衔接点28 高中阅读理解常考四类题型追踪（下）（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，上海专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点28 阅读理解常考四类题型追踪（下） 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，重点要求学生能够理解短文大意，获取主要信息，并能做出正确判断。上海中考阅读理解A篇单选，以应用文或说明文为主，细节题居多。内容更加注重贴近学生生活实际和实用性。阅读理解部分的题目设计涉及学生日常生活、校园生活和社会热点话题，如健康、环境保护、交通等。 高中阶段，阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。新课标和高考要求学生提高文本理解能力，掌握信息的准确性，深入理解文章内容。上海高考阅读理解单选3篇，A篇以记叙文或新闻报道为主，B篇以应用文为主，C篇为说明文或议论文。考题含细节题、推理题、词义猜测、主旨大意等。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：要求学生能够通过阅读理解短文大意，获取主要信息，并能做出正确判断，以应用文或说明文为主，细节题居多。 高中阶段考查形式：阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。题含细节题、推理题、词义猜测、主旨大意等。 【初中考点聚焦】 考查 “信息抓取能力”，即能否准确找到文中显性信息。细节题为主，少量主旨题。 一、四大核心考点 1. 细节理解（占比最高）：定位 5W1H、数字、正误信息，考原文信息查找，陷阱多为张冠李戴、篡改数据。 2. 推理判断（难点拉分）：推断人物情绪、作者态度、文章出处、隐含文意，答案不能直接照搬原文。 3. 主旨大意：概括段意 / 全文主旨、选标题、判断写作目的，避坑以偏概全、范围过大。 4. 词义猜测：依托转折、并列、举例、因果上下文猜生词、熟词僻义与代词指代。 二、常考文体侧重 记叙文：情节、情感、主旨；应用文：信息检索；说明文：特征数据；议论文：观点态度。 三、初中阅读标准设题类型 1. 事实细节题：Which is true? When did...? How much...? 2. 推理判断题：We can infer/conclude that...; What will happen next? 3. 主旨标题题：The best title is...; The main idea of Para.2 is... 4. 词义猜测题：What does the word ... mean? 5. 代词指代题：What does “it” refer to? 6. 目的态度题：What’s the writer’s attitude/purpose? 三．推理判断题 · 要求根据上下文逻辑推断隐含信息（如作者意图、事件发展趋势），占比约 20%，常见题干：What can we infer...? [示例] (节选) “Barbara and I get along so well, ” Golan said. “We have a lot of fun chatting together. I care about her. She's like a new friend.” It might sound crazy hiring a stranger to act as a grandchild. However, these young people are a great help to old people who live alone. 20．We can learn from the passage that Golan ________. A．gave up a sales job in order to serve Marks B．found it tiring to help with Marks’ daily tasks C．treated Marks as more of a friend than a stranger D．improved his skills at starting the computer program 四．主旨大意题 · 需总结文章中心思想或段落大意，常出现在首末段，题干关键词：main idea, purpose, best title。 [示例] (节选) Do you ever wonder why you can go over a book again and again and still be lost when tested on what you read? It may be because you haven’t practiced remembering. Remembering is a useful way to help us learn. Some of us remember best by listening; some by re-reading; and others by using pictures and diagrams (图表). Schools try many of these different ways to help students “download” new information. ................................................... Our mind, just like our body, has to practice activities to become good at them. 53．What’s the text mainly about? A．What is a good way to test? B．What is a good way to practice? C．What is a good way to score well? D．What is a good way to remember things? 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 考点聚焦： “信息加工能力”，即能否对文中信息进行分析、推理、概括，形成深层理解。 题型侧重：深层理解题占比提升：推理题（infer, imply）、主旨题（main idea）、词义猜测题、作者态度题合计占比 50% 以上。细节题考查更隐蔽：答案需整合多个句子信息，或通过同义替换呈现（如题干用 “accelerate”，原文用 “speed up”）。 能力要求：分析篇章结构（如总分总、对比论证），理解段落间逻辑关系（因果、让步、例证）。推断作者隐含意图，概括抽象主旨（如从具体案例提炼社会现象本质）。 · 词汇量要求：新高考对词汇量有较高的要求，新教材中甚至出现了超纲词汇。 · 阅读材料的难度：阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。 · 阅读量的提升：新高考英语强调阅读量的重视，要求学生有较大的阅读量。 · 综合运用英语的能力：高中英语教学的基本要求是培养学生综合运用英语的能力，包括全面理解和批判性思考的能力。 · 英语学科核心素养：新课标背景下，高中英语阅读教学注重培养学生的英语核心素养，包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。 总体来说，上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生应能：；；根据上下文；作出简单；理解文章的；理解。 考点清单 考点三： 阅读理解推理判断题 一）：推断隐含意义 (1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。 [示例1] (节选) It is easy for us to know the difference between our friends and our enemies. But can other animals do the same? Elephants can! They can use their sense of vision and smell to tell the difference between people who pose a threat and those who do not. In Kenya, researchers find that elephants react differently to clothing worn by men of the Maasai and Kamba ethnic groups. Young Maasai men spear (刺) animals and thus pose a threat to elephants; Kamba men arc mainly farmers and are not a danger to elephants. ...... The researchers believe that the elephants’ emotional reactions are due to their different senses of the smells and the sights. Smelling a potential danger means that a threat is nearby and the best thing to do is run away and hide. Seeing a potential threat without its smell means that risk is low. Therefore, instead of showing fear and running away, the elephants express their anger and become aggressive. 8．What character does the author want to express about elephants A．Clever. B．Friendly. C．Dangerous. D．Naughty. [示例2] (节选) ...... Samantha Gotwalt and Blayde Reich, two senior Mechanical Engineering majors at York College in the group, both found the work to be quite fascinating. According to Samantha, the idea came from a York College professor, who has worked with drones, and wanted to get students involved with a project beneficial to the community. “We really want to help farming and agriculture. It’s super-important to America and our economy,” Blayde says. “We want to help the smaller farmers, and one of the benefits is not having to spend their money on fertilizer and pesticides (杀虫剂).” The idea is to design and build a drone that will take video imagery of the fields to determine what is needed to produce the best crop, while saving money and sparing the environment by reducing pollutants in the runoff water. Ideally, that data gained will help the farmers better determine what chemicals they need — and what they don’t. ...... What can best describe the students? A．Responsible and creative. B．Experienced and generous. C．Brilliant and grateful. D．Reliable and realistic. 二）：推断写作意图 (1)记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲 理展开； (2)应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言； (3)说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句； (4)议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。 [示例1] (节选) I wrote my first short story at the age of ten. Back then, magazines would have a back page full of ads for everything, one of which called for contributions. So, I took a pen and my notebook and wrote a story. I have no memory of what the story was about. I seem to remember it was six or seven pages long in my schoolboy handwriting. When I put it into a standard envelope, it broke the envelope. My mom strengthened it and put an extra stamp on it “just to be safe”. I put it in the mailbox and waited. And waited! Finally, it came. The response, “We are confident that we can find a suitable publisher (出版商) for your highly attractive story. Please send us $50 by return post and we can get started today.” My excitement disappeared. That moment marked the end of my creative writing. I put my pen and notebook away and didn’t write another ...... I took her advice and never looked back. In my eyes, I’m a successful writer. I’ve had many stories and articles appear in publications I admire, and I’ve earned a few awards over the years. I don’t believe in anything that stops a writer writing — I think it’s an excuse. 7．Why does the author write the text? A．To introduce different ways of writing stories. B．To describe his long and winding journey of writing. C．To teach readers how to deal with failure in writing. D．To show the difficulty of becoming a successful writer. [示例2] (节选) Don’t bring meat, meat products, milk and dairy products from non-EU countries to Finland! ...... A ban on personal imports applies to meat and dairy products brought into Finland by travelers or ordered and sent through the post. The ban applies to food stuffs intended for personal consumption or as gifts and to pet food. If you have food products of animal origin with you, throw them in a waste container in the point of entry or contact Customs! Whom is this notice intended for? A. Food importers in Finland. B. Travelers to Finland. C. Citizens in EU countries. D. Medical staff from non-EU countries. 三）：推断观点态度 (1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国 家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。 [示例1] (节选) However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition. 4．Which point of view may the author agree to? A．Fear of failure should be removed in competition. B．Competition should be encouraged. C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter. D．Every effort should be paid back. [示例2] (节选) ...... Our own experience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better. B．Much more progress will be made in the near future. C．The work on health is the most valuable experience. D．People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. 　 四）：推断文章出处和目标读者 (1)广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点； (2)报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主； (3)杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活； (4)产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍； (5)药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等； (6)网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up­load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志语。 [示例1] (节选) It is a popular viewpoint that time spent online is bad for our health because surfing the Internet or checking our phones sometimes takes us away from activities which are considered healthier, such as playing sports or socializing. As the digital economy develops, such behavior is often linked to reduced well-being. However, a new global study has found a surprising answer: The Internet might be good for you. The University of Oxford researchers studied data on the psychological (心理的) well-being of over 2 million people across 168 countries between 2006 and 2021. They looked at 8 indicators (标志) of well-being among the individuals, who were aged 15 to 99, including life satisfaction, daily negative and positive experiences and physical health. The researchers applied well-being indicators to test the relationship between Internet use and well-being outcomes. They found that Internet access was related to positive well-being among some people. ......... 18．In which part of a newspaper can you read the passage? A．Sport and Health. B．Economy and Life. C．Food and Culture. D．Technology and Society. [示例2] (节选) ........... Pak50·57 minutes ago Why not give it a try? Perhaps you should take lessons on a musical instrument.The late musician Dennis Brain is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio.When his request was refused，he took out his French horn(号) and started to practise. Taodas·29 minutes ago I did read my newspaper out loud on a train，and it turned out well.The guy took it in good part，and we chatted happily all the way to Edinburgh. Sophie76·13 minutes ago I have not tried reading my newspaper out loud on a train，but，several years ago，I read some chapters from Harry Potter to my bored and noisy children.Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did. Where is the passage most probably taken from? A．A webpage. B．A newspaper. C．A novel. D．A report. 　 考点四： 阅读理解主旨大意题 一）、段落大意题 每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。 [示例1] The first thing we notice about new people are their faces.The next time we see these people, we remember them because we remember their faces. This seems like a simple process. However, scientists found that it is not such a simple process. The section of the brain that is responsible for face recognition seems to work differently for different people. Some people have great difficulty remembering and recognizing faces, while others almost never forget a face. ...... The first paragraph is mainly about ___________________________. A. the way to improve one’s face-recognition skills 　　 B. the fact that some people have face-recognition problems C. the simple process of the brain to recognize others’ faces D. the importance of face recognition in human communication 二）、文章大意题每一篇文章都有其大意，获取大意的方法是找主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有时候也出现在文章中间段落。阅读的过程中应该对每段的主题句给予特别的关注。 [示例1] (节选) To decide how to get around in Beijing requires weighing cost and convenience. A traditional bus measures up well in both criteria. Since last year I’ve given up driving and taken the bus to work every day, which has aroused quite a bit of curiosity among colleagues because bus riding is still a rarity in my office. My easy explanation about the change is that after navigating the streets in one of the most congested capitals in the world for more than a decade, I’m tired of driving, and taking the bus allows me to think before my work starts. I also like to be given a ride home after a long, rough day. ...... A bus trip costs 0.4 yuan or 6 — 7 cents with the use of a stored value card, which is almost free if you consider a Coke costs five times that or more. Beijing has a fixed subway fare with unlimited transfers of 2 yuan per single-trip ticket. I would take the more comfortable subway, if it was closer to my home and workplace. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To persuade the citizens in Beijing to choose public transports. B．To describe how terrible the traffic and air in Beijing are. C．To present and defend his choice in commuting. D．To compare different methods of transportations. [示例2] (节选) Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves. What does the passage mainly concerned with? A. The measurement of wealth in the current society. B. The evolution of people’s attitude towards busyness. C. The hidden reasons and effects of people’s busyness. D. The solution to prioritizing the crucial tasks in busyness. 三）、标题归纳题 标题归纳类题目应该注意其醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些贯穿整篇文章始终的关键词。干扰项特点：以偏概全；.断章取义；主题扩大；张冠李戴；无中生有。 [示例1] (节选) Russell Cassevah, who has a strong love for Lego, has found the perfect way of spreading joy, one little block at a time. Cassevah started a nationwide mission (使命) to bring joy to children in hospitals. His non-profit organization, Little Bricks Charity, brings sets of LEGO, and smiles, to children’s hospitals. Through his non-profit organization, Cassevah has found his purpose in life. ...... Cassevah has provided smiles and joy for many children facing challenging situations. With each LEGO set he delivers, he aims to spark (激发) creativity and imagination that can hopefully still be part of the young patients’ lives and minds. 14．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Making a difference block by block B．Meeting children in hospitals C．Letting children love LEGOs D．Passing love one by one [示例2] (节选) But Disney’s story actually started two decades earlier with what Walt Disney called "Daddy’s Day". On Saturdays in the 1930s and 1940s, Disney would take his two daughters to ride the Griffith Park merry-go-round, which they’d enjoy while he sat on a bench dreaming of ways for families to have fun together. Disney disliked the amusement parks they often visited, seeing them as dirty, unimaginative places run by rude employees. Disneyland opened then. The 5,000 expected guests increased to 28,154, thanks to fake tickets. After the madness of opening day, Disney and his new park were criticized in the press. The media predicted a quick and early end. But the public didn’t listen. Visitors arrived in large groups, and within weeks Disneyland was a success. Over sixty years later, Disneyland’s popularity continues to grow, with total overall attendance topping 700 million and showing no signs of slowing down. Which is the best title for the passage? A. Disneyland: How It All Began B. Disneyland: An Overnight Success C. Disneyland: How It Developed D. Disneyland: A Park with a Long History 一.应用文 Animals on the Move Moving to Survive Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore new territories. Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. However, for other animals movement came about naturally through millions of years of evolution. One of the most successful examples of animal locomotion is that of the shark. Its ability to quickly zero in on its prey has always impressed scientists. Skin Is the Key The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal’s high efficiency in swimming through the water. The skin contains many fiber (纤维). These fibers can either store or release large amounts of energy depending on whether the fibers are relaxed or pulled tight. As energy is alternately stored and released on both sides of the animal’s body, the tail whips strongly back and forth. This whip-like action propels (推进) the animal through the water like a living bullet. Source of Energy When the shark swims slowly, the pressure on the fibers is relatively low. The fibers are more relaxed, and the shark is able to bend its body at sharp angles. The animal swims this way when looking around for food or just swimming. However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. This pressure change greatly stretches the fibers, enabling much energy to be stored. This energy is then transferred to the tail, and the shark is off. The rest of the story is predictable. Other Animals Less Efficient Not all animals move as efficiently as sharks. Perhaps the greatest loser in locomotion efficiency is the slug (鼻涕虫). It uses so much energy producing the mucus (粘液) and crawling over it that a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy. Scientists say that because of the slug’s inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. Have humans ever been faced with this kind of problem? 1．What is the main factor for shark’s rapid water movement? A．The skin. B．The tail. C．The muscle. D．The jaw. 2．According to the passage, when will the pressure inside the animal increase dramatically? A．When moving its tail rapidly. B．When finding its prey. C．When staying without any movement. D．When bending its body in swimming. 3．What can be learned about slugs according to the passage? A．They move as efficiently as sharks. B．They can travel as far as mice. C．They only live in restricted areas. D．They use only little energy. 二·夹叙夹议文 I was 45 years old when I decided to learn how to surf. Others say that life is hard enough. But I guess I like to make things difficult on myself, because I do that all the time, every day and on purpose. That’s because I believe in disrupting my comfort zone. When I started out in the entertainment business, I made a list of people who I thought would be good to me. Not people who could give me a job or a deal, but people who could shake me up, teach me something, challenge my ideas about myself and the world. So I started calling up experts in all kinds of fields. Some of them were world-famous. Of course, I didn’t know any of these people and none of them knew me. When I called these people up to ask them for a meeting, they weren’t always friendly. And even when they agreed to give me some of their time, the results weren’t always what one might describe as pleasant. Take, for example, Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb (氢弹). It took me a year of begging to get him to agree to meet with me. And then what happened? He laughed at me and insulted me. But that was okay. I was hoping to learn something from him — and I did, even if it was only that I’m not that interesting to a physicist with no taste for our pop culture. Over the last 30 years, I’ve produced more than 50 movies and 20 television series. I am successful and, in my business, pretty well-known. So why do I continue to subject myself to this sort of thing? The answer is simple: Disrupting my comfort zone, bombarding myself with challenging people and situations — this is the best way that I know to keep growing. And to paraphrase (解释) a biologist I once met, if you’re not growing, you’re dying. So maybe I’m not the best surfer on the north shore, but that’s okay. The discomfort, the uncertainty, the physical and mental challenge that I get from this — all the things that too many of us spend our time and energy trying to avoid — they are precisely the things that keep me in the game. 4．What does the underlined word “disrupting” mean? A．Setting up. B．Messing up. C．Benefiting from. D．Making progress in. 5．Why did the author keep calling for a meeting with certain people? A．They were likely to give him a job. B．They were all people willing to help those in need. C．They might keep him challenging himself. D．Their professional knowledge was of little help to him. 6．When the author finally met with Edward Teller, ________. A．he learned something from the unpleasant experience B．he thought it was worth years of waiting C．he found it was a mistake to arrange the meeting D．he was ready to be laughed at by him 7．We can conclude from the article that the author is ________. A．interested and talented in many fields B．ambitious and generous C．strong-willed and motivational D．humorous and inspiring 三·说明文 You may not know a lot of people when you start senior high school. Maybe your friends from junior high school are going to a different senior high school. Even if you know other freshmen (一年级学生), you still feel anxious that you don’t know any upperclassmen. How are you going to make friends among this sea of unknown faces? Most senior high schools hold the freshman orientation (迎新会) before school actually starts. It is helpful because you not only learn your way around the building but also get to meet some of your teachers and fellow freshmen. That way, when you show up on your first day of school, you may already recognize a few familiar faces. When you talk to people at orientation, you’ll probably find that a lot of them are feeling just like you are. They’re all new to the school and don’t know what to expect. Talking about a common concern with your classmates can help you develop friendships. The work in senior high school is something freshmen are probably worried about. It builds on what you learned in junior high school, giving you a more advanced (高深的) knowledge of many subjects. So you may find you have more work to do or that it’s a bit more challenging. If you ever find your work too difficult, teachers can give you extra help. Senior high school also has more after-school activities than junior high school, such as clubs, music and theater groups and sports teams. This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things. Junior high school taught you the basics of time management and social skills while providing you with a little extra support and guidance. Senior high school gives you the chance to learn how to be more independent and responsible. 8．How do the freshmen usually feel on their first day of senior high school? A．Proud. B．Nervous C．Excited. D．Curious. 9．What are freshmen probably worried about? A．The learning task. B．The ability to make friends. C．The freshman orientation. D．The relationship with teachers. 10．What do after-school activities mainly help students to do? A．Develop friendships. B．Develop their interests. C．Build up their strength. D．Improve their learning ability. 11．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．What you’ll learn in senior high school. B．What you learned in junior high school. C．The difference between junior high school and senior high school. D．The importance of being more independent and responsible. 阅读理解进阶演练： Artificial Intelligence (AI) is quickly changing how we live and work. Some people worry AI will take over jobs, but there is a better way to see the future. AI teamwork means using smart tools to help humans, not replace them. Erik Brynjolfsson, a professor at Stanford University, studied how AI can help workers. His team looked at over 5,000 customer service workers using an AI helper. This tool, trained on millions of service records, gave quick advice during customer chats. The results showed that workers with AI’s help solved 14% more problems each hour. For new or less-skilled workers, the improvement was even bigger — 34%. By dealing with large amounts of information quickly, AI let humans focus on what they do best: helping others. The study also found that workers using AI were less likely to leave their jobs. This shows AI can make work easier and more satisfying. As AI spreads in workplaces, leaders must put people first. Jann Spiess, another Stanford expert, says people’s debates miss the point. They always ask, “Is AI better than humans?” instead of “How can AI and humans work together?” Kuang Xu, a technology professor, adds that AI should always aim to improve human decisions. Real-world examples prove this works. In hospitals, AI makes patient-information-recording go by itself, allowing doctors to focus on finding illnesses and patient care. In modern factories, AI manages quality checks, helping workers to deal with creative problem-solving. These examples show AI improves efficiency (效率) while keeping human strengths. The key point is clear: AI is not a threat but a tool for progress. If designed to support humans, it can increase creativity, reduce stress, and prepare us for future challenges. As Brynjolfsson says, the future lies in joining machine speed together with human wisdom. 12．What can we learn from Erik Brynjolfsson’s study? A．AI replaces workers in modern factories. B．AI helps people find jobs much more easily. C．AI helps workers solve more problems quickly. D．AI improves the working environment of workers. 13．What does Jann Spiess think of people’s debates about AI? A．They miss AI’s possible use in hospitals. B．They fail to notice AI’s help in factories. C．They care only about information managing. D．They focus on AI-human competitive relationship. 14．What do the examples show about AI in paragraph 4? A．It helps workers do creative work. B．It gives workers more tasks to do. C．It takes over doctors’ tasks in hospitals. D．It reduces doctors’ stress in treating diseases. 15．What of the following is the best title for the text? A．AI will Replace Human Jobs. B．How AI Improves Hospital Efficiency. C．The Benefits of AI in Customer Service. D．AI Teamwork Makes Humans More Creative. 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点28 阅读理解常考四类题型追踪（下） 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，重点要求学生能够理解短文大意，获取主要信息，并能做出正确判断。上海中考阅读理解A篇单选，以应用文或说明文为主，细节题居多。内容更加注重贴近学生生活实际和实用性。阅读理解部分的题目设计涉及学生日常生活、校园生活和社会热点话题，如健康、环境保护、交通等。 高中阶段，阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。新课标和高考要求学生提高文本理解能力，掌握信息的准确性，深入理解文章内容。上海高考阅读理解单选3篇，A篇以记叙文或新闻报道为主，B篇以应用文为主，C篇为说明文或议论文。考题含细节题、推理题、词义猜测、主旨大意等。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：要求学生能够通过阅读理解短文大意，获取主要信息，并能做出正确判断，以应用文或说明文为主，细节题居多。 高中阶段考查形式：阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。题含细节题、推理题、词义猜测、主旨大意等。 【初中考点聚焦】 考查 “信息抓取能力”，即能否准确找到文中显性信息。细节题为主，少量主旨题。 一、四大核心考点 1. 细节理解（占比最高）：定位 5W1H、数字、正误信息，考原文信息查找，陷阱多为张冠李戴、篡改数据。 2. 推理判断（难点拉分）：推断人物情绪、作者态度、文章出处、隐含文意，答案不能直接照搬原文。 3. 主旨大意：概括段意 / 全文主旨、选标题、判断写作目的，避坑以偏概全、范围过大。 4. 词义猜测：依托转折、并列、举例、因果上下文猜生词、熟词僻义与代词指代。 二、常考文体侧重 记叙文：情节、情感、主旨；应用文：信息检索；说明文：特征数据；议论文：观点态度。 三、初中阅读标准设题类型 1. 事实细节题：Which is true? When did...? How much...? 2. 推理判断题：We can infer/conclude that...; What will happen next? 3. 主旨标题题：The best title is...; The main idea of Para.2 is... 4. 词义猜测题：What does the word ... mean? 5. 代词指代题：What does “it” refer to? 6. 目的态度题：What’s the writer’s attitude/purpose? 三．推理判断题 · 要求根据上下文逻辑推断隐含信息（如作者意图、事件发展趋势），占比约 20%，常见题干：What can we infer...? [示例] (节选) “Barbara and I get along so well, ” Golan said. “We have a lot of fun chatting together. I care about her. She's like a new friend.” It might sound crazy hiring a stranger to act as a grandchild. However, these young people are a great help to old people who live alone. 20．We can learn from the passage that Golan ________. A．gave up a sales job in order to serve Marks B．found it tiring to help with Marks’ daily tasks C．treated Marks as more of a friend than a stranger D．improved his skills at starting the computer program 【答案】C 【导读】本文讲述了芭芭拉·马克斯是一名退休教师。当她出现帕金森氏症早期症状时，她觉得没有别人在车里驾驶不安全。马克在一些日常任务上也需要帮助。后来通过Papa这个组织，找到Alan Golan。她们在一起聊天很开心，Golan就像一个新朋友。雇一个陌生人当孙子听起来可能很疯狂，然而，这些年轻人对独居的老人有很大的帮助。 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“We have a lot of fun chatting together. I care about her. She's like a new friend.”可知我们在一起聊天很开心。我关心她。她就像一个新朋友，故选C。 四．主旨大意题 · 需总结文章中心思想或段落大意，常出现在首末段，题干关键词：main idea, purpose, best title。 [示例] (节选) Do you ever wonder why you can go over a book again and again and still be lost when tested on what you read? It may be because you haven’t practiced remembering. Remembering is a useful way to help us learn. Some of us remember best by listening; some by re-reading; and others by using pictures and diagrams (图表). Schools try many of these different ways to help students “download” new information. ................................................... Our mind, just like our body, has to practice activities to become good at them. 53．What’s the text mainly about? A．What is a good way to test? B．What is a good way to practice? C．What is a good way to score well? D．What is a good way to remember things? 【答案】D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了如何才能让你的记忆力更好。 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“Do you ever wonder why you can go over a book again and again and still be lost when tested on what you read? It may be because you haven’t practiced remembering.”以及“Our mind, just like our body, has to practice activities to become good at them.”可知文章主要讲述了什么是记忆的好方法。故选D。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 考点聚焦： “信息加工能力”，即能否对文中信息进行分析、推理、概括，形成深层理解。 题型侧重：深层理解题占比提升：推理题（infer, imply）、主旨题（main idea）、词义猜测题、作者态度题合计占比 50% 以上。细节题考查更隐蔽：答案需整合多个句子信息，或通过同义替换呈现（如题干用 “accelerate”，原文用 “speed up”）。 能力要求：分析篇章结构（如总分总、对比论证），理解段落间逻辑关系（因果、让步、例证）。推断作者隐含意图，概括抽象主旨（如从具体案例提炼社会现象本质）。 · 词汇量要求：新高考对词汇量有较高的要求，新教材中甚至出现了超纲词汇。 · 阅读材料的难度：阅读材料在句长方面有所提升，句子变长变难，整体阅读难度加大。 · 阅读量的提升：新高考英语强调阅读量的重视，要求学生有较大的阅读量。 · 综合运用英语的能力：高中英语教学的基本要求是培养学生综合运用英语的能力，包括全面理解和批判性思考的能力。 · 英语学科核心素养：新课标背景下，高中英语阅读教学注重培养学生的英语核心素养，包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。 总体来说，上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。 考点清单 考点三： 阅读理解推理判断题 一）：推断隐含意义 (1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。 [示例1] (节选) It is easy for us to know the difference between our friends and our enemies. But can other animals do the same? Elephants can! They can use their sense of vision and smell to tell the difference between people who pose a threat and those who do not. In Kenya, researchers find that elephants react differently to clothing worn by men of the Maasai and Kamba ethnic groups. Young Maasai men spear (刺) animals and thus pose a threat to elephants; Kamba men arc mainly farmers and are not a danger to elephants. ...... The researchers believe that the elephants’ emotional reactions are due to their different senses of the smells and the sights. Smelling a potential danger means that a threat is nearby and the best thing to do is run away and hide. Seeing a potential threat without its smell means that risk is low. Therefore, instead of showing fear and running away, the elephants express their anger and become aggressive. 8．What character does the author want to express about elephants A．Clever. B．Friendly. C．Dangerous. D．Naughty. 【答案】8．A 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“It is easy for us to know the difference between our friends and our enemies. But can other animals do the same? Elephants can!(我们很容易知道朋友和敌人之间的区别。但其他动物也能做到吗？大象可以！)”可知，大象也可以分辨出朋友和敌人，所以它们非常聪明。故选A。 [示例2] (节选) ...... Samantha Gotwalt and Blayde Reich, two senior Mechanical Engineering majors at York College in the group, both found the work to be quite fascinating. According to Samantha, the idea came from a York College professor, who has worked with drones, and wanted to get students involved with a project beneficial to the community. “We really want to help farming and agriculture. It’s super-important to America and our economy,” Blayde says. “We want to help the smaller farmers, and one of the benefits is not having to spend their money on fertilizer and pesticides (杀虫剂).” The idea is to design and build a drone that will take video imagery of the fields to determine what is needed to produce the best crop, while saving money and sparing the environment by reducing pollutants in the runoff water. Ideally, that data gained will help the farmers better determine what chemicals they need — and what they don’t. ...... What can best describe the students? A．Responsible and creative. B．Experienced and generous. C．Brilliant and grateful. D．Reliable and realistic. 【答案】A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的““We really want to help farming and agriculture. It’s super-important to America and our economy,” Blayde says. “We want to help the smaller farmers, and one of the benefits is not having to spend their money on fertilizer and pesticides (杀虫剂).” (“我们真的想帮助务农和农业。这对美国和我们的经济来说非常重要”，布莱德说。“我们想帮助小农户，其中一个好处是不必把钱花在化肥和杀虫剂上。”)”可推知，他们是有责任心的，结合第三段中“The idea is to design and build a drone that will take video imagery of the fields to determine what is needed to produce the best crop, while saving money and sparing the environment by reducing pollutants in the runoff water. (这个想法是设计和建造一架无人机，该无人机将拍摄田地的视频图像，以确定生产最佳作物所需的条件，同时通过减少径流水中的污染物来节省资金并保护环境。)”可推知，他们是有创造力的。故选A项。 二）：推断写作意图 (1)记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲 理展开； (2)应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言； (3)说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句； (4)议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。 [示例1] (节选) I wrote my first short story at the age of ten. Back then, magazines would have a back page full of ads for everything, one of which called for contributions. So, I took a pen and my notebook and wrote a story. I have no memory of what the story was about. I seem to remember it was six or seven pages long in my schoolboy handwriting. When I put it into a standard envelope, it broke the envelope. My mom strengthened it and put an extra stamp on it “just to be safe”. I put it in the mailbox and waited. And waited! Finally, it came. The response, “We are confident that we can find a suitable publisher (出版商) for your highly attractive story. Please send us $50 by return post and we can get started today.” My excitement disappeared. That moment marked the end of my creative writing. I put my pen and notebook away and didn’t write another ...... I took her advice and never looked back. In my eyes, I’m a successful writer. I’ve had many stories and articles appear in publications I admire, and I’ve earned a few awards over the years. I don’t believe in anything that stops a writer writing — I think it’s an excuse. 7．Why does the author write the text? A．To introduce different ways of writing stories. B．To describe his long and winding journey of writing. C．To teach readers how to deal with failure in writing. D．To show the difficulty of becoming a successful writer. 【答案】 7．B 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“I wrote my first short story at the age of ten. (我十岁时写了我的第一篇短篇小说。)”、第二段中“That moment marked the end of my creative writing. I put my pen and notebook away and didn’t write another word that wasn’t part of schoolwork for 15 years. (那一刻标志着我创造性写作的结束。我把笔和笔记本收起来，在接下来的15年里，除了学校作业，我一个字也没写。)”、第四段中“I was 46 years old when my wife and I were having a conversation one day about regrets. I told her I always thought that I wanted to be a writer. (我46岁的时候，有一天我和妻子在谈论遗憾。我告诉她，我一直以为我想成为一名作家。)”以及第五段中“I took her advice and never looked back. In my eyes, I’m a successful writer. (我采纳了她的建议，再也没有回头。在我看来，我是一个成功的作家。)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者从十岁开始写作，经历了一段漫长的中断后，在妻子的鼓励下重新开始写作，并最终成为一名成功作家的经历，由此可推知，作者写这篇文章是为了描述他漫长而曲折的写作之旅。故选B项。 [示例2] (节选) Don’t bring meat, meat products, milk and dairy products from non-EU countries to Finland! ...... A ban on personal imports applies to meat and dairy products brought into Finland by travelers or ordered and sent through the post. The ban applies to food stuffs intended for personal consumption or as gifts and to pet food. If you have food products of animal origin with you, throw them in a waste container in the point of entry or contact Customs! Whom is this notice intended for? A. Food importers in Finland. B. Travelers to Finland. C. Citizens in EU countries. D. Medical staff from non-EU countries. 【答案B [解析] 写作意图类推断题。该应用文是芬兰食品管理局发出的一封共同抵御动物疾病，特别是非洲猪瘟的通知，并对人们进行了建议和指引。本题要求判断文章所面向的读者群体，这是一篇由政府官方管理机构发出的通知，综合全文，特别是第一段末尾部分“…even if they are packed for personal consumption or intended as gifts. Travelers like you play an important role in preventing the spread of animal diseases.”提到，即使你是私人肉制品消费或是把相关动物产品买来当礼物，也有传播动物疾病的风险，像你这样的（普通）旅行者在防控动物疾病传播中扮演了十分重要的角色，所以这篇文章是写给来芬兰旅游的人（travelers）看的，故选B。 三）：推断观点态度 (1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国 家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。 [示例1] (节选) However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition. 4．Which point of view may the author agree to? A．Fear of failure should be removed in competition. B．Competition should be encouraged. C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter. D．Every effort should be paid back. 【答案】 4．A 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.(只有当这种基本且经常令人烦恼的恐惧开始消散时，我们才能在竞争中发现新的意义)”可知，作者认为在竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧，才能发现竞争的新意义。由此推知，作者可能同意的观点是“竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧”。故选A项。 [示例2] (节选) ...... Our own experience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better. B．Much more progress will be made in the near future. C．The work on health is the most valuable experience. D．People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. 答案　A [解析]　推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的“It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.”知穷人的生活将会变更好。 四）：推断文章出处和目标读者 (1)广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点； (2)报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主； (3)杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活； (4)产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍； (5)药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等； (6)网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up­load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志语。 [示例1] (节选) It is a popular viewpoint that time spent online is bad for our health because surfing the Internet or checking our phones sometimes takes us away from activities which are considered healthier, such as playing sports or socializing. As the digital economy develops, such behavior is often linked to reduced well-being. However, a new global study has found a surprising answer: The Internet might be good for you. The University of Oxford researchers studied data on the psychological (心理的) well-being of over 2 million people across 168 countries between 2006 and 2021. They looked at 8 indicators (标志) of well-being among the individuals, who were aged 15 to 99, including life satisfaction, daily negative and positive experiences and physical health. The researchers applied well-being indicators to test the relationship between Internet use and well-being outcomes. They found that Internet access was related to positive well-being among some people. ......... 18．In which part of a newspaper can you read the passage? A．Sport and Health. B．Economy and Life. C．Food and Culture. D．Technology and Society. 【答案】 18．D 18．推理判断题。根据第一段“It is a popular viewpoint that time spent online is bad for our health because surfing the Internet or checking our phones sometimes takes us away from activities which are considered healthier, such as playing sports or socializing. As the digital economy develops, such behavior is often linked to reduced well-being.(人们普遍认为，上网时间对健康有害，因为浏览互联网或查看手机有时会让我们远离被认为更健康的活动，比如运动或社交。随着数字经济的发展，这种行为常被认为与幸福感下降相关)”和第二段“The researchers applied well-being indicators to test the relationship between Internet use and well-being outcomes. They found that Internet access was related to positive well-being among some people.(研究人员运用幸福感指标来检验互联网使用与幸福感结果之间的关系。他们发现，互联网接入与部分人群的积极幸福感相关)”可知，全文围绕互联网使用与心理健康的关系、社交媒体对年轻人影响展开，属于“科技与社会”范畴。故选D项。 [示例2] (节选) ........... Pak50·57 minutes ago Why not give it a try? Perhaps you should take lessons on a musical instrument.The late musician Dennis Brain is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio.When his request was refused，he took out his French horn(号) and started to practise. Taodas·29 minutes ago I did read my newspaper out loud on a train，and it turned out well.The guy took it in good part，and we chatted happily all the way to Edinburgh. Sophie76·13 minutes ago I have not tried reading my newspaper out loud on a train，but，several years ago，I read some chapters from Harry Potter to my bored and noisy children.Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did. Where is the passage most probably taken from? A．A webpage. B．A newspaper. C．A novel. D．A report. 答案　A [解析]　文章出处题。根据文章的写作风格以及每个帖子的时间提示可知，应该最有可能来自于网页。 考点四： 阅读理解主旨大意题 一）、段落大意题 每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。 [示例1] The first thing we notice about new people are their faces.The next time we see these people, we remember them because we remember their faces. This seems like a simple process. However, scientists found that it is not such a simple process. The section of the brain that is responsible for face recognition seems to work differently for different people. Some people have great difficulty remembering and recognizing faces, while others almost never forget a face. ...... The first paragraph is mainly about ___________________________. A. the way to improve one’s face-recognition skills 　　 B. the fact that some people have face-recognition problems C. the simple process of the brain to recognize others’ faces D. the importance of face recognition in human communication 【答案】.B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Some people have great difficulty remembering and recognizing faces, while others almost never forget a face.”（有些人很难记住和辨认面孔，而另一些人几乎永远不会忘记面孔。）可知，第一段主要想说明，事实上，有些人有面部识别问题。故选B项。 二）、文章大意题 每一篇文章都有其大意，获取大意的方法是找主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有时候也出现在文章中间段落。阅读的过程中应该对每段的主题句给予特别的关注。 [示例1] (节选) To decide how to get around in Beijing requires weighing cost and convenience. A traditional bus measures up well in both criteria. Since last year I’ve given up driving and taken the bus to work every day, which has aroused quite a bit of curiosity among colleagues because bus riding is still a rarity in my office. My easy explanation about the change is that after navigating the streets in one of the most congested capitals in the world for more than a decade, I’m tired of driving, and taking the bus allows me to think before my work starts. I also like to be given a ride home after a long, rough day. ...... A bus trip costs 0.4 yuan or 6 — 7 cents with the use of a stored value card, which is almost free if you consider a Coke costs five times that or more. Beijing has a fixed subway fare with unlimited transfers of 2 yuan per single-trip ticket. I would take the more comfortable subway, if it was closer to my home and workplace. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To persuade the citizens in Beijing to choose public transports. B．To describe how terrible the traffic and air in Beijing are. C．To present and defend his choice in commuting. D．To compare different methods of transportations. 【答案】 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者结合自身经历，通过对比开车和选择公共交通的优缺点，解释自己选择后者通勤的原因，并回应同事的质疑。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Since last year I’ve given up driving and taken the bus to work every day, which has aroused quite a bit of curiosity among colleagues because bus riding is still a rarity in my office. (从去年开始，我放弃了开车，每天都坐公交车上班，这引起了同事们的不小的好奇，因为在我的办公室坐公交车还是很少见的)”、第二段中“My easy explanation about the change (我对这种变化的简单解释)”、第五段中“Perhaps everybody would be more convinced (也许每个人都会更相信)”可知，全文围绕作者为何选公共交通展开，包括省钱、放松、健康益处等，其主要目的是解释并辩护其通勤选择。故选C项。 [示例2] (节选) Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves. What does the passage mainly concerned with? A. The measurement of wealth in the current society. B. The evolution of people’s attitude towards busyness. C. The hidden reasons and effects of people’s busyness. D. The solution to prioritizing the crucial tasks in busyness. 【答案】 C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves.“很多时候，我们衡量自己的价值不是看我们取得了什么成果，而是看我们花了多少时间。我们过着疯狂的生活，至少在一定程度上是因为它让我们自我感觉良好。”可知，本文讲述的是人们忙碌背后的原因和影响。故选C。 三）、标题归纳题 标题归纳类题目应该注意其醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些贯穿整篇文章始终的关键词。干扰项特点：以偏概全；.断章取义；主题扩大；张冠李戴；无中生有。 [示例1] (节选) Russell Cassevah, who has a strong love for Lego, has found the perfect way of spreading joy, one little block at a time. Cassevah started a nationwide mission (使命) to bring joy to children in hospitals. His non-profit organization, Little Bricks Charity, brings sets of LEGO, and smiles, to children’s hospitals. Through his non-profit organization, Cassevah has found his purpose in life. ...... Cassevah has provided smiles and joy for many children facing challenging situations. With each LEGO set he delivers, he aims to spark (激发) creativity and imagination that can hopefully still be part of the young patients’ lives and minds. 14．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Making a difference block by block B．Meeting children in hospitals C．Letting children love LEGOs D．Passing love one by one 【答案】 14．A 14．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章可知，文章第一段首句“Russell Cassevah, who has a strong love for Lego, has found the perfect way of spreading joy, one little block at a time.(Russell Cassevah对乐高有着强烈的热爱，他找到了一种完美的方式来传播快乐，一次一块乐高积木地传播快乐)”以及文章末尾段落中“With each LEGO set he delivers, he aims to spark creativity and imagination that can hopefully still be part of the young patients’ lives and minds.(在每次交付一套乐高积木时，他都希望能激发孩子们的创造力和想象力，希望能让这些创造力和想象力仍能融入到这些小患者们的生活中和思维中)”可知，全文围绕Cassevah通过一次一小块乐高积木向儿童病患传递快乐和改变展开，选项A“Making a difference block by block(通过一块块乐高积木创造改变)”贴合主题，可以作为最佳标题。故选A项。 [示例2] (节选) But Disney’s story actually started two decades earlier with what Walt Disney called "Daddy’s Day". On Saturdays in the 1930s and 1940s, Disney would take his two daughters to ride the Griffith Park merry-go-round, which they’d enjoy while he sat on a bench dreaming of ways for families to have fun together. Disney disliked the amusement parks they often visited, seeing them as dirty, unimaginative places run by rude employees. Disneyland opened then. The 5,000 expected guests increased to 28,154, thanks to fake tickets. After the madness of opening day, Disney and his new park were criticized in the press. The media predicted a quick and early end. But the public didn’t listen. Visitors arrived in large groups, and within weeks Disneyland was a success. Over sixty years later, Disneyland’s popularity continues to grow, with total overall attendance topping 700 million and showing no signs of slowing down. Which is the best title for the passage? A. Disneyland: How It All Began B. Disneyland: An Overnight Success C. Disneyland: How It Developed D. Disneyland: A Park with a Long History 【答案】 A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中句子“But Disney’s story actually started two decades earlier with what Walt Disney called "Daddy’s Day". ”（但实际上，迪士尼的故事始于20年前沃尔特·迪士尼所谓的“爸爸节”。）和倒数第二段第一句“Disneyland opened then.”迪士尼开业了可知，整篇文章都在写迪士尼是如何开始并建成的故事。所以短文的最佳标题为“迪士尼乐园:一切是如何开始的”。故选A项。 一.应用文 Animals on the Move Moving to Survive Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore new territories. Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. However, for other animals movement came about naturally through millions of years of evolution. One of the most successful examples of animal locomotion is that of the shark. Its ability to quickly zero in on its prey has always impressed scientists. Skin Is the Key The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal’s high efficiency in swimming through the water. The skin contains many fiber (纤维). These fibers can either store or release large amounts of energy depending on whether the fibers are relaxed or pulled tight. As energy is alternately stored and released on both sides of the animal’s body, the tail whips strongly back and forth. This whip-like action propels (推进) the animal through the water like a living bullet. Source of Energy When the shark swims slowly, the pressure on the fibers is relatively low. The fibers are more relaxed, and the shark is able to bend its body at sharp angles. The animal swims this way when looking around for food or just swimming. However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. This pressure change greatly stretches the fibers, enabling much energy to be stored. This energy is then transferred to the tail, and the shark is off. The rest of the story is predictable. Other Animals Less Efficient Not all animals move as efficiently as sharks. Perhaps the greatest loser in locomotion efficiency is the slug (鼻涕虫). It uses so much energy producing the mucus (粘液) and crawling over it that a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy. Scientists say that because of the slug’s inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. Have humans ever been faced with this kind of problem? 1．What is the main factor for shark’s rapid water movement? A．The skin. B．The tail. C．The muscle. D．The jaw. 2．According to the passage, when will the pressure inside the animal increase dramatically? A．When moving its tail rapidly. B．When finding its prey. C．When staying without any movement. D．When bending its body in swimming. 3．What can be learned about slugs according to the passage? A．They move as efficiently as sharks. B．They can travel as far as mice. C．They only live in restricted areas. D．They use only little energy. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍动物为生存而移动，以鲨鱼为例说明其高效游泳的关键在于皮肤，还对比鼻涕虫移动效率低及由此受限的生活方式。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据Skin Is the Key部分中的“The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal’s high efficiency in swimming through the water. (生物学家发现，鲨鱼的皮肤是这种动物能高效在水中游泳的关键)”可知，鲨鱼能在水中快速移动的主要因素是它的皮肤。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据Source of Energy部分中的“However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. (然而，当鲨鱼察觉到重要的食物来源时，会发生一些无意识的奇妙变化。它体内的压力可能会增加10倍。)”可知，当鲨鱼发现猎物时，其体内压力会急剧增加。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Scientists say that because of the slug’s inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. (科学家表示，由于鼻涕虫对能量的低效利用，其生活方式一定会受到限制。也就是说，这种动物被迫将自己局限在小范围内获取食物和寻找合适的生存环境。)”可知，鼻涕虫只能生活在受限的区域内。故选C项。 二·夹叙夹议文 I was 45 years old when I decided to learn how to surf. Others say that life is hard enough. But I guess I like to make things difficult on myself, because I do that all the time, every day and on purpose. That’s because I believe in disrupting my comfort zone. When I started out in the entertainment business, I made a list of people who I thought would be good to me. Not people who could give me a job or a deal, but people who could shake me up, teach me something, challenge my ideas about myself and the world. So I started calling up experts in all kinds of fields. Some of them were world-famous. Of course, I didn’t know any of these people and none of them knew me. When I called these people up to ask them for a meeting, they weren’t always friendly. And even when they agreed to give me some of their time, the results weren’t always what one might describe as pleasant. Take, for example, Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb (氢弹). It took me a year of begging to get him to agree to meet with me. And then what happened? He laughed at me and insulted me. But that was okay. I was hoping to learn something from him — and I did, even if it was only that I’m not that interesting to a physicist with no taste for our pop culture. Over the last 30 years, I’ve produced more than 50 movies and 20 television series. I am successful and, in my business, pretty well-known. So why do I continue to subject myself to this sort of thing? The answer is simple: Disrupting my comfort zone, bombarding myself with challenging people and situations — this is the best way that I know to keep growing. And to paraphrase (解释) a biologist I once met, if you’re not growing, you’re dying. So maybe I’m not the best surfer on the north shore, but that’s okay. The discomfort, the uncertainty, the physical and mental challenge that I get from this — all the things that too many of us spend our time and energy trying to avoid — they are precisely the things that keep me in the game. 4．What does the underlined word “disrupting” mean? A．Setting up. B．Messing up. C．Benefiting from. D．Making progress in. 5．Why did the author keep calling for a meeting with certain people? A．They were likely to give him a job. B．They were all people willing to help those in need. C．They might keep him challenging himself. D．Their professional knowledge was of little help to him. 6．When the author finally met with Edward Teller, ________. A．he learned something from the unpleasant experience B．he thought it was worth years of waiting C．he found it was a mistake to arrange the meeting D．he was ready to be laughed at by him 7．We can conclude from the article that the author is ________. A．interested and talented in many fields B．ambitious and generous C．strong-willed and motivational D．humorous and inspiring 【答案】4．B 5．C 6．A 7．C 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过自己45岁学冲浪、主动联系各领域专家等经历，阐述了“走出舒适区、持续挑战自我才能不断成长”的人生理念。 【详解】4．词句猜测题。根据第一段“I like to make things difficult on myself, because I do that all the time, every day and on purpose. That’s because I believe in disrupting my comfort zone.(我喜欢给自己制造困难，因为我一直、每天都在故意这样做。这是因为我相信要disrupting自己的舒适区。)”可知，作者喜欢给自己制造困难，目的是打破自己的舒适区，“disrupting”在此处意为“打乱、搅乱”，与选项B“Messing up(打乱、搅乱)”的含义一致。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Not people who could give me a job or a deal, but people who could shake me up, teach me something, challenge my ideas about myself and the world.(不是那些能给我工作或交易的人，而是那些能让我震动、教我一些东西、挑战我对自己和世界看法的人。)”可知，作者联系这些人，是因为他们能让自己挑战自我认知。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“But that was okay. I was hoping to learn something from him — and I did, even if it was only that I’m not that interesting to a physicist with no taste for our pop culture.(但那没关系。我希望从他身上学到一些东西——我确实学到了，即使只是知道了对于一个对我们的流行文化毫无兴趣的物理学家来说，我并没有那么有趣。)”可知，尽管会面不愉快，但作者确实从中学到了东西。故选A。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段“Disrupting my comfort zone, bombarding myself with challenging people and situations — this is the best way that I know to keep growing.(打破我的舒适区，让自己置身于具有挑战性的人和事之中——这是我所知道的保持成长的最佳方式。)”以及第五段“The discomfort, the uncertainty, the physical and mental challenge that I get from this — all the things that too many of us spend our time and energy trying to avoid — they are precisely the things that keep me in the game.(我从中得到的不适、不确定性、身心挑战——所有这些我们很多人花费时间和精力试图避免的事情——正是让我保持活力的东西。)”可知，作者45岁学冲浪、多年主动联系专家、即使被嘲笑也坚持挑战，体现了意志坚定（strong-willed）；同时他的理念能激励他人，体现了激励性（motivational）。故选C。 三·说明文 You may not know a lot of people when you start senior high school. Maybe your friends from junior high school are going to a different senior high school. Even if you know other freshmen (一年级学生), you still feel anxious that you don’t know any upperclassmen. How are you going to make friends among this sea of unknown faces? Most senior high schools hold the freshman orientation (迎新会) before school actually starts. It is helpful because you not only learn your way around the building but also get to meet some of your teachers and fellow freshmen. That way, when you show up on your first day of school, you may already recognize a few familiar faces. When you talk to people at orientation, you’ll probably find that a lot of them are feeling just like you are. They’re all new to the school and don’t know what to expect. Talking about a common concern with your classmates can help you develop friendships. The work in senior high school is something freshmen are probably worried about. It builds on what you learned in junior high school, giving you a more advanced (高深的) knowledge of many subjects. So you may find you have more work to do or that it’s a bit more challenging. If you ever find your work too difficult, teachers can give you extra help. Senior high school also has more after-school activities than junior high school, such as clubs, music and theater groups and sports teams. This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things. Junior high school taught you the basics of time management and social skills while providing you with a little extra support and guidance. Senior high school gives you the chance to learn how to be more independent and responsible. 8．How do the freshmen usually feel on their first day of senior high school? A．Proud. B．Nervous C．Excited. D．Curious. 9．What are freshmen probably worried about? A．The learning task. B．The ability to make friends. C．The freshman orientation. D．The relationship with teachers. 10．What do after-school activities mainly help students to do? A．Develop friendships. B．Develop their interests. C．Build up their strength. D．Improve their learning ability. 11．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．What you’ll learn in senior high school. B．What you learned in junior high school. C．The difference between junior high school and senior high school. D．The importance of being more independent and responsible. 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．B 11．C 【导语】本文主要分析了高中新生面临的紧张、担心和解决办法。 【详解】8．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Even if you know other freshmen (一年级学生), you still feel anxious that you don’t know any upperclassmen.(即便你认识一些高一新生，你仍会因为不认识高年级的同学而感到焦虑。)”可知，新生来到学校第一天通常都会感到焦虑不安。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The work in senior high school is something freshmen are probably worried about. It builds on what you learned in junior high school, giving you a more advanced (高深的) knowledge of many subjects. So you may find you have more work to do or that it’s a bit more challenging.(高中阶段的学习是新生们可能会感到担忧的事情。它是在初中所学知识的基础上进行的，能让你在更多学科方面获得更深入的了解。所以你可能会发现自己需要完成更多的作业，或者会觉得学习难度有所增加。)”可知，在高中学生将学习更高深的知识，学习也会更有挑战性，因此新生可能会担心学习。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Senior high school also has more after-school activities than junior high school, such as clubs, music and theater groups and sports teams. This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things.(高中阶段的课外活动比初中阶段更多，比如社团活动、音乐和戏剧团体以及运动队等。这是一个探索个人兴趣和尝试新事物的好时机。)”可知，课外活动能发展学生的兴趣。 11．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Junior high school taught you the basics of time management and social skills while providing you with a little extra support and guidance. Senior high school gives you the chance to learn how to be more independent and responsible.(初中时期，你学会了时间管理和社交方面的基本知识，并且还得到了一些额外的支持和指导。而高中阶段则为你提供了更多独立和负责任的培养机会。)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是初中教育和高中教育的不同。 阅读理解进阶演练： Artificial Intelligence (AI) is quickly changing how we live and work. Some people worry AI will take over jobs, but there is a better way to see the future. AI teamwork means using smart tools to help humans, not replace them. Erik Brynjolfsson, a professor at Stanford University, studied how AI can help workers. His team looked at over 5,000 customer service workers using an AI helper. This tool, trained on millions of service records, gave quick advice during customer chats. The results showed that workers with AI’s help solved 14% more problems each hour. For new or less-skilled workers, the improvement was even bigger — 34%. By dealing with large amounts of information quickly, AI let humans focus on what they do best: helping others. The study also found that workers using AI were less likely to leave their jobs. This shows AI can make work easier and more satisfying. As AI spreads in workplaces, leaders must put people first. Jann Spiess, another Stanford expert, says people’s debates miss the point. They always ask, “Is AI better than humans?” instead of “How can AI and humans work together?” Kuang Xu, a technology professor, adds that AI should always aim to improve human decisions. Real-world examples prove this works. In hospitals, AI makes patient-information-recording go by itself, allowing doctors to focus on finding illnesses and patient care. In modern factories, AI manages quality checks, helping workers to deal with creative problem-solving. These examples show AI improves efficiency (效率) while keeping human strengths. The key point is clear: AI is not a threat but a tool for progress. If designed to support humans, it can increase creativity, reduce stress, and prepare us for future challenges. As Brynjolfsson says, the future lies in joining machine speed together with human wisdom. 12．What can we learn from Erik Brynjolfsson’s study? A．AI replaces workers in modern factories. B．AI helps people find jobs much more easily. C．AI helps workers solve more problems quickly. D．AI improves the working environment of workers. 13．What does Jann Spiess think of people’s debates about AI? A．They miss AI’s possible use in hospitals. B．They fail to notice AI’s help in factories. C．They care only about information managing. D．They focus on AI-human competitive relationship. 14．What do the examples show about AI in paragraph 4? A．It helps workers do creative work. B．It gives workers more tasks to do. C．It takes over doctors’ tasks in hospitals. D．It reduces doctors’ stress in treating diseases. 15．What of the following is the best title for the text? A．AI will Replace Human Jobs. B．How AI Improves Hospital Efficiency. C．The Benefits of AI in Customer Service. D．AI Teamwork Makes Humans More Creative. 【答案】12．C 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人工智能与人类合作而非竞争，能提升效率并激发人类创造力。 【详解】12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The results showed that workers with AI’s help solved 14% more problems each hour.(结果显示，在人工智能的帮助下，员工每小时解决的问题增加了14%。)”可知，从Erik Brynjolfsson的研究中我们能了解到人工智能帮助工人更快地解决更多问题。故选C。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Jann Spiess, another Stanford expert, says people’s debates miss the point. They always ask, “Is AI better than humans?” instead of “How can AI and humans work together?”(斯坦福大学的另一位专家Jann Spiess表示，人们的争论没有抓住重点。他们总是问“人工智能比人类好吗？”而不是“人工智能和人类如何合作？”)”可知，Jann Spiess认为人们对人工智能的争论集中在人工智能与人类的竞争关系上。故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段中“In hospitals, AI makes patient-information-recording go by itself, allowing doctors to focus on finding illnesses and patient care. In modern factories, AI manages quality checks, helping workers to deal with creative problem-solving.(在医院里，人工智能可以自动记录病人的信息，让医生专注于寻找疾病和照顾病人。在现代工厂中，人工智能管理质量检查，帮助工人处理创造性问题解决。)”可知，第四段中的例子表明人工智能帮助工人做创造性的工作。故选A。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“AI teamwork means using smart tools to help humans, not replace them.(人工智能团队合作意味着使用智能工具来帮助人类，而不是取代他们。)”以及最后一段中“The key point is clear: AI is not a threat but a tool for progress. If designed to support humans, it can increase creativity, reduce stress, and prepare us for future challenges.(关键点很清楚：人工智能不是威胁，而是进步的工具。如果设计用来支持人类，它可以增加创造力，减轻压力，并为我们未来的挑战做好准备。)”可知，文章主要讲述了人工智能与人类合作而非竞争，能提升效率并激发人类创造力，因此D选项“AI Teamwork Makes Humans More Creative.(人工智能团队合作使人类更具创造力。)”最符合文章标题。故选D。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $