衔接点16 主语从句与同位语从句（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，上海专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点16 主语从句与同位语从句用法 初中视角 高中展望 初中主要学习宾语从句与表语从句的用法。重点学习宾语从句的基本结构（引导词 + 陈述句语序）；主语从句、同位语从句接触的比较少。初中对主语从句、同位语从句不做重点要求，能识别即可。 在高中阶段，我们将加强学习表语从句、宾语从句、以它的各种连接词为学习主线，同时重点学习掌握主语从句、同位语从句。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 考点1 主语从句（初中不做要求；只需识别即可） 1．________ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A．Who B．Whoever C．Anyone D．Who ever 2．A person can’t be really happy if ________ he enjoys doing is thought of no importance. A．that B．what C．how D．which 3．It was said _______ had contributed to the project would be promoted. A．who B．that who C．whoever D．that whoever 4．The teacher told us ________ matters most was not the answer, but the process of finding it. A．when B．what C．where D．who 5．________ made Mr. Lin excited was that his new book was highly praised by readers. A．That B．Where C．What D．When 考点2 同位语从句（初中不做要求；只需识别即可） 6．They have little doubt ________ the project will be a great success. A．whether B．that C．if D．why 7．Evidence came up ________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A．what B．which C．that D．whose 8．We have no doubt ________ anyone meets difficulties, she will give him a helping hand as soon as possible. A．whether if B．if that C．that if D．that whether 9．You’ve no idea ________ to build a new airport. Let me tell you, young man. That’s billions of dollars! A．how much it will cost B．how long it will take us C．how much will it cost D．how long will it take us 10．You have no idea ________ to build a new airport. That’s billions of dollars! A．how much it will cost us B．how long it will take us C．how much will it cost us D．how long will it take us 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 一、主语从句 1. 基础引导词 that（句意完整无成分缺失，无词义，句首不可省）；whether（表 “是否”，放句首不用 if）；what/who/when/where/why/how（缺主宾定用代词，缺状语用副词） 2. 核心结构 ① 从句置于句首作主语；② It 作形式主语，真正从句后置（高考高频） 3. 固定高频句型 It is clear/true/obvious that…；It puzzles sb. that…；It depends on whether… 4. 关键规则 句首表 “是否” 只能用 whether，不能用 if 例句：That we keep trying matters. / It is true that hard work pays off. · 二、同位语从句 1. 基础引导词 that（只起连接、不作成分，不可省略）；whether；wh - 类连接词 2. 判定逻辑 解释抽象名词（fact, news, truth, belief, reason, doubt 等）具体内容，从句完整不修饰名词（区别定语从句） 3. 必考搭配 the fact that…；the news that…；the doubt whether… 4. 易混区分 同位语从句 that 不作句子成分；定语从句 that 充当主 / 宾 例句：The news that we won the game excites us. · 三、通用判断逻辑 1. 位置：句首 / It 后→主语从句；抽象名词后解释内容→同位语从句 2. that 用法：主语从句句首不可省；同位语从句全程不可省略 3. 是否：两类从句表 “是否” 均只用 whether，不使用 if 考点清单 考点一、主语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that，whether 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 1.由连词引导的主语从句 连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。 ①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。 主语从句 ②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。 ①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语 ②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） ③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come. （误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided. 说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。 whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。 That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious. 主语从句 显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。 Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。 主语从句 That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. （从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时 =It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。 It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。 Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. 重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。 =It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。 i (answer) is right isn’t known to us. =It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。 When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。 How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。） Why he went to London is a mystery. =It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。 比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。 疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here?他为什么不来这儿？ 主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。 what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。 What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true. what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。 =The thing that he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）他讲的都是事实。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me. whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。 =Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。 whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 whatever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 引导主语从句的连接代词 无论是谁（主） whoever =anyone who =no matter who 无论是谁（宾） whomever =anyone whom =no matter whom 无论是谁的 whosever =anyone whose =no matter whose 无论是哪个 whichever =anything that =no matter which 无论是什么 whatever =anything that =no matter what 考点二、同位语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。 与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词 answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea想法 news消息 order命令 question问题 reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言 注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。 下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。 The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句） 说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。 将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。 The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。 比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。 （正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句） （误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。 一、单句语法填空 1． we will go camping depends on the weather. (用适当的词填空) 2． he says in his report is really interesting. (用适当的词填空) 3． counts now is not to blame others but to make a united effort to solve the problem. (用适当的词填空) 4． option is more suitable for our project needs further discussion. （用适当的词填空） 5． we can solve this problem efficiently is the key to the project’s success. （用适当的词填空） 6． he suddenly quit his job without any explanation confused his colleagues. (用适当的词填空) 7．I have no idea will be in charge of the company. (用适当的词填空) 8．The news our team won the game made us very excited. (用适当的词填空) 9．As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question there is life on other planets. (用适当的词填空) 10．I have no idea they were able to get it done in so short a time. (用适当的词填空) 二、完成句子 1．事故的起因是未知的。 ________ ________ ________ ________ remains unknown. 2．该公司为何召回新车，目前尚未正式公布。 ________ the company recalled the new cars ________ yet. 3．任何违法的人都应该被惩罚（break） 。 ________ the law should be punished. 4．他是否适合这份工作，还有待观察。 ________________ he is fit for the job. 5．如何在不破坏自然的前提下刺激当地经济，是个重大挑战。 ________ without damaging nature is a big challenge. 6．His accent at once betrayed the fact . 他的口音立刻暴露出他是一个外国人。 7．我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。 I hold the opinion . 8．有消息说我们学校将会举办一次以中国传统习俗为主题的班会。 Word came whose topic is related to Chinese traditional customs. 9． made me feel confused. 作者写的东西让我感到困惑。 10．It remains to be seen . 他是否胜任这项工作还有待观察。 一、语篇填空（ 主语从句与同位语从句用法专练） 1.________ we stick to our dreams matters most to us all. The fact 2.________ small efforts lead to big progress encourages me a lot. It puzzles me 3.________ some students give up easily. It is clear 4.________ teamwork can make our tasks easier. We accept the truth 5.________ we need to help each other. 6.________ we will hold the youth lecture hasn’t been decided yet. The question 7.________ speaker we will invite is under discussion now. It surprises everyone 8.________ our class will win the competition. I hold the belief 9.________ everyone has unlimited potential. 10.________ we can achieve our goals depends on our daily efforts. 二、阅读理解 A In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity; others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten. However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition. 1．What does this passage mainly talk about? A．Competition helps to set up self-respect. B．Competition is harmful to personal quality development. C．Opinions about competition are different among people. D．Failures are necessary experiences in competition. 2．Why do some people favour competition according to the passage? A．Because it builds up a sense of duty. B．Because it pushes society forward. C．Because it improves personal abilities. D．Because it encourages individual efforts. 3．What is the similar belief of the true competitors and those with a desire to fail? A．One’s success is based on how hard he has tried. B．One’s success in competition needs great efforts. C．One’s achievement is determined by his particular skills. D．One’s worth lies in his performance compared with others. 4．Which point of view may the author agree to? A．Fear of failure should be removed in competition. B．Competition should be encouraged. C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter. D．Every effort should be paid back. B Cultural Differences in Perception Culture can affect not just language and customs, but also how people experience the world on surprisingly basic levels.   Researchers, with the help of brain scans, have uncovered shocking differences in perception between Westerners and Asians — what they see when they look at a city street, for example, or even how they perceive a simple line in a square, according to findings published in a leading science journal.   In Western countries, culture makes people think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体). When looking at scenes, Westerners tend to focus more on central objects than on their surroundings. East Asian cultures, however, emphasize interdependence. When Easterners look at a scene, they tend to focus on the surroundings as well as the object.   Using an experiment involving two tasks, Dr. Hedden asked subjects to look at a line and estimate its length, a task that plays to Americans’ strengths. In the other, the subjects estimated the line’s length relative to the size of a square, an easier task for Asians.   The level of brain activity, by tracking blood flow, was then measured by brain scanners. The experiment found that although there was no difference in performance, and the tasks were very easy, the levels of activity in the subjects’ brains were different. For the Americans, areas linked to attention lit up more when they worked on the task they tended to find more difficult — estimating the line’s size relative to the square. For the Asians, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task — also estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. The findings are a reflection of more than ten years of previous experimental research into East-West differences.   In one study, for instance, researchers offered people a choice among five pens: four red and one green. Easterners were more likely to choose a red pen, while Westerners were more likely to choose the green one.   Culture is not affecting how you see the world, but how you choose to understand and internalize (使内化) it. But such habits can be changed. Some psychological studies suggest that when an Easterner goes to the West or vice versa, habits of thought and perception also begin to change. Such research gives us clues on how our brain works and is hopeful for us to develop programs to improve our memory, memory techniques, and enhance and accelerate our learning skills. 5．According to the passage, Chinese people are most likely to ______. A．pay more attention to their surroundings B．focus on the central objects C．emphasize both the context and the object D．think of Westerners as highly independent individuals 6．We know from the passage that people’s brains will be more active when ______. A．the task becomes easier B．the blood flow is tracked C．the task is more difficult D．people begin to choose colors 7．The findings of Dr. Hedden’s experiment mentioned in the passage indicate that ______. A．culture greatly influences how people speak and behave B．Easterners and Westerners tend to focus on different things C．Easterners and Westerners differ greatly in how they perceive the world D．people’s habits of thought and perception can change in different cultural settings 8．It can be inferred from the passage that ______. A．Westerners tend to be more independent of their surroundings B．Easterners prefer uniqueness to commonness C．Americans will change their ways of perception when living in Britain D．it took over ten years to find out how to improve our brainpower 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点16 主语从句与同位语从句用法 初中视角 高中展望 初中主要学习宾语从句与表语从句的用法。重点学习宾语从句的基本结构（引导词 + 陈述句语序）；主语从句、同位语从句接触的比较少。初中对主语从句、同位语从句不做重点要求，能识别即可。 在高中阶段，我们将加强学习表语从句、宾语从句、以它的各种连接词为学习主线，同时重点学习掌握主语从句、同位语从句。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中考点聚焦】 考点1 主语从句（初中不做要求；只需识别即可） 1．________ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A．Who B．Whoever C．Anyone D．Who ever 【答案】B 【详解】句意：有常识的人都能分辨出两者的区别。 考查词义辨析。Who谁；Whoever无论谁，任何人；Anyone任何人；Who ever谁曾经。分析句子结构可知，此处引导主语从句；根据语境可知，此处指任何人，用whoever引导主语从句，可换成anyone who，但是不能换成anyone。故选B。 2．A person can’t be really happy if ________ he enjoys doing is thought of no importance. A．that B．what C．how D．which 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果一个人喜欢做的事情被认为不重要，他就不会真正快乐。 考查主语从句引导词辨析。that无意思；what什么事情；how怎样；which哪一个。根据情境可知，作为“doing”的宾语，应该使用“what”，表示“他喜欢做的事”。故选B。 3．It was said _______ had contributed to the project would be promoted. A．who B．that who C．whoever D．that whoever 【答案】D 【详解】句意：据说凡是对这个项目有贡献的人都将被提升。 考查主语从句。It was said that表示“据说……”；it是形式主语，that后面的从句是真正的主语；分析句子“It was said _______ had contributed to the project would be promoted.”， 可知是无论是谁对这个项目有贡献，都会被提升，所以是无论是谁whoever，故选D。 4．The teacher told us ________ matters most was not the answer, but the process of finding it. A．when B．what C．where D．who 【答案】B 【详解】句意：老师告诉我们，最重要的事情不是答案，而是寻找答案的过程。 when什么时候；what什么（事物）；where在哪里；who谁。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，指代事物，应用what。 5．________ made Mr. Lin excited was that his new book was highly praised by readers. A．That B．Where C．What D．When 【答案】C 【详解】句意：让林先生激动的是，他的书获得了读者的高度赞扬。 考查主语从句。That那个，引导从句无实义；Where哪里；What什么；When什么时候。分析句子可知，句子主语部分是一个从句，从句部分缺少主语，要表示“让林先生激动的是他的书被读者高度赞扬”，所以应用连接代词 what 引导，表示“……的事物”。故选C。 考点2 同位语从句（初中不做要求；只需识别即可） 6．They have little doubt ________ the project will be a great success. A．whether B．that C．if D．why 【答案】B 【详解】句意：他们几乎不怀疑这个项目会取得巨大成功。 考查同位语从句。 whether是否；that (引导词，无实义) ；if是否；why为什么。“…the project will be a great success”是一个完整的句子，用于解释说明名词doubt的具体内容，因此是一个同位语从句。根据语法规则，当doubt用于否定句或疑问句中时，其后的同位语从句通常由that引导；当doubt用于肯定句中时，其后的同位语从句通常由whether引导。They have little doubt…意为“他们几乎没有疑问……”，是否定句，故应用that引导同位语从句。故选B。 7．Evidence came up ________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A．what B．which C．that D．whose 【答案】C 【详解】句意：有证据表明，6个月大的婴儿就能识别特定的语音。 考查同位语从句。“specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old”作“Evidence”的同位语从句，且从句不缺少任何成分，用that起连接作用。故选C。 8．We have no doubt ________ anyone meets difficulties, she will give him a helping hand as soon as possible. A．whether if B．if that C．that if D．that whether 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们毫不怀疑，如果任何人遇到困难，她将尽快帮助他。 考查that引导的同位语从句和if引导的条件状语从句。空前为名词doubt，空处应用that引导同位语从句；根据“…anyone meets difficulties, she will give him a helping hand as soon as possible”可知，前后句之间是条件关系，此处应用if“如果”引导条件状语从句。故选C。 9．You’ve no idea ________ to build a new airport. Let me tell you, young man. That’s billions of dollars! A．how much it will cost B．how long it will take us C．how much will it cost D．how long will it take us 【答案】A 【详解】句意：你不知道建一个新机场要花多少钱。让我告诉你，年轻人。那是数十亿美元！ 考查同位语从句。分析句子结构并结合选项可知，空处引导同位语从句，从句用陈述语序，根据“That’s billions of dollars!”可知，此处指费用。how much it will cost符合语境。故选A。 10．You have no idea ________ to build a new airport. That’s billions of dollars! A．how much it will cost us B．how long it will take us C．how much will it cost us D．how long will it take us 【答案】A 【详解】句意：你不知道我们要花多少钱来建造一个新机场。那可是几十亿美元啊！ 考查同位语从句。how much it will cost us我们要花多少钱，陈述句；how long it will take us我们要花多长时间，陈述句；how much will it cost us我们要花多少钱，疑问句；how long will it take us我们要花多长时间，疑问句。同位语从句要用陈述句的语序，且结合“That’s billions of dollars!”可知是说我们要花多少钱来建造一个新机场。故选A。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 · 一、主语从句 1. 基础引导词 that（句意完整无成分缺失，无词义，句首不可省）；whether（表 “是否”，放句首不用 if）；what/who/when/where/why/how（缺主宾定用代词，缺状语用副词） 2. 核心结构 ① 从句置于句首作主语；② It 作形式主语，真正从句后置（高考高频） 3. 固定高频句型 It is clear/true/obvious that…；It puzzles sb. that…；It depends on whether… 4. 关键规则 句首表 “是否” 只能用 whether，不能用 if 例句：That we keep trying matters. / It is true that hard work pays off. · 二、同位语从句 1. 基础引导词 that（只起连接、不作成分，不可省略）；whether；wh - 类连接词 2. 判定逻辑 解释抽象名词（fact, news, truth, belief, reason, doubt 等）具体内容，从句完整不修饰名词（区别定语从句） 3. 必考搭配 the fact that…；the news that…；the doubt whether… 4. 易混区分 同位语从句 that 不作句子成分；定语从句 that 充当主 / 宾 例句：The news that we won the game excites us. · 三、通用判断逻辑 1. 位置：句首 / It 后→主语从句；抽象名词后解释内容→同位语从句 2. that 用法：主语从句句首不可省；同位语从句全程不可省略 3. 是否：两类从句表 “是否” 均只用 whether，不使用 if 考点清单 考点一、主语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that，whether 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 1.由连词引导的主语从句 连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。 ①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。 主语从句 ②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。 ①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语 ②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） ③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come. （误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided. 说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。 whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。 That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious. 主语从句 显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。 Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。 主语从句 That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. （从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时 =It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。 It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。 Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. 重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。 =It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。 Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us. =It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。 When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。 How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。） Why he went to London is a mystery. =It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。 比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。 疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here?他为什么不来这儿？ 主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。 what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。 What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true. what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。 =The thing that he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）他讲的都是事实。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me. whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。 =Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。 whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 whatever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 引导主语从句的连接代词 无论是谁（主） whoever =anyone who =no matter who 无论是谁（宾） whomever =anyone whom =no matter whom 无论是谁的 whosever =anyone whose =no matter whose 无论是哪个 whichever =anything that =no matter which 无论是什么 whatever =anything that =no matter what 考点二、同位语从句的用法 在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。 与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词 answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea想法 news消息 order命令 question问题 reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言 注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。 下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。 The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句） 说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。 将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。 The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。 比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。 （正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句） （误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。 一、单句语法填空 1． we will go camping depends on the weather. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】Whether 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：我们是否去野营取决于天气。“_____ we will go camping”是主语从句，根据“depends on the weather”可知，主语从句表示“我们是否去野营”，用连接词whether引导从句，其意为“是否”；句首单词首字母大写，故填Whether。 2． he says in his report is really interesting. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】What 【详解】句意：他在报告里所说的内容十分有趣。此处引导主语从句，从句中缺少宾语，指代事物，所以此处使用连接代词what，位于句首，首字母需大写。 3． counts now is not to blame others but to make a united effort to solve the problem. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】What 【详解】句意：现在关键不在于指责他人，而在于齐心协力解决这个问题。引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，故用what，首字母大写。 4． option is more suitable for our project needs further discussion. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】Which 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：哪个选择更适合我们的项目需要进一步讨论。空处引导主语从句，修饰名词option，且表示“哪一”应用连接代词which作引导词。故填Which。 5． we can solve this problem efficiently is the key to the project’s success. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】How 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：我们如何有效地解决这个问题是该项目成功的关键。空处引导主语从句， 从句主要成份完整，但需要“如何”之意，故用连接副词how作引导词。故填How。 6． he suddenly quit his job without any explanation confused his colleagues. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】Why 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他为什么没有任何解释就突然辞职了，这使他的同事们很困惑。空格处引导的是主语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，由without any explanation可知，句子表示“他为什么没有任何解释就突然辞职了”，空格处意为“为什么”，用why引导主语从句，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Why。 7．I have no idea will be in charge of the company. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who 【详解】考查连接代词。句意：我不知道谁将负责这家公司。空处为同位语从句，缺少主语，表示“谁”，用连接代词who。故填who。 8．The news our team won the game made us very excited. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我们队赢得了比赛这一消息让我们非常兴奋。“______ our team won the game”是对前面名词news内容的具体解释说明，是同位语从句，从句意义完整，不缺少成分，用连词that引导从句。故填that。 9．As we learn more about the universe, we may one day answer the question there is life on other planets. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whether 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：随着我们对宇宙了解的增多，我们也许有一天能回答其他星球上是否有生命这个问题。分析句子结构可知，空格后是同位语从句，解释说明“the question”的具体内容，从句结构完整，且表示“是否”的含义，应用连接词whether来引导。故填whether。 10．I have no idea they were able to get it done in so short a time. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】how 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我不知道他们是如何在这么短的时间内完成这件事的。分析句式结构可知，此处是同位语从句来解释说明idea的具体内容，又因为从句中缺少方式状语，所以用连接副词how引导同位语从句。故填how。 二、完成句子 1．事故的起因是未知的。 ________ ________ ________ ________ remains unknown. 【答案】 What caused the accident 【详解】“事故的起因”为what引导的主语从句，what作主语，翻译为What caused the accident，陈述过去的动作，用一般过去时。首字母大写。 2．该公司为何召回新车，目前尚未正式公布。 ________ the company recalled the new cars ________ yet. 【答案】 Why has not been officially announced 【详解】根据汉语提示“为何”可知，第一空考查why引导的主语从句，表示原因；根据“尚未正式公布”可知，“公布”用动词announce，为主句的谓语动词，根据yet可知，句子为现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；且主语和该动词之间为被动关系，所以用现在完成时态的被动语态，句子主语为主语从句，助动词用has，且为否定句，后面加not。 3．任何违法的人都应该被惩罚（break） 。 ________ the law should be punished. 【答案】Whoever breaks 【详解】中英文句子对比可知，空处应填“任何违法的人”，应用Whoever引导主语从句，意为“任何……的人”，在从句中作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；“违法”翻译为break the law，因Whoever作主语视为第三人称单数，故break应用第三人称单数形式breaks。 4．他是否适合这份工作，还有待观察。 ________________ he is fit for the job. 【答案】It remains to be seen whether 【详解】“有待观察”可以用固定句型It remains to be seen表示，其中it是形式主语；“是否”用连词whether引导主语从句。 5．如何在不破坏自然的前提下刺激当地经济，是个重大挑战。 ________ without damaging nature is a big challenge. 【答案】How we can stimulate the local economy 【详解】根据汉语提示可知，空处需要补全“如何刺激当地经济”。句中缺少主语，应用How引导主语从句，表示“如何……”；主语从句需用陈述语序，结合句意从句主语可以用“我们”we，“能够刺激”为can stimulate，为从句的谓语，“当地经济”为the local economy，作宾语。 6．His accent at once betrayed the fact . 他的口音立刻暴露出他是一个外国人。 【答案】that he was a foreigner 【详解】考查同位语从句。根据汉语句子可知，设空处对应“他是一个外国人”，在英语句子中作“the fact”的同位语从句，“他”用“he”表达，“是”用be动词，与主句保持时态一致，这里用一般过去时，即“was”；“一个外国人”用名词短语“a foreigner”表达，从句成份和意义都完整，应用连接词that引导。故填that he was a foreigner。 7．我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。 I hold the opinion . 【答案】that we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty 【详解】考查同位语从句。根据句意，此处用“我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难”对名词opinion解释说明，所以该句为同位语从句，表示“我们”为we作从句主语，表示“应该去做某事”为should go to do something，表示“帮助他们做某事”为help them (to) do sth.，表示“克服目前的困难”为overcome the present difficulty，所以“我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难”为we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty，从句中不缺句子成分，且句意完整，所以此处使用连接词that引导同位语从句。故填that we should go to help them (to) overcome the present difficulty。 8．有消息说我们学校将会举办一次以中国传统习俗为主题的班会。 Word came whose topic is related to Chinese traditional customs. 【答案】that our school is going to hold a class meeting 【详解】考查同位语从句、固定短语、时态和主谓一致。对比中英文句子可知，空格处意为“我们学校将会举办一次班会”，是对名词Word内容的说明，可处理为同位从句，用连词that引导，从句主语“我们学校”用our school，“将会举办”用be going to hold表示，用is going to hold表示计划将要做的事情，宾语“一次班会”用a class meeting。故填that our school is going to hold a class meeting。 9． made me feel confused. 作者写的东西让我感到困惑。 【答案】What the author wrote 【详解】考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，“______________ made me feel confused”中，made是谓语，me是宾语，feel confused是宾语补足语，句子缺少主语。根据中文提示“作者写的东西”可知，应用主语从句来作主语，“作者写的东西”用what在主语从句中作wrote的宾语，同时引导主语从句，句子首字母需大写；表示“作者”用名词the author，作从句主语；且根据made可知，应用一般过去时，从句谓语动词write应用过去式wrote。故填What the author wrote。 10．It remains to be seen . 他是否胜任这项工作还有待观察。 【答案】whether he will be qualified for the job 【详解】考查主语从句。It remains to be seen... (有待观察……)，it是形式主语，真正主语是该空引导的主语从句，中文部分“是否”对应英文whether，从句主语“他”为he，“胜任”为be qualified for，“这项工作”为the job，结合“有待观察”可知从句时态用一般将来时。故填whether he will be qualified for the job。 一、语篇填空（ 主语从句与同位语从句用法专练） 1.________ we stick to our dreams matters most to us all. The fact 2.________ small efforts lead to big progress encourages me a lot. It puzzles me 3.________ some students give up easily. It is clear 4.________ teamwork can make our tasks easier. We accept the truth 5.________ we need to help each other. 6.________ we will hold the youth lecture hasn’t been decided yet. The question 7.________ speaker we will invite is under discussion now. It surprises everyone 8.________ our class will win the competition. I hold the belief 9.________ everyone has unlimited potential. 10.________ we can achieve our goals depends on our daily efforts. 一、答案 1. That 2. that 3. why 4. that 5. that 2. Whether 7. what 8. that 9. that 10. Whether 二、文章大意 坚守梦想这件事对我们所有人而言至关重要。微小的努力能带来巨大进步，这个事实给予我莫大鼓舞。有些同学轻易放弃，这一点让我十分困惑。 显而易见，团队协作能简化我们的任务。我们认可这个道理：我们需要互相扶持。我们是否要举办青年讲座还未确定。我们要邀请哪位演讲者这个问题目前还在讨论中。 我们班级会赢得比赛，这件事让所有人都倍感惊喜。我坚信每个人都拥有无限潜力。我们能否实现目标，取决于日复一日的付出。 三、逐空详细解析（语法考点 + 句子中文释义） 1. That 语法：主语从句引导词，从句语义完整、不缺主干成分，that 无实义，置于句首引导主语从句不可省略。 句意：坚守梦想这件事对我们所有人而言至关重要。 2. that 语法：同位语从句引导词，解释抽象名词 the fact 具体内容；从句句意完整，that 不作成分、无词义，不可省略。 句意：微小的努力能带来巨大进步，这个事实给予我莫大鼓舞。 3. why 语法：主语从句引导词，It 作形式主语替代后面真正主语从句；从句主干完整，缺少原因含义，why 在从句中作原因状语。 句意：有些同学轻易放弃，这一点让我十分困惑。 4. that 语法：主语从句引导词，固定句型 It is clear that…，that 引导真正主语从句，从句结构完整，无实际含义。 句意：显而易见，团队协作能简化我们的任务。 5. that 语法：同位语从句引导词，修饰抽象名词 the truth，解释说明真相具体内容，从句不缺成分，只用 that。 句意：我们认可这个道理：我们需要互相扶持。 6. Whether 语法：主语从句引导词，置于句首表 “是否”，引导完整语义的疑问式主语从句；句首表是否不能用 if。 句意：我们是否要举办青年讲座还未确定。 7. what 语法：同位语从句引导词，修饰先行词 the question；what 修饰名词 speaker，在从句中作定语，表 “什么样的 / 哪位”。 句意：我们要邀请哪位演讲者这个问题目前还在讨论中。 8. that 语法：主语从句引导词，It 作形式主语，真正主语为后面完整陈述句，that 仅起连接作用，不作句子成分。 句意：我们班级会赢得比赛，这件事让所有人都倍感惊喜。 9. that 语法：同位语从句引导词，抽象名词 belief 后接同位语从句，解释信念内容，从句完整不缺成分，用 that。 句意：我坚信每个人都拥有无限潜力。 10. Whether 语法：主语从句引导词，从句置于句首，表达 “是否”，作整个句子主语，if 不能置于句首引导主语从句。 句意：我们能否实现目标，取决于日复一日的付出。 二、阅读理解 A In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity; others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten. However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition. 1．What does this passage mainly talk about? A．Competition helps to set up self-respect. B．Competition is harmful to personal quality development. C．Opinions about competition are different among people. D．Failures are necessary experiences in competition. 2．Why do some people favour competition according to the passage? A．Because it builds up a sense of duty. B．Because it pushes society forward. C．Because it improves personal abilities. D．Because it encourages individual efforts. 3．What is the similar belief of the true competitors and those with a desire to fail? A．One’s success is based on how hard he has tried. B．One’s success in competition needs great efforts. C．One’s achievement is determined by his particular skills. D．One’s worth lies in his performance compared with others. 4．Which point of view may the author agree to? A．Fear of failure should be removed in competition. B．Competition should be encouraged. C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter. D．Every effort should be paid back. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人们对于竞争的不同看法，有人认为竞争重要，推动社会进步，有人则认为竞争不好，会导致人与人之间的关系不友好;同时，作者还探讨了孩子们对于竞争的不同态度及其背后的心理。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity; others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.(在现代社会，关于竞争有很多争论。有些人高度重视竞争，认为竞争是社会进步和繁荣的原因；另一些人则说竞争不好，它会让一个人与另一个人对立，它会导致人与人之间的关系不友好)”可知，文章主要讲的是人们对于竞争的不同看法。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity(有些人高度重视竞争，认为竞争是社会进步和繁荣的原因)”可知，有些人赞成竞争是因为它推动了社会的进步和繁荣。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others.(显然，这种信念与试图证明自己的真正竞争对手的信念相同。两者都是基于一种错误的信念，即一个人的自尊取决于他人在与他人比较中的表现)”可知，真正的竞争者和那些渴望失败的人的相似信念是一个人的价值在于他与他人相比的表现。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve can we discover a new meaning in competition.(只有当这种基本且经常令人烦恼的恐惧开始消散时，我们才能在竞争中发现新的意义)”可知，作者认为在竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧，才能发现竞争的新意义。由此推知，作者可能同意的观点是“竞争中应该消除对失败的恐惧”。故选A项。 B Cultural Differences in Perception Culture can affect not just language and customs, but also how people experience the world on surprisingly basic levels.   Researchers, with the help of brain scans, have uncovered shocking differences in perception between Westerners and Asians — what they see when they look at a city street, for example, or even how they perceive a simple line in a square, according to findings published in a leading science journal.   In Western countries, culture makes people think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体). When looking at scenes, Westerners tend to focus more on central objects than on their surroundings. East Asian cultures, however, emphasize interdependence. When Easterners look at a scene, they tend to focus on the surroundings as well as the object.   Using an experiment involving two tasks, Dr. Hedden asked subjects to look at a line and estimate its length, a task that plays to Americans’ strengths. In the other, the subjects estimated the line’s length relative to the size of a square, an easier task for Asians.   The level of brain activity, by tracking blood flow, was then measured by brain scanners. The experiment found that although there was no difference in performance, and the tasks were very easy, the levels of activity in the subjects’ brains were different. For the Americans, areas linked to attention lit up more when they worked on the task they tended to find more difficult — estimating the line’s size relative to the square. For the Asians, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task — also estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. The findings are a reflection of more than ten years of previous experimental research into East-West differences.   In one study, for instance, researchers offered people a choice among five pens: four red and one green. Easterners were more likely to choose a red pen, while Westerners were more likely to choose the green one.   Culture is not affecting how you see the world, but how you choose to understand and internalize (使内化) it. But such habits can be changed. Some psychological studies suggest that when an Easterner goes to the West or vice versa, habits of thought and perception also begin to change. Such research gives us clues on how our brain works and is hopeful for us to develop programs to improve our memory, memory techniques, and enhance and accelerate our learning skills. 5．According to the passage, Chinese people are most likely to ______. A．pay more attention to their surroundings B．focus on the central objects C．emphasize both the context and the object D．think of Westerners as highly independent individuals 6．We know from the passage that people’s brains will be more active when ______. A．the task becomes easier B．the blood flow is tracked C．the task is more difficult D．people begin to choose colors 7．The findings of Dr. Hedden’s experiment mentioned in the passage indicate that ______. A．culture greatly influences how people speak and behave B．Easterners and Westerners tend to focus on different things C．Easterners and Westerners differ greatly in how they perceive the world D．people’s habits of thought and perception can change in different cultural settings 8．It can be inferred from the passage that ______. A．Westerners tend to be more independent of their surroundings B．Easterners prefer uniqueness to commonness C．Americans will change their ways of perception when living in Britain D．it took over ten years to find out how to improve our brainpower 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．C 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了文化差异如何影响人们的感知方式，通过实验揭示了东西方人在观察场景、完成任务时的思维与神经活动差异，并指出这种思维习惯是可以改变的。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第三段“When Easterners look at a scene, they tend to focus on the surroundings as well as the object. (当东方人观察一个场景时，他们倾向于同时关注周围环境和中心物体)”可知，中国人(属于东方人)在观察时会同时关注背景环境和中心物体。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第五段“For the Americans, areas linked to attention lit up more when they worked on the task they tended to find more difficult — estimating the line’s size relative to the square. For the Asians, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task — also estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. (对于美国人来说，当他们完成自己觉得更难的任务——根据正方形的大小估计线条长度时，与注意力相关的区域会更活跃。对于亚洲人来说，注意力区域在更难的任务中——不与正方形比较，直接估计线条长度时——会更活跃)”可知，当任务更困难时，人们大脑中与注意力相关的区域会更活跃。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据第五段“The experiment found that although there was no difference in performance, and the tasks were very easy, the levels of activity in the subjects’ brains were different. For the Americans, areas linked to attention lit up more when they worked on the task they tended to find more difficult — estimating the line’s size relative to the square. For the Asians, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task — also estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. The findings are a reflection of more than ten years of previous experimental research into East-West differences. (实验发现，尽管表现没有差异，且任务非常简单，但受试者的大脑活动水平却不同。对于美国人来说，当他们完成自己觉得更难的任务——根据正方形的大小估计线条长度时，与注意力相关的区域会更活跃。对于亚洲人来说，注意力区域在更难的任务中——不与正方形比较，直接估计线条长度时——会更活跃。这些发现反映了过去十多年关于东西方差异的实验研究结果)”可知，Dr. Hedden的实验表明，东方人和西方人在感知世界的方式上存在巨大差异。故选C项。 8．推理判断题。根据第三段“In Western countries, culture makes people think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体). When looking at scenes, Westerners tend to focus more on central objects than on their surroundings. (在西方国家，文化让人们认为自己是高度独立的个体。在观察场景时，西方人更关注中心物体，而不是周围的环境)”可知，西方人更关注中心物体，而较少关注周围环境，这表明他们倾向于更独立于环境。故选A项。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $