衔接点14 非限制性定语从句用法（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，上海专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点14 非限制性定语从句用法 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段能够区分识别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，通常非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开。（初中仅识别，中考不做要求） 高中阶段，对于非限制性定语从句的掌握要求也会逐渐提高，从基础的识别和构造，到深入的理解和灵活运用，以及在复杂语境中的准确表达。（高考重点） 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 初步识别非限制性定语从句句子，如： My sister, who is a doctor, lives in New York.（我的姐姐是一位医生，她住在纽约。） The house, which we bought last year, has a beautiful garden.（我们去年买的房子有一个漂亮的花园。） He told us a story, which was very interesting.（他给我们讲了一个非常有趣的故事。） 【备注：上海初中非限制性定语从句不做要求，但在阅读文章中能够识别即可】 1．John and Sarah, ________ has ever been to a concert before, are excitedly looking forward to their first music event tonight. A．neither of them B．both of whom C．none of whom D．neither of whom 【答案】D 【详解】句意：约翰和莎拉，他们俩以前都没去过音乐会，正兴奋地期待着今晚他们的第一场音乐活动。 neither of them他们两人都不；both of whom他们两人都；none of whom他们三人及以上都不；neither of whom他们两人都不。句中逗号后无连词，判定为非限制性定语从句，需用关系代词whom指代人，排除A项（them不能引导从句）；John and Sarah是两个人，none用于三者及以上，排除C项；根据“their first music event”可知是第一次去，说明以前都没去过，both表示肯定，neither表示否定。故填neither of whom。 2．Jake and Jessica Carter, ________ got married about a year ago, recently bought a new house. A．who B．which C．whom 【答案】A 【详解】句意：大约一年前结婚的杰克和杰西卡·卡特最近买了一套新房子。 who谁，主格；which哪一个，指物；whom谁，宾格。先行词是“Jake and Jessica Carter”，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，使用who引导。 3．We visited a tea garden last month, ________ we learned a lot about tea-making. A．where B．which C．when D．that 【答案】A 【详解】句意：上个月我们参观了一个茶园，在那里我们学到了很多关于制茶的知识。 考查定语从句关系词。where在那里；which哪一个；when什么时候；that那个。先行词是“a tea garden”，表示地点，从句“we learned a lot about tea-making”中缺少地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。故选A。 4．He won the Nobel Prize twice, __________ made him famous all over the world. A．which B．that C．who D．what 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他两次获得诺贝尔奖，这使他闻名世界。 考查非限制性定语从句。which哪一个；that那个；who谁；what什么。分析句子结构，逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个主句“He won the Nobel Prize twice”，需用关系代词which指代整个主句内容，在从句中作主语。故选A。 5．She pushed for the use of X-ray machines, __________ are now widely used in hospitals. A．that B．which C．who D．whose 【答案】B 【详解】句意：她推动了X光机的使用，这些机器现在在医院里被广泛使用。 考查定语从句关系词辨析。that那个/那些，可指人或物；which哪个/哪些，指物；who谁，指人；whose谁的，表示所属关系。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词X-ray machines（指物），且从句中缺少主语，应使用关系代词which。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导。故选B。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 非限制性定语从句（高中考点聚焦） 1. 基础引导词 which, who, whom, whose, when, where，重点掌握 as 指代整句话的特殊用法； 2. 核心区分要点：用逗号与主句隔开，不能使用 that，关系代词无论作主宾均不可省略； 3. 重难点辨析：which 与 as 指代整件主句内容，as 可置于句首、句中、句末，which 仅能放主句后； 4. 掌握介词 + 关系代词在非限制性从句中的固定搭配，以及 whose 表人 / 物所属的拓展用法； 5. 能区分非限制性定语从句与并列句、状语从句，辨别逗号分隔带来的语义差异； 6. 熟悉 where/when 修饰抽象先行词、补充说明主句整体信息的拓展句式。 · 逗号的使用：非限制性定语从句前后需要用逗号隔开。 My uncle, who is a famous writer, lives in the countryside.（我的叔叔，他是一位著名的作家，住在乡下。） · 先行词的识别：先行词可以是人、物、事件或整个主句。 The plan, which we had discussed for months, was finally approved.（我们讨论好几个月的计划最终被批准了。） · 关系代词和关系副词的使用： 正确使用 "who"、"whom"、"which"、"as" 以及 "where"、"when"、"why" 等。 The house, which we bought last year, is very spacious.（我们去年买的房子非常宽敞。） She won the championship, which made her parents very proud.（她赢得了冠军，这让她的父母非常骄傲。） The city, where I was born, has changed a lot over the years.（我出生的这座城市多年来变化很大。） The reason, why he decided to leave, was never fully explained.（他决定离开的原因从未被完全解释清楚。） My brother, who is an engineer, lives in Canada.（我的哥哥是一位工程师，他住在加拿大。） 考点清单 一．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ▲形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills． 许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句) She heard a lovely song，which reminded her of her hometown． 她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句) ▲功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。 例：I was the only person in our office that was invited． 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整) Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic． 汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整) ▲关系词不同 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较： 例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made us very disappointed．(×) He failed to attend the meeting，which made us very disappointed．(√) 他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。 He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday． 他没有出席上周日举行的会议。 我们用表格可以更加直观地进行比较： 类别 对先行词的作用 位置 翻译方法 引导词 限制性定语从句 对先行词进行修饰限定 紧跟在先行词后，无逗号 翻译在先行词前 作宾语时可以省略，可用who代替whom 非限制性定语从句 对先行词或主句进行补充说明 和主句之间用逗号隔开 翻译成主句的并列句 不能省略，不可以用that，不可以用who代替whom 二．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用 which。 例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected． 实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。 Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud． 汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。 如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。 例：As we all know，Taiwan has been part of China since ancient times． 众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。 As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting．  as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这（件事，一点）”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.她听到可怕地声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们八点前到达了那儿。  as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) 三．用“介词+关系代词” 或“one of whom、some of which”等引导的非限制性定语从句 可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰或限定先行词。 例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified． 我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。 Seven passengers were injured in the car accident，two of whom were foreigners． 在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。 The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance． 这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。 一、单句语法填空 1．I had my car parked in a car park, I could get my car battery charged. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我把车停在停车场，在那里我可以给汽车电池充电。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词park，在从句作地点状语，故填where。 2．I won the first prize in the English speaking contest, surprised my classmates. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在英语演讲比赛中我获得了第一名，这让同学们很惊讶。　　 surprised my classmates是非限制性定语从句，修饰前边的整个句子，从句中缺少主语，关系词代替整个主句的内容，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 3．I’ll be talking to Dr Richard, new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将与理查德博士交谈，他的新书《新发明时代》刚刚出版。先行词为 Dr Richard，作定语从句的定语，关系代词为whose。故填whose。 4．Children, is always the case, love their mother. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】as 5． is reported, Apple company will be launching a new tablet this time next month. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】As 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据报道，苹果公司将在下个月的这个时候推出一款新的平板电脑。根据is reported及后面句子内容可知，空处表示“正如”，引导非限制性定语从句，用as引导，放在句首，首字母大写。As is reported,为固定句型，意思为：据报道。故填As。 6．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位老人有两个女儿，都是医生。分析可知，逗号后的全部内容在句中为非限制性定语从句，设空处指代先行词two daughters，作介词of的宾语，所以要用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 7．My best friend Julia will come to see me next July, she won’t be so busy. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我最好的朋友朱莉娅明年七月会来看我，那时她不会那么忙。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词next July，且关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导定语从句，故填when。 8．She decided not to take a picnic with me, made me really disappointed. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她决定不和我一起去野餐，这让我很失望。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的主句，指物，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。 9．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位老人有两个女儿，都是医生。分析可知，逗号后的全部内容在句中为非限制性定语从句，设空处指代先行词two daughters，作介词of的宾语，所以要用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 10．Opposite the post office is a video shop, you can buy any kind of music CD you like. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：邮局对面是一家音像店，在那里你可以买任何你喜欢的音乐CD。该空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a video shop，并且在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where作引导词。故填where。 二、完成句子 1．I won the first prize in the English speaking contest, __________________. (这让同学们很惊讶) 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在英语演讲比赛中我获得了第一名，这让同学们很惊讶。关系词代替整个主句的内容，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which surprised my classmates.。 2．There are about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in that school, most of __________________.. (他们中的大多数都来自欧洲) 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大约有50名外国学生在那所学校学习汉语，他们中的大多数都来自欧洲。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词students，作介词的宾语，指人，应用whom。故填whom are from Europe。 3．I would like to choose the student, __________________.to be our monitor. (我认为最优秀的学生) 【答案】who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我想选我认为最优秀的学生做我们的班长。分析可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the student，关系词在从句中作主语，指人，故填who I think is the best。 4．I like to go to the amusement park, __________________. (在那里可以享受很多活动) 【答案】where 【详解】考查引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词。句意：我喜欢去游乐园，在那里可以享受很多活动。设空处无提示词，且前面有逗号，逗号前面是一个完整的句子，所以设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the amusement park，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故填where there are many activities to enjoy。 5．We will postpone the picnic in the park until next week, __________________. (那时天气可能会好一些) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们将把公园野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会好一些。在非限制性定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，且先行词为next week，所以应用关系副词when。故填when the weather may be better。 一、语篇填空（ 非限制性定语从句用法专练） My deskmate Lily, 1.________ loves painting, has won many art prizes. She has a sketchbook, 2.________ pages are filled with colourful scenery. Her studio, 3.________ she creates works, lies beside the lake. Last Sunday we visited an art exhibition, 4.________ attracted hundreds of students. Lily’s painting, 5.________ we all admire greatly, stood in the centre hall. The show lasted three hours, 6.________ we chatted and shared ideas about art. The rain stopped at noon, 7.________ made our outdoor sketch plan come true. Lily will hold a small show next month, 8.________ we are all looking forward to. Her elder sister, 9.________ we met yesterday, is a famous designer. This wonderful experience, 10.________ is known to our whole class, inspires us to stick to our hobbies. 一、答案 1. who 2. whose 3. where 4. which 5. whom/who 6. when 7. which/as 8. which 9. whom/who 10. which/as 二、文章大意 我的同桌莉莉热爱绘画，她斩获过许多美术奖项。她有一本速写本，本子里满是色彩丰富的风景画作。她的画室坐落于湖边，她就在那里进行创作。 上周日我们去参观了一场美术展，这场展览吸引了数百名学生。我们都十分欣赏的莉莉的画作，陈列在中央展厅。展览持续了三小时，在此期间我们畅谈、交流美术心得。中午雨停了，这让我们户外写生的计划得以实现。 莉莉下个月会举办小型作品展，我们所有人都十分期待。我们昨天见到了她的姐姐，她是一名知名设计师。这段难忘的经历全班皆知，它激励我们坚守自己的爱好。 三、逐空详细解析（语法考点 + 句子中文释义） 1. who 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 Lily 指人，who 在从句中作主语；非限制性从句不可用 that。 句意：我的同桌莉莉热爱绘画，她斩获过许多美术奖项。 2. whose 语法：非限制性定语从句，whose 表所属关系，修饰 pages，译为 “本子的”，先行词 sketchbook 指物。 句意：她有一本速写本，本子里满是色彩丰富的风景画作。 3. where 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 studio 表地点，从句主谓完整，where 充当地点状语，相当于 in which。 句意：她的画室坐落于湖边，她就在那里进行创作。 4. which 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 art exhibition 指物，which 在从句中作主语，不能用 that 替换。 句意：上周日我们去参观了一场美术展，这场展览吸引了数百名学生。 5. whom/who 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 painting 前的 Lily 指人，关系词在从句中作 admire 的宾语；whom 专用作宾语，who 通用，不可用 that。 句意：我们都十分欣赏的莉莉的画作，陈列在中央展厅。 6. when 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 three hours 表时间段，从句结构完整，when 在从句中作时间状语。 句意：展览持续了三小时，在此期间我们畅谈、交流美术心得。 7. which/as 语法：非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件主句内容；which/that 不可放句首，as 可置于句首 / 句中，此处二者均可，意为 “这件事”。 句意：中午雨停了，这让我们户外写生的计划得以实现。 8. which 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 a small show 指物，which 作 look forward to 的宾语，无 that。 句意：莉莉下个月会举办小型作品展，我们所有人都十分期待。 9. whom/who 语法：非限制性定语从句，先行词 her elder sister 指人，关系词作 met 的宾语，whom/who 均可，禁用 that。 句意：我们昨天见到了她的姐姐，她是一名知名设计师。 10. which/as 语法：非限制性定语从句，指代前文整件事，which/as 均可引导，表 “这件事”，高考高频考点。 句意：这段难忘的经历全班皆知，它激励我们坚守自己的爱好。 二、阅读理解 A Join the BRIGHT Programme! Across many neighborhoods, children from low-income families face barriers that make academic success difficult to achieve. To address these challenges, Kampong Kapor Community Services (KKCS) launched the BRIGHT Programme, a community initiative designed to give children the resources and support they need to thrive. What is the BRIGHT Programme? The BRIGHT Programme targets children aged 7 to 9, a crucial period for developing literacy skills. It combines three interconnected components: ·One-on-one Literacy Sessions — personalized reading and writing support using fun, hands-on activities, aiming to plug foundational gaps in literacy. ·Social-Emotional Learning — helping children build confidence and resilience. ·Home Visits — working closely with families to create a supportive learning environment. Who Can apply? Teaching experience is not necessary. Patience, kindness, and the ability to speak English comfortably is what we value. You must: ·Be at least 16 years old and able to communicate comfortably in English. ·Commit to one hour per week for six continuous months, working consistently with the same child throughout the programme. ·Complete a registration form and pass a suitability assessment conducted by the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF). Although optional, volunteers who are willing may occasionally help fetch children from their homes to the center, especially if families face transportation difficulties. Training Schedule All applicants need to attend ONE compulsory full-day training session before starting: ·Nov 29, 2025 (Sat), 9:00 a.m. -4:00 p.m. ·Dec 27, 2025 (Sat), 9:00 a.m. -4:00 p.m. Location: City Square Mall, 180 Kitchener Road. Training and service hours will only be credited after completion of the 6-month programme. When and Where Will You Teach? Actual deployment will be at a classroom setting, exact venue to be confirmed: ·KK Family Service Centre ·City Square Mall ·Other suitable places Schedule: [To be confirmed, dependent on the child and your availability] Why Join Us? Every week, you’ll be the reason for a child’s smile, growth, and belief in their future. Your time and care can change a life forever. Be the light in someone’s learning journey — join us today! 1．What is the aim of the BRIGHT Programme? A．To train volunteers to become professional teachers. B．To improve children’s literacy and overall development. C．To provide financial support for low-income families. D．To open more learning centers across different neighborhoods. 2．Which of the following is a requirement for volunteers? A．Attend training sessions one hour per week. B．Fetch children from their homes to the center. C．Have past experience in teaching young children. D．Commit themselves to a six-month term. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Volunteers are allowed to work with different children each month. B．Early literacy intervention has long-term benefits for children’s futures. C．The training sessions will take place at different centers. D．The programme is run entirely by the Ministry of Social and Family Development. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍KKCS发起的BRIGHT项目，包括其目标、组成、志愿者要求、培训及服务安排等信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“To address these challenges, Kampong Kapor Community Services (KKCS) launched the BRIGHT Programme, a community initiative designed to give children the resources and support they need to thrive.(为应对这些挑战，甘榜卡波社区服务中心发起了BRIGHT Programme，这是一项旨在为儿童提供其茁壮成长所需资源与支持的社区倡议)”及项目组成部分“One-on-one Literacy Sessions — personalized reading and writing support using fun, hands-on activities, aiming to plug foundational gaps in literacy.·Social-Emotional Learning — helping children build confidence and resilience.(一对一读写辅导课程—— 通过有趣的实践活动提供个性化的阅读与写作支持，旨在弥补读写能力的基础差距。社交情感学习课程—— 帮助儿童建立自信心与心理韧性)”可知，该项目旨在提升儿童读写能力及促进其全面发展。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Who Can apply?部分中的“Commit to one hour per week for six continuous months, working consistently with the same child throughout the programme.(承诺连续六个月每周投入一小时，在项目期间始终与同一个孩子合作)”可知，志愿者需承诺六个月的服务任期。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据What is the BRIGHT Programme?部分“The BRIGHT Programme targets children aged 7 to 9, a crucial period for developing literacy skills.(BRIGHT项目针对7至9岁儿童，这是发展读写能力的关键时期)”及Why Join Us?部分中的“Your time and care can change a life forever.(你的时间和关爱能永远改变一个人的人生)”可推断，早期读写干预对儿童未来有长期益处。故选B项。 B A new study has turned long-standing beliefs about a curious area of medicine. The placebo (安慰剂) effect is a strange medical phenomenon — a sick person starts to feel better after being given a counterfeit treatment they’ve been told is real. The placebo is a pill or spray (喷雾) containing something harmless and ineffective, such as sugar or salt. Even though it is not genuine, the act of taking a medicine and thinking it will work causes the patient’s brain to send signals to the body that relieve some of the symptoms. It has always been believed that the effect only works because of the lie involved. However, a new study has found that placebos can still be effective, even when the patients know what they’ve been given. The study was led by Darwin A．Guevarra from the University of Michigan in the US. His team took two groups of people and gave them a nose spray. They were then shown different terrible images. While the groups looked at the pictures, the team monitored their brain activity for signals of emotional distress. The first group was told the spray was just to help the scientists with their readings. The second group was told that the spray was a placebo that could reduce feelings of sadness if they believed it would. Based on the brain signals, the team found the second group showed fewer signs of sadness than the first group. Co-author Jason Moser says the study shows that people don’t need to be lied to for a placebo to work. “Honest” placebos could be a way for doctors to treat patients suffering from certain conditions, such as high stress levels. “You could give them a placebo, tell them it can help them and it is possible — if they believe it can, then it will.” 4．The underlined word “counterfeit” (in para.1) is closest in meaning to . A．natural. B．harmful. C．effective. D．fake. 5．Why did Darwin A．Guevarra and his team conduct the study about “placebo”? A．To see if nose spray can help reduce feelings of sadness. B．To test the effectiveness of a new type of medicine. C．To prove that the placebo effect is a lie. D．To explore if a placebo works for patients aware of its lie. 6．It can be inferred from Guevarra’s study that . A．“honest” placebos could help doctors to treat anxiety. B．Placebos work only when patents are cheated into believing they are real. C．Doctors should never use placebos because they can cause harm to patients. D．Placebos are not effective in treating any medical conditions. 7．What is the passage mainly about? A．A placebo can be used as an effective way to cure diseases like cancer. B．A sick person must be lied to for a placebo to work. C．Patients’ trust in a placebo can potentially lead to beneficial effects. D．“Honest” placebos could be effective for all patients. 【答案】4．D 5．D 6．A 7．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于安慰剂效应的新研究，该研究发现即使病人知道他们所服用的是安慰剂，安慰剂仍然可以发挥作用。 【详解】4．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“The placebo is a pill or spray containing something harmless and ineffective, such as sugar or salt. Even though it is not genuine, the act of taking a medicine and thinking it will work causes the patient’s brain to send signals to the body that relieve some of the symptoms.( 安慰剂是一种含有无害且无效成分（如糖或盐）的药片或喷雾。尽管它并非真正的药物，但服用药物并相信其有效的行为会促使患者的大脑向身体发送信号，缓解部分症状。长期以来，人们一直认为这种效应之所以起作用，全在于其中包含的“欺骗”成分。)”可知，安慰剂效应是一种奇怪的医学现象——患者在接受一种被其误认为“真实”的虚假治疗后，病情开始好转。由此可知，counterfeit意为“假的”。故选D。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段“The first group was told the spray was just to help the scientists with their readings. The second group was told that the spray was a placebo that could reduce feelings of sadness if they believed it would.(第一组被告知喷雾只是为了帮助科学家进行测量。第二组被告知，如果他们相信的话，喷雾是一种可以减少悲伤感的安慰剂。)”可知，Darwin A. Guevarra和他的团队想要探索安慰剂对意识到其谎言的病人是否有效。故选D。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“Co-author Jason Moser says the study shows that people don’t need to be lied to for a placebo to work. “Honest” placebos could be a way for doctors to treat patients suffering from certain conditions, such as high stress levels.(共同作者Jason Moser说，这项研究表明，人们不需要被欺骗，安慰剂就能起作用。“诚实的”安慰剂可能是医生治疗患有某些疾病的患者的一种方法，例如高压力水平的患者。)”可知，从Guevarra的研究中可以推断出，“诚实的”安慰剂可以帮助医生治疗焦虑症。故选A。 7．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The placebo effect is a strange medical phenomenon — a sick person starts to feel better after being given a counterfeit treatment they’ve been told is real.(安慰剂效应是一种奇怪的医学现象——病人接受了一种他们被告知是真实的假治疗后，开始感觉好转。)”可知，病人对安慰剂的信任可能会带来有益的效果，随后文章通过一项研究进一步证实了这一点，所以这篇文章主要讲的是病人对安慰剂的信任可能会带来有益的效果。故选C。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点14 非限制性定语从句用法 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段能够区分识别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，通常非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开。（初中仅识别，中考不做要求） 高中阶段，对于非限制性定语从句的掌握要求也会逐渐提高，从基础的识别和构造，到深入的理解和灵活运用，以及在复杂语境中的准确表达。（高考重点） 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 初步识别非限制性定语从句句子，如： My sister, who is a doctor, lives in New York.（我的姐姐是一位医生，她住在纽约。） The house, which we bought last year, has a beautiful garden.（我们去年买的房子有一个漂亮的花园。） He told us a story, which was very interesting.（他给我们讲了一个非常有趣的故事。） 【备注：上海初中非限制性定语从句不做要求，但在阅读文章中能够识别即可】 1．John and Sarah, ________ has ever been to a concert before, are excitedly looking forward to their first music event tonight. A．neither of them B．both of whom C．none of whom D．neither of whom 2．Jake and Jessica Carter, ________ got married about a year ago, recently bought a new house. A．who B．which C．whom 3．We visited a tea garden last month, ________ we learned a lot about tea-making. A．where B．which C．when D．that 4．He won the Nobel Prize twice, __________ made him famous all over the world. A．which B．that C．who D．what 5．She pushed for the use of X-ray machines, __________ are now widely used in hospitals. A．that B．which C．who D．whose 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 非限制性定语从句（高中考点聚焦） 1. 基础引导词 which, who, whom, whose, when, where，重点掌握 as 指代整句话的特殊用法； 2. 核心区分要点：用逗号与主句隔开，不能使用 that，关系代词无论作主宾均不可省略； 3. 重难点辨析：which 与 as 指代整件主句内容，as 可置于句首、句中、句末，which 仅能放主句后； 4. 掌握介词 + 关系代词在非限制性从句中的固定搭配，以及 whose 表人 / 物所属的拓展用法； 5. 能区分非限制性定语从句与并列句、状语从句，辨别逗号分隔带来的语义差异； 6. 熟悉 where/when 修饰抽象先行词、补充说明主句整体信息的拓展句式。 · 逗号的使用：非限制性定语从句前后需要用逗号隔开。 My uncle, who is a famous writer, lives in the countryside.（我的叔叔，他是一位著名的作家，住在乡下。） · 先行词的识别：先行词可以是人、物、事件或整个主句。 The plan, which we had discussed for months, was finally approved.（我们讨论好几个月的计划最终被批准了。） · 关系代词和关系副词的使用： 正确使用 "who"、"whom"、"which"、"as" 以及 "where"、"when"、"why" 等。 The house, which we bought last year, is very spacious.（我们去年买的房子非常宽敞。） She won the championship, which made her parents very proud.（她赢得了冠军，这让她的父母非常骄傲。） The city, where I was born, has changed a lot over the years.（我出生的这座城市多年来变化很大。） The reason, why he decided to leave, was never fully explained.（他决定离开的原因从未被完全解释清楚。） My brother, who is an engineer, lives in Canada.（我的哥哥是一位工程师，他住在加拿大。） 考点清单 一．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ▲形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills． 许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句) She heard a lovely song，which reminded her of her hometown． 她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句) ▲功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。 例：I was the only person in our office that was invited． 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整) Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic． 汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整) ▲关系词不同 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较： 例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made us very disappointed．(×) He failed to attend the meeting，which made us very disappointed．(√) 他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。 He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday． 他没有出席上周日举行的会议。 我们用表格可以更加直观地进行比较： 类别 对先行词的作用 位置 翻译方法 引导词 限制性定语从句 对先行词进行修饰限定 紧跟在先行词后，无逗号 翻译在先行词前 作宾语时可以省略，可用who代替whom 非限制性定语从句 对先行词或主句进行补充说明 和主句之间用逗号隔开 翻译成主句的并列句 不能省略，不可以用that，不可以用who代替whom 二．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用 which。 例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected． 实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。 Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud． 汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。 如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。 例：As we all know，Taiwan has been part of China since ancient times． 众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。 As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting．  as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这（件事，一点）”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.她听到可怕地声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。 As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们八点前到达了那儿。  as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) 三．用“介词+关系代词” 或“one of whom、some of which”等引导的非限制性定语从句 可以用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰或限定先行词。 例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified． 我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。 Seven passengers were injured in the car accident，two of whom were foreigners． 在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。 The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance． 这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。 一、单句语法填空 1．I had my car parked in a car park, I could get my car battery charged. (用适当的词填空) 2．I won the first prize in the English speaking contest, surprised my classmates. (用适当的词填空) 3．I’ll be talking to Dr Richard, new book The New Age of Invention has just been published. (用适当的词填空) 4．Children, is always the case, love their mother. (用适当的词填空) 5． is reported, Apple company will be launching a new tablet this time next month. (用适当的词填空) 6．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 7．My best friend Julia will come to see me next July, she won’t be so busy. (用适当的词填空) 8．She decided not to take a picnic with me, made me really disappointed. (用适当的词填空) 9．The old man has two daughters, both of work as doctors. （用适当的词填空） 10．Opposite the post office is a video shop, you can buy any kind of music CD you like. (用适当的词填空) 二、完成句子 1．I won the first prize in the English speaking contest, __________________. (这让同学们很惊讶) 2．There are about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in that school, most of __________________.. (他们中的大多数都来自欧洲) 3．I would like to choose the student, __________________.to be our monitor. (我认为最优秀的学生) 4．I like to go to the amusement park, __________________. (在那里可以享受很多活动) 5．We will postpone the picnic in the park until next week, __________________. (那时天气可能会好一些) 一、语篇填空（ 非限制性定语从句用法专练） My deskmate Lily, 1.________ loves painting, has won many art prizes. She has a sketchbook, 2.________ pages are filled with colourful scenery. Her studio, 3.________ she creates works, lies beside the lake. Last Sunday we visited an art exhibition, 4.________ attracted hundreds of students. Lily’s painting, 5.________ we all admire greatly, stood in the centre hall. The show lasted three hours, 6.________ we chatted and shared ideas about art. The rain stopped at noon, 7.________ made our outdoor sketch plan come true. Lily will hold a small show next month, 8.________ we are all looking forward to. Her elder sister, 9.________ we met yesterday, is a famous designer. This wonderful experience, 10.________ is known to our whole class, inspires us to stick to our hobbies. 二、阅读理解 A Join the BRIGHT Programme! Across many neighborhoods, children from low-income families face barriers that make academic success difficult to achieve. To address these challenges, Kampong Kapor Community Services (KKCS) launched the BRIGHT Programme, a community initiative designed to give children the resources and support they need to thrive. What is the BRIGHT Programme? The BRIGHT Programme targets children aged 7 to 9, a crucial period for developing literacy skills. It combines three interconnected components: ·One-on-one Literacy Sessions — personalized reading and writing support using fun, hands-on activities, aiming to plug foundational gaps in literacy. ·Social-Emotional Learning — helping children build confidence and resilience. ·Home Visits — working closely with families to create a supportive learning environment. Who Can apply? Teaching experience is not necessary. Patience, kindness, and the ability to speak English comfortably is what we value. You must: ·Be at least 16 years old and able to communicate comfortably in English. ·Commit to one hour per week for six continuous months, working consistently with the same child throughout the programme. ·Complete a registration form and pass a suitability assessment conducted by the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF). Although optional, volunteers who are willing may occasionally help fetch children from their homes to the center, especially if families face transportation difficulties. Training Schedule All applicants need to attend ONE compulsory full-day training session before starting: ·Nov 29, 2025 (Sat), 9:00 a.m. -4:00 p.m. ·Dec 27, 2025 (Sat), 9:00 a.m. -4:00 p.m. Location: City Square Mall, 180 Kitchener Road. Training and service hours will only be credited after completion of the 6-month programme. When and Where Will You Teach? Actual deployment will be at a classroom setting, exact venue to be confirmed: ·KK Family Service Centre ·City Square Mall ·Other suitable places Schedule: [To be confirmed, dependent on the child and your availability] Why Join Us? Every week, you’ll be the reason for a child’s smile, growth, and belief in their future. Your time and care can change a life forever. Be the light in someone’s learning journey — join us today! 1．What is the aim of the BRIGHT Programme? A．To train volunteers to become professional teachers. B．To improve children’s literacy and overall development. C．To provide financial support for low-income families. D．To open more learning centers across different neighborhoods. 2．Which of the following is a requirement for volunteers? A．Attend training sessions one hour per week. B．Fetch children from their homes to the center. C．Have past experience in teaching young children. D．Commit themselves to a six-month term. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Volunteers are allowed to work with different children each month. B．Early literacy intervention has long-term benefits for children’s futures. C．The training sessions will take place at different centers. D．The programme is run entirely by the Ministry of Social and Family Development. B A new study has turned long-standing beliefs about a curious area of medicine. The placebo (安慰剂) effect is a strange medical phenomenon — a sick person starts to feel better after being given a counterfeit treatment they’ve been told is real. The placebo is a pill or spray (喷雾) containing something harmless and ineffective, such as sugar or salt. Even though it is not genuine, the act of taking a medicine and thinking it will work causes the patient’s brain to send signals to the body that relieve some of the symptoms. It has always been believed that the effect only works because of the lie involved. However, a new study has found that placebos can still be effective, even when the patients know what they’ve been given. The study was led by Darwin A．Guevarra from the University of Michigan in the US. His team took two groups of people and gave them a nose spray. They were then shown different terrible images. While the groups looked at the pictures, the team monitored their brain activity for signals of emotional distress. The first group was told the spray was just to help the scientists with their readings. The second group was told that the spray was a placebo that could reduce feelings of sadness if they believed it would. Based on the brain signals, the team found the second group showed fewer signs of sadness than the first group. Co-author Jason Moser says the study shows that people don’t need to be lied to for a placebo to work. “Honest” placebos could be a way for doctors to treat patients suffering from certain conditions, such as high stress levels. “You could give them a placebo, tell them it can help them and it is possible — if they believe it can, then it will.” 4．The underlined word “counterfeit” (in para.1) is closest in meaning to . A．natural. B．harmful. C．effective. D．fake. 5．Why did Darwin A．Guevarra and his team conduct the study about “placebo”? A．To see if nose spray can help reduce feelings of sadness. B．To test the effectiveness of a new type of medicine. C．To prove that the placebo effect is a lie. D．To explore if a placebo works for patients aware of its lie. 6．It can be inferred from Guevarra’s study that . A．“honest” placebos could help doctors to treat anxiety. B．Placebos work only when patents are cheated into believing they are real. C．Doctors should never use placebos because they can cause harm to patients. D．Placebos are not effective in treating any medical conditions. 7．What is the passage mainly about? A．A placebo can be used as an effective way to cure diseases like cancer. B．A sick person must be lied to for a placebo to work. C．Patients’ trust in a placebo can potentially lead to beneficial effects. D．“Honest” placebos could be effective for all patients. 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $