2025-2026学年高二下学期英语暑假预习-杰出人物

杰出人物 2025—2026学年高二英语暑假预习-杰出人物 一、重点单词 achievement 成就 profession 职业 brilliant 才华出众的 institute 研究院 theoretical 理论的 breakthrough 突破 devote 投身；奉献 circumstance 环境 grateful 感激的 remarkable 非凡的 intellectual 智力的；知识分子 convince 使信服 distinguish 区分；使出众 vital 至关重要的 noble 高尚的 inspire 激励 career 职业生涯 yield 产量；产出 soil 土壤 nutrition 营养 hybrid 杂交的 species 物种 output 产量 strain 品种 chemical 化学物质 pesticide 杀虫剂 fertile 肥沃的 agriculture 农业 sustainable 可持续的 root 根源；根茎 reduce 减少 hunger 饥饿 scientific 科学的 analyse 分析 virus 病毒 epidemic 流行病 suspect 怀疑 link 关联 transform 改变 defeat 战胜 consequence 后果 substance 物质 proof 证据 deadly 致命的 germ 病菌 defend 防护；捍卫 comprehensive全面的 examine 检验 exploration 探索 invent 发明 invention 发明物 curious 好奇的 laboratory 实验室 experiment 实验 process 过程 calculate 计算 revolution 变革 device 装置 principle 原理 patent 专利 extraordinary 杰出的 contribution 贡献 accelerate 加速 admire 钦佩 modest 谦逊的 perseverance 毅力 generosity 慷慨 persist 坚持 passion 热忱 sacrifice 牺牲 modesty 谦逊 ambition 抱负 courage 勇气 deserve 值得 resolute 坚定的 innovate 创新 innovation 创新 creative 有创造力的 update 更新 upgrade 升级 automate 自动化 original 原创的 resource 资源 efficient 高效的 commercial 商业化的 technique 技术方法 二、重点短语 devote oneself to 全身心投入 distinguish oneself 脱颖而出 under difficult circumstances 在艰难环境下 make a breakthrough 取得突破 serve the public 服务大众 be vital to 对…… 至关重要 increase crop yield 提高作物产量 sustainable agriculture 可持续农业 reduce hunger 消除饥饿 fight against pesticides 对抗杀虫剂 improve soil quality 改善土壤质量 hybrid rice 杂交水稻 draw a link between 建立…… 之间的关联 defeat a deadly epidemic 战胜致命流行病 collect solid proof 收集确凿证据 analyse data 分析数据 prevent the spread of virus 阻止病毒传播 as a consequence 因此 make contributions to 为…… 做出贡献 carry out experiments 开展实验 apply principles to practice 将原理运用于实践 get a patent for 获得…… 专利 sacrifice personal time 牺牲个人时间 deserve people’s admiration 值得人们敬佩 persist in one’s research 坚持研究 hold modest attitudes 保持谦逊态度 technological innovation 科技创新 upgrade equipment 升级设备 improve work efficiency 提升工作效率 turn ideas into devices 将想法转化为装置 with perseverance and passion 凭借毅力与热忱 original thinking 原创思维 scientific exploration 科学探索 三、重点句子 Those who devote their whole lives to public causes always distinguish themselves in history. 毕生投身公共事业的人总会在历史中大放异彩。 1. It was his brilliant mind and perseverance that helped him make major theoretical breakthroughs. 是他出众的才智与毅力，帮助他取得重大理论突破。 2. We should be grateful to great figures who create remarkable achievements for society. 我们应当感恩那些为社会创造非凡成就的伟人。 1. Yuan Longping’s hybrid rice greatly increased crop yield and helped reduce global hunger. 袁隆平的杂交水稻大幅提升粮食产量，缓解了全球饥饿问题。 1. Scientists spent years analysing data to draw a clear link between germs and diseases. 科学家耗费数年分析数据，理清病菌与疾病之间的关联。 2. Once solid proof is collected, people can take effective steps to defeat deadly epidemics. 一旦收集到确凿证据，人们就能采取有效手段对抗致命流行病。 3. Scientific discoveries can transform people’s lives and bring far-reaching consequences. 科学发现能够改变人类生活，带来深远影响。 1. Many great scientists carry out thousands of experiments before getting a useful invention. 许多伟大科学家在得到有用发明前，会开展上千次实验。 2. Their scientific exploration accelerates social revolution and changes people’s way of living. 他们的科学探索加速社会变革，改变人们的生活方式。 1. What makes these people admirable is their perseverance and willingness to sacrifice. 让这些人受人敬佩的是他们的毅力与甘于奉献的精神。 2. Even facing countless failures, resolute researchers persist in their work with full passion. 即便面对无数失败，坚定的研究者仍满怀热忱坚持工作。 3. Modest though they are, their great courage and achievements never fade away. 尽管他们十分谦逊，但伟大的勇气与功绩永不褪色。 1. Technological innovation allows us to upgrade traditional techniques and improve efficiency. 科技创新让我们升级传统技术，提升工作效率。 2. Only original and creative thinking can turn ordinary ideas into useful new devices. 唯有原创创新思维，才能把普通想法变成实用新装置。 3. Many scientists try to turn new research into commercial products to benefit the public. 许多科学家努力将新研究转化为商用产品，造福大众。 1. （1） Who invented the first computer? And when? The answer will surprise you: it was Charles Babbage, in the year 1832. Babbage, who was born in London in 1791, was a great mathematical genius. He was a natural inventor, and invented all sorts of new products. When he finished school, he went to study mathematics at Cambridge University. Later, he got a job teaching at this university, where he designed his “first difference engine”. This was, basically, a hand-operated mechanical calculator. He took nine years to build a main component of the machine. This machine, which is in the London Science Museum, can make complex mathematical calculations. However, Babbage dreamed of more complicated machines. In fact, he did not only dream; he began to design them. The result was a series of “analytical engines” which were in fact powerful computers. His designs contained processors (he called them “factories”), control units, a memory (he called it a store), and an input / output system. These are the four essential parts of a modern mathematical computer. His “second difference engine” could not use electricity, since it had not yet become a usable source of power. So Babbage had to make do with mechanical systems. For this reason, the machine was very complicated and very expensive. Though Babbage produced complete plans for the machine, he could not build it. It was too advanced for its age! It was not until almost 160 years later that Babbage’s “second difference engine” was finally manufactured. The first working version of this machine was built by the Science Museum in London, for the Babbage bicentenary (200周年) in 1991. Babbage was born 100 years too soon! This brilliant mathematician, the father of the computer, really was too far ahead of his time. 1. Which statement about Babbage is true? A. He majored in mechanics at university. B. He once served in the London Science Museum. C. His first difference engine was an automatic calculator. D. He spent nine years finishing a core part of his machine. 2. Why did Babbage fail to build his “second difference engine” during his lifetime? A. He lacked complete plans for the machine. B. The public showed no interest in his invention. C. Electricity was not an available power source then. D. He was too busy teaching mathematics at Cambridge. 3. Which of the following can best describe Babbage? A. Conservative. B. Far-sighted. C. Ambitious. D. Impractical. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To explain why Babbage failed to build his machines. B. To highlight Babbage’s pioneering role in computer history. C. To promote the Science Museum’s exhibition of Babbage’s engines. D. To compare Babbage’s “difference engines” with modern computers. （2） Florence Nightingale was named after her birthplace, Florence, Italy. When she was almost a year old, she returned with her family to England. Florence often helped her mother deliver (运送) food to the poor and sick. 5._________ Her family was shocked because nursing was not a respected profession (职业). But Florence was determined. She studied books on medicine. Later, she visited hospitals in France, Germany and Ireland and learned everything she could. 6._________ In 1854, Britain was at war with Russia, Florence went to the British hospital in Scutari and she was shocked. The hospital left men lying on the floor, and rats were running everywhere. 7._________ Many soldiers died before receiving help. The doctors wouldn’t listen to Florence because they didn’t like the idea of women in army hospitals – until one day 500 unexpected casualties (伤亡者) arrived. 8._________ Florence made changes, making sure the men were washed and their injuries were cared for. Every night she would check the patients with her lamp. When she returned home after the war, a fund had been set up in her honor. Many of the soldiers she had nursed had made contributions (捐款). Now she could set up the Nightingale Training School in London. After years of hard work, Florence Nightingale saw cleaner and more cheerful hospitals. 9._________ All of this was because of the “lady with the lamp”. A. Nursing became an honored profession. B. There was no running water and no heat. C. She knew she had much to learn about nursing. D. Florence saw the soldiers’ health had improved. E. As she grew older, she decided to become a nurse. F. They soon realized that Florence could give a hand. G. Upon returning home, she was an expert on hospital management. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $杰出人物 2025—2026学年高二英语暑假预习-杰出人物 一、重点单词 achievement 成就 profession 职业 brilliant 才华出众的 institute 研究院 theoretical 理论的 breakthrough 突破 devote 投身；奉献 circumstance 环境 grateful 感激的 remarkable 非凡的 intellectual 智力的；知识分子 convince 使信服 distinguish 区分；使出众 vital 至关重要的 noble 高尚的 inspire 激励 career 职业生涯 yield 产量；产出 soil 土壤 nutrition 营养 hybrid 杂交的 species 物种 output 产量 strain 品种 chemical 化学物质 pesticide 杀虫剂 fertile 肥沃的 agriculture 农业 sustainable 可持续的 root 根源；根茎 reduce 减少 hunger 饥饿 scientific 科学的 analyse 分析 virus 病毒 epidemic 流行病 suspect 怀疑 link 关联 transform 改变 defeat 战胜 consequence 后果 substance 物质 proof 证据 deadly 致命的 germ 病菌 defend 防护；捍卫 comprehensive全面的 examine 检验 exploration 探索 invent 发明 invention 发明物 curious 好奇的 laboratory 实验室 experiment 实验 process 过程 calculate 计算 revolution 变革 device 装置 principle 原理 patent 专利 extraordinary 杰出的 contribution 贡献 accelerate 加速 admire 钦佩 modest 谦逊的 perseverance 毅力 generosity 慷慨 persist 坚持 passion 热忱 sacrifice 牺牲 modesty 谦逊 ambition 抱负 courage 勇气 deserve 值得 resolute 坚定的 innovate 创新 innovation 创新 creative 有创造力的 update 更新 upgrade 升级 automate 自动化 original 原创的 resource 资源 efficient 高效的 commercial 商业化的 technique 技术方法 二、重点短语 devote oneself to 全身心投入 distinguish oneself 脱颖而出 under difficult circumstances 在艰难环境下 make a breakthrough 取得突破 serve the public 服务大众 be vital to 对…… 至关重要 increase crop yield 提高作物产量 sustainable agriculture 可持续农业 reduce hunger 消除饥饿 fight against pesticides 对抗杀虫剂 improve soil quality 改善土壤质量 hybrid rice 杂交水稻 draw a link between 建立…… 之间的关联 defeat a deadly epidemic 战胜致命流行病 collect solid proof 收集确凿证据 analyse data 分析数据 prevent the spread of virus 阻止病毒传播 as a consequence 因此 make contributions to 为…… 做出贡献 carry out experiments 开展实验 apply principles to practice 将原理运用于实践 get a patent for 获得…… 专利 sacrifice personal time 牺牲个人时间 deserve people’s admiration 值得人们敬佩 persist in one’s research 坚持研究 hold modest attitudes 保持谦逊态度 technological innovation 科技创新 upgrade equipment 升级设备 improve work efficiency 提升工作效率 turn ideas into devices 将想法转化为装置 with perseverance and passion 凭借毅力与热忱 original thinking 原创思维 scientific exploration 科学探索 三、重点句子 Those who devote their whole lives to public causes always distinguish themselves in history. 毕生投身公共事业的人总会在历史中大放异彩。 1. It was his brilliant mind and perseverance that helped him make major theoretical breakthroughs. 是他出众的才智与毅力，帮助他取得重大理论突破。 2. We should be grateful to great figures who create remarkable achievements for society. 我们应当感恩那些为社会创造非凡成就的伟人。 1. Yuan Longping’s hybrid rice greatly increased crop yield and helped reduce global hunger. 袁隆平的杂交水稻大幅提升粮食产量，缓解了全球饥饿问题。 1. Scientists spent years analysing data to draw a clear link between germs and diseases. 科学家耗费数年分析数据，理清病菌与疾病之间的关联。 2. Once solid proof is collected, people can take effective steps to defeat deadly epidemics. 一旦收集到确凿证据，人们就能采取有效手段对抗致命流行病。 3. Scientific discoveries can transform people’s lives and bring far-reaching consequences. 科学发现能够改变人类生活，带来深远影响。 1. Many great scientists carry out thousands of experiments before getting a useful invention. 许多伟大科学家在得到有用发明前，会开展上千次实验。 2. Their scientific exploration accelerates social revolution and changes people’s way of living. 他们的科学探索加速社会变革，改变人们的生活方式。 1. What makes these people admirable is their perseverance and willingness to sacrifice. 让这些人受人敬佩的是他们的毅力与甘于奉献的精神。 2. Even facing countless failures, resolute researchers persist in their work with full passion. 即便面对无数失败，坚定的研究者仍满怀热忱坚持工作。 3. Modest though they are, their great courage and achievements never fade away. 尽管他们十分谦逊，但伟大的勇气与功绩永不褪色。 1. Technological innovation allows us to upgrade traditional techniques and improve efficiency. 科技创新让我们升级传统技术，提升工作效率。 2. Only original and creative thinking can turn ordinary ideas into useful new devices. 唯有原创创新思维，才能把普通想法变成实用新装置。 3. Many scientists try to turn new research into commercial products to benefit the public. 许多科学家努力将新研究转化为商用产品，造福大众。 1. （1） Who invented the first computer? And when? The answer will surprise you: it was Charles Babbage, in the year 1832. Babbage, who was born in London in 1791, was a great mathematical genius. He was a natural inventor, and invented all sorts of new products. When he finished school, he went to study mathematics at Cambridge University. Later, he got a job teaching at this university, where he designed his “first difference engine”. This was, basically, a hand-operated mechanical calculator. He took nine years to build a main component of the machine. This machine, which is in the London Science Museum, can make complex mathematical calculations. However, Babbage dreamed of more complicated machines. In fact, he did not only dream; he began to design them. The result was a series of “analytical engines” which were in fact powerful computers. His designs contained processors (he called them “factories”), control units, a memory (he called it a store), and an input / output system. These are the four essential parts of a modern mathematical computer. His “second difference engine” could not use electricity, since it had not yet become a usable source of power. So Babbage had to make do with mechanical systems. For this reason, the machine was very complicated and very expensive. Though Babbage produced complete plans for the machine, he could not build it. It was too advanced for its age! It was not until almost 160 years later that Babbage’s “second difference engine” was finally manufactured. The first working version of this machine was built by the Science Museum in London, for the Babbage bicentenary (200周年) in 1991. Babbage was born 100 years too soon! This brilliant mathematician, the father of the computer, really was too far ahead of his time. 1. Which statement about Babbage is true? A. He majored in mechanics at university. B. He once served in the London Science Museum. C. His first difference engine was an automatic calculator. D. He spent nine years finishing a core part of his machine. 2. Why did Babbage fail to build his “second difference engine” during his lifetime? A. He lacked complete plans for the machine. B. The public showed no interest in his invention. C. Electricity was not an available power source then. D. He was too busy teaching mathematics at Cambridge. 3. Which of the following can best describe Babbage? A. Conservative. B. Far-sighted. C. Ambitious. D. Impractical. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To explain why Babbage failed to build his machines. B. To highlight Babbage’s pioneering role in computer history. C. To promote the Science Museum’s exhibition of Babbage’s engines. D. To compare Babbage’s “difference engines” with modern computers. （2） Florence Nightingale was named after her birthplace, Florence, Italy. When she was almost a year old, she returned with her family to England. Florence often helped her mother deliver (运送) food to the poor and sick. 5._________ Her family was shocked because nursing was not a respected profession (职业). But Florence was determined. She studied books on medicine. Later, she visited hospitals in France, Germany and Ireland and learned everything she could. 6._________ In 1854, Britain was at war with Russia, Florence went to the British hospital in Scutari and she was shocked. The hospital left men lying on the floor, and rats were running everywhere. 7._________ Many soldiers died before receiving help. The doctors wouldn’t listen to Florence because they didn’t like the idea of women in army hospitals – until one day 500 unexpected casualties (伤亡者) arrived. 8._________ Florence made changes, making sure the men were washed and their injuries were cared for. Every night she would check the patients with her lamp. When she returned home after the war, a fund had been set up in her honor. Many of the soldiers she had nursed had made contributions (捐款). Now she could set up the Nightingale Training School in London. After years of hard work, Florence Nightingale saw cleaner and more cheerful hospitals. 9._________ All of this was because of the “lady with the lamp”. A. Nursing became an honored profession. B. There was no running water and no heat. C. She knew she had much to learn about nursing. D. Florence saw the soldiers’ health had improved. E. As she grew older, she decided to become a nurse. F. They soon realized that Florence could give a hand. G. Upon returning home, she was an expert on hospital management. 答案以及解析 1. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。由第四段中的“He took nine years to build a main component of the machine. (他花费九年时间打造了这台机器的一个核心部件。)” 可知，巴贝奇花了九年时间完成了他机器的核心部件。 2. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。由第六段中的 “His ‘second difference engine’ could not use electricity, since it had not yet become a usable source of power. (他的“第二台差分机”无法使用电力，因为当时电力还未成为可用能源。)” 可知，当时没有可用的电力能源，导致他无法造出第二台差分机。 3. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。由最后一段中的“This brilliant mathematician, the father of the computer, really was too far ahead of his time. (这位杰出的数学家、计算机之父，着实远远超越了他所处的时代。)” 以及他早早设计出现代计算机核心结构可知，他极具远见。B选项Far-sighted（有远见的）符合人物形象。 4. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。通读全文，文章开篇即点明“Who invented the first computer? And when? The answer will surprise you: it was Charles Babbage, in the year 1832. (谁发明了第一台计算机？又是在什么时候？答案会让你大吃一惊：是查尔斯・巴贝奇，时间在 1832 年。)”谁发明了第一台计算机？答案是查尔斯·巴贝奇，随后详细介绍了他设计的机器如何具备现代计算机的核心组件（处理器、存储器等），并指出他的设计超前于时代。全文旨在强调巴贝奇在计算机发展史上的开创性地位。 5. 答案：E 解析：推理判断题。根据后文Her family was shocked because nursing was not a respected profession (职业)，可知她的家人感到震惊，因为护理不是一个受人尊敬的职业。E项：As she grew older, she decided to become a nurse. 随着年龄的增长，她决定成为一名护士。符合文意，故选E。 6. 答案：G 解析：细节理解题。根据前文She studied books on medicine. Later, she visited hospitals in France, Germany and Ireland and learned everything she could. 可知她研究了医学方面的书籍，后来，她访问了法国、德国和爱尔兰的医院，并学到了她所能学到的一切。G项：Upon returning home, she was an expert on hospital management. 回家后，她是医院管理方面的专家。符合文意，故选G。 7. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。根据前文The hospital left men lying on the floor, and rats were running everywhere. 可知医院里的人躺在地板上，老鼠四处奔跑。由此可知，此处介绍了医院的环境。B项：There was no running water and no heat. 没有自来水也没有暖气。符合文意，故选B。 8. 答案：F 解析：联系上文题。根据前文The doctors wouldn't listen to Florence because they didn't like the idea of women in army hospitals-until one day500 unexpected casualties (伤亡者) arrived. 可知医生们不听佛罗伦萨的话，因为他们不喜欢军队医院里的女性观念，直到有一天有500人意外死亡。F项：他们很快意识到佛罗伦萨可以伸出援助之手。符合文意，故选F。 9. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据前文After years of hard work, Florence Nightingale saw cleaner and more cheerful hospitals. 可知经过多年的努力，弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔看到了更清洁、更愉快的医院。A项：Nursing became an honored profession. 护理成为一个光荣的职业。符合文意，故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $