衔接点18 冠词、介词、代词用法（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，上海专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点18 冠词、介词、代词 初中视角 高中展望 侧重冠词、介词、代词基础分类与基础使用规则理解。如冠词掌握 a/an/the、零冠词最基础泛指、特指场景；介词掌握 in/on/at 等基础时间、方位含义与简单动介、形介搭配；代词掌握人称、物主、反身代词及基础不定代词在简单句中的指代用法，只识记常规固定搭配。 要求掌握三类词更复杂的拓展用法与复合结构，包括冠词抽象名词具体化、有无冠词词义区分；介词一词多义、复合介词、介词后接动名词、介词 + 关系代词定语从句结构；代词 one/that/those 替代名词、it 形式结构、关系代词引导从句，同时结合语境辨析，适配长难句、读写综合考查。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 考点1 冠词用法 · 掌握不定冠词 a/an基础区分：元音音素开头用 an，辅音音素开头用 a；基础泛指用法（一类人 / 物、初次提及）。 · 掌握定冠词 the基础特指：双方共知、上文已提、序数词 / 最高级前、专有名词（江河湖海、乐器）搭配。 · 掌握零冠词基础规则：三餐、球类、学科、人名地名单数专有名词、固定短语（go to school）。 · 仅记忆高频固定搭配，不深挖特殊例外、语境细微差异。 1．When my car broke down on the highway, a kind stranger stopped to give me ________ hand. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 2．Life is like ________ ocean; only ________ strong-willed can reach the other shore. A．an; the B．the; a C．an; / D．/; a 3．She has ________ one-year-old baby with curly hair and bright eyes, just like her. A．the B．a C．an D．/ 4．The boy is old enough to make ________ bed by himself when he goes to sleep every night. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 5．The train system is very efficient and connects most major countries in ________ Europe. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 考点2 介词及介词短语 · 时间介词：基础 in/on/at 区分（年 / 月用 in，具体日用 on，时刻用 at）。 · 地点方位介词：基础 in/on/under/beside/behind 等静态方位；to/from/towards 动态方向。 · 高频固定搭配：动词 + 介词（look at, wait for）、形容词 + 介词（afraid of, good at），只记单一固定搭配。 · 仅掌握介词后接名词、人称代词宾格，不涉及复杂句式。 6．Beijing is well-known ______ the capital of China and a world-famous ancient city. A．to B．as C．for D．by 7．The furniture factory promised that all products are made ________ real wood. A．of B．from C．in D．into 8．The government has taken action to protect students ________ danger at school. A．in B．from C．for D．at 9．There was nothing left ________ the destroyed buildings after the war. A．besides B．except C．beside D．except for 10．Reading is one of my hobbies. I can get a lot of knowledge ________ reading books. A．at B．with C．by D．on 考点3 代词用法 · 人称代词：主格 / 宾格基础区分，形容词性物主代词（my/your）、名词性物主代词（mine/yours）基础用法。 · 示代词 this/that/these/those 近远区分；反身代词基础固定搭配（enjoy oneself, help oneself）。 · 不定代词基础：some/any, many/much, few/little/a few/a little，复合不定代词 something/nobody 等，仅掌握基础肯定 / 否定用法。 · 疑问代词 who/what/which 基础提问，不涉及从句、替代复杂名词。 11．If you have a cold, stay at home so that you won’t spread it to ________. A．another B．others C．the other D．the others 12．The children all seemed to be enjoying ________ in the park. A．them B．their C．theirs D．themselves 13．Jane bought ________ a new dress for her twentieth birthday party. A．her B．she C．hers D．herself 14．________ of the shop assistants can speak English, so he has to ask a third person for help. A．Both B．Neither C．either D．all 15．This umbrella is not ________. I think you’ve taken the wrong one. A．you B．your C．yours D．yourself 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 冠词 1. 拓展冠词模糊泛指 / 特指：抽象名词具体化（a success 一件成功的事）、独一专有名词加 a（a Mr. Li 一位姓李先生）。 2. 复杂场景冠词取舍：物质 / 抽象名词加 the 表特指、季节 / 月份前冠词灵活变化、“the + 比较级” 固定结构。 3. 吃透零冠词特殊例外：疾病、交通工具、头衔职位、复数专有名词、固定习语中有无冠词的词义区分（in hospital 住院 /in the hospital 在医院）。 4. 冠词与写作结合：区分书面正式文体、口语语境下冠词省略 / 添加，完形填空语境辨析冠词逻辑。 · 介词及介词短语 1. 介词多义拓展：同一介词多层语义（over：在上方 / 超过 / 越过；against：反对 / 靠着 / 以防）。 2. 复杂介词结构：复合介词（due to, regardless of, apart from）、介词短语作状语 / 定语 / 插入语。 3. 介词 + 非谓语 核心难点：介词后接动名词 doing（高中重点）；介词 + which/whom 定语从句结构。 4. 易混介词精准辨析：表 “原因” because of /thanks to /due to；表 “除了” except /besides/apart from；区分细微感情色彩。 · 代词 1. all/both/either/neither/none/any 数量、范围、肯否定精准区分； 2. one/ones/that/those 代词替代名词（高中重难点，避免重复）。 3. 复合代词特殊结构：something important 形容词后置；anyone else、else 与所有格搭配（someone else’s）。 4. 代词在复合句用法：关系代词（who/which/that/as）引导定语从句；it 作形式主语 / 形式宾语、强调句型 it is…that。 5. 反身代词拓展：除固定搭配外，表强调（I myself finished it）、独立作同位语。 6. 代词指代逻辑：完形中代词上下文指代判断，区分泛指、特指代词；书面表达避免代词指代模糊。 考点清单 · 冠词 一、使用不定冠词a(n)的十大场合 典型场合 典型示例 a用在辅音开头的单词前，an用在以元音开头单词前【不见元音不加an，不看字母看发音】 an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 an umbrella 一把伞 a university 一所大学 a European country 一个欧洲国家 an unusual story 一个不同寻常的故事 an unhappy boy 一个不高兴的男孩 第一次提到的某人或某物之前 The panda is an endangered animal.熊猫是一种濒危动物。 泛指人或事物的某一类别 A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 用在表示数量、长度、时间等的名词前，表示“每一” The car moves 100 miles an hour.这辆小汽车以每小时100英里的速度行驶 Rome was not built in a day.罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。 不定冠词a/an用于抽象名词前，表示具体的人或事物 The party was a great success.晚会开得很成功。 It’s a pleasure to work with you.与你一起工作是件乐事。 用于专有名词前，表示“某一个” I want to be a Bill Gates.我想成为比尔·盖茨式的人物。 用于序数词之前,表示重复 Soon I saw a second plane.不久我又看到了另一架飞机。 用于最高级前意为“非常” This is a most interesting story.这是一个极为动人的故事。 用于物质名词的数量化 I’d like a tea and two coffees.请给我一杯茶和两杯咖啡。 与 have，take，make等连用 Take a look at these figures! 看一下这些数字吧！ 二、使用定冠词the的十四个场合 典型场合 典型示例 表示双方都知道的人或物 Would you mind turning down the radio a little?请把收音机音量调小点好吗？ 表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。 Do you know the girl in red? 你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩么？ The book on the table is mine. 桌子上的那本书是我的。 表示世界上独一无二的事物，如日月星辰地球等 As is known to us, the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。 The sun can damage your skin. 阳光能损伤皮肤。 用在序数词前 He is the first person who knows the secret. 他是第一个知道这个秘密的人。 用在形容词最高级前 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海市中国最大的城市之一。 用于乐器的名称之前 She can play the piano quite beautifully. 她可以弹一手好钢琴。 用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩 The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours. 史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。 The Greens will move to the country. 格林一家要搬到乡下去。 与形容词连用表示一类人 The injured were taken to the nearest hospital.受伤的人被送到了最近的医院。 用在世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前 The war broke out in the 1980s.战争爆发于20世纪80年代。 He moved to the south in his fifties.他五十几岁时搬到了南方。 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the United States of America美国 the People’s Republic of China 中国 the Communist Party of China中国共产党 the United Nations 联合国 江、河、湖、海、海峡、山脉、运河、岛屿等名词前 the Yellow River 黄河 the Pacific Ocean太平洋 the Alps阿尔卑斯山 the Grand Canal大运河 用于接触身体部位结构 She patted him on the shoulder. 她碰了他的肩。 用于发明物的单数名词前 Who invented the telephone？ 电话是谁发明的？ 用在表示方位名词之前 Jilin is in the north of China. 吉林位于中国的北部。 三、零冠词的十大场合 零冠词典型场合 典型示例 物质名词、抽象名词前 Bread is made from flour.面包是用面粉做的。 表示职务、头衔的名词前 He was selected Chairman of the committee.他被选为委员会主席。 一日三餐名词前 We are going to movies after supper.晚饭后我们要去看电影。 运动、棋类、游戏等名词前 He likes to play chess.他喜欢下棋。 星期、月份、季节等名词前 Spring is the best season of the year.春天是一年中最好的季节。 西方节日名称前 April Fool’s Day 愚人节　 Christmas Day 圣诞节 Easter 复活节 Father’s Day 父亲节 Thanksgiving Day 感恩节　　Valentine’s Day 情人节 名词被限定词this，my，some，no等修饰时 His heart was beating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。 Go down this street.顺着这条道路往前走。 含有介词短语的独立主格 He entered the forest, gun in hand.他手拿枪进了森林。 复数名词表示类属时 Dogs are human beings’ friends. 狗是人类的朋友。 by表示交通工具的名词前 Every day he goes to school by bike. 他每天骑自行车上学。 · 介词及介词短语 考点一、表示工具、手段、方式的介词的用法 介词 含义及用法 示例 by 涉及交通工具的单数名词且该名词前不加冠词和任何修饰语；还可表示 “靠…… 手段，用…… 方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动词 -ing by sea, by water, by land, by air, by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship；We can realize our dream by working hard.；You can make the cake by mixing eggs and flour. with 表示 “用，使用（某种工具、物品或材料等）”，所接名词前应加冠词或形容词性物主代词 He sharpened his pencil with a knife.；We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. in 表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等 The book was written in Chinese.；He spoke in a loud voice.；Please write in ink，not in pencil. on 表示 “通过，使用，借助于” 媒体工具 She learns English on the radio/on TV. 考点二、表示"原因或理由"的介词的用法 介词 用法 例句 for 常与表示闻名、奖罚等意义的形容词或动词连用,如famous, known, praise, punish等 Xi'an is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。 at 常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词(如happy, pleased, angry, delighted等)连用,表示产生这种情感的原因 He was surprised at the news.听到这个消息他很惊讶。 with 常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的抽象名词连用,强调随着心理变化而产生的情感变化 He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。 from 常接抽象名词,表示自然或间接原因 She felt sick from tiredness.她累得浑身不对劲。 of 多用于表示自身的原因;也常用于某些与情感相关的形容词后 Her friend died of cancer.她的朋友死于癌症。 His father is proud of him.他父亲为他感到骄傲。 考点三、表示“除了……”的介词的用法 1 besides指“除了……还有”，与in addition to/apart from/aside from同义。作连接副词时，意为“此外”。如： Two foreign teachers were present at the meeting besides Smith. 除了史密斯之外，还有两名外籍教师出席了会议。 ②but作介词时，意为“除了(……之外)”，常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything, no等词和其他疑问词后面。如： Who but a fool would do such a thing? 除了傻瓜谁会做这样的事？ ③except与except for都意为“除……外”，两者一般都不能位于句首。但except后接的词同整体词（主语）一般是同类，指在同类的整体中除去一个部分。except for后接的词同整体词（主语）不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节。如： The office is open every day except Sundays. 除了星期日这家公司每天都营业。 His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了一些拼写错误，他的日记写得还不错。 考点四、两组高频易混介词比较 介词 词义 例句 against 反对，倚靠，逆着，相反，在……的衬托下，与……比赛 She was forced to marry against her will. 她被迫违心地嫁了人。 That's against the law. 那是违法的。 The skier's red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. 滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。 for 支持，赞成，与in favor of同义 Are you for or against the new road scheme? 你对修建新道路的计划是赞成还是反对？ 考点五 介词的习惯搭配 分类 搭配类型 具体示例 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋about be anxious about（对…… 忧虑）、be curious about（对…… 好奇） 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋at be angry at（因…… 生气）、be good at（擅长） 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋in be absorbed in（专注于……）、be active in（积极于……）、be dressed in（穿着……）、be engaged in（忙于……） 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋for be eager for（渴望……）、be famous for（因…… 著名）、be fit for（适合，胜任……）、be ready for（准备好……） · 代词 考点一、it的用法 要点精讲1： it典型场合 典型示例 替代it：it用作人称代词，用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。 Learning is a bitter root, but it bears sweet fruit.学习根苦果甜。 I have bought a chair. It is made of wood.我买了一把椅子。它是木头做的。 The baby cried because it was hungry. 这个婴儿饿得啼哭。 代词it: it指时间、距离、天气等。 It's 112 miles from London to Birmingham. 从伦敦到伯明翰有112英里。 What time is it? It’s two-thirty. 几点了？现在是两点半。 形式it: it用作形式主语、宾语，不定式、动名词或从句作真正主语 He found it exciting riding the roller coaster. 他觉得坐过山车很刺激。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It's a pity that you have to go so soon.很遗憾你这么快就得走了。 强调it: it用在强调句it's …who/that…中强调主语，宾语或状语 It was his parents that he turned to for advice.他向父母寻求建议。 It was two years ago that I began to learn drawing. 正是在两年前我开始学习绘画。 无实义it: it仅构成句型，无实义 I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.我能按时完成工作得感谢你。 I'll see to it that everything is ready in time.我会确保一切按时准备好。 习语it: it用于一些习惯搭配中 Believe it or not, Tom got married last week.信不信由你，汤姆上周结婚了。 We made it to the summit of the mountain. 我们成功的登上了山顶。 要点精讲2： it作形式主语 ①It is a pity/shame that ... 真可惜…… ②It is no wonder that ... 难怪…… ③It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看来…… ④It looks/seems as if/as though ...看起来好像…… ⑤It happens that ... 碰巧…… ⑥It occurs to/strikes/hits sb that ...某人突然想起…… ⑦It is said/reported that ... 据说/据报道…… ⑧It is certain that ... ……是一定的 ⑨It is no use/good doing ... 做……没有用/好处 ⑩It takes sb some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间 it作形式宾语 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb to do/that…从句 ②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/...＋it＋no use/a waste of time/ ...＋doing ... 考点二、 指示代词用法 要点精讲： 典型用法 典型示例 it代指上文提到的同一人、同一物 --Where's your car?--It's in the garage.--你的汽车在哪儿？--在车库里。 Start a new file and put this letter in it. 建立一个新档案，把这封信放进去。 that指代上文提到的不可数名词或单数名词 The population of China is larger than that one. 中国人口比日本多。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Hainan.北京的天气比海南冷。 those特指上文提到的复数名词 The houses in Zhengzhou are cheaper than those in Beijing. 郑州的房屋比北京房屋便宜。 one泛指上文提到的可数名词，前有定语 I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一个新的。 I'd like an apple. Are you having one, too? 我想买吃苹果，你也要吗？ ones代替泛指的复数名词 Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。 the one特指上文提到的单数名词 This school is the one we visited last week. 这是我上周参观的那个学校。 Our house is the one next to the school. 我家的房子就是学校旁边的那座。 the ones特指上文提到的复数名词 Don’t buy the expensive apples; buy the cheaper ones.别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。 such倒装句，考虑就近一致 Such is the result of the contest. 这就是竞赛的结果。 考点三、不定代词用法 要点精讲1：each, both, all等不定代词用法 典型用法 典型示例 each指两者或两者以上中每个 They each have their own email address. 他们每个人都有自己的电子邮件地址。 both表示“两者都” Both his mother and his father will be there. 他父母二人都要去那里。 all指“(三者或三者以上)全部” All five men are hard workers. 五个人全都工作努力。 either表示“(两者中的)任何一个” You can park on either side of the street. 这条街两边都可停车。 neither表示“两者都不” Neither of my parents speaks a foreign language. 我的父母都不会说外语。 none表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点” We have three sons but none of them live nearby. 我们有三个儿子，但他们都不住在附近。 nothing表示“没有任何东西” The doctor said there was nothing wrong with me. 医生说我什么毛病也没有。 another泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一” Heavy rains  continued  another three days. 大雨持续了三天。 Would you like another drink? 还想喝一杯吗？ other泛指“其余的”，只作定语 Are there any other questions? 还有其他问题没有？ others“另一些” Don't expect others to read your mind.  不要期望别人能看出你的心思。 the other特指两者之中的另一个 He raised one arm and then the other. 他先举起一只手，然后举起另一只。 the others“剩余的一些” I walked back while the others rode in the car.  别人都乘车，而我是走回来的。 要点精讲2： 典型用法 典型示例 few修饰可数名词，否定含义，“几乎没有” The last few winters have been very cold过去几个冬天都很冷。 a few修饰可数名词，肯定含义，“几个；一些” I have a few friends, but my younger sister has very few. 我有一些朋友，但我妹妹几乎没有朋友。 little修饰不可数名词，否定含义，“几乎没有” There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 a little修饰不可数名词，肯定含义，“一点” She can speak a little French, but she knows little English.她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。 many修饰可数名词，肯定含义，“许多” We don't have very many copies left. 我们所剩的册数不多。 much修饰不可数名词，肯定含义，“许多” I don't have much money with me. 我没带多少钱。 一、单句语法填空 1．I’d appreciate it if you could make response at your earliest convenience. （用适当的词填空） 2．It is great satisfaction to know the hero finally awoke. （用适当的词填空） 3．This small restaurant serves average of 200 customers every weekend. (用适当的词填空) 4．We should make attempt to overcome difficulties whenever we face huge pressure in senior high school. (用适当的词填空) 5．The first or last phrase spoken is memorised better than conversation as a whole. (用适当的词填空) 6．As she told me all regard to the house, I could hear the excitement and joy in her voice. （用适当的词填空） 7．Bring your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path. (用适当的词填空) 8．Sometimes she prepares traditional Brazilian dishes in honour her native home. (用适当的词填空) 9．What we discovered is that it’s unwise to judge what you eat only its appearance. (用适当的词填空) 10．I didn’t have the intention to ignore your tips, but I still should apologise you for my unintentional neglect. (用适当的词填空) 11．He showed up at different art show openings, and researched as best he could to make _____ familiar with the market environment. 12．During a study of children, it was shown that if children are exposed to three or more years of musical training, they had better listening and speaking skills than who had none. 13．The difference between a man who succeeds and who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. 14．In order to keep team members positive and motivated, the team leader needs to show these qualities. 15．The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but didn’t help. 二、完成句子 1．怀特夫妇对我很好。 __________ __________ are kind to me. 2．We invited ________ ________ ________ to help solve this difficult problem. 我们邀请了一位负责任的专家来帮忙解决这个难题。 3．________________ that we don’t understand. 我们害怕我们不理解的事情。 4．I walked into class believing that writing is important ______________. 我走进教室，相信写作作为一种交流方式是重要的。 5． She ________________ for which they showed great respect for her. 她对学生通常很有耐心, 因此他们十分尊重她。 一、语篇填空（ 冠词、介词、代词用法专练） Every student can gain progress with proper learning methods. 1.________ best way to improve grades is to make daily plans. I write down tasks in 2.________ notebook every night and check 3.________ the next morning. I often study with my deskmate. We help 4.________ overcome learning difficulties together. We usually read books 5.________ the school library after class. There is 6.________ quiet corner by the window for us to share ideas. None of 7.________ wants to give up when facing difficulties. Our teacher always tells us to believe in 8.. We take part in 9. weekly group discussion to exchange experience. All 10.________ efforts we put in will finally bring us rewards. 二、阅读理解 A October Planting WeekendMeeting and contact details Meet at the Benalla Ceramic Mural by the lake at 9:00 a.m. on Saturday before heading out towards the Lurg Hills. Secondary meeting point at Winton Roadhouse at 9:00 a.m. What to bring Gardening gloves and sensible clothing (hat, sunscreen, wet weather gear just in case). A change of clothes can save you driving home in muddy gear. Tools are provided but you can bring your own if you prefer. Bedding if you are sleeping in the Scout Hall. A bar of soap and a towel are handy. Accommodation Most people sleep in the Scout Hall. Mattresses (床垫) are provided. Bring your own sleeping bag and pillow. There are two halls: the young and energetic bush dance in the Scout Hall till all hours, the Guide Hall is a designated quiet area where you can get your head down as early as you like. Some people pitch a tent on the grass near the halls instead, or camp in the bush outside town. If you prefer a little luxury, Benalla also has a good range of business accommodation. Meals We provide an excellent three-course meal on Saturday night, a barbecue lunch on Sunday, plus hot drinks for morning and afternoon teas. Program Saturday 9:00 a.m. The main party meets. 9:30 a.m. Pick up more volunteers at the Winton Roadhouse. Arrive on-site: Plant till lunchtime, breaking for morning tea along the way. Lunch: Bring your own picnic lunch; hot drinks provided. Plant till about 5:00 p.m, breaking for afternoon tea. Return to Benalla. Hot showers are available at the indoor pool. 7:00 p.m. Dinner. Join the team for an excellent three-course meal provided by the locals. 9:00 p.m. As you please: there is a bush dance for the energetic; or an early night and lots of sleep for the tired ones. Sunday Meet at the time and place arranged the night before. Plant till lunch time, breaking for morning tea. At 1:00 p.m. the locals lay on a barbecue. Depending on the weather, Ray usually takes us on a tour of one of the district’s most interesting wild places. After that, set off for home. 1．According to the passage, you will be served A．hot drinks at lunch on Saturday B．three-course meals dinner on Sunday C．sleeping bags and pillows to use at night D．a barbecue lunch on Saturday 2．What information can we learn from the passage? A．You will surely have a tour of wild places. B．You can have a bath after planting. C．You have to sleep early at night. D．You need to do a barbecue yourself. 3．It can be inferred that the activity is A．expensive B．competitive C．voluntary D．adventurous B Jameson Lobb, a 24-year-old investment banker from Toronto, was just one week into his new job on Wall Street. Over the past month, he’d been settling into the New York City apartment he was sharing with his college buddy, an artificial intelligence engineer named Raphael Jafri. On Oct. 4, 2023, the two were squeezing in a lunchtime workout on Pier 15, overlooking the East River, when Lobb froze. “Somebody’s in the water,” he said. Before Jafri could respond, Lobb climbed over the rail at the edge of the pier and leaped into the cold water without taking the time to remove his shoes. What Lobb had heard was an alarmed fisherman shouting nearly 50 yards away, “Help! He’s in the water!” And what he’d seen was a person floating, lifeless. Jafri didn’t need to see the victim. Maybe Lobb saw someone in the water who needs our help, he thought. Or maybe it’s Lobb who needs my help. Either way, I’m going in. He pulled off his shoes and swan-dived. Approaching the unconscious victim, Lobb saw that it was a middle-aged man. He was big, around 200 pounds, respectably dressed and sinking fast. The rescuer dove, grasped the man and kicked upward until they both resurfaced. The two friends floated the man on his back. As Jafri looped his arms around the man’s shoulders and Lobb supported the hips and knees, the pair took great pains back to Pier 15. Their muscles burned as they pushed and pulled the immobile figure through the freezing water. When at last they reached Pier 15, they faced a new uncertainty. How to get out? The pier’s decking stood an unreachable 10 feet above their heads. Suddenly the man stirred, breathing again, and beat Jafri confusedly in the face before fading back to near unconsciousness. On the pier, a crowd had gathered. From somewhere, the onlookers produced a rope and a life preserver, which they threw to Jafri and Lobb. With the two men pushing from below and the crowd pulling from above, the man’s body slowly rose until helping hands pulled him onto the pier. Both men, thoroughly exhausted from 15-plus minutes in the water and bleeding from numerous cuts, watched as rescue workers loaded the nearly drowned man into an ambulance and drove away. Lobb and Jafri never learned who he was, what became of him or how he’d fallen into the river. In place of that knowledge, they have a story they get to tell now, another experience that has further cemented their bond. Lots of people were on the piers that day, yet only the two of them jumped in the water - because, they say, they were the fittest people there and, so, had a moral responsibility. “If I know I’m capable,” Lobb says, “why wouldn’t I help?” Jafri adds, laughing, “People always say `If your friend jumps off a cliff, are you jumping?’ I think I answered that one.” 4．What’s the relationship between Lobb and Jafri? A．banker and client B．employer and employee C．workmates D．roommates 5．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Jafri rushed to be the first to rescue the victim, but he failed. B．The victim unintentionally gave Jafri a blow in the face. C．The rescue workers spent 15-plus minutes pulling the victim out. D．Lobb and Jafri were voted as the fittest to jump into the water. 6．When it comes to the difficulties in the rescue, Lobb and Jafri met with ________. (1) the cold and polluted water (2) the victim’s heavy weight (3) the unreachable deck (4) their muscle fatigue (5) onlookers’ indifference A．(1)(2)(3) B．(2)(3)(4) C．(1)(4)(5) D．(2)(4)(5) 7．The best title of this story might be ________. A．The fittest survives B．Friends in deed C．No pain, no gain D．More haste, less speed 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点18 冠词、介词、代词 初中视角 高中展望 侧重冠词、介词、代词基础分类与基础使用规则理解。如冠词掌握 a/an/the、零冠词最基础泛指、特指场景；介词掌握 in/on/at 等基础时间、方位含义与简单动介、形介搭配；代词掌握人称、物主、反身代词及基础不定代词在简单句中的指代用法，只识记常规固定搭配。 要求掌握三类词更复杂的拓展用法与复合结构，包括冠词抽象名词具体化、有无冠词词义区分；介词一词多义、复合介词、介词后接动名词、介词 + 关系代词定语从句结构；代词 one/that/those 替代名词、it 形式结构、关系代词引导从句，同时结合语境辨析，适配长难句、读写综合考查。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 考点1 冠词用法 · 掌握不定冠词 a/an基础区分：元音音素开头用 an，辅音音素开头用 a；基础泛指用法（一类人 / 物、初次提及）。 · 掌握定冠词 the基础特指：双方共知、上文已提、序数词 / 最高级前、专有名词（江河湖海、乐器）搭配。 · 掌握零冠词基础规则：三餐、球类、学科、人名地名单数专有名词、固定短语（go to school）。 · 仅记忆高频固定搭配，不深挖特殊例外、语境细微差异。 1．When my car broke down on the highway, a kind stranger stopped to give me ________ hand. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 【答案】A 【详解】句意：当我的车在高速公路上抛锚时，一位好心的陌生人停下来帮了我一把。 a一个；an一个；the这，那；/不填。give sb. a hand是固定短语，意为“帮助某人”，hand在此处泛指“一把援手”，需用不定冠词a。 2．Life is like ________ ocean; only ________ strong-willed can reach the other shore. A．an; the B．the; a C．an; / D．/; a 【答案】A 【详解】句意：生活就像一片海洋；只有意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。 第一空，ocean是可数名词单数，此处表示泛指“一片海洋”，且ocean是以元音音素开头的单词，所以用an；第二空，“the+ 形容词”表示一类人，the strong-willed意为“意志坚强的人”。 3．She has ________ one-year-old baby with curly hair and bright eyes, just like her. A．the B．a C．an D．/ 【答案】B 【详解】句意：她有一个一岁大的宝宝，留着卷发，眼睛明亮，就像她一样。 the这、那；a一个；an一个；此处表示泛指“一个”一岁的宝宝，且 one 发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词 a。 4．The boy is old enough to make ________ bed by himself when he goes to sleep every night. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 【答案】C 【详解】句意：这个男孩年龄足够大了，每晚睡觉时能自己整理床铺。 a一个；an一个；the这/那；/不填。make the bed意为“整理床铺”，中间需用定冠词the。所以选C。 5．The train system is very efficient and connects most major countries in ________ Europe. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 【答案】D 【详解】句意：铁路系统非常高效，连接了欧洲大多数主要国家。   a不定冠词，用于辅音音素开头的单词前；an不定冠词，用于元音音素开头的单词前；the定冠词，表示特指；/零冠词。专有名词“Europe”前通常不加冠词，固定搭配“in Europe”，意为“在欧洲”。 考点2 介词及介词短语 · 时间介词：基础 in/on/at 区分（年 / 月用 in，具体日用 on，时刻用 at）。 · 地点方位介词：基础 in/on/under/beside/behind 等静态方位；to/from/towards 动态方向。 · 高频固定搭配：动词 + 介词（look at, wait for）、形容词 + 介词（afraid of, good at），只记单一固定搭配。 · 仅掌握介词后接名词、人称代词宾格，不涉及复杂句式。 6．Beijing is well-known ______ the capital of China and a world-famous ancient city. A．to B．as C．for D．by 【答案】B 【详解】句意：北京作为中国的首都和世界著名的古城而闻名。固定搭配be well-known as表示“作为……而闻名”；be well-known for表示“因……而闻名”，此处是身份/角色，用as。 7．The furniture factory promised that all products are made ________ real wood. A．of B．from C．in D．into 【答案】A 【详解】句意：这家家具厂承诺所有产品都是用实木制成的。 be made of由……制成，能看出原材料；be made from由……制成，看不出原材料；be made in在……地方制造；be made into被制成……。家具由实木制成，能直接看出原材料。应填of。 8．The government has taken action to protect students ________ danger at school. A．in B．from C．for D．at 【答案】B 【详解】句意：政府已经采取行动保护学生免受学校的危险。 in在……里面；from免受；for为了；at在。固定搭配protect sb. from sth.意为“保护某人免受某事伤害”，根据句意可知是保护学生免受危险。 9．There was nothing left ________ the destroyed buildings after the war. A．besides B．except C．beside D．except for 【答案】B 【详解】句意：战争结束后，除了那些被毁坏的建筑物，什么也没剩下。 考查介词辨析。besides除……以外还有（包含在内）；except除……之外（不包含在内）；beside在……旁边（方位介词）；except for除……之外（说明整体情况后对细节加以修正）。根据“There was nothing left…”可知，此处表示从“什么都没有”中剔除“被毁坏的建筑物”，即“只剩下被毁坏的建筑物”。except常与nothing, everything, all等不定代词连用，表示同类事物的排除。故选B。 10．Reading is one of my hobbies. I can get a lot of knowledge ________ reading books. A．at B．with C．by D．on 【答案】C 【详解】句意：阅读是我的爱好之一。我可以通过读书获得很多知识。 考查介词辨析。at在；with和；by通过；on在……之上。根据“I can get a lot of knowledge … reading books”可知，通过读书可以获得很多知识。故选C。 考点3 代词用法 · 人称代词：主格 / 宾格基础区分，形容词性物主代词（my/your）、名词性物主代词（mine/yours）基础用法。 · 示代词 this/that/these/those 近远区分；反身代词基础固定搭配（enjoy oneself, help oneself）。 · 不定代词基础：some/any, many/much, few/little/a few/a little，复合不定代词 something/nobody 等，仅掌握基础肯定 / 否定用法。 · 疑问代词 who/what/which 基础提问，不涉及从句、替代复杂名词。 11．If you have a cold, stay at home so that you won’t spread it to ________. A．another B．others C．the other D．the others 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果你感冒了，待在家里以便你不会把它传播给其他人。 another另一个；others其他人；the other另一个（特指）；the others其余的人（特指）。根据“If you have a cold, stay at home”可知是为了避免传染给泛指的其他人，没有特定范围，others相当于other people。 12．The children all seemed to be enjoying ________ in the park. A．them B．their C．theirs D．themselves 【答案】D 【详解】句意：孩子们似乎都在公园里玩得很开心。 them他们，人称代词宾格；their他们的，形容词性物主代词；theirs他们的，名词性物主代词；themselves他们自己，反身代词。固定搭配enjoy oneself意为“玩得开心”，主语“The children”是复数，反身代词用themselves。 13．Jane bought ________ a new dress for her twentieth birthday party. A．her B．she C．hers D．herself 【答案】D 【详解】句意：简为她二十岁的生日派对给自己买了一件新裙子。 her她/她的；she她；hers她的（东西）；herself她自己。根据主语Jane及语境可知，简是给自己买裙子，主语和宾语指代同一人，应用反身代词herself。 14．________ of the shop assistants can speak English, so he has to ask a third person for help. A．Both B．Neither C．either D．all 【答案】B 【详解】句意：商店店员中没有一个会说英语，所以他不得不向第三个人求助。 Both两者都；Neither两者都不；Either两者之一；All所有。根据“so he has to ask a third person for help”可知，店员都不会说英语，且“third person”暗示店员为两人，表示两者都不应用Neither。 15．This umbrella is not ________. I think you’ve taken the wrong one. A．you B．your C．yours D．yourself 【答案】C 【详解】句意：这把雨伞不是你的。我想你拿错了一把。 空格后没有名词，需用名词性物主代词yours相当于“your umbrella”，在句中作表语。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 冠词 1. 拓展冠词模糊泛指 / 特指：抽象名词具体化（a success 一件成功的事）、独一专有名词加 a（a Mr. Li 一位姓李先生）。 2. 复杂场景冠词取舍：物质 / 抽象名词加 the 表特指、季节 / 月份前冠词灵活变化、“the + 比较级” 固定结构。 3. 吃透零冠词特殊例外：疾病、交通工具、头衔职位、复数专有名词、固定习语中有无冠词的词义区分（in hospital 住院 /in the hospital 在医院）。 4. 冠词与写作结合：区分书面正式文体、口语语境下冠词省略 / 添加，完形填空语境辨析冠词逻辑。 · 介词及介词短语 1. 介词多义拓展：同一介词多层语义（over：在上方 / 超过 / 越过；against：反对 / 靠着 / 以防）。 2. 复杂介词结构：复合介词（due to, regardless of, apart from）、介词短语作状语 / 定语 / 插入语。 3. 介词 + 非谓语 核心难点：介词后接动名词 doing（高中重点）；介词 + which/whom 定语从句结构。 4. 易混介词精准辨析：表 “原因” because of /thanks to /due to；表 “除了” except /besides/apart from；区分细微感情色彩。 · 代词 1. all/both/either/neither/none/any 数量、范围、肯否定精准区分； 2. one/ones/that/those 代词替代名词（高中重难点，避免重复）。 3. 复合代词特殊结构：something important 形容词后置；anyone else、else 与所有格搭配（someone else’s）。 4. 代词在复合句用法：关系代词（who/which/that/as）引导定语从句；it 作形式主语 / 形式宾语、强调句型 it is…that。 5. 反身代词拓展：除固定搭配外，表强调（I myself finished it）、独立作同位语。 6. 代词指代逻辑：完形中代词上下文指代判断，区分泛指、特指代词；书面表达避免代词指代模糊。 考点清单 · 冠词 一、使用不定冠词a(n)的十大场合 典型场合 典型示例 a用在辅音开头的单词前，an用在以元音开头单词前【不见元音不加an，不看字母看发音】 an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 an umbrella 一把伞 a university 一所大学 a European country 一个欧洲国家 an unusual story 一个不同寻常的故事 an unhappy boy 一个不高兴的男孩 第一次提到的某人或某物之前 The panda is an endangered animal.熊猫是一种濒危动物。 泛指人或事物的某一类别 A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 用在表示数量、长度、时间等的名词前，表示“每一” The car moves 100 miles an hour.这辆小汽车以每小时100英里的速度行驶 Rome was not built in a day.罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。 不定冠词a/an用于抽象名词前，表示具体的人或事物 The party was a great success.晚会开得很成功。 It’s a pleasure to work with you.与你一起工作是件乐事。 用于专有名词前，表示“某一个” I want to be a Bill Gates.我想成为比尔·盖茨式的人物。 用于序数词之前,表示重复 Soon I saw a second plane.不久我又看到了另一架飞机。 用于最高级前意为“非常” This is a most interesting story.这是一个极为动人的故事。 用于物质名词的数量化 I’d like a tea and two coffees.请给我一杯茶和两杯咖啡。 与 have，take，make等连用 Take a look at these figures! 看一下这些数字吧！ 二、使用定冠词the的十四个场合 典型场合 典型示例 表示双方都知道的人或物 Would you mind turning down the radio a little?请把收音机音量调小点好吗？ 表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。 Do you know the girl in red? 你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩么？ The book on the table is mine. 桌子上的那本书是我的。 表示世界上独一无二的事物，如日月星辰地球等 As is known to us, the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。 The sun can damage your skin. 阳光能损伤皮肤。 用在序数词前 He is the first person who knows the secret. 他是第一个知道这个秘密的人。 用在形容词最高级前 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海市中国最大的城市之一。 用于乐器的名称之前 She can play the piano quite beautifully. 她可以弹一手好钢琴。 用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩 The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours. 史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。 The Greens will move to the country. 格林一家要搬到乡下去。 与形容词连用表示一类人 The injured were taken to the nearest hospital.受伤的人被送到了最近的医院。 用在世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前 The war broke out in the 1980s.战争爆发于20世纪80年代。 He moved to the south in his fifties.他五十几岁时搬到了南方。 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the United States of America美国 the People’s Republic of China 中国 the Communist Party of China中国共产党 the United Nations 联合国 江、河、湖、海、海峡、山脉、运河、岛屿等名词前 the Yellow River 黄河 the Pacific Ocean太平洋 the Alps阿尔卑斯山 the Grand Canal大运河 用于接触身体部位结构 She patted him on the shoulder. 她碰了他的肩。 用于发明物的单数名词前 Who invented the telephone？ 电话是谁发明的？ 用在表示方位名词之前 Jilin is in the north of China. 吉林位于中国的北部。 三、零冠词的十大场合 零冠词典型场合 典型示例 物质名词、抽象名词前 Bread is made from flour.面包是用面粉做的。 表示职务、头衔的名词前 He was selected Chairman of the committee.他被选为委员会主席。 一日三餐名词前 We are going to movies after supper.晚饭后我们要去看电影。 运动、棋类、游戏等名词前 He likes to play chess.他喜欢下棋。 星期、月份、季节等名词前 Spring is the best season of the year.春天是一年中最好的季节。 西方节日名称前 April Fool’s Day 愚人节　 Christmas Day 圣诞节 Easter 复活节 Father’s Day 父亲节 Thanksgiving Day 感恩节　　Valentine’s Day 情人节 名词被限定词this，my，some，no等修饰时 His heart was beating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。 Go down this street.顺着这条道路往前走。 含有介词短语的独立主格 He entered the forest, gun in hand.他手拿枪进了森林。 复数名词表示类属时 Dogs are human beings’ friends. 狗是人类的朋友。 by表示交通工具的名词前 Every day he goes to school by bike. 他每天骑自行车上学。 · 介词及介词短语 考点一、表示工具、手段、方式的介词的用法 介词 含义及用法 示例 by 涉及交通工具的单数名词且该名词前不加冠词和任何修饰语；还可表示 “靠…… 手段，用…… 方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动词 -ing by sea, by water, by land, by air, by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship；We can realize our dream by working hard.；You can make the cake by mixing eggs and flour. with 表示 “用，使用（某种工具、物品或材料等）”，所接名词前应加冠词或形容词性物主代词 He sharpened his pencil with a knife.；We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. in 表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等 The book was written in Chinese.；He spoke in a loud voice.；Please write in ink，not in pencil. on 表示 “通过，使用，借助于” 媒体工具 She learns English on the radio/on TV. 考点二、表示"原因或理由"的介词的用法 介词 用法 例句 for 常与表示闻名、奖罚等意义的形容词或动词连用,如famous, known, praise, punish等 Xi'an is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。 at 常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词(如happy, pleased, angry, delighted等)连用,表示产生这种情感的原因 He was surprised at the news.听到这个消息他很惊讶。 with 常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的抽象名词连用,强调随着心理变化而产生的情感变化 He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。 from 常接抽象名词,表示自然或间接原因 She felt sick from tiredness.她累得浑身不对劲。 of 多用于表示自身的原因;也常用于某些与情感相关的形容词后 Her friend died of cancer.她的朋友死于癌症。 His father is proud of him.他父亲为他感到骄傲。 考点三、表示“除了……”的介词的用法 1 besides指“除了……还有”，与in addition to/apart from/aside from同义。作连接副词时，意为“此外”。如： Two foreign teachers were present at the meeting besides Smith. 除了史密斯之外，还有两名外籍教师出席了会议。 ②but作介词时，意为“除了(……之外)”，常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything, no等词和其他疑问词后面。如： Who but a fool would do such a thing? 除了傻瓜谁会做这样的事？ ③except与except for都意为“除……外”，两者一般都不能位于句首。但except后接的词同整体词（主语）一般是同类，指在同类的整体中除去一个部分。except for后接的词同整体词（主语）不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节。如： The office is open every day except Sundays. 除了星期日这家公司每天都营业。 His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了一些拼写错误，他的日记写得还不错。 考点四、两组高频易混介词比较 介词 词义 例句 against 反对，倚靠，逆着，相反，在……的衬托下，与……比赛 She was forced to marry against her will. 她被迫违心地嫁了人。 That's against the law. 那是违法的。 The skier's red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. 滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。 for 支持，赞成，与in favor of同义 Are you for or against the new road scheme? 你对修建新道路的计划是赞成还是反对？ 考点五 介词的习惯搭配 分类 搭配类型 具体示例 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋about be anxious about（对…… 忧虑）、be curious about（对…… 好奇） 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋at be angry at（因…… 生气）、be good at（擅长） 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋in be absorbed in（专注于……）、be active in（积极于……）、be dressed in（穿着……）、be engaged in（忙于……） 与形容词构成的搭配 be＋adj.＋for be eager for（渴望……）、be famous for（因…… 著名）、be fit for（适合，胜任……）、be ready for（准备好……） · 代词 考点一、it的用法 要点精讲1： it典型场合 典型示例 替代it：it用作人称代词，用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。 Learning is a bitter root, but it bears sweet fruit.学习根苦果甜。 I have bought a chair. It is made of wood.我买了一把椅子。它是木头做的。 The baby cried because it was hungry. 这个婴儿饿得啼哭。 代词it: it指时间、距离、天气等。 It's 112 miles from London to Birmingham. 从伦敦到伯明翰有112英里。 What time is it? It’s two-thirty. 几点了？现在是两点半。 形式it: it用作形式主语、宾语，不定式、动名词或从句作真正主语 He found it exciting riding the roller coaster. 他觉得坐过山车很刺激。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It's a pity that you have to go so soon.很遗憾你这么快就得走了。 强调it: it用在强调句it's …who/that…中强调主语，宾语或状语 It was his parents that he turned to for advice.他向父母寻求建议。 It was two years ago that I began to learn drawing. 正是在两年前我开始学习绘画。 无实义it: it仅构成句型，无实义 I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.我能按时完成工作得感谢你。 I'll see to it that everything is ready in time.我会确保一切按时准备好。 习语it: it用于一些习惯搭配中 Believe it or not, Tom got married last week.信不信由你，汤姆上周结婚了。 We made it to the summit of the mountain. 我们成功的登上了山顶。 要点精讲2： it作形式主语 ①It is a pity/shame that ... 真可惜…… ②It is no wonder that ... 难怪…… ③It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看来…… ④It looks/seems as if/as though ...看起来好像…… ⑤It happens that ... 碰巧…… ⑥It occurs to/strikes/hits sb that ...某人突然想起…… ⑦It is said/reported that ... 据说/据报道…… ⑧It is certain that ... ……是一定的 ⑨It is no use/good doing ... 做……没有用/好处 ⑩It takes sb some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间 it作形式宾语 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb to do/that…从句 ②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/...＋it＋no use/a waste of time/ ...＋doing ... 考点二、 指示代词用法 要点精讲： 典型用法 典型示例 it代指上文提到的同一人、同一物 --Where's your car?--It's in the garage.--你的汽车在哪儿？--在车库里。 Start a new file and put this letter in it. 建立一个新档案，把这封信放进去。 that指代上文提到的不可数名词或单数名词 The population of China is larger than that one. 中国人口比日本多。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Hainan.北京的天气比海南冷。 those特指上文提到的复数名词 The houses in Zhengzhou are cheaper than those in Beijing. 郑州的房屋比北京房屋便宜。 one泛指上文提到的可数名词，前有定语 I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一个新的。 I'd like an apple. Are you having one, too? 我想买吃苹果，你也要吗？ ones代替泛指的复数名词 Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。 the one特指上文提到的单数名词 This school is the one we visited last week. 这是我上周参观的那个学校。 Our house is the one next to the school. 我家的房子就是学校旁边的那座。 the ones特指上文提到的复数名词 Don’t buy the expensive apples; buy the cheaper ones.别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。 such倒装句，考虑就近一致 Such is the result of the contest. 这就是竞赛的结果。 考点三、不定代词用法 要点精讲1：each, both, all等不定代词用法 典型用法 典型示例 each指两者或两者以上中每个 They each have their own email address. 他们每个人都有自己的电子邮件地址。 both表示“两者都” Both his mother and his father will be there. 他父母二人都要去那里。 all指“(三者或三者以上)全部” All five men are hard workers. 五个人全都工作努力。 either表示“(两者中的)任何一个” You can park on either side of the street. 这条街两边都可停车。 neither表示“两者都不” Neither of my parents speaks a foreign language. 我的父母都不会说外语。 none表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点” We have three sons but none of them live nearby. 我们有三个儿子，但他们都不住在附近。 nothing表示“没有任何东西” The doctor said there was nothing wrong with me. 医生说我什么毛病也没有。 another泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一” Heavy rains  continued  another three days. 大雨持续了三天。 Would you like another drink? 还想喝一杯吗？ other泛指“其余的”，只作定语 Are there any other questions? 还有其他问题没有？ others“另一些” Don't expect others to read your mind.  不要期望别人能看出你的心思。 the other特指两者之中的另一个 He raised one arm and then the other. 他先举起一只手，然后举起另一只。 the others“剩余的一些” I walked back while the others rode in the car.  别人都乘车，而我是走回来的。 要点精讲2： 典型用法 典型示例 few修饰可数名词，否定含义，“几乎没有” The last few winters have been very cold过去几个冬天都很冷。 a few修饰可数名词，肯定含义，“几个；一些” I have a few friends, but my younger sister has very few. 我有一些朋友，但我妹妹几乎没有朋友。 little修饰不可数名词，否定含义，“几乎没有” There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 a little修饰不可数名词，肯定含义，“一点” She can speak a little French, but she knows little English.她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。 many修饰可数名词，肯定含义，“许多” We don't have very many copies left. 我们所剩的册数不多。 much修饰不可数名词，肯定含义，“许多” I don't have much money with me. 我没带多少钱。 一、单句语法填空 1．I’d appreciate it if you could make response at your earliest convenience. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】a 【详解】句意：若你能尽早做出回复，我将不胜感激。response 为可数名词单数，此处表泛指，需填入不定冠词，再结合单词发音为辅音音素开头，应用a。 2．It is great satisfaction to know the hero finally awoke. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】a 【详解】句意：得知那位英雄终于苏醒过来，这让人感到极大的满足。根据“great satisfaction”可知，此处表示“一件令人满意的事”，需用不定冠词，great发音以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。 3．This small restaurant serves average of 200 customers every weekend. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】an 【详解】句意：这家小餐馆每个周末平均能接待200名顾客。短语an average of表示“平均”。 4．We should make attempt to overcome difficulties whenever we face huge pressure in senior high school. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】an 【详解】句意：在高中每当我们面临巨大压力时，都应该努力克服困难。make an attempt to do sth.“努力做某事”，attempt的发音是元音音素开头，用冠词an。 5．The first or last phrase spoken is memorised better than conversation as a whole. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】the 【详解】句意：第一个或最后一个短语比整个对话更容易被记住。此处特指整个对话，应用定冠词the。 6．As she told me all regard to the house, I could hear the excitement and joy in her voice. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】with/in 【详解】句意：当她向我讲述所有和这栋房子相关的事情时，我能从她的声音里听出兴奋与喜悦。in/with regard to意为“关于，和……相关”。 7．Bring your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】along 【详解】句意：带上你的相机，沿着这条路面平整的林间小道欣赏美丽的风景。根据“your camera”以及语境可知，此处表示“带上”相机，应用固定短语bring along。 8．Sometimes she prepares traditional Brazilian dishes in honour her native home. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】of 【详解】句意：有时，她会烹制传统的巴西菜肴，以此来纪念她的故乡。固定搭配in honour of“为纪念”，此处使用介词of。 9．What we discovered is that it’s unwise to judge what you eat only its appearance. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】by 【详解】句意：我们发现，只根据食物的外观来判断你吃的东西是不明智的。judge...by...“根据……判断”是常用搭配，空处填介词by。 10．I didn’t have the intention to ignore your tips, but I still should apologise you for my unintentional neglect. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】to 【详解】句意：我并非有意无视你的建议，但对于自己无心的疏忽，我还是应该向你道歉。固定搭配apologise to sb. for sth.意为“为某事向某人道歉”，空处需填介词to。 11．He showed up at different art show openings, and researched as best he could to make _____ familiar with the market environment. 【答案】himself 【解析】考查反身代词。句意：他会出现在各个艺术展览开幕式，尽可能做研究来让自己熟悉市场环境。分析句子可知，本句缺乏宾语，由于主语为he，宾语与主语为同一人称，故用反身代词himself。 12．During a study of children, it was shown that if children are exposed to three or more years of musical training, they had better listening and speaking skills than who had none. 【答案】those 【解析】考查代词。句意：在一项针对儿童的研究中，研究表明，如果儿童接受三年或三年以上的音乐训练，他们的听力和口语技能会比那些没有接受过音乐训练的儿童更好。此处替代前面有定冠词的可数名词复数children，其后有定语，相当于 the ones，应用those。 13．The difference between a man who succeeds and who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. 【答案】one 【解析】考查代词。句意：一个成功的人和一个不成功的人之间的区别只在于他们对待机会的方式。空处泛指前面的a man，用代词one代指。故填one。 14．In order to keep team members positive and motivated, the team leader needs to show these qualities. 【答案】himself 【解析】考查代词。句意：为了保持团队成员积极主动，团队领导本人应展示出这些品质。根据句意，应填入反身代词，故填himself 。 15．The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but didn’t help. 【答案】it 【解析】考查代词。句意：医生强烈建议薇拉去度假，但没有用。此处指上文去度假这件事没有用，应用代词it。故填it。 二、完成句子 1．怀特夫妇对我很好。 __________ __________ are kind to me. 【答案】 The Whites 【详解】考查定冠词的用法。对比中英文可知，空处表示“怀特夫妇”，‌“the+姓氏复数”可特指某个姓氏的夫妇两人‌，“怀特”应用名词White，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填①The；②Whites。 2．We invited ________ ________ ________ to help solve this difficult problem. 我们邀请了一位负责任的专家来帮忙解决这个难题。 【答案】 a responsible expert 【详解】考查冠词、形容词和名词。表示“专家”用名词expert，作invited的宾语。表示“负责任的”用形容词responsible，修饰名词expert，作前置定语；此处泛指“一位负责任的专家”，且responsible以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。故填a responsible expert。 3．________________ that we don’t understand. 我们害怕我们不理解的事情。 【答案】We’re scared of the things 【详解】表示“害怕”可用形容词短语be scared of；句子描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时。 4．I walked into class believing that writing is important ______________. 我走进教室，相信写作作为一种交流方式是重要的。 【答案】as a means of communication 【详解】表示“作为一种……方式”短语为as a means of；表示“交流”用名词communication。 5． She ________________ for which they showed great respect for her. 她对学生通常很有耐心, 因此他们十分尊重她。 【答案】was usually patient with her students 【详解】“对某人有耐心”用固定短语be patient with sb. ；由从句中showed可知，讲述过去发生的事情应用一般过去时态，主语She为第三人称单数，be动词用was；“通常”作状语，用频度副词usually，宾语“学生”译为students，主语是She，students前面用形容词性物主代词her修饰。 一、语篇填空（ 冠词、介词、代词用法专练） Every student can gain progress with proper learning methods. 1.________ best way to improve grades is to make daily plans. I write down tasks in 2.________ notebook every night and check 3.________ the next morning. I often study with my deskmate. We help 4.________ overcome learning difficulties together. We usually read books 5.________ the school library after class. There is 6.________ quiet corner by the window for us to share ideas. None of 7.________ wants to give up when facing difficulties. Our teacher always tells us to believe in 8.. We take part in 9. weekly group discussion to exchange experience. All 10.________ efforts we put in will finally bring us rewards. 一、答案 1. The 2. a 3. them 4. ourselves 5. in 6. a 7. us 8. ourselves 9. the 10. the 二、文章大意 每位学生用合适的学习方法都能取得进步。提升成绩最好的办法是制定每日计划。我每晚把任务写在一本笔记本上，第二天早上核对这些任务。 我经常和同桌一起学习。我们互相帮助克服学习难题。课后我们常在学校图书馆看书。窗边有一处安静角落供我们交流想法。我们所有人遇到困难都不愿放弃。 老师总告诉我们要相信自己。我们参加每周一次的小组讨论交流学习心得。我们付出的所有努力终会给予我们回报。 三、逐空详细解析（语法考点 + 句子中文释义） 1. The 语法：冠词最高级固定搭配，形容词最高级 best 前必须加定冠词 The，表特指 “最好的”。 句意：提升成绩最好的办法是制定每日计划。 2. a 语法：不定冠词，notebook 为辅音音素开头单数可数名词，表泛指 “一本”。 句意：我每晚把任务写在一本笔记本上。 3. them 语法：人称代词宾格，指代前文复数名词 tasks，作动词 check 的宾语。 句意：第二天早上核对这些任务。 4. ourselves 语法：反身代词，主语 we 对应反身代词 ourselves，表 “我们自己”，help oneself 自主攻克。 句意：我们互相帮助克服学习难题。 5. in 语法：地点介词，固定搭配 in the library 在图书馆。 句意：课后我们常在学校图书馆看书。 6. a 语法：不定冠词，quiet 辅音音素开头，corner 单数可数名词，泛指一处角落。 句意：窗边有一处安静角落供我们交流想法。 7. us 语法：人称代词宾格，介词 of 后接宾格，none of us 我们中没有人。 句意：我们所有人遇到困难都不愿放弃。 8. ourselves 语法：反身代词，固定搭配 believe in oneself 相信自己，主语 we 对应 ourselves。 句意：老师总告诉我们要相信自己。 9. the 语法：定冠词，特指本班固定开展的每周小组讨论，双方都知晓的事物用 the。 句意：我们参加每周一次的小组讨论交流学习心得。 10. the 语法：定冠词，后置定语 we put in 限定 efforts，特指 “我们付出的” 努力，用 the。 句意：我们付出的所有努力终会给予我们回报。 二、阅读理解 A October Planting WeekendMeeting and contact details Meet at the Benalla Ceramic Mural by the lake at 9:00 a.m. on Saturday before heading out towards the Lurg Hills. Secondary meeting point at Winton Roadhouse at 9:00 a.m. What to bring Gardening gloves and sensible clothing (hat, sunscreen, wet weather gear just in case). A change of clothes can save you driving home in muddy gear. Tools are provided but you can bring your own if you prefer. Bedding if you are sleeping in the Scout Hall. A bar of soap and a towel are handy. Accommodation Most people sleep in the Scout Hall. Mattresses (床垫) are provided. Bring your own sleeping bag and pillow. There are two halls: the young and energetic bush dance in the Scout Hall till all hours, the Guide Hall is a designated quiet area where you can get your head down as early as you like. Some people pitch a tent on the grass near the halls instead, or camp in the bush outside town. If you prefer a little luxury, Benalla also has a good range of business accommodation. Meals We provide an excellent three-course meal on Saturday night, a barbecue lunch on Sunday, plus hot drinks for morning and afternoon teas. Program Saturday 9:00 a.m. The main party meets. 9:30 a.m. Pick up more volunteers at the Winton Roadhouse. Arrive on-site: Plant till lunchtime, breaking for morning tea along the way. Lunch: Bring your own picnic lunch; hot drinks provided. Plant till about 5:00 p.m, breaking for afternoon tea. Return to Benalla. Hot showers are available at the indoor pool. 7:00 p.m. Dinner. Join the team for an excellent three-course meal provided by the locals. 9:00 p.m. As you please: there is a bush dance for the energetic; or an early night and lots of sleep for the tired ones. Sunday Meet at the time and place arranged the night before. Plant till lunch time, breaking for morning tea. At 1:00 p.m. the locals lay on a barbecue. Depending on the weather, Ray usually takes us on a tour of one of the district’s most interesting wild places. After that, set off for home. 1．According to the passage, you will be served A．hot drinks at lunch on Saturday B．three-course meals dinner on Sunday C．sleeping bags and pillows to use at night D．a barbecue lunch on Saturday 2．What information can we learn from the passage? A．You will surely have a tour of wild places. B．You can have a bath after planting. C．You have to sleep early at night. D．You need to do a barbecue yourself. 3．It can be inferred that the activity is A．expensive B．competitive C．voluntary D．adventurous 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】主要介绍十月植树周末活动的集合地点、所需物品、食宿安排以及两天的详细活动流程。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据文中“Lunch: Bring your own picnic lunch; hot drinks provided.(午餐：自备野餐食物，主办方提供热饮。)”可知，周六午餐会提供热饮。 2．细节理解题。根据文中“Return to Benalla. Hot showers are available at the indoor pool.(返回本纳拉，室内泳池处可以洗热水澡。)”可知，植树结束后参与者可以洗澡。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文中“9:30 a.m. Pick up more volunteers at the Winton Roadhouse.(上午九点半在温顿公路站接更多志愿者。)”可知，文中多次出现志愿者相关内容，由此可推断这项活动是志愿性质的。 B Jameson Lobb, a 24-year-old investment banker from Toronto, was just one week into his new job on Wall Street. Over the past month, he’d been settling into the New York City apartment he was sharing with his college buddy, an artificial intelligence engineer named Raphael Jafri. On Oct. 4, 2023, the two were squeezing in a lunchtime workout on Pier 15, overlooking the East River, when Lobb froze. “Somebody’s in the water,” he said. Before Jafri could respond, Lobb climbed over the rail at the edge of the pier and leaped into the cold water without taking the time to remove his shoes. What Lobb had heard was an alarmed fisherman shouting nearly 50 yards away, “Help! He’s in the water!” And what he’d seen was a person floating, lifeless. Jafri didn’t need to see the victim. Maybe Lobb saw someone in the water who needs our help, he thought. Or maybe it’s Lobb who needs my help. Either way, I’m going in. He pulled off his shoes and swan-dived. Approaching the unconscious victim, Lobb saw that it was a middle-aged man. He was big, around 200 pounds, respectably dressed and sinking fast. The rescuer dove, grasped the man and kicked upward until they both resurfaced. The two friends floated the man on his back. As Jafri looped his arms around the man’s shoulders and Lobb supported the hips and knees, the pair took great pains back to Pier 15. Their muscles burned as they pushed and pulled the immobile figure through the freezing water. When at last they reached Pier 15, they faced a new uncertainty. How to get out? The pier’s decking stood an unreachable 10 feet above their heads. Suddenly the man stirred, breathing again, and beat Jafri confusedly in the face before fading back to near unconsciousness. On the pier, a crowd had gathered. From somewhere, the onlookers produced a rope and a life preserver, which they threw to Jafri and Lobb. With the two men pushing from below and the crowd pulling from above, the man’s body slowly rose until helping hands pulled him onto the pier. Both men, thoroughly exhausted from 15-plus minutes in the water and bleeding from numerous cuts, watched as rescue workers loaded the nearly drowned man into an ambulance and drove away. Lobb and Jafri never learned who he was, what became of him or how he’d fallen into the river. In place of that knowledge, they have a story they get to tell now, another experience that has further cemented their bond. Lots of people were on the piers that day, yet only the two of them jumped in the water - because, they say, they were the fittest people there and, so, had a moral responsibility. “If I know I’m capable,” Lobb says, “why wouldn’t I help?” Jafri adds, laughing, “People always say `If your friend jumps off a cliff, are you jumping?’ I think I answered that one.” 4．What’s the relationship between Lobb and Jafri? A．banker and client B．employer and employee C．workmates D．roommates 5．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Jafri rushed to be the first to rescue the victim, but he failed. B．The victim unintentionally gave Jafri a blow in the face. C．The rescue workers spent 15-plus minutes pulling the victim out. D．Lobb and Jafri were voted as the fittest to jump into the water. 6．When it comes to the difficulties in the rescue, Lobb and Jafri met with ________. (1) the cold and polluted water (2) the victim’s heavy weight (3) the unreachable deck (4) their muscle fatigue (5) onlookers’ indifference A．(1)(2)(3) B．(2)(3)(4) C．(1)(4)(5) D．(2)(4)(5) 7．The best title of this story might be ________. A．The fittest survives B．Friends in deed C．No pain, no gain D．More haste, less speed 【答案】4．D 5．B 6．B 7．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述Lobb和室友Jafri在纽约东河旁奋不顾身跳入冰冷河水，合力救起一名落水男子，虽不知其后续，但二人的友谊与责任感得以彰显。 【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第一段“Over the past month, he’d been settling into the New York City apartment he was sharing with his college buddy, an artificial intelligence engineer named Raphael Jafri.(过去一个月里，他一直都在慢慢适应这套和大学好友合住的纽约公寓，这位好友是名叫Raphael Jafri的人工智能工程师。)”可知，两人是室友关系。故选D项。 5．细节理解题。根据第六段“Suddenly the man stirred, breathing again, and beat Jafri confusedly in the face before fading back to near unconsciousness.(突然，这名男子动了起来，恢复了呼吸，在迷糊中打了Jafri的脸，之后又近乎失去意识。)”可知，受害者无意中打了Jafri的脸。故选B项。 6．细节理解题。根据第五段“He was big, around 200 pounds, respectably dressed and sinking fast. The rescuer dove, grasped the man and kicked upward until they both resurfaced. The two friends floated the man on his back. As Jafri looped his arms around the man’s shoulders and Lobb supported the hips and knees, the pair took great pains back to Pier 15. Their muscles burned as they pushed and pulled the immobile figure through the freezing water.(他身形壮硕，体重约200磅，衣着体面，却在水中迅速下沉。救援者纵身跃入水中，抓住男子，蹬水向上，直至两人一同浮出水面。两位友人让男子仰躺着保持漂浮，贾弗里用胳膊环住他的肩膀，洛布托住他的髋部和膝盖，二人费尽气力将他拖向15号码头。他们在冰冷的水里推拽着这名无法动弹的男子，肌肉灼痛不已。)”以及第六段“The pier’s decking stood an unreachable 10 feet above their heads.(码头的甲板高出他们头顶10英尺，无法够到)”可知，他们遇到的困难有：受害者体重很重、甲板够不着、肌肉疲劳。故选B项。 7．主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段“In place of that knowledge, they have a story they get to tell now, another experience that has further cemented their bond.(虽然不知道落水者的后续，但他们拥有了可以讲述的故事，这段经历进一步巩固了他们的情谊。)”以及上文讲两人一同勇敢救人的行为可知，这故事体现了患难见真情。B项适合用作标题，故选B项。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $