的 homeless 无家可归的 helpless 无助的 (9)­able comfortable　舒适的 acceptable 可接受的 reasonable 合乎情理的 adaptable 可适应的 2.名词后缀 (1)表示“人”的名词后缀 ①­er cleaner　清洁工 reporter 记者 employer 雇主，老板 ②­or inventor　发明家 actor 演员 visitor 游客 ③­ist artist　　艺术家 scientist 科学家 pianist 钢琴家 dentist 牙科医生 ④­ess hostess　女主人 waitress 女服务员 actress 女演员 ⑤­ian musician　　音乐家 politician 政治家 historian 历史学家 (2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀 ①­th truth　　真相 strength 力量，强项 width 宽度 warmth 温暖 ②­dom freedom　　自由 boredom 无聊，厌烦 wisdom 智慧 ③­ment development　　发展 achievement 成就 amazement 惊讶 excitement 兴奋 ④­ness happiness　　幸福 weakness 弱点 kindness 善良 seriousness 严重性，严肃性 ⑤­tion/­sion competition竞争 construction 建设 discussion 讨论 conclusion 结论 admission 接纳，准许入学 ⑥­ance/­ence importance　重要性 appearance 出现，相貌 existence 存在 patience 耐心 confidence 信心 ⑦­(t)y difficulty　　　困难 loyalty 忠诚 cruelty 残忍 safety 安全 responsibility 职责，责任 ⑧­al arrival　　到达 approval 赞成，批准 survival 幸存 3.动词、副词后缀 (1)­en widen　　加宽 deepen 加深 weaken 削弱 (2)­ize apologize　　道歉 emphasize 强调 memorize 记住 (3)­ly slowly　　慢慢地 happily 高兴地 extremely　　极其 surprisingly 令人惊讶地 三、转化法 转化是指单词由一个词类转变成另一个词类，但其基本意思不变。 转化类型 例词 例句 动词转化为名词 try Let me have a try. swim We stooped there for a swim. 名词转化为动词 book Have you booked your ticket? chair Who chaired the meeting? 形容词转化为动词 slow The train slowed down to half its speed. narrow This is the chief way to narrow the differences between them. 形容词转化为名词 dear He is a dear. （他是个讨人喜欢的孩子） final They’ re running in the final. 注意：有些词可以词形不变用作另一类词，但重音发生改变。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在后， 作名词时重音在前。 例词 动词含义（重音在后） 名词含义（重音在前） conduct 指挥，导电 /kənˈdʌkt/ 行为 /ˈkɒndʌkt/ contest 竞争 /kənˈtest/  比赛 /ˈkɒntest/ contrast 形成对比 /kənˈtrɑːst/  对比 /ˈkɒntrɑːst/  digest 消化/daɪˈdʒest/  摘要，文摘/ˈdaɪdʒest/  export 输出，出口/ɪk'spɔːt/ 出口/'ekspɔːt/ import 进口，输入/ɪmˈpɔːt/ 进口 /ˈɪmpɔːt/  increase 增加 /ɪnˈkriːs/ 增加 /ˈɪŋkriːs/  permit 准许，允许/pəˈmɪt/  许可证/ˈpɜːmɪt/  present 赠送，上演/prɪˈzent/ 礼物，目前/ˈpreznt/ produce 生产 /prəˈdjuːs/  农产品 /ˈprɒdjuːs/  protest 抗议 /prəˈtest/ 抗议 /ˈprəʊtest/ record 记录，录音/rɪˈkɔːd/ 记录，唱片/ˈrekɔːd/ survey 勘查，考察 /səˈveɪ/  勘查，考察/ˈsɜːveɪ/ suspect 怀疑，疑心/səˈspekt/ 嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人 /ˈsʌspekt/  transport 运输，运送/trænˈspɔːt/ 运输/ˈtrænspɔːt/  小试牛刀： 1．Which of the following words can have the suffix “-ion” added to form a noun? A．dark B．express C．teach D．begin 【答案】B 【详解】句意：以下哪个单词可以添加后缀“-ion”以形成名词？ dark黑暗的；express表达；teach教；begin开始。根据构词法，动词express加上后缀-ion可变为名词expression。其他选项加-ion无法构成合法名词。 2．I want to have a ________holiday A．five day B．five days C．five-days D．five-day 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我想要一个五天的假期。 five day表达错误；five days五天；five-days表达错误；five-day五天的。当数词和名词组合构成复合形容词修饰名词时，中间需用连字符连接，且名词用单数形式。此处修饰holiday，结构应为“数词-名词单数”，即five-day。 3．Look! There is ________ over there. Do you know him? A．a 8-year-old boy B．an 8-year-old boy C．a 8-years old boy D．an 8-years old boy 【答案】B 【详解】句意：看！那边有一个8岁的男孩。你认识他吗？ “8-year-old”为复合形容词，其中名词用单数，且8发音以元音音素开头，应用an修饰，符合“数词 + 名词 + 形容词”结构，通常在句中作前置定语，修饰后面的名词。 4．—“Flashlight” is a ________. It comes from “flash” and “light”. —Oh, I see. So is “snowstorm”. A．natural disaster B．compound word C．safety rule D．verb phrase 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——“Flashlight”是一个复合词，它来自“flash”和“light”。——哦，我明白了，“snowstorm”也是。 natural disaster自然灾害；compound word复合词；safety rule安全守则；verb phrase动词短语。根据“‘Flashlight’ is a ... It comes from ‘flash’ and ‘light’.”可知，“Flashlight”是一个由“flash”和“light”组成的复合词。应填compound word。 5．Which of the following words can we add “in-” as a prefix? A．Friendly B．Correct C．Able D．Patient 【答案】B 【详解】句意：下面哪个单词我们可以添加前缀“in-”？ 考查词缀用法。friendly友好的；correct正确的；able能够的；patient有耐心的。根据词缀知识可知，在英语中，通常给单词“correct”添加前缀“in-”变成“incorrect”，表示“不正确的”，而“friendly”“able”“patient”添加前缀“in-”后，不能构成符合英语表达习惯且有意义的新单词。所以应该选“correct”。故选B。 6．“Most birds are active in the daytime, so you can easily watch them there.” Which of the following words is created in the same way as the underlined word “daytime”? A．dishonest B．countryside C．unhealthy D．kindness 【答案】B 【详解】句意：“大多数鸟类在白天很活跃，所以你在那里可以很容易地观察到它们。” 下列哪个单词的构成方式与划线单词“daytime”相同？ 考查构词法。划线词“daytime”是由“day（白天）”和“time（时间）”两个独立单词组合而成的复合词（compound word）。四个选项：dishonest（不诚实的，由前缀dis-+honest构成）；countryside（乡村，由country+side两个独立单词组合而成）；unhealthy（不健康的，由前缀un-+healthy构成）；kindness（善良，由形容词kind+后缀-ness构成）。只有B项“countryside”与“daytime”同为两个独立单词组合的复合词。故选B。 7．Oscar Wilde said, “A life without love is like a sunless garden.” The underlined word “sunless” means ________. A．full of sun B．without sun C．bright D．warm 【答案】B 【详解】句意：奥斯卡·王尔德说：“没有爱的人生就像一座没有阳光的花园。” 划线单词“sunless”意为“没有阳光的”。 考查构词法知识。full of sun充满阳光的；without sun没有阳光的；bright明亮的；warm温暖的。根据构词法，“-less”后缀表示“没有……的”，因此“sunless”意为“without sun”。故选B。 8．The word “________” can have an opposite meaning by adding the prefix “in-” . A．lucky B．correct C．possible D．important 【答案】B 【详解】句意：单词“correct”可以通过加上前缀“in-”来获得相反的意思。 考查前缀构词法。前缀“in-”可加在某些形容词前构成反义词，但需注意拼写变化。unlucky（常用un-），incorrect（加in-），impossible（加im-），unimportant（常用un-）。故选B。 9．Which of the following words is formed the same way as the word “classical”? A．birthplace B．dreamlike C．central D．artwork 【答案】C 【详解】句意：下列哪个单词的构成方式与“classical”相同？ 考查构词法。birthplace“出生地”，名词birth与名词place合成的复合词；dreamlike“如梦的”，名词dream与形容词like合成的复合词；central“中心的”，名词center去掉e加形容词后缀“-al”构成，属于派生词；artwork“艺术品”，名词art与名词work合成的复合词。classical“古典的”由名词classic加上形容词后缀“-al”构成，属于派生词。C项与classical同为“名词+形容词后缀-al”构成的派生词。故选C。 10．We can add prefix “un-” to ________ to give it the opposite meaning. A．correct B．possible C．patient D．usual 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我们可以给usual加上前缀“un-”来赋予它相反的意思。 考查构词法。correct正确的，其反义词是incorrect；possible可能的，其反义词是impossible，意为“不可能的”；patient有耐心的，其反义词是impatient；usual平常的，其反义词是unusual。根据语境可知，加上前缀“un-”能构成反义词的是usual。故选D。 一、单句语法填空 1．People under the age of 40 constitute the (major) of the labour force. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】majority 【详解】考查名词。句意：40岁以下的人构成了劳动力的主体。设空处应填名词形式，构成固定短语the majority of意为“……的大部分”。故填majority。 2．His (determine) looks suggested that he wouldn’t change his mind. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】determined 【详解】考查形容词。句意：他坚定的表情告诉我们他是不会改变主意的。作定语，修饰后面的名词look，应用形容词determined，表示“坚定的”。故填determined。 3．Thanks to recent research, (effect) treatments are available. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】effective 【详解】考查形容词。句意：由于最近的研究，有效的治疗方法是可用的。修饰名词treatments应用形容词effective作定语。故填effective。 4．She got a headache if she had to read for any (long) of time. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】length 【详解】考查名词。句意：如果她需要长时间阅读，她就会头痛。此处为名词作宾语，long的名词为length意为“（持续）时间的长短”，且为不可数名词。故填length。 5．The little boy gave his all in the game, playing without (hesitate) even when he was injured. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】hesitation 【详解】考查名词。句意：小男孩在比赛中全力以赴，即使受伤也毫不犹豫地打球。分析句子可知，“without”为介词，空格处应用名词，作宾语，“hesitate”意为“犹豫的”，形容词词性，对应的名词为“hesitation”，意为“犹豫”，为不可数名词。故填hesitation。 6．It is (convenient) to have a meeting during lunchtime when everyone is busy. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】inconvenient 【详解】考查形容词。句意：午餐时间大家都很忙，开会很不方便。分析句子可知，“is”后应用形容词，作表语，午餐时间大家都很忙，所以开会很不方便，空格处应用“convenient”的反义词“inconvenient”，意为“不方便的”，形容词词性。故填inconvenient。 7．Though the government has taken many measures, the train service is still (frequent) delayed due to bad weather. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】frequently 【详解】考查副词。句意：尽管政府采取了许多措施，但由于天气恶劣，列车服务仍经常延误。修饰动词delayed应用副词frequently“经常”，作状语。故填frequently。 8．People often have different opinions on some hot issues, so it is impossible to make (assume) about people's reactions. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】assumptions 【详解】考查名词。句意：人们常常对一些热点问题有不同意见，因此不可能对人们的反应做出假设。设空处应填名词作宾语，assume的名词是assumption，因此处为泛指，使用复数形式。故填assumptions。 9．Violin is a (string) instrument which produces a particularly beautiful and vibrant (充满活力的) tone. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】stringed 【详解】考查形容词。句意：小提琴是一种弦乐器，它能发出特别优美而充满活力的音调。空处作修饰instrument的定语，string的形容词形式stringed符合题意，意为“有弦的”，stringed instrument意为“弦乐器”。故填stringed。 10．A (conduct) is someone who stands in front of a group of musicians or singers and directs their playing or singing. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】conductor 【详解】考查名词。句意：指挥是站在一群音乐家或歌手面前指挥他们演奏或演唱的人。根据句意和空格前的不定冠词a可知，空格处应该用单数名词conductor作主语。故填conductor。 二、选择正确答案 1．It’s about a ________ walk from the park to the subway station. A．fifteen-minutes’ B．fifteen-minute’s C．fifteen-minute D．fifteen-minutes 【答案】C 【详解】考查合成形容词。句意：从公园到地铁站大约是十五分钟的步行路程。此处修饰名词walk，需用合成形容词，作定语，“数词+连字符+单数名词”是合成形容词的固定结构，“十五分钟的”正确表达为fifteen-minute。故选C。 2．It’s a ________ ride from the airport to the downtown area. A．two-hours’ B．two-hour’s C．two-hour D．two-hours 【答案】C 【详解】考查合成形容词。句意：从机场到市中心是两小时的行程。空处修饰名词ride，需用合成形容词作定语，“数词+连字符+单数名词”是合成形容词的固定结构，“两小时的”用two-hour。故选C。 3．Which of the following words CAN’T form a new word with “-ship”? A．friend B．relation C．scholar D．business 【答案】D 【详解】考查词的构成。句意：下列哪个单词不能与“-ship”组成一个新词？A. friend + -ship = friendship（友谊）；B. relation + -ship = relationship（关系）；C. scholar + -ship = scholarship（奖学金）；D. business + -ship = businessship（此词不存在）故选D项。 4．Which of the following words is formed like “impossible”? A．reporter B．blackboard C．dishonest D．harmless 【答案】C 【详解】考查构词法。形容词impossible“不可能的”是由否定前缀“im-”加上形容词possible构成的。形容词dishonest“不诚实的”是由否定前缀“dis-”加上形容词honest构成的，类似于impossible的构成方式。reporter是一个名词，表示“记者”，它是由动词report“报道”加上表示人的后缀“-er”构成的。blackboard是一个名词，表示“黑板”，它是由black“黑色的”和board“板子”两个词组合而成的复合词。harmless是一个形容词，表示“无害的”，这个词是通过在名词harm“伤害”后面加上后缀“-less”形成的。故选C。 5．Which word is formed in the same way as “homesick”? A．unfold B．rainbow C．disqualify D．professional 【答案】B 【详解】考查构词法。句意：哪个词和homesick（乡愁）的构成方式相同？A. unfold展开；B. rainbow彩虹；C. disqualify取消资格；D. professional职业的。unfold和disqualify均为加前缀构成，professional为加后缀构成，homesick为合成词，由home和sick合并而成，相同的为rainbow，由rain和bow合成。故选B。 6．Which of the following suffixes is the opposite (反义词) of “-ful”? A．-able B．-ness C．-less D．-ous 【答案】C 【详解】考查形容词后缀。句意：以下哪个后缀与“-ful”相反？A. –able形容词后缀，能……的；B. –ness名词后缀，描述状态、性质或品质；C. –less形容词后缀，没有，缺少；D. -ous形容词后缀，充满……的。句中“-ful”为形容词后缀，意为“充满……的”，浏览选项可知，与其意思相反的是“–less”，形容词后缀，表示“没有，缺少”。故选C项。 7．Which of the following prefixes (前缀) means “No”? A．un- B．en- C．co- D．over- 【答案】A 【详解】考查构词法。句意：以下哪个前缀表示“否定”？un-是表示否定的前缀，en-表示“使……”，co-表示“共同”，over-表示“过度”。故选A。 8．Which of the following words is combined by two words? A．poster B．impressive C．exchange D．butterfly 【答案】D 【详解】考查构词法。句意：以下哪个单词是由两个单词组合而成的？A. poster海报；B. impressive让人印象深刻的；C. exchange交换；D. butterfly蝴蝶。butterfly：这个词由“butter”（黄油）和“fly”（飞）两个词组合而成。故选D。 9．Which of the following words is formed like “handbag”? A．meaningful B．snowman C．protection D．impatient 【答案】B 【详解】考查构词法。handbag由hand+bag构成，两个都是名词，meaningful是由meaning+后缀ful构成，snowman由名词snow+名词man构成，snowman和题干所给的单词handbag构词法一样．protection由动词protect+名词后缀tion构成，只是两个t省略了一个，impatient由否定前缀im+patient构成。故选B项。 10．We can’t put prefix “un-” to ________ to give it the opposite meaning. A．correct B．comfortable C．certain D．interesting 【答案】A 【详解】考查否定前缀。句意：我们不能给correct加上前缀“un-”来给它相反的意思。A. correct正确的；B. comfortable舒服的；C. certain肯定的；D. interesting有趣的。correct的否定前缀是“in-”，其他三项均可加否定前缀“un-”，故选A。 11．“For a moment, he was speechless. Happiness seemed to fill his body and stick in his throat.” Which word is formed in the same way as “speechless”? A．disappear B．dangerous C．footprint D．impossible 【答案】B 【详解】考查构词法。句意：“他一时说不出话来。幸福似乎充满了他的身体，卡在了他的喉咙里。”  哪个单词与“speechless”的构成方式相同？A. disappear消失；B. dangerous危险的；C. footprint足迹；D. impossible不可能的。形容词speechless是由名词“speech”加后缀“less”而构成，形容词dangerous由名词danger加后缀“ous”而构成，两者构词方式相同。A、D项均是“前缀+词根”构成，C项为合成词。故选B。 12．Which of the following words is formed in the same way as the word “snowstorm”? A．careless B．railway C．unhealthy D．tourist 【答案】B 【详解】考查构词法。题干：下列哪个单词与snowstorm的构词方式相同？A. careless粗心大意的(派生词)；B. railway铁路(合成词)；C. unhealthy不健康的(派生词)；D. tourist旅行者(派生词)。snowstorm意为“暴风雪”，是由snow和storm两个单词构成的合成词，railway与其构词方式相同。故选B项。 13．Which of the following words can NOT be added the prefix “un-” to give it the opposite meaning? _____ A．polite B．healthy C．usual D．happy 【答案】A 【详解】考查形容词的前缀。impolite意为“不礼貌的”；unhealthy意为“不健康的”；unusual 意为“不同寻常的”；unhappy 意为“不快乐的”。不能在polite前面加 un构成它的反义词。故选A。 14．Which of the following words has a different word formation? A．sculpture B．memorise C．humorous D．highway 【答案】D 【详解】考查构词法。句意：以下哪一个单词的单词构成不同？A. sculpture雕塑，派生词；B. memorise记忆，派生词；C. humorous幽默的，派生词；D. highway高速路，合成词。D项单词的构词法与其他选项不同。故选D。 15．What a terrible snowstorm! Which of the following words is formed in the same way as the word “snowstorm”? A．careless B．railway C．unhealthy D．tourist 【答案】B 【详解】考查构词法。snowstorm“暴风雪”是由snow和storm合成的，属于合成词。railway“铁路”是由rail和way合成的，属于合成词。其他词是由一个词根变来的，属于派生词。故选B项。 16．As we all know, words formed by combining other words are called compounds, for example, ________. A．collection B．lifeboat C．WTO D．exchange 【答案】B 【详解】考查复合词。句意：我们都知道，由其他单词组合而成的单词被称为复合词，例如。根据句意，复合词是由两个或两个以上的单词组合而成的单词，选项B. lifeboat是由单词“life”（生命）和“boat”（船）组合而成的，意为“救生船”，属于复合词。故选B。 17．As we all know, words formed by combining other words are called compounds, for example, ________. A．collection B．rainbow C．WTO D．exchange 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们都知道，由其他单词组合而成的单词叫做复合词，例如彩虹。A. collection收藏品； B. rainbow彩虹；C.WTO世界贸易组织； D. exchange交换。结合句中“words formed by combining other words are called compounds”可知，把其他单词组合而成的单词叫做复合词，rainbow=rain+bow，符合题意，故选B。 18．Which of the following suffixes(后缀)means "without"? A．–able B．–ful C．–ous D．–less 【答案】D 【详解】考查形容词后缀。句意：以下哪个后缀表示“没有”? A. -able可……的；能……的；应……的；B. -ful充满……的；有……性质（或倾向）的；C. –ous充满的；D. –less没有；无。四个后缀皆为形容词后缀，只有后缀-less表示“没有，无”。故选D项。 19．Which of the following words is created the same way as sunflower! A．homework B．winner C．untidy D．musician 【答案】A 【详解】考查构词法。句意：以下哪个词的创造方式与sunflower相同！根据题干可知，sunflower是合成词，由“sun”+“flower”两个单词合成。再看选项，A选项中homework是由“home”+“work”两个单词合成，与sunflower构词形式一样。故选A项。 20．The newly-built library is a________ building. A．five-storey B．five storeys C．five-storey’s D．five storeys’ 【答案】A 【详解】考查复合形容词。句意：新建的图书馆是一座五层楼的建筑。此处表示“五层楼的”应用复合形容词five-storey。故选A。 一、语篇填空（构词法知识专练） Exploring traditional culture shapes teenagers’ inner taste and broadens their horizons. When visiting ancient craft museums, we can gain plenty of valuable insights hidden behind each handmade artwork. 1.________ (ignore) of traditional crafts means losing a precious cultural treasure. The 2.________ (create) behind each craft piece require long-term practice and endless patience. Many old craftsmen think modern youth are 3.________ (patient) with slow hand-making processes. We need to realize that every delicate craft carries rich 4.________ (culture) meanings. The guide told us that the 5.________ (origin) skill of paper cutting dates back to thousands of years ago. Some students hold the 6.________ (believe) that traditional arts are out of date, which is totally 7.________ (reason). Actually, many designers combine old crafts with modern fashion to make them more 8.________ (attract) to young people. To fully understand craft spirits, we should keep 9.________ (deep) our understanding of history. Among all craft exhibitions, the wood carving show is the most 10.________ (impress) one for most visitors. 一、答案 1. Ignorance 2. creators 3. impatient 4. cultural 5. original 6. belief 7. unreasonable 8. attractive 9. deepening 10. impressive 二、文章大意 探索传统文化塑造青少年内在审美、拓宽眼界。参观古工艺博物馆时，我们能从每一件手工艺品背后收获大量珍贵感悟。 对传统工艺的漠视，就等于丢掉珍贵的文化瑰宝。每一件工艺品背后的创作者，都需要长年练习与无限耐心。许多老匠人认为当代年轻人对缓慢的手工制作缺乏耐心。我们应当意识到，每一件精巧工艺都承载着丰富的文化内涵。讲解员告诉我们，剪纸这项原始技艺可以追溯到数千年前。 部分学生持有传统艺术已经过时的观点，这种想法完全没有道理。事实上，许多设计师将传统工艺与现代时尚融合，让它们对年轻人更有吸引力。想要充分理解匠人精神，我们应当不断加深对历史的认知。在所有工艺展览里，木雕展给绝大多数参观者留下的印象最为深刻。 三、逐空详细解析（构词考点 + 句子释义，上海高考拔高难度） 1. Ignorance 语法：动词 ignore→名词 ignorance（后缀 - ance 表抽象名词，“漠视、无知”）；本空作句子主语，需要名词形式，实现 ignore 与 ignorance 词性转化，符合修改要求。 句意：对传统工艺的漠视，就等于丢掉珍贵的文化瑰宝。 2. creators 语法：动词 create→名词（后缀 - or 表人）+ 复数；谓语动词 require 为原形，主语用复数 creators； 句意：每一件工艺品背后的创作者，都需要长年练习与无限耐心。 3. impatient 语法：形容词否定前缀 im-；patient（有耐心的）→impatient（缺乏耐心的），高考高频反义前缀变形； 句意：许多老匠人认为当代年轻人对缓慢的手工制作缺乏耐心。 4. cultural 语法：名词 culture→形容词（后缀 - al）；修饰名词 meanings，作定语； 句意：我们应当意识到，每一件精巧工艺都承载着丰富的文化内涵。 5. original 语法：名词 origin→形容词（后缀 - al）；修饰名词 skill，表 “原始的、本源的”； 句意：讲解员告诉我们，剪纸这项原始技艺可以追溯到数千年前。 6. belief 语法：动词 believe→名词（后缀 - ief）；固定搭配 hold the belief that… 持有…… 观点； 句意：部分学生持有传统艺术已经过时的观点。 7. unreasonable 语法：名词 reason→形容词 reasonable，再加否定前缀 un-；unreasonable 不合情理的；双重构词考点，拔高难度； 句意：这种想法完全没有道理。 8. attractive 语法：动词 attract→形容词（后缀 - ive）；more 后接形容词原形，make sth. attractive 使某物有吸引力； 句意：许多设计师将传统工艺与现代时尚融合，让它们对年轻人更有吸引力。 9. deepening 语法：形容词 deep→动词 deepen（后缀 - en 表 “使……”），再变动名词；固定搭配 keep doing sth.；多层转化，上海卷高频难点； 句意：想要充分理解匠人精神，我们应当不断加深对历史的认知。 10. impressive 语法：动词 impress→形容词 impressive（后缀 - ive）；题干已给出最高级标志 the most，只需填写形容词原形 impressive，符合修改要求。 句意：在所有工艺展览里，木雕展给绝大多数参观者留下的印象最为深刻。 二、阅读理解 In the mornings, Monday through Friday, we do our yoga exercises. I started doing yoga exercise about forty years ago. Well, after a decade or so, when Bessie turned eighty, she found that I looked better than her. So she decided she would start doing yoga, too. So we have been doing our exercises together over since. We follow a yoga exercise program on the TV. Sometimes, Bessie cheats. I'll be doing an exercise and looking over at her, and she's just lying there! She's a naughty old girl. Exercise is very significant. A lot of older people don't exercise at all. Another thing that is terribly vital is diet. I keep up with the latest news about nutrition. About thirty years ago, Bessie and I started eating much more healthy foods. These days, I do most of cooking, and Bessie does the serving. We eat our big meal of the day at noon. In the evening, we usually have a milkshake for dinner, and then we go upstairs and watch the news on the TV. After that, we say our prayers — we say prayers in the morning and before we go to bed. It takes a long time to pray for everyone, because it is a very big family — we have fifteen nieces and nephews still living, plus all their children and grandchildren. We pray for each one. The ones that Bessie doesn't approve of get extra prayers. Bessie can be very critical and she holds things against people forever. I always have to say to her, “Everyone has to be themselves, Bessie, Live and let live. ” You know, when you are this old, you don't know if you are going to wake up in the morning. But I don't worry about dying, and neither does Bessie. We are at peace. You never know when it is going to happen. That's why you learn to love each and every day, child. By Sadie 1．What are the two factors that the author considers most important for longevity? A．Workout and eating B．Yoga and prayers. C．Cooking and serving. D．TV and a big family. 2．According to the passage, which of the following about Bessie is true? A．She is lazy old lady, getting up late every morning. B．She is a good cook and does most of the cooking. C．While she is aged, she is quite naughty D．Because she always forgives others, she is considerate. 3．We can infer from the passage that both Sadie and Bessie ________. A．are worried about death. B．pray for all they know C．are aged more than 100. D．have a milkshake every day. 4．What does the passage mainly tell us? A．Sadie is considerate and kind with everyone. B．Both Sadie and Bessie enjoy their long lives. C．Bessie is critical, but still loves her big family. D．Both Sadie and Bessie enjoy their coming death. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。全文围绕Sadie和Bessie的日常生活、饮食习惯、家庭关系等，展示了她们如何快乐地享受长寿生活。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Exercise is very significant. A lot of older people don't exercise at all. Another thing that is terribly vital is diet.(锻炼是非常重要的。很多老年人根本不锻炼。另一件非常重要的事情是饮食)”可知，作者认为对长寿最重要的两个因素是锻炼和饮食。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段“She's a naughty old girl.(她是个顽皮的老女孩)”可知，虽然Bessie年纪大了，但还是很淘气。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“I started doing yoga exercise about forty years ago. Well, after a decade or so, when Bessie turned eighty, she found that I looked better than her.(我大约在四十年前开始做瑜伽练习。嗯，过了大约十年，贝茜八十岁的时候，她发现我比她好看)”可推知，赛迪和贝茜都超过了100岁。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“You know, when you are this old, you don't know if you are going to wake up in the morning. But I don't worry about dying, and neither does Bessie. We are at peace. You never know when it is going to happen. That's why you learn to love each and every day, child.(你知道，当你这么老的时候，你不知道你是否会在早上醒来。但我不担心死亡，贝茜也不担心。我们和平相处。你永远不知道什么时候会发生。这就是为什么你要学会爱每一天，孩子)”可知，短文主要告诉读者莎蒂和贝西都享受着长寿的生活。故选B项。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $